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Measurement of limb-length discrepancy (LLD) from a radiograph is a cognitively simple but time-consuming task. To develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) to localize anatomical landmarks from full-length lower-extremity radiographs in predicting LLD. The author searched a hospital’s image database to identify studies performed between Feb. 1, 2016, and Sept. 30, 2019. Inclusion criteria were: (1) patients ≤21 years old, (2) study indication of LLD, (3) full-length lower-extremity anteroposterior radiographs performed on the EOS system, and (4) imaging field-of-view that included entire bilateral femurs and tibias. The six requisite ground truth anatomical landmarks for measuring LLD from each radiograph — bilateral top of femoral heads, medial femoral condyles, and center of tibial plafonds — were manually labeled by a pediatric radiologist. For each landmark, a two-dimensional heatmap was generated to encode the pseudo-probability of a landmark being at a particular spatial location. A CNN was developed that regressed across a collection of these heatmaps for landmark localization and bone length predictions. The study cohort consisted of 504 full-length lower-extremity radiographs from 359 patients with wide ranging skeletal deformities and in situ hardware. Evaluation of this CNN showed that the mean point-error for the predicted top of femoral head, medial femoral condyle, and center of tibial plafond were 0.37 cm, 0.39 cm and 0.42 cm, respectively. The mean absolute error for the predicted femoral, tibial and limb lengths, and LLD were 0.33 cm, 0.30 cm, 0.30 cm, and 0.36 cm, respectively. Predicted bone lengths correlated strongly with ground truth. This prototype CNN delivered promising results in predicting bone lengths from full-length lower-extremity radiographs and offers the potential use of a computer algorithm to predict LLD.

Sawang duck is one of Indonesia's local dual-purpose type ducks due to the offspring of Tsaiya ducks originating from Taiwan. Tsaiya ducks enter the Sawangarea, brought by residents from Singapore around 1955 and subsequently bred in the Sawang Village, adapting to the environment and the local farming. This research was conducted in August-December 2018. Primary data on the qualitative, morphometric, and potential feed were taken in Sawang Village, Karimun Regency, Riau Islands Province. Currently, Sawang duck is only found in Sawang Village, maintained by two farmers. Secondary data of potential areas and poultry populations were obtained from the Department of Food and Agriculture of Karimun Regency, and proximate analysis was carried out at the Ruminant Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Andalas University. The research method was conducted by survey with census sampling techniques. The Sawang duck has a diversity of colors for feather, skin, beak, and shank. The morphometric decrease was indicated by bodyweight of 1,450 ± 119.52 grams, femur length of 7.41 ± 1.62 cm, tibia length of 9.94 ± 0.51 cm, length of shank 4.38 ± 0.25 cm, third finger length 6.36 ± 0.90 cm, maxilla length 5.21 ± 0.16 cm, backbone length 20.13 ± 1.13 cm, wing bone length 26.65 ± 1.70 cm, bone length chest 10.63 ± 0.80 cm, and shank circumference 1.24 ± 0.10 cm. Efforts to preserve ducks Sawangneed to be considered so that their existence is not destroyed by exploiting the existing area's potential.

NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Mechanisms regulating bone length and skeletal proportions What advances does it highlight? The study of differential bone length between leg and finger bones, metatarsals of the Egyptian jerboa and genomic analysis of giraffes. ABSTRACT Among mammalian species, skeletal structures vary greatly in size and shape, leading to a dramatic variety of body sizes and proportions. How different bones grow to different lengths, whether among different species, different individuals of the same species, or even in different anatomical parts of our the body, has always been a fascinating subject of research in biology and physiology. In the current review, we focus on some of the recent advances in the field and discuss how these provided important new insights into the mechanisms regulating bone length and skeletal proportions.

Calcium (Cu) availability from limestone (procured from different cement factories) was assessed through bone and blood status of chickens using the completely randomized design. Five hundred and twenty five (525) straight run broiler chicks that were 28 days Of age (trial l), four hundred and twenty (420) broiler finishers that were 56 days of age (trial 2), and 210 layers that had been laying for six months (trial 3) were used in the study. Six limestone dietary treatments and a control accounted for the seven diets that were assessed Twelve birds per treatment and 4 per replicate that had their weights close to the mean of the pen were selected in the broiler trials (trials I and 2) and three birds per pen and nine per diet were selected in the layer trial (trial 3) for bone and blood samples analysis. Bone samples were analyzed for bone weight, bone length, ash weight, percentage ash, Ca and phosphorus contents of ash and blood samples were analyzed for plasma Ca and alkaline phosphates activity. Results showed similar influence of sources on bone weight, bone length, ash weight and percentage ash. Ca and P contents of ash were significantly (P

Eighteen quantitative measurements and fourteen qualitative characteristics taken from 306 adult sheep (57 rams and 249 ewes) were used to characterize sheep populations of district, Ethiopia. Most traits showed significant variation by zone, sex and age groups with higher values generally recorded for rams as compared to ewes. Middle age group animals displayed highest values for several traits, reflecting the optimal production age. zone affected ewes more than rams. The highland sheep height at withers, widest shoulder points and longest hair, indicative of adaptation to their environment. Qualitative characteristics of the studied sheep populations such as tail shape, plain coat color pattern, skin, hairy fiber and the absence of horn, toggle, ruff and beard suggest that they constitute a previously sheep breed. Tan coat color differentiated high and midland sheep from lowland sheep where white and brown colors were dominant. Canon bone length, height at withers and tail length were the three most important variables used in discriminating the sheep populations. On average 66% of the animals could be classified into their respective zone. Our data suggest that highland sheep populations are distantly related to lowland sheep, while midland sheep are more closely related to lowland sheep. It can be concluded that breeding programs specific to each zone need to be designed for sustainable utilization and conservation of the studied sheep populations. Furthermore, molecular based studies might allow further characterization of Ethiopian sheep breeds.

© 2022. All right reserved by the Turkish Joint Diseases FoundationObjectives: The aim of this experimental rat study was to investigate the effectiveness of vitamin B12 (Vit-B12) against the teratogenic effects of nicotine use during pregnancy in the fetus. Materials and methods: Eighteen Wistar-Albino pregnant rats were divided into six groups (n=3, each) as Group 1 (control), Group 2 (Vit-B12), Group 3 (nicotine 3 mg/kg/day), Group 4 (nicotine 3 mg/kg/day + Vit-B12), Group 5 (nicotine 6 mg/kg/day) and Group 6 (nicotine 6 mg/kg/day + Vit-B12). Nicotine was administered subcutaneously and Vit-B12 was administered intraperitoneally for 20 days. The skeletal systems of the embryos were stained using the double-staining method. The total bone length (TBL), the length of the ossified part, and the ossification rate were calculated using the ImageJ program. In addition, the weight and crown-rump length (CRL) of the embryos were measured and recorded. Results: Clinical shock effect was observed in all rats administered nicotine. A significant decrease in weight, CRL, and TBL was measured in Group 3 (p=0.0081) and, particularly in Group 5 (p=0.026), which were given only nicotine, compared to other groups. In the morphometric measurements of Group 4 and Group 6 to which Vit-B12 was added, values close to the control group were measured (p=0.173). The data of Group 6 were statistically significantly larger than Group 5 (p=0.007), while it was statistically smaller than Group 1 (p=0.0038). Conclusion: Nicotine use negatively affects the morphological development of the embryo. On the other hand, Vit-B12 provides benefits in reducing these negative effects.

Background Several recent reports have described the development and use of three-dimensional (3D) printed surgical osteotomy guides. However, these methods: are usually costly. Here, we introduce a novel method of manufacturing surgical guides built from inexpensive, easy-to-use, and sterilizable dental impression silicone. Methods Mandibular and fibular models were prepared using a 3D printer for 10 patients undergoing free fibula flap transfer after mandibular resection. During preoperative simulation surgery, Protesil labor, a dental silicone, was molded to the same size as the fibular models to act as surgical guides. Results The authors compared pre- and post-operative bone angles and bone lengths for all cases using simulation surgery models and postoperative 3D computed tomography. Mean bone angle difference was 2.6° and mean bone length difference was 1.7 mm. Cost of the dental silicone was approximately US$5/patient. Conclusions In our series this method allowed the surgeon to perform an accurate osteotomy, inexpensively and time-efficiently.

Objectives Variation in human trabecular bone morphology can be linked to habitual behavior, but it is difficult to investigate in vivo due to the radiation required at high resolution. Consequently, functional interpretations of trabecular morphology remain inferential. Here we introduce a method to link low- and high-resolution CT data from dry and fresh bone, enabling bone functional adaptation to be studied in vivo and results compared to the fossil and archaeological record. Materials and methods We examine 51 human dry bone distal tibiae from Nile Valley and UK and two pig tibiae containing soft tissues. We compare low-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) parameters and high-resolution micro CT (μCT) in homologous single slices at 4% bone length and compare results to our novel Bone Ratio Predictor (BRP) method. Results Regression slopes between linear attenuation coefficients of low-resolution pQCT images and bone area/total area (BA/TA) of high-resolution μCT scans differ substantially between geographical subsamples, presumably due to diagenesis. BRP accurately predicts BA/TA (R2 = .97) and eliminates the geographic clustering. BRP accurately estimates BA/TA in pigs containing soft tissues (R2 = 0.98) without requiring knowledge of true density or phantom calibration of the scans. Discussion BRP allows automated comparison of image data from different image modalities (pQCT, μCT) using different energy settings, in archeological bone and wet specimens. The method enables low-resolution data generated in vivo to be compared with the fossil and archaeological record. Such experimental approaches would substantially improve behavioral inferences based on trabecular bone microstructure.

To investigate the prevalence of pathogenic and likely-pathogenic variants detected by chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), among pregnancies with fetal short long bones diagnosed by ultrasound. The study cohort was based on cases of chromosomal microarray analyses performed nationwide for the indication of short long bones. CMA was performed in 66 cases of short long bones. There were 4 cases with a pathogenic/likely pathogenic result (6%). The rate of chromosomal abnormalities was significantly higher compared to the background risk for copy number variations (CNVs) in pregnancies with no sonographic anomalies (P

We present a multiview method for markerless motion capture of multiple people. The main challenge in this problem is to determine cross-view correspondences for the 2D joints in the presence of noise. We propose a 3D hypothesis clustering technique to solve this problem. The core idea is to transform joint matching in 2D space into a clustering problem in a 3D hypothesis space. In this way, evidence from photometric appearance, multiview geometry, and bone length can be integrated to solve the clustering problem efficiently and robustly. Each cluster encodes a set of matched 2D joints for the same person across different views, from which the 3D joints can be effectively inferred. We then assemble the inferred 3D joints to form full-body skeletons for all persons in a bottom–up way. Our experiments demonstrate the robustness of our approach even in challenging cases with heavy occlusion, closely interacting people, and few cameras. We have evaluated our method on many datasets, and our results show that it has significantly lower estimation errors than many state-of-the-art methods.

The purpose of this study was to determine the quantitative nature of male and female Weris (Gallirallus philippensis) in Wonosari District, Boalemo Regency. The study was conducted in August-October 2019. This study used a sample of 20 Weris birds consisting of 10 males and 10 females. The method used is a survey method, through direct observation in the field. Observations on the quantitative nature of Weris birds (Gallirallus philippensis) were carried out directly at the research location. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results showed the average body size of male Weris birds were: body weight 171.9 gr, femur length 5.42 cm, tibia length 6.81 cm, long shank 4.56 cm, third finger length 3.48 cm, maxilla length 3, 14 cm, wing length 11.20 cm, neck bone length 7.07 cm, shank circumference 1.68 cm. Body weight of male weris 171.9 ± 11.06, females 135.90 ± 11.82 with diversity coefficient 6.43 and 8.70

Aim: This clinical study was conducted to evaluate the bone height changes around implant in implant supported complete mandibular overdenture. Subjects and methods: Twelve completely edentulous patients were selected for this study controlled from any systemic or local disease that may contraindicate implant placement. History taking, extra and intraoral examination, and radiographic evaluation were done for each patient. Preoperative cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) was done for each to determine bone height and width. Each patient received two implants in the inter-foraminal area of mandible, three months later lower denture was converted into mandibular overdenture by picking up the metal house into the denture. The Radiographic evaluation for the marginal bone loss was done using Digital panoramic X-ray film from the apex of the implant to most coronal points of bone attachment mesially and distally. The bone height was calculated by subtraction of it from original bone length, and the average length of both mesial and distal sites was calculated. All evaluations were done at the time of implant placement, three months, six months, twelve, eighteen and twenty-four months of implant placement. One-way ANOVA with post hoc turkey test was used for multiple time comparison. Results: Significant bone height occur for comparisons between any follow up times more than 6 months, except between 3 and 12 months follow up. Conclusion: Significant peri-implant bone height changes occur in mandibular implant supported overdentures that increases with time.

Summary: Although routinely utilized in reconstruction of groin, perineal and thigh defects, the pedicled vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap has only once been previously reported for coverage of above knee amputation (AKA) stumps. A 36 year old man sustained a traumatic above knee amputation after stepping on an improvised explosive device (IED). Following several sessions of debridement, an ipsilateral pedicled VRAM flap was utilized to provide padded soft tissue coverage and maintain bone length (6 cm below the greater trochanter), avoiding both a debilitating hip disarticulation and a need for a free flap. We describe this procedure, report the outcomes and discuss considerations for utilizing this flap. Keywords: VRAM flap, Short above knee amputation stump, Utility of VRAM, Coverage of AKA stump

This study aims to determine the effect of giving ginger elephant and ginger empiric herbs by using automatic feeder or manual feed tool to the length of the leg bones (femur, tibia, metatarso) in ducks. This study used randomized randomized controlled trials with four treatments and three repetitions. GP1 (Feed + Automatic Feeder + Elephant Ginger 2%), GP2 (Feed + Manual + Elephant Ginger 2%), EP1 (Feed + Automatic Feeder + Emprit Ginger 2%), EP 2 (Feed + Manual + Empritic Ginger 2%). The parameters measured were the length of the leg bones (femur, tibia, metatarso) of ducks. The results of the analysis showed that the total bone length of the femur was 6.51 cm with Fcount (0.038) Ftable (5.32). These results indicate that the effect of giving ginger elephant and empirical ginger using a feed device Automatic feeder or manually has no significant effect (P> 0.05) on the length of the leg bones (femur, tibia, metatarso) of ducks. The results are not significantly different which causes the Automatic feeder tool to be a new breakthrough for replacing the manual feed tool for feeding ducks

The aim of study was to distinguish two types of Gaga’s chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus, namely dangdut type and slow type based on morphometric and bioacoustics characters. Twenty samples were collected from Pinrang, South Sulawesi, and the rest of seven samples were collected from Kebayoran Lama, Southern Jakarta, respectively. The Gaga’s chicken body weight was not significant different from Pinrang and Kebayoran Lama either in “slow type” or “dangdut type”. In contrast, the neck bone length of the “dangdut type” from Pinrang was longer (P

Background : Fitting a femoral prosthesis in a transfemoral amputee with a very short amputation stump is challenging. This case report aimed to introduce an effective and simple method that can preserve the residual limb length by the implantation of antibiotic-loaded bone cement for the treatment of a patient with femoral periprosthetic infection Case : A 30-year-old man who had osteosarcoma at the age of 13 years underwent transfemoral amputation 17 years after the initial surgery because of periprosthetic infection. Antibiotic-loaded bone cement was inserted into the infected bone marrow to control the residual infection and to preserve the stump length. The infection resolved, and the patient regained functional gait using a femoral prosthesis. Discussion : This case report demonstrates the usefulness of antibiotic-loaded cement in preserving the length of residual limbs and for femoral prosthesis fitting after periprosthetic infection. Maintaining the residual bone length is crucial in amputees for the functional fitting of femoral prostheses. The use of antibiotic-loaded bone cement has potential as a simple and useful surgical option in amputees after periprosthetic infection.

The characterization of developmental phenotypes often relies on the accurate linear measurement of structures that are small and require laborious preparation. This is tedious and prone to errors, especially when repeated for the multiple replicates that are required for statistical analysis, or when multiple distinct structures have to be analysed. To address this issue, we have developed a pipeline for characterization of long-bone length and inter-vertebral distance using X-ray microtomography (XMT) scans. The pipeline involves semi-automated algorithms for automatic thresholding and fast interactive isolation and 3D-model generation of the main limb bones, using either the open-source ImageJ plugin BoneJ or the commercial Mimics Innovation Suite package. The tests showed the appropriate combination of scanning conditions and analysis parameters yields fast and comparable length results, highly correlated with the measurements obtained via ex vivo skeletal preparations. Moreover, since XMT is not destructive, the samples can be used afterwards for histology or other applications. Our new pipelines will help developmental biologists and evolutionary researchers to achieve fast, reproducible and non-destructive length measurement of bone samples from multiple animal species.Summary statementBeltran Diaz et al. present a semi-automated pipeline for fast and versatile characterization of bone length from micro-CT images of mouse developmental samples.

Introduction Although pre-Hispanic hunter-gatherer and horticulturalist (known as Guarani) societies from the lower Parana River Delta (Argentina) presented differences in diet, pottery decoration, mortuary practices, and places of origin, differences in skeletal morphology between such groups have never been systematically explored. This work focuses on variations in humeral and femoral external linear measurements and derived structural properties of adult individuals from both societies as well as on variations in body mass and stature. Materials and methods Bone length, epiphyseal size, and midshaft breadth were measured in 82 adult humeri and 100 femora from hunter-gatherer and Guarani archeological sites. Epiphyseal and midshaft robusticity, residual strength, midshaft shape and area, stature, and body mass were then estimated. Mann-Whitney tests were run to compare the hunter-gatherer and Guarani samples. Results Male Guarani individuals presented stronger humeri and more robust femoral and humeral proximal epiphyses than hunter-gatherers. In addition, female Guarani individuals showed rounder femoral diaphyses in comparison with female hunter-gatherers. Concerning stature, the Guarani individuals were found to be shorter than hunter-gatherers, regardless of sex. No statistical differences were found in body mass. Discussion Despite the fact that skeletal variations between Guarani and hunter-gatherers could be a consequence of differences in mechanical loadings and genetic composition, bone robusticity is also positively correlated with increased age, but as the age composition of the Guarani sample could not be estimated, skeletal variation between the samples could be a consequence of differences in age distribution.

Given prior work showing associations between remodeling and external bone size, we tested the hypothesis that wide bones would show a greater negative correlation between whole-bone strength and age compared with narrow bones. Cadaveric male radii (n = 37 pairs, 18 to 89 years old) were evaluated biomechanically, and samples were sorted into narrow and wide subgroups using height-adjusted robustness (total area/bone length). Strength was 54% greater (p < 0.0001) in wide compared with narrow radii for young adults (

Variables such as age, ethnicity, gender, and stature are the factors that reveal the biological and physical profile of the individual. Mathematical methods can be used to estimate the total height of the long limb bones. It is possible to shed light on different periods by revealing some anatomical and morphological bone features by using human bones from ancient times. For this purpose, after taking photographs of 96 humeri, which are all male and belonging to the late Byzantine period, measurements were made using ImageJ software and also some variables were measured using a caliper. For each bone, descriptive values were given, with the right and left sides separately. The directions and degrees of the relationship between the anatomical formations are determined and multiple regression formulas for the height estimation are produced by using these relations.