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In smart cities, Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras are crucial for enhancing law enforcement and public safety. Since CCTV cameras include both state-controlled and private-sector units in large numbers, it poses a considerable challenge to manage them. Automating the calculation of their coverage areas enables law enforcement and city planners to efficiently adapt surveillance strategies to the evolving needs of urban safety and dynamics.This paper proposes a prototype that automates the digitization of a vast number of camera coverage areas, such as for a large city. Given the positions for each camera, its sector width, and length-of-view, the prototype automatically identifies each camera's capture area represented as a polygon of positions. The prototype's generated capture areas are validated to the ground truth representing the true capture areas for 51 cameras (in the city of Malmö, Sweden) provided by the Swedish law enforcement agencies. © 2024 IEEE.

We present a method, including tool support, for bibliometric mining of trends in large and dynamic research areas. The method is applied to the machine learning research area for the years 2013 to 2022. A total number of 398,782 documents from Scopus were analyzed. A taxonomy containing 26 research directions within machine learning was defined by four experts with the help of a Python program and existing taxonomies. The trends in terms of productivity, growth rate, and citations were analyzed for the research directions in the taxonomy. Our results show that the two directions, Applications and Algorithms, are the largest, and that the direction Convolutional Neural Networks is the one that grows the fastest and has the highest average number of citations per document. It also turns out that there is a clear correlation between the growth rate and the average number of citations per document, i.e., documents in fast-growing research directions have more citations. The trends for machine learning research in four geographic regions (North America, Europe, the BRICS countries, and The Rest of the World) were also analyzed. The number of documents during the time period considered is approximately the same for all regions. BRICS has the highest growth rate, and, on average, North America has the highest number of citations per document. Using our tool and method, we expect that one could perform a similar study in some other large and dynamic research area in a relatively short time.

Domain-Specific Hardware Accelerators (DSHA) are natural components in the evolution of general computers. However, designing and simulating hardware in Hardware Description Languages (HDL) often requires more effort for the developers and might not be suitable in all scenarios, which makes high-level language-based software simulators for computer hardware attractive. Yet, choosing which simulation framework to use can be challenging due to the lack of comparative studies of high-level language-based simulators. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of state-of-the-art simulation frameworks that simulate computer hardware in high-level languages like C++. The contemporary simulators used in this study were selected from the 79 articles introducing novel AI accelerators referenced in our previous survey. We have identified six simulators that are suitable for AI accelerator evaluation, and provide a deeper analysis of three of them. © 2024 IEEE.

During the last decade we have witnessed how artificial intelligence (AI) have changed businesses all over the world. The customer life cycle framework is widely used in businesses and AI plays a role in each stage. However,implementing and generating value from AI in the customerlife cycle is not always simple. When evaluating the AI against business impact and value it is critical to consider both themodel performance and the policy outcome. Proper analysis of AI-derived policies must not be overlooked in order to ensure ethical and trustworthy AI. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the literature on AI in customer lifecycles (CLV) from an industry perspective. The study included 31 of 224 analyzed peer-reviewed articles from Scopus search result. The results show a significant research gap regardingoutcome evaluations of AI implementations in practice. This paper proposes that policy evaluation is an important tool in the AI pipeline and empathizes the significance of validating bothpolicy outputs and outcomes to ensure reliable and trustworthy AI., This work was funded by Telenor Sverige AB.

The evidence that burglaries cluster spatio-temporally is strong. However, research is unclear on whether clustered burglaries (repeats/near-repeats) should be treated as qualitatively different crimes compared to spatio-temporally unrelated burglaries (non-repeats). This study, therefore, investigated if there were differences in modus operandi-signatures (MOs, the habits and methods employed by criminals) between near-repeat and non-repeat burglaries across 10 Swedish cities, as well as whether MO-signatures can aid in predicting if a burglary is classified as a nearrepeat or a non-repeat crime. Data consisted of 5744 residential burglaries, with 137 MO features characterizing each case. Descriptive data of repeats/non-repeats is provided together with Wilcoxon tests of MO-differences between crime pairs, while logistic regressions were used to train models to predict if a crime scene was classified as a near-repeat or a non-repeat crime. Near-repeat crimes were rather stylized, showing heterogeneity in MOs across cities, but showing homogeneity within cities at the same time, as there were significant differences between near-repeat and non-repeat burglaries, including subgroups of features, such as differences in mode of entering, target selection, types of goods stolen, as well the traces that were left at the crime scene. Furthermore, using logistic regression models, it was possible to predict near-repeat and non-repeat crimes with a mean F1-score of 0.8155 (0.0866) based on the MO. Potential policy implications are discussed in terms of how data-driven procedures can facilitate analysis of spatio-temporal phenomena based on the MO-signatures of offenders, as well as how law enforcement agencies can provide differentiated advice and response when there is suspicion that a crime is part of a series as opposed to an isolated event. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland., open access

As machine learning and AI continue to rapidly develop, and with the ever-closer end of Moore’s law, new avenues and novel ideas in architecture design are being created and utilized. One avenue is accelerating AI as close to the user as possible, i.e., at the edge, to reduce latency and increase performance. Therefore, researchers have developed low-power AI accelerators, designed specifically to accelerate machine learning and AI at edge devices. In this paper, we present an overview of low-power AI accelerators between 2019–2022. Low-power AI accelerators are defined in this paper based on their acceleration target and power consumption. In this survey, 79 low-power AI accelerators are presented and discussed. The reviewed accelerators are discussed based on five criteria: (i) power, performance, and power efficiency, (ii) acceleration targets, (iii) arithmetic precision, (iv) neuromorphic accelerators, and (v) industry vs. academic accelerators. CNNs and DNNs are the most popular accelerator targets, while Transformers and SNNs are on the rise., open access

This paper describes work in progress of an interdisciplinary research project that focuses on the placement and analysis of public close-circuit television (CCTV) cameras using data-driven analysis of crime data. A novel web-based prototype that acts as a framework for the camera placement analysis with regards to historical crime occurrence is presented. The web-based prototype enables various analyses involving public CCTV cameras e.g., to determine suitable locations for both stationary CCTV cameras as well as temporary cameras that are moved around after a few months to address crime seasonality. The framework also opens up for other analyses, e.g. automatically highlighting crimes that are carried out closed by at least one camera. The research also investigates to what extent it is possible to generate estimates on the amount of detail captured by a camera given the distance to the crime light conditions. The research project includes interdisciplinary competences from various areas such as criminology, computer and data science as well as the Swedish Police. © 2021 IEEE.

Customer support can affect customer churn both positively and negatively. By identify non-routine e-mails to be handled by senior customer support agents, the customer support experience can potentially be improved. Complex e-mails, i.e. non-routine, might require longer time to handle, being more suitable for senior staff. Non-routine e-mails can be considered anomalous. This paper investigates an approach for context-based unsupervised anomaly detection that can assign each e-mail an anomaly score. This is investigated in customer support setting with 43523 e-mails. Context-based anomalies are investigated over different time resolutions, by multiple algorithms. The likelihood of anomalous e-mails can be considered increased when identified by several algorithms or over multiple time resolutions. The approach is suitable to implement as a decision support system for customer support agents in detecting e-mails that should be handled by senior staff., open access

The importance of cellular networks continuously increases as we assume ubiquitous connectivity in our daily lives. As a result, the underlying core telecom systems have very high reliability and availability requirements, that are sometimes hard to meet. This study presents a proactive approach that could aid satisfying these high requirements on reliability and availability by predicting future base station alarms. A data set containing 231 internal performance measures from cellular (4G) base stations is correlated with a data set containing base station alarms. Next, two experiments are used to investigate (i) the alarm prediction performance of six machine learning models, and (ii) how different predict-ahead times (ranging from 10 min to 48 hours) affect the predictive performance. A 10-fold cross validation evaluation approach and statistical analysis suggested that the Random Forest models showed best performance. Further, the results indicate the feasibility of predicting severe alarms one hour in advance with a precision of 0.812 (±0.022, 95 % CI), recall of 0.619 (±0.027) and F1-score of 0.702 (±0.022). A model interpretation package, ELI5, was used to identify the most influential features in order to gain model insight. Overall, the results are promising and indicate the potential of an early-warning system that enables a proactive means for achieving high reliability and availability requirements. IEEE

Maintaining high degree of customer satisfaction is important for any corporation, which involves the customer support process. One important factor in this work is to keep customers' wait time for a reply at levels that are acceptable to them. In this study we investigate to what extent models trained by the Random Forest learning algorithm can be used to predict e-mail time-to-respond time for both customer support agents as well as customers. The data set includes 51,682 customer support e-mails of various topics from a large telecom operator. The results indicate that it is possible to predict the time-to-respond for both customer support agents (AUC of 0.90) as well as for customers (AUC of 0.85). These results indicate that the approach can be used to improve communication efficiency, e.g. by anticipating the staff needs in customer support, but also indicating when a response is expected to take a longer time than usual. Copyright © 2020 by SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved., open access

Information spreading is an interesting field in the domain of online social media. In this work, we are investigating how well different seed selection strategies affect the spreading processes simulated using independent cascade model on eighteen multilayer social networks. Fifteen networks are built based on the user interaction data extracted from Facebook public pages and tree of them are multilayer networks downloaded from public repository (two of them being Twitter networks). The results indicate that various state of the art seed selection strategies for single-layer networks like K-Shell or VoteRank do not perform so well on multilayer networks and are outperformed by Degree Centrality.

Law enforcement agencies strive to link crimes perpetrated by the same offenders into crime series in order to improve investigation efficiency. Such crime linkage can be done using both physical traces (e.g., DNA or fingerprints) or 'soft evidence' in the form of offenders' modus operandi (MO), i.e. their behaviors during crimes. However, physical traces are only present for a fraction of crimes, unlike behavioral evidence. This work-in-progress paper presents a method for aggregating multiple criminal profilers' ratings of offenders' behavioral characteristics based on feature-rich crime scene descriptions. The method calculates consensus ratings from individual experts' ratings, which then are used as a basis for classification algorithms. The classification algorithms can automatically generalize offenders' behavioral characteristics from cues in the crime scene data. Models trained on the consensus rating are evaluated against models trained on individual profiler's ratings. Thus, whether the consensus model shows improved performance over individual models. © 2018 IEEE.

Objectives: The present study aims to extend current research on how offenders’ modus operandi (MO) can be used in crime linkage, by investigating the possibility to automatically estimate offenders’ risk exposure and level of pre-crime preparation for residential burglaries. Such estimations can assist law enforcement agencies when linking crimes into series and thus provide a more comprehensive understanding of offenders and targets, based on the combined knowledge and evidence collected from different crime scenes. Methods: Two criminal profilers manually rated offenders’ risk exposure and level of pre-crime preparation for 50 burglaries each. In an experiment we then analyzed to what extent 16 machine-learning algorithms could generalize both offenders’ risk exposure and preparation scores from the criminal profilers’ ratings onto 15,598 residential burglaries. All included burglaries contain structured and feature-rich crime descriptions which learning algorithms can use to generalize offenders’ risk and preparation scores from.Results: Two models created by Naïve Bayes-based algorithms showed best performance with an AUC of 0.79 and 0.77 for estimating offenders' risk and preparation scores respectively. These algorithms were significantly better than most, but not all, algorithms. Both scores showed promising distinctiveness between linked series, as well as consistency for crimes within series compared to randomly sampled crimes.Conclusions: Estimating offenders' risk exposure and pre-crime preparation can complement traditional MO characteristics in the crime linkage process. The estimations are also indicative to function for cross-category crimes that otherwise lack comparable MO. Future work could focus on increasing the number of manually rated offenses as well as fine-tuning the Naïve Bayes algorithm to increase its estimation performance.