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The aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign, blood-filled bony lesion that notoriously affects the vertebral column and long bones of the body. Rarely, ABCs can manifest in the head and neck (HNABC). The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of existing literature on HNABC. This review includes: case reports and case series on ABCs manifesting in the head and neck region published in the English language. All cases identified via PubMed were analyzed individually. Articles were included according to specified eligibility criteria. The total number of cases analyzed were 72 (39 case reports; 33 case series). The average age at the time of HNABC diagnosis was 19.1 years (range: 0.42-62 years). The ratio of prevalence by gender affected exhibited an even 1:1 male-to-female split. CT in combination with MRI proved to be the most prevalent imaging modality utilized (37.2%). HNABC was most commonly detected in the mandible (37.1%), followed by the sinus (14.3%) and cranium (11.4%). The most frequently employed single treatment modality was surgical excision (94.1%). 94.4% of patients were alive with no evidence of disease at follow-up, while 5.6% of patients exhibited disease at follow-up. The average follow-up period was 3.59 years (range: 0.17-17.0 years). Aneurysmal bone cyst of the head and neck region is a rare condition that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bony, vascular lesions presenting in the aforementioned locations. Since aneurysmal bone cyst of the head and neck region can present as a rapidly growing, expansive and destructive lesion, it is crucial that clinicians are aware of this entity so that patients are accurately diagnosed and treated., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Benign osseous lesions of the spine are common but precise population prevalence estimates are lacking. Our study aimed to provide the first population-based prevalence estimates and examine association with back and neck pain., Materials and Methods: We used data from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Whole-body MRI examinations (1.5 Tesla: T1, T2, and TIRM weightings) were available from 3,259 participants. Readings of the spinal MRI images were conducted according to a standardized protocol by a single reader (JS). The intra-rater reliability was greater than Kappa values of 0.98. Pain measures included the seven-day prevalence of spine pain and neck pain, and average spine pain intensity due to spine pain during the past three months., Results: We found 1,200 (36.8%) participants with at least one osseous lesion (2,080 lesions in total). Osseous lesions were less common in men than in women (35.5% vs 38.9%; P = .06). The prevalence of osseous lesions was highest at L2 in both sexes. The prevalence of osseous lesions increased with age. Up to eight osseous lesions were observed in a single subject. Hemangioma (28%), and lipoma (13%) occurred most often. Sclerosis (1.7%), aneurysmal bone cysts (0.7%), and blastoma (0.3%) were rare. Different osseous lesions occurred more often in combination with each other. The association with back or neck pain was mostly negligible., Conclusion: Osseous lesions are common in the general population but of no clinical relevance for spinal pain. The prevalence of osseous lesions varied strongly across different regions of the spine and was also associated with age and gender. Our population-based data offer new insights and assist in judging the relevance of osseous lesions observed on MRIs of patients., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Purpose: The epidemiology and clinicopathology of aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) secondary to giant cell tumors of bone (GCTBs) have been well documented in the previous literature. However, reports on whether secondary ABCs could affect the postoperative recurrence of GCTBs are rare. This study analyzed the effects of secondary ABCs and other relevant clinical factors on the postoperative recurrence of GCTBs of the extremities., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 256 cases of GCTBs of the extremities that were treated surgically at our institution. Among them, there were 60 patients diagnosed with GCTBs combined with secondary ABCs and 196 patients diagnosed with simple GCTBs. Intralesional curettage and tumor resection were performed in 136 and 120 cases, respectively. Univariate analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and multivariate regression analysis were used to assess the factors for postoperative recurrence. The follow-up period was at least 24 months., Results: The total postoperative recurrence rate was 32%. The recurrence rate in the secondary ABCs group was significantly higher than that in the simple GCTBs group (53.3% vs 25.5%, P < 0.05). Curettage was associated with a higher recurrence rate than tumor resection (42.5% vs 20%, P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with GCTBs combined with secondary ABCs and who were treated by intralesional curettage had a decreased disease-free survival rate. The hazard ratio was 2.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-4.13) for the group of GCTB combined with ABCs ( P = 0.01) and 1.97 (95% CI, 1.22-7.50) for the curettage group ( P = 0.01), respectively. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the presence of secondary ABCs and curettage were independent factors for recurrence of GCTBs., Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the presence of secondary ABCs is a potential risk factor for postoperative relapse of GCTBs., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background: Jaw pseudocysts are benign osseous lesions of unclear etiology. Among these, the simple bone cyst (SBC) and aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) are intriguing bone pathologies still rarely studied together. This retrospective study aimed to present the long-term case series of patients with jaw pseudocysts focusing on the clinical, radiographic, and transoperative aspects., Material and Methods: A retrospective case series of patients with SBC and ABC was performed. Clinical, radiographic, and transoperative aspects of both pseudocysts were reviewed from the histopathological archives of 20,469 cases between 1959-2012. All descriptive data were summarized., Results: Of 354 (15.25%) bone pathologies, 54 cases of jaw pseudocysts were found, with 42 (11.86%) SBC and 12 (3.39%) ABC cases. For both lesions, most of the sample were young Caucasian women with an asymptomatic posterior mandible lesion with undetermined time of evolution and none trauma history. A unique radiolucent scalloped lesion presenting an empty cavity were also observed for both conditions. However, some atypical findings were found for SBC including: the expansion of bone cortical, tooth resorption, displacement of the mandibular canal, and recurrence. The absence of painful symptoms and the lack of classical blood-filled cavity were observed in some cases of ABC., Conclusions: The SBC and ABC are bone pathologies with few retrospective studies, no previous studies on the two conditions, varied nomenclature, and atypical aspects in some cases. Therefore, the knowledge of clinical, imaging, and transoperative features of such pseudocysts are clinically valuable as diagnosis hypothesis of radiolucent lesions of the jaws., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exist.

The aneurysmal bone cyst is a pseudotumoral lesion that can take several aspects. This is a rare lesion representing 1% of bone tumors. It appears usually during the first 30 years of life. The pathogenesis is that of a process of "dysplasia/hyperplasia", favored by a circulatory deficiency and hemorrhage within the lesion and the phenomena of osteoclasis. The objective of this work is to illustrate with analysis, the specific forms and atypical aneurysmal bone cyst which often pose a diagnostic challenge requiring radiological investigation with histological confirmation. We report eight pediatric cases of aneurysmal cysts collected over a period of 3 years, 3 boys and 5 girls. All patients had standard radiographs. MRI was performed in three patients. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically. The atypia has been in the seat: fibula (1 case), metaphyseal (2 cases), diaphyseal (4 cases) and metatarsal (1 case). Aneurysmal bone cyst is a rare benign tumor with predilection to the metaphysis of long bones. Atypical forms even fewer are dominated by the atypical seat.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) can be the site of bone, cartilaginous, or synovial tumors. There is no well-defined histological classification. We listed all benign tumors, malignant primitive tumors, and rare pseudo tumors of the TMJ. We provide a list to help for the diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of non-tumoral lesions by far the most frequent., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are benign osteolytic lesions that occur rarely in the jaws. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical, radiographical and pathological features of ABCs of the jaws. A retrospective analysis of the content of a 39-year database, including nine cases of ABCs of the jaws diagnosed from the archives of the Oral Pathology Service. Nine patients (3 males and 6 females), ranging in age from 5 to 33 years were included. Seven (7/9) lesions were located in the mandible and two (2/9) in the maxilla. A painful swelling was the most common clinical finding (n = 4, 4/9). Radiologically, the lesions frequently presented as multilocular (5/9), well defined (4/9), bone expansion and perforation (2/9). Pathological analysis revealed that two cases were associated with central ossifying fibroma and one case with central giant cell lesion. Histomorphology showed a predominance of the solid type (5/9) and of sinusoidal pseudocystic spaces (4/9). Giant cells, osteoid material, calcified material, blood vessels and hemosiderin deposits were observed in 6/9, 7/9, 8/9, 9/9 and 7/9, respectively. The patients with ABCs presented clinical and radiographical features, which often posed a diagnostic dilemma. Knowledge about the most common characteristics of ABCs may contribute to the establishment of a more accurate diagnosis.

Background: Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC) mainly occur in the long bones but only rarely in the bones of the feet. This study reviews the 25-year experience of a tertiary orthopaedic oncology referral center treating ABC's in the bones of the feet, using prospectively collected data to document their incidence, treatment and the outcome., Materials and Methods: Information on the diagnosis, treatment, complications and outcomes were collected for all eligible patients from our prospectively collected database. Radiologic healing was used as our primary outcome measure. Cases were considered to have failed treatment if there was progression of the lesion that needed further treatment., Results: Of 273 patients with ABC, 16 patients (5.9%) were found to have their lesions in the foot. There were ten female and six male patients, aged from 4 to 52 (mean, 18.2) years. The metatarsals were the most commonly affected site (44%). Curettage of the lesion without additional adjuvant measures (14 of 16 patients) was sufficient for the treatment in 11 of 14 patients (79%). This gave a recurrence rate of 21% (three of 14 patients) in those treated by curettage alone and 19% (three of 16 patients) if the whole cohort is considered., Conclusion: Although relatively rare, there is no reason to assume that ABCs of the feet will respond to treatment or recur any differently from ABCs that occur elsewhere in the body. Our experience has been that surgical curettage alone is sufficient to treat most ABCs of the feet.

Bone tumours and tumour-like lesions of the hip in children are rare. Signs and symptoms of these tumours are generally nonspecific. Delay of diagnosis is not uncommon. A high index of suspicion in young patients presenting with persistent pain and without history of trauma, that is unresolved with conservative therapy should prompt further investigation, including radiographs or computed tomography scan of the pelvis. In the experience of the Istituto Rizzoli, in patients less than 14 years (mean 9 years, ranged from 6 months to 14 years), 752 tumours and tumours-like lesions occurred in the pelvis or proximal femur, involving the hip. Tumour-like lesions accounted for 322 cases (simple bone cyst in 255, eosinophilic granuloma in 43, aneurismal bone cyst in 34), benign tumours for 340 cases (osteoid osteoma in 229, fibrous dysplasia in 63, exostosis in 48) and malignant tumours for 80 cases (Ewing's sarcoma in 53 and osteosarcoma in 27). The epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, and radiograph findings are discussed for each of these tumours.Treatment of these tumours differs from observation or minimally invasive treatment for most pseudotumoural lesions, intralesional excision or termoablation for benign bone tumours and wide resection for malignant bone tumours. In this latter group, chemotherapy is required and often administered pre- and postoperatively.

Background: Rib lesions in the pediatric population are rare but significant processes and are often neoplastic., Methods: All patients with primary rib lesions evaluated by the Department of Surgery at Children's Hospital Boston from 1992 to 2005 were studied. The patient's diagnosis, sex, symptoms and their duration, radiologic evaluation, biopsy status, surgical procedure, and follow-up were assessed., Results: Thirty-three patients, ages 3 to 23 years (median, 12.7 years), were evaluated. Sixteen patients (48%) had benign and 17 (52%) had malignant lesions. Within the benign cohort of 16 patients, there were 6 osteochondromas, 4 aneurysmal bone cysts, and 2 fibrous dysplasias as well as 1 of each of the following: enchondroma, periosteal chondroma, eosinophilic granuloma, and chondrophyte. Within the malignant cohort of 17 patients, 13 were diagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma, 3 with osteogenic sarcoma, and 1 with chondrosarcoma. The sex distribution for the malignant group was 11 (65%) females and 6 (35%) males., Conclusions: Rib tumors are rare entities in the pediatric population. However, a significant number of rib lesions are malignant. Therefore, proper diagnosis and expeditious treatment are critical.

The article reviews aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine and current diagnostic tests approaches and therapeutic interventions are discussed.

Aneurysmal and solitary bone cysts develop most commonly during skeletal growth. The objective of our epidemiologic study was to evaluate the prevalence, recurrence rate, and probability of recurrence-free survival for aneurysmal and solitary bone cysts in young patients. We did a population-based analysis of 141 histologically confirmed cases. Seventy-three patients with aneurysmal bone cysts and 68 patients with solitary bone cysts were registered. The annual prevalence was 0.32 per 100,000 individuals (range, 0-1.238) for aneurysmal cysts, with a 1.8:1 male to female ratio and a median age of the patients of 11.1 years (range, 1-19.7 years). For solitary bone cysts, the calculated annual prevalence was 0.30 (range, 0-0.963) with a median age of the patients of 1.1 years (range, 0.5-19.9) and a 1.96:1 male to female ratio. Recurrent lesions occurred frequently in young males. Secondary aneurysmal bone cysts were observed only in females. During skeletal growth, aneurysmal and juvenile bone cysts more often occur in males with a peak prevalence at approximately 11 years of age. A greater prevalence of aneurysmal bone cysts in young individuals is associated with skeletal growth and immaturity. Young age and male gender are associated with an increased risk of local recurrence.

Purpose: We have reviewed a series of 150 aneurysmal bone cysts treated over the last 20 years., Patients and Methods: The lesions were principally located in the tibia, femur, pelvis, humerus, and spine and, in most cases, presented the imaging appearance originally described by Jaffe and Lichtenstein as a blowout with thin cortices., Results: Only one of the patients was believed to have an osteoblastoma of the spine with secondary development of an aneurysmal bone cyst, and none of the patients developed additional lesions. The patients were treated primarily with curettage and implantation of allograft chips or polymethylmethacrylate, but some patients were treated with insertion of autografts or allografts. The local recurrence rate was 20%, which is consistent with that reported by other centers., Conclusion: Aneurysmal bone cysts are enigmatic lesions of unknown cause and presentation and are difficult to distinguish from other lesions. Overall, the treatment is satisfactory, but it is possible that newer approaches, such as improved magnetic resonance imaging studies, may help diagnose the lesions and allow the physicians to plan for more effective treatment protocols.

The purpose of this study was to review the demographic data of children and adolescents with aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs). The authors performed a retrospective, multicenter, pediatric population-based analysis of 156 patients with primary ABCs. Only patients with histologic confirmation of the diagnosis were included. A review of French and English literature of 255 children and adolescents was included regarding sex, location of the lesion and age at diagnosis. There were 212 boys and 199 girls with a median age at diagnosis of 10.2 years (range, 1.5-17 years). Forty-four patients were under 5 years of age; 111 patients were between 5 and 10 years of age, and 139 were older than 10 years of age. The femur, tibia, spine, humerus, pelvis and fibula were the most common locations. In 256 cases (62.7%), ABCs occurred in long bones. We also studied the data and location of 161 ABCs of the mobile spine (13 cases from our series and 148 from the literature review). There were 48 ABCs in the cervical spine, 48 in the thoracic spine, and 65 in the lumbar spine. We found no main differences in site distribution and sex, between the children and the general population.

Purpose of the Study: Aneurysmal cyst is an uncommon benign primitive bone tumor generally observed in young subjects, in a spinal localization in 10% of the cases. We report the clinical, radiological, and therapeutic aspects of seven cases of aneurysmal cyst of the spine., Material and Methods: This series included seven children, mean age 11.7 years (range 8-14) who were followed for 9 years on the average (range 2-24 years). Findings were compared with reports in the literature., Results: Four cysts were located in the cervical spine (C1, C3, C4, C7), two in the thoracic spine (T4, T7) and one in the sacrum. Biopsy-resection was performed in six patients. The sacral cyst was treated by selective arterial embolization. Two complications were observed after surgical treatment. Bony filling of the lesion, evaluated by CT scan six months after surgery, was achieved in five cases, incomplete in two without recurrence of cystic cavities., Discussion and Conclusion: Aneurysmal bone cysts account for 15% of all primitive tumors of the spine. They are more frequent in the cervical and thoracic spine than in a lumbar or sacral localization. One vertebra is involved in most cases, generally the vertebral body and the posterior arch with an asymmetrical extension to one pedicle in some cases. Neurological complications of variable severity are frequent and can be improved by surgical removal of the tumor. CT scan and MRI are the best exams to analyze the spinal cyst, to show bony walls and liquid-liquid levels suggestive of aneurysmal bone cyst, to evaluate the tumor extension and to search for cord compression. When the CT scan and MRI show characteristic signs of aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine, we do not perform a biopsy systematically if complete removal of the tumor appears possible. Surgical removal with biopsy is the treatment of choice. Reconstruction and stabilization of the spine must be complete using bone graft with or without instrumentation. In case of medullary involvement, decompression must be performed rapidly with the most complete tumor removal as possible. Selective arterial embolization can be used in some localizations or as preparation to surgery. Radiotherapy is contraindicated in children because of the risk of radio-induced tumors.

Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are benign fibrosseous lesions, very rarely occurring in the orbit. Seventeen cases of ABCs involving the orbit were reported in the literature. MRI pictures of a 7-year-old female patient with ABC involving the orbit are presented here. The clinical findings were left-sided painless proptosis, diplopia, papilledema and partial loss of the vision. MRI study showed a well-circumscribed mutliloculated expansile lesion of the orbital roof. We additionally make a review of the literature for these rare lesions.

The purpose of this study was to review longitudinally the clinical features, method of treatment, and recurrence rates of 40 cases of aneurysmal bone cyst in children treated at one institution. Twenty-nine patients with histologic confirmation of the diagnosis and minimum follow-up of 2 years were included. Thirteen patients were less than 10 years of age, and 16 were in the second decade of life. The most frequent location of the lesion was the tibia (seven cases). Patients were treated with curettage, curettage and bone grafting, or resection. The overall recurrence rate was 27.5%. Five lesions recurred once, and three recurred twice. The average time before recurrence was 18.7 months. Complications occurred in six cases, three of them with physeal arrest. The lesion occurred more commonly in females in the second decade of life and was not associated with a pre-existing tumor. The recurrence rate dropped after the use of a high-speed bur.

Background: Aneurysmal bone cysts are benign, non-neoplastic, highly vascular bone lesions. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence, the clinical presentation, and the recurrence rate of aneurysmal bone cysts of the pelvis and sacrum and to examine the diagnostic and therapeutic options and prognosis for patients with this condition., Methods: Forty consecutive patients with an aneurysmal bone cyst of the pelvis and/or sacrum were treated from 1921 to 1996. Their medical records and radiographic and imaging studies were reviewed, and histological sections from the cysts were examined. Seventeen lesions were iliosacral, sixteen were acetabular, and seven were ischiopubic. Seven involved the hip joint, and two involved the sacroiliac joint. All twelve sacral lesions extended to more than one sacral segment and were associated with neurological signs and symptoms. Destructive acetabular lesions were associated with pathological fracture in five patients and with medial migration of the femoral head, hip subluxation, and hip dislocation in one patient each. The mean duration of follow-up was thirteen years (range, three to fifty-three years)., Results: Thirty-five patients who were initially treated for a primary lesion had surgical treatment (twenty-one had excision-curettage and fourteen had intralesional excision); two patients also had adjuvant radiation therapy. Of the thirty-five patients, five (14%) had a local recurrence noted less than eighteen months after the operation. Of five patients initially treated for a recurrent lesion, one had a local recurrence. At the latest follow-up examination, all forty patients were disease-free and twenty-eight (70%) were asymptomatic. There were two deep infections., Conclusion: Aneurysmal bone cysts of the pelvis and sacrum are usually aggressive lesions associated with substantial bone destruction, pathological fractures, and local recurrence. Current management recommendations include preoperative selective arterial embolization, excision-curettage, and bone-grafting.

Aneurysmal bone cyst is a rare nonneoplastic expansile osteolytic bone lesion of unknown etiology. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no epidemiologic study concerning its incidence has been reported. The authors performed a retrospective, population based analysis of 94 patients with primary aneurysmal bone cyst and a literature review of 1002 patients regarding gender and age predilection. The annual incidence of primary aneurysmal bone cyst was 0.14 per 10(5) individuals. The male to female ratio was 1:1.04, and the median age was 13 years (range, 1-59 years). The results of this study and data compiled from the literature show that aneurysmal bone cysts occur significantly more often in female patients.

Study Design: The clinical records, radiographs, histologic sections, and operative reports of 52 consecutive patients with an aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine were reviewed to evaluate diagnostic and therapeutic options and to correlate treatment and outcome., Objectives: To define the incidence, clinical presentation, diagnostic and therapeutic options, and prognosis of patients with aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine., Summary of Background Data: There are special considerations in the management of spinal lesions: relative inaccessibility of the lesions, associated intraoperative bleeding, necessity of removing the entire lesion to avoid the possibility of recurrence, proximity of the lesion to the spinal cord and nerve roots, and potential postoperative bony spinal instability., Methods: Fifty-two consecutive patients with an aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine were treated from 1910 to 1993. Forty patients initially treated for a primary lesion had operative treatment (19 intralesional excision and bone grafting and 21 intralesional excision); four also had adjuvant radiation therapy. Preoperative arterial embolization was performed in two., Results: There was a recurrence rate of 10% within 10 years. All recurrences were noted less than 6 months after surgery. Of 12 patients treated for a recurrent lesion, two had a subsequent recurrence (16.7%) within 9 years. At last follow-up examination, 50 patients (96%) were free of the disease. One patient died of postradiation osteosarcoma, and one died of intraoperative bleeding., Conclusion: Current treatment recommendations involve preoperative selective arterial embolization, intralesional excision curettage, bone grafting, and fusion of the affected area if instability is present.