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31. Epidemiology of downy mildew diseases of maize, sorghum and pearl millet

Author

Bonde, M. R.

Abstract

The downy mildews of maize, sorghum and pearl millet are among the most destructive diseases in the tropics and subtropics. The pathogens causing the diseases are Peronosclerospora sorghi, P. heteropogoni, P. philippinensis, P. sacchari, P. maydis and Sclerospora graminicola. In spite of an increase in research on graminaceous downy mildews during the last decade, broad gaps in information still exist which prevent their adequate control. Information on seed transmission, collateral hosts as sources of inoculum and effects of environment on the conidial and oospore phases of these diseases is reviewed, and some of the important information gaps are discussed.

Published
1982
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47. Identification and Differentiation of Tilletia indica and T. walkeri Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Author

Frederick RD, Snyder KE, Tooley PW, Berthier-Schaad Y, Peterson GL, Bonde MR, Schaad NW, and Knorr DA

Abstract

ABSTRACT Karnal bunt of wheat, caused by Tilletia indica, was found in regions of the southwestern United States in 1996. Yield losses due to Karnal bunt are slight, and the greatest threat of Karnal bunt to the U.S. wheat industry is the loss of its export market. Many countries either prohibit or restrict wheat imports from countries with Karnal bunt. In 1997, teliospores morphologically resembling T. indica were isolated from bunted ryegrass seeds and wheat seed washes. Previously developed PCR assays failed to differentiate T. indica from the recently discovered ryegrass pathogen, T. walkeri. The nucleotide sequence of a 2.3 kb region of mitochondrial DNA, previously amplified by PCR only from T. indica, was determined for three isolates of T. indica and three isolates of T. walkeri. There was greater than 99% identity within either the T. indica group or the T. walkeri group of isolates, whereas there was =3% divergence between isolates of these two Tilletia species. Five sets of PCR primers were made specific to T. indica, and three sets were designed specifically for T. walkeri based upon nucleotide differences within the mitochondrial DNA region. In addition, a 212 bp amplicon was developed as a target sequence in a fluorogenic 5' nuclease PCR assay using the TaqMan system for the detection and discrimination of T. indica and T. walkeri.

Published
2000
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