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Gianna Camiciottoli,1,2 Francesca Bigazzi,1 Chiara Magni,1 Viola Bonti,1 Stefano Diciotti,3 Maurizio Bartolucci,4 Mario Mascalchi,5 Massimo Pistolesi1 1Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 2Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, 3Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi,” University of Bologna, Cesena, 4Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Careggi University Hospital, 5Radiodiagnostic Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy Background: In addition to lung involvement, several other diseases and syndromes coexist in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Our purpose was to investigate the prevalence of idiopathic arterial hypertension (IAH), ischemic heart disease, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), diabetes, osteoporosis, and anxious depressive syndrome in a clinical setting of COPD outpatients whose phenotypes (predominant airway disease and predominant emphysema) and severity (mild and severe diseases) were determined by clinical and functional parameters. Methods: A total of 412 outpatients with COPD were assigned either a predominant airway disease or a predominant emphysema phenotype of mild or severe degree according to predictive models based on pulmonary functions (forced expiratory volume in 1 second/vital capacity; total lung capacity %; functional residual capacity %; and diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide %) and sputum characteristics. Comorbidities were assessed by objective medical records. Results: Eighty-four percent of patients suffered from at least one comorbidity and 75% from at least one cardiovascular comorbidity, with IAH and PVD being the most prevalent ones (62% and 28%, respectively). IAH prevailed significantly in predominant airway disease, osteoporosis prevailed significantly in predominant emphysema, and ischemic heart disease and PVD prevailed in mild COPD. All cardiovascular comorbidities prevailed significantly in predominant airway phenotype of COPD and mild COPD severity. Conclusion: Specific comorbidities prevail in different phenotypes of COPD; this fact may be relevant to identify patients at risk for specific, phenotype-related comorbidities. The highest prevalence of comorbidities in patients with mild disease indicates that these patients should be investigated for coexisting diseases or syndromes even in the less severe, pauci-symptomatic stages of COPD. The simple method employed to phenotype and score COPD allows these results to be translated easily into daily clinical practice. Keywords: COPD phenotypes, COPD severity, comorbidities

In patients with chronic cough and age-matched control subjects, we attempted to evoke coughing and/or an urge to cough (UTC) by finger pressure along the sternocleidomastoid and sternum, on the lower cervical or first dorsal vertebrae, the jugular notch as well as with maximum neck extension and flexion These mechanical actions were ineffective in controls but reproducibly evoked coughing or UTC in about 50% of chronic coughers; sternal and spinal responses were abolished temporarily by local cooling. The results may disclose a novel paradigm of cough sensitisation possibly involving central convergence of somatic and visceral neural stimuli., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the therapeutic horizons of various cancers. However, immune-related adverse events have been reported, including interstitial lung diseases. Our aim was to describe the clinical and radiological features and survival of a multicentre cohort of patients who developed ICI-related lung toxicity., Methods: Six Italian centres were involved in the study. Patients who were treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 mAbs and developed ICI-related lung toxicity were recruited retrospectively to study clinical, radiological, immunological and survival data., Results: A total of 41 patients (25 males, 66.8 ± 9.9 years) were enrolled. Lung toxicity occurred after 204.3 ± 208.3 days of therapy, with ground glass opacities being the most common HRCT pattern (23 cases). Male sex, lung cancer and acute respiratory failure were associated with a shorter latency of toxicity ( p = 0.0030, p = 0.0245 and p = 0.0390, respectively). Patients who required high-flow oxygen therapy showed significantly worse survival ( p = 0.0028)., Conclusions: Our cohort showed heterogeneous clinical and radiological aspects of ICI-related lung toxicity, with a latency not limited to the first year of treatment. Severity was mainly mild to moderate, although life-threatening events did occur. Our data indicate that strict long-term follow-up is needed to enable early diagnosis and appropriate management.

Concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy (cCRT) is considered the standard treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC). Unfortunately, management is still heterogeneous across different specialists. A multidisciplinary approach is needed in this setting due to recent, promising results obtained by consolidative immunotherapy. The aim of this survey is to assess current LA-NSCLC management in Italy. From January to April 2018, a 15-question survey focusing on diagnostic/therapeutic LA-NSCLC management was sent to 1,478 e-mail addresses that belonged to pneumologists, thoracic surgeons, and radiation and medical oncologists. 421 answers were analyzed: 176 radiation oncologists, 86 medical oncologists, 92 pneumologists, 64 thoracic surgeons and 3 other specialists. More than a half of the respondents had been practicing for >10 years after completing residency training. Some discrepancies were observed in clinical LA-NSCLC management: the lack of a regularly planned multidisciplinary tumor board, the use of upfront surgery in multistation stage IIIA, and territorial diffusion of cCRT in unresectable LA-NSCLC. Our analysis demonstrated good compliance with international guidelines in the diagnostic workup of LA-NSCLC. We observed a relationship between high clinical experience and good clinical practice. A multidisciplinary approach is mandatory for managing LA-NSCLC., Competing Interests: A pharma company (Astra Zeneca Italy, principal site in Basiglio, Milano, Italy) gave the unconditional support to develop a web platform for data entry. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. No patents or products needs to be declared related to the study. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Background: Stereotactic ablative body radiation therapy (SBRT) has evolved as the standard treatment for patients with inoperable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We report the results of a retrospective analysis conducted on a large, well-controlled cohort of patients with stage I to II NSCLC who underwent lobectomy (LOB) or SBRT., Materials and Methods: One hundred eighty-seven patients with clinical-stage T1a-T2bNoMO NSCLC were treated in 2 academic hospitals between August 2008 and May 2015. Patients underwent LOB or SBRT; those undergoing SBRT were sub-classified as surgical candidates and nonsurgical candidates, according to the presence of surgical contraindications or comorbidities., Results: In univariate analysis, no significant difference was found in local control between patients who underwent SBRT and LOB, with a trend in favor of surgery (hazard ratio [HR], 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07-1.01; P < .053). Univariate analysis showed that overall survival (OS) was significantly better in patients who underwent LOB (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23-0.85) with a 3-year OS of 73.4% versus 65.2% for surgery and radiation therapy patients, respectively (P < .01). However, no difference in OS was observed between operable patients undergoing SBRT and patients who underwent LOB (HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 0.72-3.90). Progression-free survival was comparable between patients who underwent LOB and SBRT (HR, 0.61; P = .09)., Conclusion: SBRT is a valid therapeutic approach in early-stage NSCLC. Furthermore, SBRT seems to be very well-tolerated and might lead to the same optimal locoregional control provided by surgery for patients with either operable or inoperable early-stage NSCLC., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Patients treated for lung cancer may develop lung toxicity induced by chemotherapy (DILD), radiation or combined radiation recall pneumonitis. In the literature, some cases of immune-mediated pneumonitis have been reported associated with immunotherapy. The clinical and radiologic features of interstitial lung toxicity are unspecific, dyspnoea and dry cough are the most common symptoms while the most frequent radiological pattern is the cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP). Why only some individuals treated with these drugs develop interstitial lung toxicity is unclear.In the last few years some studies have reported the utility of KL 6 for the evaluation of DILD. The treatment is based on high doses of systemic steroids or immune suppressor. In this study we report severe interstitial lung damage in patients treated with different anti-blastic, immune and radiation therapies. Treated with surgery, chemotherapy, immuno and radiotherapy for lung cancer, they unfortunately died of severe DILD.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rare interstitial lung disease limited to the lung with an undefined etiopathogenesis and a very short life expectancy (less than 5 years). IPF susceptibility has been associated with several genetic and environmental risk factors and the prognosis is conditioned by comorbidities such as gastro-esophageal reflux, depression, venous thromboembolism, pulmonary hypertension and lung cancer. At 5 years follow-up, 15% of IPF patients develop lung cancer, which can significantly reduce their survival. Because diagnostic or therapeutic procedures such as surgical, radiation or pharmacological treatments may induce acute exacerbations and increase mortality, the management of lung cancer in IPF patients is a very difficult task. This study discusses advantages and disadvantages of lung cancer treatments in patients with severe IPF, highlighting several controversial aspects on this topic, including potential nintedanib treatment., (Copyright© 2017, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)