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Prenatal stress causes learning deficits by inhibiting neurogenesis in the hippocampus. We studied the effects of maternal treadmill running or offspring treadmill running on the spatial learning ability of adolescent offspring rats or adult offspring rats born to maternal rats that received stress during pregnancy. For this study, spatial learning ability was measured by radial 8-arm maze task. Immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and Western blot for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were also conducted. Stress was induced by exposing pregnant rats to hound in an enclosed room. Maternal treadmill running or treadmill running of offspring improved spatial learning ability of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Maternal treadmill running or treadmill running of offspring increased hippocampal cell proliferation of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Maternal treadmill running or treadmill running of offspring increased BDNF and TrkB expression in the hippocampus of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Maternal treadmill running or treadmill running of offspring inhibited Bax expression and increased Bcl-2 expression in the hippocampus of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Mother's exercise during pregnancy or child's exercise after childbirth can improve the spatial learning ability deteriorated due to stress during pregnancy.

[Purpose] Sarcopenia is considered one of the major causes of disability in the elderly population and is highly associated with aging. Exercise is an essential strategy for improving muscle health while aging and involves multiple metabolic and transcriptional adapta tions. Although the beneficial effects of exercise modali ties on skeletal muscle structure and function in aging are well recognized, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the influence of exercise have not been fully elucidated. [Methods] We summarize the biochemical pathways involved in the progression and pathogenesis of sar copenia and describe the beneficial effects of exercise training on the relevant signaling pathways associated with sarcopenia. [Results] This study briefly introduces current knowl edge on the signaling pathways involved in the devel opment of sarcopenia, effects of aerobic exercise on mitochondria-related parameters and mitochondrial function, and role of resistance exercise in the regula tion of muscle protein synthesis against sarcopenia. [Conclusion] This review suggested that the beneficial effects of exercise are still under-explored, and acceler ated research will help develop better modalities for the prevention, management, and treatment of sarcopenia.

장기간의 홍삼복방제 투여가 혈중지질 및 체지방에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 체지방율이 30% 이상인 여학생 28명을 대상으로 위약군(placebo group, n=7명), 홍삼복방제투여군 (red-ginseng product administration group, n=7명), 운동군(exercise group, n=7명), 운동 및 홍삼복방제투여군(exercise and red-ginseng product administration group, n=7명) 등 네 집단으로 분류하여 12주간의 실험기간에 따른 TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, 체중 및 체지방의 변화를 관찰하여 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. TC, TG, LDL-C의 경우 실험 12주후 위약군을 제외한 모든 집단에서 유의한[홍삼복방제투여군(p 홍삼복방제투여군(p