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1. Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation of the Environmental and Health Impacts of Shipping Emissions

Author

Kukkonen, J., Fridell, E., Jalkanen, J.-P., Moldanova, J., Ntziachristos, L., Grigoriadis, A., Barmpas, F., Tsegas, G., Maragkidou, A., Sofiev, Mikhail, Grönholm, T., Majamäki, E., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Sokhi, R. S., Tiwari, P. R., Ozdemir, U. A., Zervakis, V., Krasakopoulou, E., Hassellöv, I.-M., Ytreberg, E., Williams, I., Hudson, M., Zapata-Restrepo, L., Hole, L. R., Aghito, M., Breivik, O., Petrovic, M., Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Ktoris, A., Neophytou, M., Monteiro, A., Russo, M. A., Oikonomou, F., Arampatzi, P., Gondikas, A., Marcomini, A., Giubilato, E., Calgaro, L., Jaakkola, J. J. K., Kiihamäki, S.-P., Aittamaa, R., Broström, G., Hassellöv, M., Tamminen, J., Nicolas, F., Kaitaranta, J., Granberg, M., Magnusson, K., Mensink, Clemens, editor, and Jorba, Oriol, editor

Published
2022
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2. Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation of the Environmental and Health Impacts of Shipping Emissions

Author

Kukkonen, J., primary, Fridell, E., additional, Jalkanen, J.-P., additional, Moldanova, J., additional, Ntziachristos, L., additional, Grigoriadis, A., additional, Barmpas, F., additional, Tsegas, G., additional, Maragkidou, A., additional, Sofiev, Mikhail, additional, Grönholm, T., additional, Majamäki, E., additional, Borken-Kleefeld, J., additional, Sokhi, R. S., additional, Tiwari, P. R., additional, Ozdemir, U. A., additional, Zervakis, V., additional, Krasakopoulou, E., additional, Hassellöv, I.-M., additional, Ytreberg, E., additional, Williams, I., additional, Hudson, M., additional, Zapata-Restrepo, L., additional, Hole, L. R., additional, Aghito, M., additional, Breivik, O., additional, Petrovic, M., additional, Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., additional, Ktoris, A., additional, Neophytou, M., additional, Monteiro, A., additional, Russo, M. A., additional, Oikonomou, F., additional, Arampatzi, P., additional, Gondikas, A., additional, Marcomini, A., additional, Giubilato, E., additional, Calgaro, L., additional, Jaakkola, J. J. K., additional, Kiihamäki, S.-P., additional, Aittamaa, R., additional, Broström, G., additional, Hassellöv, M., additional, Tamminen, J., additional, Nicolas, F., additional, Kaitaranta, J., additional, Granberg, M., additional, and Magnusson, K., additional

Published
2022
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3. Radiative forcing due to changes in ozone and methane caused by the transport sector

Author

Myhre, G., Shine, K.P., Radel, G., Gauss, M., Isaksen, I.S.A., Tang, Q., Prather, M.J., Williams, J.E., van Velthoven, P., Dessens, O., Koffi, B., Szopa, S., Hoor, P., Grewe, V., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Berntsen, T.K., and Fuglestvedt, J.S.

Subjects
aircraft models, atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric movements, aviation, carbon monoxide, global warming, methane, nitrogen, ozone, roads and streets, ships
Abstract

The year 2000 radiative forcing (RF) due to changes in O3 and CH4 (and the CH4-induced stratospheric water vapour) as a result of emissions of short-lived gases (oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide and non-methane hydrocarbons) from three transport sectors (ROAD, maritime SHIPping and AIRcraft) are calculated using results from five global atmospheric chemistry models. Using results from these models plus other published data, we quantify the uncertainties. The RF due to short-term O3 changes (i.e. as an immediate response to the emissions without allowing for the long-term CH4 changes) is positive and highest for ROAD transport (31 mW m−2) compared to SHIP (24 mW m−2) and AIR (17 mW m−2) sectors in four of the models. All five models calculate negative RF from the CH4 perturbations, with a larger impact from the SHIP sector than for ROAD and AIR. The net RF of O3 and CH4 combined (i.e. including the impact of CH4 on ozone and stratospheric water vapour) is positive for ROAD (+16(±13) (one standard deviation) mW m−2) and AIR (+6(±5) mW m−2) traffic sectors and is negative for SHIP (−18(±10) mW m−2) sector in all five models. Global Warming Potentials (GWP) and Global Temperature change Potentials (GTP) are presented for AIR NOxemissions; there is a wide spread in the results from the 5 chemistry models, and it is shown that differences in the methane response relative to the O3 response drive much of the spread.

Published
2011

4. The impact of traffic emissions on atmospheric ozone and OH: results from QUANTIFY

Author

Hoor, P., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Caro, D., Dessens, O., Endresen, O., Gauss, M., Grewe, V., Hauglustaine, D., Isaksen, I. S. A, Jockel, P., Lelieveld, J., Myhre, G., Meijer, E., Olivie, D., Prather, M., Schnadt Poberaj, C., Shine, K. P, Staehelin, J., Tang, Q., van Aardenne, J., van Velthoven, P., and Sausen, R.

Subjects
aircraft nox emissions, general-circulation model, chemical-transport model, tropospheric ozone, nitrogen-oxides, heterogeneous chemistry, nonmethane hydrocarbons, technical note, climate model, mozaic data
Abstract

To estimate the impact of emissions by road, aircraft and ship traffic on ozone and OH in the present-day atmosphere six different atmospheric chemistry models have been used. Based on newly developed global emission inventories for road, ship and aircraft emission data sets each model performed sensitivity simulations reducing the emissions of each transport sector by 5%. The model results indicate that on global annual average lower tropospheric ozone responds most sensitive to ship emissions (50.6%±10.9% of the total traffic induced perturbation), followed by road (36.7%±9.3%) and aircraft exhausts (12.7%±2.9%), respectively. In the northern upper troposphere between 200–300 hPa at 30–60° N the maximum impact from road and ship are 93% and 73% of the maximum effect of aircraft, respectively. The latter is 0.185 ppbv for ozone (for the 5% case) or 3.69 ppbv when scaling to 100%. On the global average the impact of road even dominates in the UTLS-region. The sensitivity of ozone formation per NOx molecule emitted is highest for aircraft exhausts. The local maximum effect of the summed traffic emissions on the ozone column predicted by the models is 0.2 DU and occurs over the northern subtropical Atlantic extending to central Europe. Below 800 hPa both ozone and OH respond most sensitively to ship emissions in the marine lower troposphere over the Atlantic. Based on the 5% perturbation the effect on ozone can exceed 0.6% close to the marine surface (global zonal mean) which is 80% of the total traffic induced ozone perturbation. In the southern hemisphere ship emissions contribute relatively strongly to the total ozone perturbation by 60%–80% throughout the year. Methane lifetime changes against OH are affected strongest by ship emissions up to 0.21 (± 0.05)%, followed by road (0.08 (±0.01)%) and air traffic (0.05 (± 0.02)%).Based on the full scale ozone and methane perturbations positive radiative forcings were calculated for road emissions (7.3±6.2 mWm−2) and for aviation (2.9±2.3 mWm−2). Ship induced methane lifetime changes dominate over the ozone forcing and therefore lead to a net negative forcing (−25.5±13.2 mWm−2).

Published
2009

5. The Evolution and Control of NOx Emissions from Road Transport in Europe

Author

Boulter, P. G., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Ntziachristos, L., Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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7. European experience in the development of the monitoring, review, and verification (MRV) systems for clean air plans

Author

Purohit, P., Amann, M., Borken-Kleefeld, J., and Klimont, Z.

Abstract

Over the last decades the European Union has established strict air quality objectives, together with a comprehensive legal framework that should facilitate the achievements of these objectives. As a consequence, air quality has drastically improved in Europe, although the long-term objectives are still not met. The EU clean air legislation played an important role in these air quality improvements. Most importantly, the legal framework provided an effective response mechanism strategy to manage the complex interlinkages between the multitude of pollution sources and the regionally dispersed impacts on air quality which span across different legislation. These connections, which are a direct consequence of the physical nature of the key air pollutants (i.e., their long residence time in the atmosphere), make response strategies that extend beyond individual cities and countries indispensable. In order to implement effective policy responses, the area of the European Union is now considered as one airshed containing 27 Member States, and action needs to be coordinated between countries, regions, and city administrations. The clean air legislation of the EU acknowledges that the European Union as a supra-national institution has to play an important coordinating role in the policy response. It has been found practical to combine three legal pillars into a comprehensive EU clean air legislation framework: • The Ambient Air Quality Directives, • The National Emission Ceilings Directive, and • Source-specific performance standards. One important feature of EU policy that contributed to the success is that, in addition to the key obligations for reaching air quality standards and reducing emissions, all directives contain specific requirements and mechanisms for monitoring, reporting, validation and enforcement. Although the recent nature of some of the directives does not always allow for practical experience, systematic stock-taking on the strengths and weaknesses of older legislation has been recently conducted. This report summarizes the findings emerging from these assessments and indicates options for improvements that could be of interest for the design of effective clean air policies in other parts of the world. While the EU legal framework has obviously been developed for the EU situation, there might be important lessons, particularly on monitoring, review and verification, that could provide relevant insights for other countries which face similar complexities in air quality management, e.g., the need to involve multiple governance levels across State borders.

Published
2020

9. Pathways towards clean air in India

Author

Purohit, P., Amann, M., Kiesewetter, G., Rafaj, P., Chaturvedi, V., Dholakia, H., Nagarkoti, P., Klimont, Z., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Gomez Sanabria, A., Schöpp, W., and Sander, R.

Abstract

The fast economic and population growth in India’s urban areas and the limited control of pollution are causing public health problems and significant environmental degradation, including air, water, land and greenhouse gases, which undermines the potential for sustainable socioeconomic development of the country, particularly with impacts on the poor. To improve air quality and enhance economic and social development, the Government of India has issued a National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for annual average PM2.5 concentrations of 40 �g/m3. However, this standard is widely exceeded, and according to the World Health Organisation (WHO), India was home to 13 out of the 15 most polluted cities worldwide in terms of PM2.5 concentrations in 2016. This study explores pathways towards achieving the NAAQS in India in the context of the dynamics of social and economic development up to 2050. For this purpose, we employ two well-established scientific modelling tools that explore the socio-economic drivers of pollution (the GCAM model), in particular, energy consumption, and the GAINS model that explores effective policy interventions to reduce population exposure and health impacts. We estimate that in 2015 more than half of the Indian population, i.e. about 670 million people, was exposed to ambient PM2.5 concentrations that do not comply with India’s NAAQS, and less than 1% enjoyed air quality conforming with the global WHO guideline value of 10 �g/m3. Without further political action, this figure is not expected to improve. While the existing emission control measures are effectively decoupling the trends of air pollutant emissions from economic growth, their impacts on ambient air quality are not directly visible since they are compensated by the rapid expansion of economic activities. The analysis reveals that advanced technical emission controls can deliver air quality improvements in India, but will not be sufficient to achieve the NAAQS everywhere. However, a package of development and decarbonization measures that are usually taken for other policy priorities can deliver significant co-benefits on air quality and achieve compliance with NAAQS for the vast majority of the population.

Published
2019

10. Future air quality in Ha Noi and northern Vietnam

Author

Amann, M., Klimont, Z., An Ha, T., Rafaj, P., Kiesewetter, G., Gomez Sanabria, A., Nguyen, B., Thi Thu, T.N., Thuy, K., Schöpp, W., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Wagner, F., Sander, R., Heyes, C., Cofala, J., Trung, N.Q., Dat, N.T., and Tung, N.N.

Published
2019

11. Scenarios and Solutions

Author

Amann, M., Jiming, H., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Gomez Sanabria, A., Heyes, C., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Kiesewetter, G., Klimont, Z., Nguyen, B., Purohit, P., Rafaj, P., Sander, R., Wagner, F., Schöpp, W., Kuylenstierna, J., Wang, S., Ye, W., Shindell, D., Seltzer, K., and Borgford-Parnell, N.

Published
2019

12. Final Report The potential for cost-effective air emission reductions from international shipping through designation of further Emission Control Areas in EU waters with focus on the Mediterranean Sea

Author

Cofala, J., Amann, M., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Gomez Sanabria, A., Heyes, C., Kiesewetter, G., Sander, R., Schöpp, W., Holland, M., Fagerli, H., and Nyiri, A.

Abstract

This study explores the impacts of alternative emission control interventions for international shipping on the European Seas on relevant air pollutant emissions, examines their consequence on ambient air quality in Europe and the neighbouring regions, and explores the resulting improvements of human health. It estimates the costs of the various policy interventions, and compares them with monetized benefits on human health and other impacts. It is found that further controls of SO₂ emissions, e.g., through SO₂ emission control areas, could deliver rather fast benefits, and avoid by 2030 up to 4000 cases of premature deaths annually, and 8000 in 2050. In the longer run, by 2050, application of Tier III NOx standards could double the health benefits. Even when using the lower (most conservative) health valuation, all reduction measures examined in this report emerged as cost-effective, with monetized benefits exceeding emission control costs typically by a factor of 6 in 2030 and by a factor of 12 in 2050. Designation of the Mediterranean Sea as an Emission Control Area could by 2030 cut emissions of SO2 and NOx from international shipping by 80 and 20 percent, respectively, compared to current legislation. These additional emission reductions could avoid 4,100 cases of premature deaths in 2030 and more than 10,000 annual premature deaths in 2050. Even with the most conservative assumptions for health valuation, monetized benefits are on average 4.4 times higher than the costs in 2030 and 7.5 times higher in 2050.

Published
2018

13. The GAINS PMEH-Methodology -Version 2.0

Author

Wagner, F., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Kiesewetter, G., Klimont, Z., Nguyen, B., Rafaj, P., and Schöpp, W.

Abstract

This document describes the methodology developed for the GAINS PMEH project. This methodology provides a framework for translating detailed data on emission control technologies and measures, atmospheric transport, costs, socio-economic development and health indicators from the GAINS databases into such a format and level of aggregation that they can be displayed and turned into an interactive decision support tool at various spatial scales, in particular the megacity scale. As an example we discuss the prototype for Hanoi and its environs.

Published
2018

14. Überwachung der Kfz-Emissionen im realen Verkehr, Methoden und Ergebnisse

Author

Hausberger, S., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Matzer, C., and Lipp, S.

Abstract

Systematic monitoring of real driving emissions from vehicles started in the 1990’ies with measurements for the Handbook on Emission factors (HBEFA, http://www.hbefa.net/e/index.html). From 2000 to 2005, a European consortium improved the methods for vehicle testing and evaluation in the EU FP7 Project ARTEMIS. Results from this project are e.g. the ARTEMIS driving cycle (CADC), frequently used for real world LDVs chassis dyno tests, and the ERMES data base, where test results from independent European labs are brought together. Based on the ARTEMIS core consortium, the ERMES group was established (http://www.ermes-group.eu/web/). The ERMES group consists of laboratories, funding organisations and researchers dealing with emission testing with PEMS and on the dynamometer, with remote sensing measurement and with corresponding analysis of measures and technologies to reduce emissions and energy consumption of road vehicles and mobile machines. While the ERMES database on real world tests had only a limited number of cars until HBEFA version 3.1 (e.g. 24 different EURO 5 diesel cars measured), the available data significantly increased during the last 3 years (e.g. covering today 101 EURO 5 and 85 EURO 6 diesel cars). Also for HDVs and 2-wheelers the number of measured vehicles increased significantly after the recent discussions on real world NOx emissions from diesel LDVs. Parallel to the conventional vehicle tests also remote sensing has been systematically developed for vehicle emission monitoring. Remote sensing measures the incremental concentration of gases in the exhaust plume of passing vehicles and thus provides mass emissions per mass of CO2. The number plate is used to identify make and model, engine type, year of registration and emission standard. This information is then associated with the measured instantaneous emissions. Since remote sensing measures thousands of vehicles per day, the data is very useful for the analysis of trends, which need a high number of vehicles to be representative. E.g., Remote Sensing can monitor aging and temperature influences and emission levels per EURO class, brand and possibly vehicle model also as basis for the selection of vehicles for more detailed instrumented tests. The paper describes the methods developed for the monitoring and evaluation and shows actual trends in vehicle emissions.

Published
2018

15. IIASA-IGES collaboration on Air Pollution using GAINS

Author

Zusman, Eric, Matsumoto, Naoko, Amman, Markus, Klimont, Z., and Borken‐Kleefeld, J.

Subjects
Co-Benefits
Abstract

Eric Zusman presented at the International Symposium: IIASA and Japan - Future prospects for closer collaboration centering around “The World in 2050 (TWI2050)” project - on 31 Jan. 2017 as a panelist.

Published
2017

17. In-use compliance and deterioration of vehicle emissions

Author

Zyl, P.S. van, Ligterink, N.E., Kadijk, G., Borken-Kleefeld, J., and Chen, Y.

Subjects
Emission, Mobility, Urban Mobility & Environment, ELSS - Earth, Life and Social Sciences, Safe and Clean Mobility, STL - Sustainable Transport & Logistics
Published
2015

18. Modelling NO2 concentrations at the street level in the GAINS integrated assessment model: projections under current legislation

Author

Kiesewetter, G., Borken-kleefeld, J., Schopp, W., Heyes, C., Thunis, P., Bessagnet, Bertrand, TERRENOIRE, Etienne, Gsella, A., Amann, Markus, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), and Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS)

Subjects
lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract

NO2 concentrations at the street level are a major concern for urban air quality in Europe and have been regulated under the EU Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution. Despite the legal requirements, limit values are exceeded at many monitoring stations with little or no improvement during recent years. In order to assess the effects of future emission control regulations on roadside NO2 concentrations, a downscaling module has been implemented in the GAINS integrated assessment model. The module follows a hybrid approach based on atmospheric dispersion calculations and observations from the AirBase European air quality data base that are used to estimate site-specific parameters. Pollutant concentrations at every monitoring site with sufficient data coverage are disaggregated into contributions from regional background, urban increment, and local roadside increment. The future evolution of each contribution is assessed with a model of the appropriate scale – 28 × 28 km grid based on the EMEP Model for the regional background, 7 × 7 km urban increment based on the CHIMERE Chemistry Transport Model, and a chemical box model for the roadside increment. Thus, different emission scenarios and control options for long-range transport, regional and local emissions can be analysed. Observed concentrations and historical trends are well captured, in particular the differing NO2 and total NOx = NO + NO2 trends. Altogether, more than 1950 air quality monitoring stations in the EU are covered by the model, including more than 400 traffic stations and 70% of the critical stations. Together with its well-established bottom-up emission and dispersion calculation scheme, GAINS is thus able to bridge the scales from European-wide policies to impacts in street canyons. As an application of the model, we assess the evolution of attainment of NO2 limit values under current legislation until 2030. Strong improvements are expected with the introduction of the Euro 6 emission standard for light duty vehicles; however, for some major European cities, further measures may be required, in particular if aiming to achieve compliance at an earlier time., JRC.H.2-Air and Climate

Published
2013

20. Impact of NOx vehicle emission standards failure on Air Quality in Europe

Author

Borken-Kleefeld, J., Kiesewetter, G., Papageorgiou, T., and Ntziachristos, L.

Abstract

Vehicle exhaust emission standards have been tightened in the EU for several decades now, in order to protect health and the environment. This has led to a substantial decrease in total pollutant emissions, despite the growing volumes of passenger and freight transport. However, national emissions, particularly of NOx, exceed the ceilings accorded under the Gothenburg Protocol of the UNECE's Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) (EEA 2012) in twelve EU Member States. The main reasons for such exceedances are that more diesel cars have been sold than originally predicted when fixing the targets, and that diesel cars emit much more than expected under real-world driving conditions. The latter appears as a consequence of the effort to achieve high fuel efficiency. While this has largely helped to control CO2 emissions, it was to the detriment of NOx. In this study we estimate what the impact of the different vehicle emission standards has been so far and to predict what the impact of upcoming emission standards will be in the future, using the best current knowledge on road transport activity statistics and emission factors in Europe. We present several sensitivity calculations to reflect the considerable uncertainty about the real-driving NOx emissions of diesel light duty vehicles. The results of this work can be useful in designing both limits for upcoming standards but also in assessing the impact of deviating from such limits. This is necessary in both deciding on the next steps of emission control policy and to relevant air quality prediction models.

Published
2012

24. Potentials and Costs for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Annex I Countries: Methodology

Author

Amann, M., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Heyes, C., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Klimont, Z., Purohit, P., Rafaj, P., Schoepp, W., Toth, G., Wagner, F., and Winiwarter, W.

Abstract

This report documents the basic methodology of IIASA's GAINS model that has been used for comparing mitigation efforts across Annex I Parties. Additional information is available at gains.iiasa.ac.at/Annex1.html

Published
2009

26. The Impact of Traffic Emissions on Atmospheric Ozone and OH: Results from QUANTIFY

Author

HOOR P., BORKEN-KLEEFELD J., CARO D., ENDRESEN O., GAUSS M., GREWE F., HAUGLUSTAINE D., ISAKSEN I. S. A., JÖCKEL P, LELIEVELD J., MEIJER E., OLIVIE D., PRATHER M. J., SCHNADT POBERAJ C., STAEHELIN J., TANG Q., VAN AARDENNE John, VAN VELTHOVEN Peter, and SAUSEN R.

Abstract

o estimate the impact of emissions by road, aircraft and ship traffic on ozone and OH of the present-day atmosphere seven different atmospheric chemistry models simulated the atmospheric composition of the year 2003. Based on newly developed global emission inventories for road, maritime and aircraft emission data sets each model performed a series of five simulations: A base scenario using the full set of emissions, three sensitivity studies with each individual sector of transport reduced by 5% and one simulation with all traffic related emissions reduced by 5%. The approach minimizes non-linearities in atmospheric chemical effects and are later scaled to 100%. The global annual mean impact of ship emissions on ozone in the boundary layer leads to an increase of ozone of 1.2%, followed by road (0.87%) and aircraft emissions (0.3%). In the upper troposphere between 200¿300 hPa both road and ship traffic affect ozone by 1.1%, whereas aircraft emissions contribute 0.9%. However, the sensitivity of ozone formation per NOx molecule emitted is highest for aircraft exhausts. The local maximum effect of the summed traffic emissions on the ozone column predicted by the models is 4.0 DU and occurs over the northern subtropical Atlantic. The impact of traffic emissions on total ozone in the Southern Hemisphere is approximately half of the northern hemispheric perturbation. Below 800 hPa both ozone and OH respond most sensitively to ship emissions in the marine boundary layer over the Atlantic, where the effect can exceed 10% (zonal mean) which is 80% of the total traffic induced ozone perturbation. In the Southern Hemisphere ship emissions contribute relatively strongly to the total ozone perturbation by 60%¿80% throughout the year (equivalent to 1¿1.5 ppbv). Road emissions have the strongest impact on ozone in the continental boundary layer and the free troposphere in summer. They also affect the upper troposphere particularly during northern summer associated with strong convection in mid latitudes. Ozone perturbations due to road traffic show the strongest seasonal cycle in the northern troposphere, and can even change sign in the continental boundary layer during winter. The OH concentration in the boundary layer is most strongly affected by ship emissions, which has a significant influence on the lifetime of many trace gases including methane. Methane lifetime changes due to ship emissions amount to 4.1%, followed by road (1.6%) and air traffic (1.0%)., JRC.H.2-Air and Climate

Published
2008

31. The impact of traffic emissions on atmospheric ozone and OH: results from QUANTIFY

Author

Hoor, P., primary, Borken-Kleefeld, J., additional, Caro, D., additional, Dessens, O., additional, Endresen, O., additional, Gauss, M., additional, Grewe, V., additional, Hauglustaine, D., additional, Isaksen, I. S. A., additional, Jöckel, P., additional, Lelieveld, J., additional, Meijer, E., additional, Olivie, D., additional, Prather, M., additional, Schnadt Poberaj, C., additional, Staehelin, J., additional, Tang, Q., additional, van Aardenne, J., additional, van Velthoven, P., additional, and Sausen, R., additional

Published
2008
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32. Modelling street level PM10 concentrations across Europe: source apportionment and possible futures.

Author

Kiesewetter, G., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Schöpp, W., Heyes, C., Thunis, P., Bessagnet, B., Terrenoire, E., Fagerli, H., Nyiri, A., and Amann, M.

Subjects
PARTICULATE matter, EMISSION control, AIR quality, CANYONS, ATMOSPHERIC chemistry
Abstract

Despite increasing emission controls, particulate matter (PM) has remained a critical issue for European air quality in recent years. The various sources of PM, both from primary particulate emissions as well as secondary formation from precursor gases, make this a complex problem to tackle. In order to allow for credible predictions of future concentrations under policy assumptions, a modelling approach is needed that considers all chemical processes and spatial dimensions involved, from long-range transport of pollution to local emissions in street canyons. Here we describe a modelling scheme which has been implemented in the GAINS integrated assessment model to assess compliance with PM10 (PM with aerodynamic diameter < 10 pm) limit values at individual air quality monitoring stations reporting to the Air-Base database. The modelling approach relies on a combination of bottom up modelling of emissions, simplified atmospheric chemistry and dispersion calculations, and a traffic increment calculation wherever applicable. At each monitoring station fulfilling a few data coverage criteria, measured concentrations in the base year 2009 are explained to the extent possible and then modelled for the past and future. More than 1850 monitoring stations are covered, including more than 300 traffic stations and 80 % of the stations which exceeded the EU air quality limit values in 2009. As a validation, we compare modelled trends in the period 2000-2008 to observations, which are well reproduced. The modelling scheme is applied here to quantify explicitly source contributions to ambient concentrations at several critical monitoring stations, displaying the differences in spatial origin and chemical composition of urban roadside PM10 across Europe. Furthermore, we analyse the predicted evolution of PM10 concentrations in the European Union until 2030 under different policy scenarios. Significant improvements in ambient PM10 concentrations are expected assuming successful implementation of already agreed legislation; however, these will not be large enough to ensure attainment of PM10 limit values in hot spot locations such as Southern Poland and major European cities. Remaining issues are largely eliminated in a scenario applying the best available emission control technologies to the maximal technically feasible extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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33. Modelling NO2 concentrations at the street level in the GAINS integrated assessment model: projections under current legislation.

Author

Kiesewetter, G., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Schöpp, W., Heyes, C., Thunis, P., Bessagnet, B., Terrenoire, E., Gsella, A., and Amann, M.

Subjects
NITRIC oxide, LEGISLATION, AIR quality, AIR pollution, THEMATIC analysis, EMISSION control, ROADSIDE improvement
Abstract

NO2 concentrations at the street level are a major concern for urban air quality in Europe and have been regulated under the EU Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution. Despite the legal requirements, limit values are exceeded at many monitoring stations with little or no improvement in recent years. In order to assess the effects of future emission control regulations on roadside NO2 concentrations, a downscaling module has been implemented in the GAINS integrated assessment model. The module follows a hybrid approach based on atmospheric dispersion calculations and observations from the AirBase European air quality database that are used to estimate site-specific parameters. Pollutant concentrations at every monitoring site with sufficient data coverage are disaggregated into contributions from regional background, urban increment, and local roadside increment. The future evolution of each contribution is assessed with a model of the appropriate scale: 28×28 km grid based on the EMEP Model for the regional background, 7×7 km urban increment based on the CHIMERE Chemistry Transport Model, and a chemical box model for the roadside increment. Thus, different emission scenarios and control options for long-range transport as well as regional and local emissions can be analysed. Observed concentrations and historical trends are well captured, in particular the differing NO2 and total NOx =NO+NO2 trends. Altogether, more than 1950 air quality monitoring stations in the EU are covered by the model, including more than 400 traffic stations and 70% of the critical stations. Together with its well-established bottom-up emission and dispersion calculation scheme, GAINS is thus able to bridge the scales from European-wide policies to impacts in street canyons. As an application of the model, we assess the evolution of attainment of NO2 limit values under current legislation until 2030. Strong improvements are expected with the introduction of the Euro 6 emission standard for light duty vehicles; however, for some major European cities, further measures may be required, in particular if aiming to achieve compliance at an earlier time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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34. Modelling NO2 concentrations at the street level in the GAINS integrated assessment model: projections under current legislation.

Author

Kiesewetter, G., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Schöpp, W., Heyes, C., Thunis, P., Bessagnet, B., Gsella, A., and Amann, M.

Abstract

NO2 concentrations at the street level are a major concern for urban air quality in Europe and have been regulated under the EU Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution. Despite the legal requirements, limit values are exceeded at many monitoring stations with little or no improvement during recent years. In order to assess the effects of future emission control regulations on roadside NO2 concentrations, a downscaling module has been implemented in the GAINS integrated assessment model. The module follows a hybrid approach based on atmospheric dispersion calculations and observations from the AirBase European air quality data base that are used to estimate site-specific parameters. Pollutant concentrations at every monitoring site with sufficient data coverage are disaggregated into contributions from regional background, urban increment, and local roadside increment. The future evolution of each contribution is assessed with a model of the appropriate scale - 28x28 km grid based on the EMEP Model for the regional background, 7x7 km urban increment based on the CHIMERE Chemistry Transport Model, and a chemical box model for the roadside increment. Thus, different emission scenarios and control options for long-range transport, regional and local emissions can be analysed. Observed concentrations and historical trends are well captured, in particular the differing NO2 and total NOx =NO+NO2 trends. Altogether, more than 1950 air quality monitoring stations in the EU are covered by the model, including more than 400 traffic stations and 70% of the critical stations. Together with its well-established bottom-up emission and dispersion calculation scheme, GAINS is thus able to bridge the scales from European-wide policies to impacts in street canyons. As an application of the model, we assess the evolution of attainment of NO2 limit values under current legislation until 2030. Strong improvements are expected with the introduction of the Euro 6 emission standard for light duty vehicles; however, for some major European cities, further measures may be required, in particular if aiming to achieve compliance at an earlier time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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35. Road Traffic: A Major Source of Particulate Matter in Europe

Author

Amato, Fulvio, Schaap, Martijn, Reche, Cristina, Querol, Xavier, Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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36. Air Quality in Urban Environments in the Eastern Mediterranean

Author

Karanasiou, A., Mihalopoulos, N., Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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37. Residential Wood Burning: A Major Source of Fine Particulate Matter in Alpine Valleys in Central Europe

Author

Herich, Hanna, Hueglin, Christoph, Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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38. Air Pollution Monitoring Strategies and Technologies for Urban Areas

Author

Kuhlbusch, Thomas A. J., Quass, Ulrich, Fuller, Gary, Viana, Mar, Querol, Xavier, Katsouyanni, Klea, Quincey, Paul, Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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39. Indoor–Outdoor Relationships of Particle Number and Mass in European Cities

Author

Hoek, Gerard, Hänninen, Otto, Cyrys, Josef, Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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40. Ammonia Emissions in Europe

Author

Skjøth, Carsten Ambelas, Hertel, Ole, Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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41. Wildfires as a Source of Aerosol Particles Transported to the Northern European Regions

Author

Saarikoski, Sanna, Hillamo, Risto, Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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42. Anthropogenic and Natural Constituents in PM10 at Urban and Rural Sites in North-Western Europe: Concentrations, Chemical Composition and Sources

Author

Weijers, Ernie, Schaap, Martijn, Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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43. Number Size Distributions of Submicron Particles in Europe

Author

Asmi, Ari, Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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44. Persistent Organic Pollutants in the European Atmosphere

Author

van Drooge, Barend L., Grimalt, Joan O., Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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45. Source Apportionment of Airborne Dust in Germany: Methods and Results

Author

Quass, U., John, A. C., Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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46. Particulate Matter and Exposure Modelling in Europe

Author

Miranda, A. I., Valente, J., Ferreira, J., Borrego, C., Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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47. Critical Areas for Compliance with PM10 and NO2 Limit Values in Europe

Author

Nagl, C., Ansorge, C., Moosmann, L., Spangl, W., Wiesenberger, H., Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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48. Air Pollution by Ozone Across Europe

Author

Derwent, Richard G., Hjellbrekke, Anne-Gunn, Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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49. Nanoparticles in European Cities and Associated Health Impacts

Author

Kumar, Prashant, Morawska, Lidia, Harrison, Roy M., Hutzinger, Otto, Editor-in-chief, Barceló, Damià, Editor-in-chief, Kostianoy, Andrey G., Editor-in-chief, de Boer, Jacob, Advisory editor, Garrigues, Philippe, Advisory editor, Gu, Ji-Dong, Advisory editor, Jones, Kevin C., Advisory editor, Knepper, Thomas, Advisory editor, Newton, Alice, Advisory editor, Sparks, Donald L., Advisory editor, Viana, Mar, editor, Amato, F., Series editor, Ansorge, C., Series editor, Asmi, A., Series editor, Borken-Kleefeld, J., Series editor, Borrego, C., Series editor, Boulter, P. G., Series editor, Cyrys, J., Series editor, Derwent, R. G., Series editor, van Drooge, B. L., Series editor, Ferreira, J., Series editor, Fuller, G., Series editor, Grimalt, J. O., Series editor, Harrison, R. M., Series editor, Herich, H., Series editor, Hertel, O., Series editor, Hillamo, R., Series editor, Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Series editor, Hnninen, O., Series editor, Hoek, G., Series editor, Hueglin, C., Series editor, John, A. C., Series editor, Karanasiou, A., Series editor, Katsouyanni, K., Series editor, Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Series editor, Kumar, P., Series editor, Mihalopoulos, N., Series editor, Miranda, A. I., Series editor, Moosmann, L., Series editor, Morawska, L., Series editor, Nagl, C., Series editor, Ntziachristos, L., Series editor, Quass, U., Series editor, Querol, X., Series editor, Quincey, P., Series editor, Reche, C., Series editor, Saarikoski, S., Series editor, Schaap, M., Series editor, Skjøth, C. A., Series editor, Spangl, W., Series editor, Valente, J., Series editor, Viana, M., Series editor, Weijers, E., Series editor, and Wiesenberger, H., Series editor

Published
2013
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50. Analysis of the air pollution reduction and climate change mitigation effects of the Three-Year Action Plan for Blue Skies on the "2+26" Cities in China.

Author

Shu Y, Hu J, Zhang S, Schöpp W, Tang W, Du J, Cofala J, Kiesewetter G, Sander R, Winiwarter W, Klimont Z, Borken-Kleefeld J, Amann M, Li H, He Y, Zhao J, and Xie D

Subjects
Carbon Dioxide analysis, China, Cities, Climate Change, Environmental Monitoring methods, Particulate Matter analysis, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution analysis, Air Pollution prevention & control, Greenhouse Gases analysis
Abstract

City clusters play an important role in air pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction in China, primarily due to their high fossil energy consumption levels. The "2 + 26" Cities, i.e., Beijing, Tianjin and 26 other perfectures in northern China, has experienced serious air pollution in recent years. We employ the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies model adapted to the "2 + 26" Cities (GAINS-JJJ) to evaluate the impacts of structural adjustments in four major sectors, industry, energy, transport and land use, under the Three-Year Action Plan for Blue Skies (Three-Year Action Plan) on the emissions of both the major air pollutants and CO 2 in the "2 + 26" Cities. The results indicate that the Three-Year Action Plan applied in the "2 + 26" Cities reduces the total emissions of primary fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ), SO 2 , NO x , NH 3 and CO 2 by 17%, 25%, 21%, 3% and 1%, respectively, from 2017 to 2020. The emission reduction potentials vary widely across the 28 prefectures, which may be attributed to the differences in energy structure, industrial composition, and policy enforcement rate. Among the four sectors, adjustment of industrial structure attains the highest co-benefits of CO 2 reduction and air pollution control due to its high CO 2 reduction potential, while structural adjustments in energy and transport attain much lower co-benefits, despite their relatively high air pollutant emissions reductions, primarily resulting from an increase in the coal-electric load and associated carbon emissions caused by electric reform policies.., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2022
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