Search

Background: Few data are available on COVID-19 outcomes among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where high-risk comorbidities are prevalent. We investigated the impact of pregnancy on SARS-CoV-2 infection and of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pregnancy to generate evidence for health policy and clinical practice., Methods: We conducted a 6-country retrospective cohort study among hospitalized women of childbearing age between 1 March 2020 and 31 March 2021. Exposures were (1) pregnancy and (2) a positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test. The primary outcome for both analyses was intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Secondary outcomes included supplemental oxygen requirement, mechanical ventilation, adverse birth outcomes, and in-hospital mortality. We used log-binomial regression to estimate the effect between pregnancy and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Factors associated with mortality were evaluated using competing-risk proportional subdistribution hazards models., Results: Our analyses included 1315 hospitalized women: 510 pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2, 403 nonpregnant women with SARS-CoV-2, and 402 pregnant women without SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among women with SARS-CoV-2 infection, pregnancy was associated with increased risk for ICU admission (adjusted risk ratio [aRR]: 2.38; 95% CI: 1.42-4.01), oxygen supplementation (aRR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.44-2.42), and hazard of in-hospital death (adjusted sub-hazard ratio [aSHR]: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.08-3.70). Among pregnant women, SARS-CoV-2 infection increased the risk of ICU admission (aRR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.20-3.35), oxygen supplementation (aRR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.17-2.11), and hazard of in-hospital death (aSHR: 5.03; 95% CI: 1.79-14.13)., Conclusions: Among hospitalized women in SSA, both SARS-CoV-2 infection and pregnancy independently increased risks of ICU admission, oxygen supplementation, and death. These data support international recommendations to prioritize COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant women., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. J. B. N. is an infectious disease internist and epidemiologist and Principal Investigator (PI) of NIH/FIC grant numbers 1R25TW011217-01, 1R21TW011706-01, and 1D43TW010937-01A1; and payment to University of Pittsburgh. N. A. S.-A. is a clinician-scientist in Pediatric Infectious Diseases and implementation research; she is supported by the NIH National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) grant number R01HD089866; by an NIH/FIC award through the Adolescent HIV Prevention and Treatment Implementation Science Alliance (AHISA) for the Central and West Africa Implementation Science Alliance (CAWISA) (payment to institution); and by NIH/FIC grant number 1D43TW012280-01. F. S., N. K. S., and A. P. are supported as PIs by NIH/FIC grant number 1R25TW011217-01. A. Z. is PIs of the Pan-African Network on Emerging and Re-Emerging Infections (PANDORA-ID-NET; https://www.pandora-id.net) funded by the European Developing Countries Clinical Trial Partnership (EDCTP) and the European Union Horizon 2020 Framework Program for Research and Innovation, paid to institution (University College London, London, UK). R. N. M. reports grants or contracts unrelated to this work, and payment to their institution: NIH/FIC1D43TW010547-01—The African Center for Biostatistical Excellence (ACBE). P. J. R. reports the following grants or contracts unrelated to this work and paid to their institution: 5R01AI075045-12, 5R01AI139179-04, and 5R01AI117001-07. E. R. S. reports a Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation grant for a prospective meta-analysis of COVID-19 in pregnancy, unrelated to this work, and payment to George Washington University. A. B. reports grants or contracts unrelated to this work—NIH: IMPAACT Vice-chair Funding for P1106; and UNITAID: Benefit KIDS funding for PETITE Study. P. A. reports grants or contracts unrelated to this work and paid to the University of Ibadan, Nigeria: NIH/FIC R25 grant number 1R25TW011217-01 to AFREhealth. J. W. N. reports grants paid to the University of Pittsburgh from the NIH to the Pitt-Ohio State Clinical Trials Unit (UM1 AI068636), the University of Pittsburgh Virology Support Laboratory (UM1 AI106701), the I4C Martin Delaney Collaboratory for an HIV Cure (UM1 AI126603), the REACH Martin Delaney Collaboratory for HIV Cure (UM1 AI164565), and from the National Cancer Institute through Leidos contract numbers HHSN261200800001E and 75N91019D00024 USAID; Gilead Sciences, Inc; and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. J. W. N. also reports consulting fees from Gilead Sciences, Inc (Scientific Advisory Board), Accelevir Diagnostics (Consulting Agreement), and Merck (Consulting Agreement); shares from Abound Bio, Inc, share options from Co-Crystal Pharma, Inc, and share options from Infectious Diseases Connect; a consulting agreement with Xi’an Yufan Biotechnologies; and employment with the University of Pittsburgh. M. S. reports grants or contracts unrelated to this work and paid to their institution (MGH-Boston, MA, USA): NIH/NIA R01AG059504-03 and NIH/NHLBI R01 HL141053-04. A.-P. K. reports research support unrelate to this work paid to their institution (South African Medical Research Council): NIH/FIC 1R21TW011706-01-Dolutegravir, Weight Gain and Metabolic Outcomes in South Africa. L. M. reports consulting fees from the World Health Organization on COVID in pregnancy and mother to child SARS-CoV-2 transmission (this contract is now completed); and payment from Virology Education for a talk on SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy and possibility of mother-to-child SARS-CoV-2 transmission for continuing education sponsored by Virology Education. M. Y. is PI of the NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID) grant number 5U01AI096299-13 of the Central Africa-International epidemiology to Evaluate AIDS (CA-IeDEA). M. Y. also reports grants or contracts unrelated to this work and paid to their institution: NIH grant numbers 5U01AI096299 (NIAID), R01HD087993 (NICHD), U54CA254568 (National Cancer Institute), and R01HD105526 (NICHD). All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

Globally, there are prevailing knowledge gaps in the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among children and adolescents; and these gaps are especially wide in African countries. The availability of robust age-disaggregated data is a critical first step in improving knowledge on disease burden and manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among children. Furthermore, it is essential to improve understanding of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with comorbidities and coinfections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis, malaria, sickle cell disease, and malnutrition, which are highly prevalent among children in sub-Saharan Africa. The African Forum for Research and Education in Health (AFREhealth) COVID-19 Research Collaboration on Children and Adolescents is conducting studies across Western, Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa to address existing knowledge gaps. This consortium is expected to generate key evidence to inform clinical practice and public health policy-making for COVID-19 while concurrently addressing other major diseases affecting children in African countries., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

In the African context, there is a paucity of data on SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated COVID-19 in pregnancy. Given the endemicity of infections such as malaria, HIV, and tuberculosis (TB) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), it is important to evaluate coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 and their impact on maternal/infant outcomes. Robust research is critically needed to evaluate the effects of the added burden of COVID-19 in pregnancy, to help develop evidence-based policies toward improving maternal and infant outcomes. In this perspective, we briefly review current knowledge on the clinical features of COVID-19 in pregnancy; the risks of preterm birth and cesarean delivery secondary to comorbid severity; the effects of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on the fetus/neonate; and in utero mother-to-child SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We further highlight the need to conduct multicountry surveillance as well as retrospective and prospective cohort studies across SSA. This will enable assessments of SARS-CoV-2 burden among pregnant African women and improve the understanding of the spectrum of COVID-19 manifestations in this population, which may be living with or without HIV, TB, and/or other coinfections/comorbidities. In addition, multicountry studies will allow a better understanding of risk factors and outcomes to be compared across countries and subregions. Such an approach will encourage and strengthen much-needed intra-African, south-to-south multidisciplinary and interprofessional research collaborations. The African Forum for Research and Education in Health's COVID-19 Research Working Group has embarked upon such a collaboration across Western, Central, Eastern and Southern Africa.

Little is known about the clinical features and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Africa. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 between March 10, 2020 and July 31, 2020 at seven hospitals in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Outcomes included clinical improvement within 30 days (primary) and in-hospital mortality (secondary). Of 766 confirmed COVID-19 cases, 500 (65.6%) were male, with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 46 (34-58) years. One hundred ninety-one (25%) patients had severe/critical disease requiring admission in the intensive care unit (ICU). Six hundred twenty patients (80.9%) improved and were discharged within 30 days of admission. Overall in-hospital mortality was 13.2% (95% CI: 10.9-15.8), and almost 50% among those in the ICU. Independent risk factors for death were age < 20 years (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 6.62, 95% CI: 1.85-23.64), 40-59 years (aHR = 4.45, 95% CI: 1.83-10.79), and ≥ 60 years (aHR = 13.63, 95% CI: 5.70-32.60) compared with those aged 20-39 years, with obesity (aHR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.24-4.27), and with chronic kidney disease (aHR = 5.33, 95% CI: 1.85-15.35). In marginal structural model analysis, there was no statistically significant difference in odds of clinical improvement (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.53, 95% CI: 0.88-2.67, P = 0.132) nor risk of death (aOR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.35-1.20) when comparing the use of chloroquine/azithromycin versus other treatments. In this DRC study, the high mortality among patients aged < 20 years and with severe/critical disease is of great concern, and requires further research for confirmation and targeted interventions.

Background: In the context of old pharmaceutical legislation and regulations not adapted to current realities, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the existing pharmaceutical system in peri-urban areas of Kinshasa., Methods: A prospective study was carried out during the period 2016-2018. The most used antimalarial medicines were identified through household and pharmaceutical establishment surveys. The samples of the obtained medicines were assayed with generic separation methods using the high-performance liquid chromatography technique coupled to a diode array detector. The registration status was checked for 126 antimalarial brand names. A characterization was carried out in 196 pharmaceutical establishments on the basis of standards set out by the Ministry of Health., Results: Of the 75 samples assayed, 19% (14/75) were non-compliant. Of the 124 brand names, 46.0% (57/124) were unlicensed and 14.5% (18/124) had an expired licence. Of the 196 pharmaceutical establishments, only 2 (1.0%) had an authorization to practice, none met all the Ministry of Health minimum standards and 24.5% (48/196) met the World Health Organization Guidelines for the Storage of Essential Medicines and Other Health Commodities., Conclusions: More resources should be mobilized to apply regulator sanctions., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.)