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5. Interdisciplinary approaches to shark and ray conservation

Author

Booth, Hollie and Milner-Gulland, E. J.

Subjects
Valuation, Sustainability, Conservation, Social sciences and psychology, Fisheries
Abstract

Human actions are causing pervasive declines in biodiversity and ecosystem services. Sharks, rays and their cartilaginous relatives (Class Chondrichthyes, herein 'sharks') are amongst the most threatened taxa on earth, primarily due to overfishing. Oceanic shark populations have declined by more 70% in the past 50 years, and over one third of shark species and threatened with extinction. Technologies and practices that reduce impacts of fisheries on sharks are relatively well documented, yet little is known about how to incentivise adoption across different types of fisheries while also managing trade-offs between conservation objectives and the important socio-economic functions of fisheries. This thesis seeks to fill this knowledge gap, by exploring approaches which can simultaneously deliver conservation outcomes for sharks and well-being outcomes for people. I begin by critically assessing current approaches for understanding and managing threats to sharks, and highlight gaps relating to socio-economic issues. I then develop a general decision-making framework, based on the mitigation hierarchy, which can integrate socio-economic issues to support least-cost shark conservation. The remainder of the thesis then focuses on research methods and conservation approaches for understanding and addressing socio-economic implementation gaps in shark conservation. I take a dual approach, exploring: 1) fisher behaviour and behavioural interventions in small-scale fisheries (SSFs) in Indonesia, and 2) broader structural interventions, with a focus on market-based approaches. In the SSFs, I empirically investigate the socio-economic drivers of shark fishing, and barriers to pro-conservation behaviour; assess the impact of an existing intervention for manta ray conservation, and document lessons learned; and use predictive methods to explore the cost-effectiveness of hypothetical incentive-based interventions. I find that a range of micro- and macro-level drivers influence shark fishing mortality in SSFs, including: basic needs for food and livelihoods, socio-cultural values, incidental catches, and profit motivations. These drivers interact and vary across fisheries. I also find that incentive-based approaches could tackle these drivers, whilst also maintaining the well-being of coastal communities, provided they are well-designed and implemented as part of an intervention mix. In terms of structural interventions, I explore financing mechanisms for shark conservation, based on operationalising the beneficiary-pays and polluter-pays principles. I demonstrate that bycatch levies could offer a market-based approach for incentivising bycatch reduction in commercial fisheries, and generating revenue for compensatory conservation which could support delivery of no net loss or net gain for marine biodiversity. I also find that marine tourists who benefit from healthy shark populations are willing to pro-actively pay for shark conservation outcomes. Together, these two income streams could generate billions of dollars in ocean finance, and fund direct investments or performance-based payments for marine conservation in SSFs. I conclude by demonstrating how these behavioural and structural interventions could be drawn together as part of an integrated strategy, and offer some recommendations for future research and practice. Overall, my findings highlight the importance of a more holistic and interdisciplinary approach to shark conservation, and illustrate some feasible strategies and next steps for achieving better outcomes for sharks and people. If well implemented, these findings could contribute towards delivering the post-2020 global biodiversity strategy, the sustainable development goals, and a sustainable and equitable ocean economy.

Published
2021

13. The database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project.

Author

Hudson, Lawrence N, Newbold, Tim, Contu, Sara, Hill, Samantha LL, Lysenko, Igor, De Palma, Adriana, Phillips, Helen RP, Alhusseini, Tamera I, Bedford, Felicity E, Bennett, Dominic J, Booth, Hollie, Burton, Victoria J, Chng, Charlotte WT, Choimes, Argyrios, Correia, David LP, Day, Julie, Echeverría-Londoño, Susy, Emerson, Susan R, Gao, Di, Garon, Morgan, Harrison, Michelle LK, Ingram, Daniel J, Jung, Martin, Kemp, Victoria, Kirkpatrick, Lucinda, Martin, Callum D, Pan, Yuan, Pask-Hale, Gwilym D, Pynegar, Edwin L, Robinson, Alexandra N, Sanchez-Ortiz, Katia, Senior, Rebecca A, Simmons, Benno I, White, Hannah J, Zhang, Hanbin, Aben, Job, Abrahamczyk, Stefan, Adum, Gilbert B, Aguilar-Barquero, Virginia, Aizen, Marcelo A, Albertos, Belén, Alcala, EL, Del Mar Alguacil, Maria, Alignier, Audrey, Ancrenaz, Marc, Andersen, Alan N, Arbeláez-Cortés, Enrique, Armbrecht, Inge, Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, Aumann, Tom, Axmacher, Jan C, Azhar, Badrul, Azpiroz, Adrián B, Baeten, Lander, Bakayoko, Adama, Báldi, András, Banks, John E, Baral, Sharad K, Barlow, Jos, Barratt, Barbara IP, Barrico, Lurdes, Bartolommei, Paola, Barton, Diane M, Basset, Yves, Batáry, Péter, Bates, Adam J, Baur, Bruno, Bayne, Erin M, Beja, Pedro, Benedick, Suzan, Berg, Åke, Bernard, Henry, Berry, Nicholas J, Bhatt, Dinesh, Bicknell, Jake E, Bihn, Jochen H, Blake, Robin J, Bobo, Kadiri S, Bóçon, Roberto, Boekhout, Teun, Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, Bonham, Kevin J, Borges, Paulo AV, Borges, Sérgio H, Boutin, Céline, Bouyer, Jérémy, Bragagnolo, Cibele, Brandt, Jodi S, Brearley, Francis Q, Brito, Isabel, Bros, Vicenç, Brunet, Jörg, Buczkowski, Grzegorz, Buddle, Christopher M, Bugter, Rob, Buscardo, Erika, Buse, Jörn, Cabra-García, Jimmy, Cáceres, Nilton C, and Cagle, Nicolette L

Subjects
data sharing, global biodiversity modeling, global change, habitat destruction, land use, Ecology, Evolutionary Biology
Abstract

The PREDICTS project-Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)-has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity.

Published
2017

14. Nature’s contributions to social determinants of mental health and the role of conservation

Author

Pienkowski, Thomas, Keane, Aidan, Booth, Hollie, Kinyanda, Eugene, Fisher, Jessica C., Lawrance, Emma, Oh, Rachel, and Milner-Gulland, E.J.

Abstract

Little is known about the impending mental health impacts of the global nature crisis. Existing evidence largely overlooks how nature sustains the economic and material dimensions of people’s lives that support their mental health. Moreover, this evidence poorly represents the context-dependent experiences of billions living in the rural Global South. Here, we offer a framework illustrating how nature’s essential contributions to people underpin multiple social determinants of mental health. We explore how the loss of those contributions (e.g., fisheries collapse) may exacerbate social determinants (e.g., poverty) of poor mental health. We examine how biodiversity conservation may affect mental health by altering the flow of nature’s contributions, regulating access to those contributions, generating direct impacts through projects, and tackling the underlying drivers of nature loss (illustrated in an empirically based scenario analysis in Uganda). A better understanding can guide policy and practice to simultaneously tackle nature loss while protecting and enhancing mental health globally.

Published
2024
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15. The Nature Positive Journey for Business: A research agenda to enable private sector contributions to the global biodiversity framework.

Author

White, Thomas, primary, Bromwich, Talitha, additional, Bang, Ashley, additional, Bennun, Leon, additional, Bull, Joseph W., additional, Clark, Michael, additional, Milner-Gulland, E.J., additional, Prescott, Graham, additional, Starkey, Malcolm, additional, zu Ermgassen, Sophus Olav Sven Emil, additional, and Booth, Hollie, additional

Published
2023
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22. Post COVID-19: a solution scan of options for preventing future zoonotic epidemics

Author

Petrovan, Silviu, Aldridge, David, Bartlett, Harriet, Bladon, Andrew, Booth, Hollie, Broad, Steven, Broom, Donald, Burgess, Neil, Cleaveland, Sarah, Cunningham, Andrew, Ferri, Maurizio, Hinsley, Amy, Hua, Fangyuan, Hughes, Alice, Jones, Kate, Kelly, Moira, Mayes, George, Radakovic, Milorad, Ugwu, Chinedu, Uddin, Nasir, Veríssimo, Diogo, Walzer, Christian, White, Thomas, Wood, James, Sutherland, William, and UDDIN, NASIR

Subjects
pandemic, coronavirus, COVID-19, solution scanning, zoonotic risk, emerging infectious disease, wildlife trade
Abstract

This solutions scan was initiated as a collaboration between BioRISC (the Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine’s College, Cambridge), Conservation Evidence based in the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, and numerous other researchers worldwide. This document can be viewed as accompanying the solution scan of non-pharmaceutical actions undertaken for reducing the transmission risks of COVID-19 (Sutherland et al. 2020).

Published
2022
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33. Post COVID‐19 : a solution scan of options for preventing future zoonotic epidemics

Author

Petrovan, Silviu O., primary, Aldridge, David C., additional, Bartlett, Harriet, additional, Bladon, Andrew J., additional, Booth, Hollie, additional, Broad, Steven, additional, Broom, Donald M., additional, Burgess, Neil D., additional, Cleaveland, Sarah, additional, Cunningham, Andrew A., additional, Ferri, Maurizio, additional, Hinsley, Amy, additional, Hua, Fangyuan, additional, Hughes, Alice C., additional, Jones, Kate, additional, Kelly, Moira, additional, Mayes, George, additional, Radakovic, Milorad, additional, Ugwu, Chinedu A., additional, Uddin, Nasir, additional, Veríssimo, Diogo, additional, Walzer, Christian, additional, White, Thomas B., additional, Wood, James L., additional, and Sutherland, William J., additional

Published
2021
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34. Setting robust biodiversity goals

Author

Maron, Martine, primary, Juffe‐Bignoli, Diego, additional, Krueger, Linda, additional, Kiesecker, Joseph, additional, Kümpel, Noëlle F., additional, ten Kate, Kerry, additional, Milner‐Gulland, E.J., additional, Arlidge, William N. S., additional, Booth, Hollie, additional, Bull, Joseph W., additional, Starkey, Malcolm, additional, Ekstrom, Jonathan M., additional, Strassburg, Bernardo, additional, Verburg, Peter H., additional, and Watson, James E. M., additional

Published
2021
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36. Investigating the risks of removing wild meat from global food systems

Author

Booth, Hollie, primary, Clark, Michael, additional, Milner-Gulland, E.J., additional, Amponsah-Mensah, Kofi, additional, Antunes, André Pinassi, additional, Brittain, Stephanie, additional, Castilho, Luciana C., additional, Campos-Silva, João Vitor, additional, Constantino, Pedro de Araujo Lima, additional, Li, Yuhan, additional, Mandoloma, Lessah, additional, Nneji, Lotanna Micah, additional, Iponga, Donald Midoko, additional, Moyo, Boyson, additional, McNamara, James, additional, Rakotonarivo, O. Sarobidy, additional, Shi, Jianbin, additional, Tagne, Cédric Thibaut Kamogne, additional, van Velden, Julia, additional, and Williams, David R., additional

Published
2021
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37. “Saving Lives, Protecting Livelihoods, and Safeguarding Nature”: Risk-Based Wildlife Trade Policy for Sustainable Development Outcomes Post-COVID-19

Author

Booth, Hollie, primary, Arias, Melissa, additional, Brittain, Stephanie, additional, Challender, Daniel W. S., additional, Khanyari, Munib, additional, Kuiper, Timothy, additional, Li, Yuhan, additional, Olmedo, Alegria, additional, Oyanedel, Rodrigo, additional, Pienkowski, Thomas, additional, and Milner-Gulland, E. J., additional

Published
2021
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38. Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework

Author

Milner-Gulland, E.J., primary, Addison, Prue, additional, Arlidge, William N.S., additional, Baker, Julia, additional, Booth, Hollie, additional, Brooks, Thomas, additional, Bull, Joseph W., additional, Burgass, Michael J., additional, Ekstrom, Jon, additional, zu Ermgassen, Sophus O.S.E., additional, Fleming, L. Vincent, additional, Grub, Henry M.J., additional, von Hase, Amrei, additional, Hoffmann, Michael, additional, Hutton, Jonathan, additional, Juffe-Bignoli, Diego, additional, ten Kate, Kerry, additional, Kiesecker, Joseph, additional, Kümpel, Noëlle F., additional, Maron, Martine, additional, Newing, Helen S., additional, Ole-Moiyoi, Katrina, additional, Sinclair, Cheli, additional, Sinclair, Sam, additional, Starkey, Malcolm, additional, Stuart, Simon N., additional, Tayleur, Cath, additional, and Watson, James E.M., additional

Published
2021
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40. “Saving lives, protecting livelihoods, and safeguarding nature”: risk-based wildlife trade policy for sustainable development outcomes post-COVID-19

Author

Booth, Hollie, primary, Arias, Melissa, additional, Brittain, Stephanie, additional, Challender, Daniel W. S., additional, Khanyari, Munib, additional, Kupier, Timothy, additional, Li, Yuhan, additional, Castro, Alegria Olmedo, additional, Oyanedel, Rodrigo, additional, Pienkowski, Tom, additional, and Milner-Gulland, E.J., additional

Published
2020
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41. Four Steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework

Author

Milner-Gulland, E.J., primary, Addison, Prue, additional, Arlidge, William, additional, Baker, Julia, additional, Booth, Hollie, additional, Brooks, Thomas, additional, Bull, Joseph, additional, Burgass, Michael, additional, Ekstrom, Jonathan, additional, Ermgassen, Sophus zu, additional, Fleming, Vin, additional, Grub, Henry, additional, von Hase, Amrei, additional, Hoffmann, Mike, additional, Hutton, Jon, additional, Juffe-Bignoli, Diego, additional, Kate, Kerry ten, additional, Kiesecker, Joe, additional, Kumpel, Noelle, additional, Maron, Martine, additional, Newing, Helen, additional, Moiyoi, Katrina Ole, additional, Sinclair, Cheli, additional, Sinclair, Sam, additional, Starkey, Malcolm, additional, Stuart, Simon, additional, Tayleur, Cath, additional, and Watson, James, additional

Published
2020
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46. Estimating economic losses to small‐scale fishers from shark conservation: A hedonic price analysis.

Author

Booth, Hollie, Squires, Dale, Yulianto, Irfan, Simeon, Benaya, Muhsin, Adrianto, Luky, and Milner‐Gulland, Eleanor Jane

Subjects
*FISHERS, *SHARKS, *FISH conservation, *FISHING, *FISH mortality
Abstract

Understanding wildlife markets is central to effective conservation: it can help managers and policy‐makers to predict how interventions might influence supply and demand of wildlife products, and economic welfare of wildlife users; and thus, design interventions which have better outcomes for wildlife and people. Here we apply a revealed preference method of economic valuation—hedonic price analysis (HPA)—to understand shark markets and explore the economic costs of shark conservation for small‐scale fishers. We focus on a targeted semi‐commercial shark fishery in Indonesia—which poses a threat to some shark species, but provides important economic and subsistence value for a coastal community in an impoverished region of Indonesia—and use HPA to estimate market prices and welfare measures for threatened and CITES‐listed sharks. This represents a pertinent case study with practical implications because Indonesia is the world's largest shark fishing nation, where management interventions to reduce shark fishing mortality are needed. However, such interventions will create short‐term socio‐economic trade‐offs for fishing communities, which may hamper cooperation and compliance, and raise concerns regarding the fairness and equity of conservation. Our results give significant marginal price estimates for five species of conservation and commercial importance. Dusky sharks (Carcharhinus obscurus) and bottlenose wedgefish (Rhynchobatus australiae) have the highest implicit marginal prices, at US$ 157 and US$ 144, respectively. Our estimates suggest that conservation measures, such as catch limits for endangered and CITES‐listed species, could have significant economic opportunity costs (i.e., 3.4–17.6% revenue foregone) for low‐income fishers. Innovative policy instruments are required to transform shark markets and fisheries—to effectively reduce threats to endangered species and implement CITES, whilst doing no harm to vulnerable coastal communities. Methods from econometrics can help conservation scientists to better understand wildlife markets, and make management decisions which create better outcomes for wildlife and people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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47. An integrated approach to tackling wildlife crime: Impact and lessons learned from the world's largest targeted manta ray fishery.

Author

Booth, Hollie, Mardhiah, Ulfah, Siregar, Hanifah, Hunter, Jonathan, Giyanto, Putra, Mochamad Iqbal Herwata, Marlow, Jo, Cahyana, Andi, Boysandi, Demoor, Apolinardus Yosef Lia, Lewis, Sarah, Adhiasto, Dwi, Adrianto, Luky, and Yulianto, Irfan

Subjects
*WILDLIFE crimes, *RAY fisheries, *INTERNATIONAL trade, *MORTALITY
Abstract

Manta rays (Mobula birostris and M. alfredi) are threatened by overexploitation for international trade. Indonesia was home to the world's largest documented manta fishery—Lamakera, in East Nusa Tenggara. However, in 2014, the Indonesian government declared manta rays a protected species. Here we describe an integrated intervention to reduce manta hunting and mortality in Lamakera, which combined community outreach and livelihood‐focused incentives with targeted enforcement actions; and assess its impact over a five‐year period (2013–2018) using a theory‐based research design. Results show that the intervention is associated with a significant decline in manta hunting effort and mortality (p <.001), which is correlated and temporally‐associated with conservation activities, and did not occur for modeled and natural experiment counterfactuals. Overall, total manta ray mortality declined by 86% by 2018, vs. the 2013 baseline. We conclude that a multifaceted, data‐driven approach reduced illegal hunting and trade of manta rays from 2013 to 2018. However, this impact is not indefinite; new challenges are emerging, which highlight the importance of a long‐term adaptive strategy. We make several recommendations for designing interventions to mitigate trade‐driven over‐exploitation of megafauna: (a) understand diverse drivers of human behavior; (b) adopt data‐driven problem‐oriented planning; (c) continuously document and share learning; (d) establish partnerships with diverse stakeholders to develop resilient institutions for enduring impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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49. The database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project

Author

Hudson, Lawrence N., Newbold, Tim, Contu, Sara, Hill, Samantha L.L., Lysenko, Igor, de Palma, Adriana, Phillips, Helen R.P., Alhusseini, Tamera I., Bedford, Felicity E., Bennett, Dominic J., Booth, Hollie, Burton, Victoria J., Chng, Charlotte W.T., Choimes, Argyrios, Correia, David L.P., Day, Julie, Echeverria-Londono, Susy, Emerson, Susan R., Gao, Di, Garon, Morgan, Harrison, Michelle L.K., Ingram, Daniel J., Jung, Martin, Kemp, Victoria, Kirkpatrick, Lucinda, Martin, Callum D., Pan, Yuan, Pask-Hale, Gwilym D., Pynegar, Edwin L., Robinson, Alexandra N., Sanchez-Ortiz, Katia, Senior, Rebecca A., Simmons, Benno I., White, Hannah J., Zhang, Hanbin, Aben, Job, Abrahamczyk, Stefan, Adum, Gilbert B., Aguilar-Barquero, Virginia, Aizen, Marcelo A., Albertos, Belén, Alcala, E.L., Del Mar Aguacil, Maria, Alignier, Audrey, Ancrenaz, Marc, Andersen, Alan N., Arbelaez-Cortes, Enrique, Armbrecht, Inge, Arroyo-Rodriguez, Victor, Aumann, Tom, Axmacher, Jan C., Azhar, Badrul, Azpiroz, Adrian B., Baeten, Lander, Bakayoko, Adama, Baldi, Andras, Banks, John E., Baral, Sharad K., Barlow, Jos, Barratt, Barbara I.P., Barrico, Lurdes, Bartolommei, Paola, Barton, Diane M., Basset, Yves, Batary, Peter, Bates, Adam J., Baur, Bruno, Bayne, Erin M., Beja, Pedro, Benedick, Suzan, Berg, Ake, Bernard, Hervé, Berry, Nicholas J., Bhatt, Dinesh, Bicknell, Jake E., Bihn, Jochen H., Blake, Robin J., Bobo Kadiri, Serge, Boçon, Roberto, Boekhout, Teun, Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, Bonham, Kevin J., Borges, Paulo A.V., Borges, Sérgio H., Boutin, Céline, Bouyer, Jérémy, Bragagnolo, Cibele, Brandt, Jodi S., Brearley, Francis Q., Brito, Isabel, Bros, Vicenç, Brunet, Jörg, Buczkowski, Grzegorz, Buddle, Christopher M., Bugter, Rob, Buscardo, Erika, Buse, Jörn, Cabra-Garcia, Jimmy, Caceres, Nilton C., Cagle, Nicolette L., Calvino-Cancela, Maria, Cameron, Sydney A., Cancello, Eliana M., Caparros, Rut, Cardoso, Pedro, Carpenter, Dan, Carrijo, Tiago F., Carvalho, Anelena, Cassano, Camila R., Castro, Helena, Castro-Luna, Alejandro A., Cerda, Rolando, Cerezo, Alexis, Chapman, Kim Alan, Chauvat, Matthieu, Christensen, Morten, Clarke, Francis M., Cleary, Daniel F.R., Colombo, Giorgio, Connop, Stuart P., Craig, Michael D., Cruz-Lopez, Leopoldo, Cunningham, Saul A., D'Aniello, Biagio, D'Cruze, Neil, da Silva, Pedro Giovâni, Dallimer, Martin, Danquah, Emmanuel, Darvill, Ben, Dauber, Jens, Davis, Adrian L.V., Dawson, Jeff, de Sassi, Claudio, De Thoisy, Benoit, and Deheuvels, Olivier

Subjects
F40 - Écologie végétale, Distribution géographique, gestion des ressources naturelles, information, Utilisation des terres, Ressource génétique, Méthode statistique, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Impact sur l'environnement, L60 - Taxonomie et géographie animales, F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, C30 - Documentation et information, Conservation de la diversité biologique, Conservation de la nature, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Biodiversité, Banque de données
Abstract

The PREDICTS project—Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)—has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity.

Published
2017

50. The database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project

Author

Hudson Lawrence N, Newbold Tim, Contu Sara, Hill Samantha LL, Lysenko Igor, De Palma Adriana, Phillips Helen RP, Alhusseini Tamera I, Bedford Felicity E, Bennet Dominic J, Booth Hollie, Burton Victoria J, Chng Charlotte WT, Choimes Argyrios, Correia David LP, Day Julie, Echeverría-Londoño Susy, Emerson Susan R, Gao Di, Garon Morgan et al., and School of Forest Sciences, activities

Subjects
global biodiversity modeling, data sharing, land use, global change, habitat destruction
Abstract

The PREDICTS project—Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)—has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity., published version, peerReviewed

Published
2017

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