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Several researches highlighted the outstanding importance of security and trust in tourism. Natural disasters, pandemics, political turmoil, all have their influence on trust and security in tourism. As the experiences of the last decades show, pandemics have significant and immediate negative effects on travel decisions. The COVID-19 pandemic and the related travel restrictions influenced both global and national tourism flows in 2020, e.g., through the occupancy rates of hotels and P2P accommodations. However only a handful of studies dealt with the spatial aspects of these effects. This paper aims to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on the Airbnb market in Budapest using data from AirDNA, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the decline in Airbnb offers and bookings. The significance of the study comes from the widely debated social and rental market effects of Airbnb. As our results show, similarly to the previous years, Airbnb occupancy had a certain seasonality in 2020. Both the number of guests and the overall revenue decreased compared to 2019. Consequently, many hosts decided to leave the platform, thus the number of available Airbnb listings decreased significantly. The long-term effects of this decrease are uncertain -- and the same applies for future effects of P2P accommodations on the rental market of Budapest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic, emerging at the end of 2019, hit hard countries all over the world -- including Central Europe. Nevertheless, both infection rates and fatalities have significant spatial differences. The aim of this paper is to reveal the spatial patterns of COVID-19 in Central Europe on various spatial scales. During the first wave in the spring of 2020 some of the countries encountered relatively low levels of infections and fatalities. The second wave of the pandemic caused significant health and health care problems in the whole region. The first wave hit Austria, Germany and Switzerland harder, and the dense urban agglomerations had the most outstanding concentrations of coronavirus infections. The spatiality of the pandemic changed during the second wave; the number of infections and fatalities grew in the Eastern countries of the region as well as in rural areas. By this token the second wave had a more severe effect on areas which were less affected before. The factors shaping these spatial processes are diverse and fluctuating over space and time, creating a complex spatial system of causes and consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic, emerging at the end of 2019, hit hard countries all over the world - including Central Europe. Nevertheless, both infection rates and fatalities have significant spatial differences. The aim of this paper is to reveal the spatial patterns of COVID-19 in Central Europe on various spatial scales. During the first wave in the spring of 2020 some of the countries encountered relatively low levels of infections and fatalities. The second wave of the pandemic caused significant health and health care problems in the whole region. The first wave hit Austria, Germany and Switzerland harder, and the dense urban agglomerations had the most outstanding concentrations of coronavirus infections. The spatiality of the pandemic changed during the second wave; the number of infections and fatalities grew in the Eastern countries of the region as well as in rural areas. By this token the second wave had a more severe effect on areas which were less affected before. The factors shaping these spatial processes are diverse and fluctuating over space and time, creating a complex spatial system of causes and consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several researches highlighted the outstanding importance of security and trust in tourism. Natural disasters, pandemics, political turmoil, all have their influence on trust and security in tourism. As the experiences of the last decades show, pandemics have significant and immediate negative effects on travel decisions. The COVID-19 pandemic and the related travel restrictions influenced both global and national tourism flows in 2020, e.g., through the occupancy rates of hotels and P2P accommodations. However only a handful of studies dealt with the spatial aspects of these effects. This paper aims to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on the Airbnb market in Budapest using data from AirDNA, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the decline in Airbnb offers and bookings. The significance of the study comes from the widely debated social and rental market effects of Airbnb. As our results show, similarly to the previous years, Airbnb occupancy had a certain seasonality in 2020. Both the number of guests and the overall revenue decreased compared to 2019. Consequently, many hosts decided to leave the platform, thus the number of available Airbnb listings decreased significantly. The long-term effects of this decrease are uncertain - and the same applies for future effects of P2P accommodations on the rental market of Budapest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 pandemic starting at the end of 2019, hit hard tourism and hospitality industries throughout the world. As a part of the processes, the most popular P2P accommodation service, the Airbnb also faced a rapid drop in bookings. This study explores and compares the effects of the first wave of the pandemic on the Airbnb markets of 15 cities. The analysis is based on the data retrieved from Insideairbnb.com. Booking trends are compared between 2019 and 2020 and a day-to-day analysis of occupancy rates during the first months of 2020 is also performed. Special attention was paid to the effects of pandemic on different price categories of listings. The results show that the evolution of local pandemic situation had the most significant impact on bookings and occupancy rates in the investigated cities. The characteristics of local markets and the pandemic and economic situation of sending countries had also great influence on the bookings and cancellations. In addition, in some cases the cancellations did not affect the reservations made for the later periods, meaning that tourists hoped for a quick recovery. The effect on price categories was also different from one location to another. The study provides empirical insights to the effects of the disease on P2P accommodations. Furthermore, the future of short-term rentals is also discussed briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the literature studentification is closely associated with gentrification. Many authors consider the mass invasion of students to inner-city neighbourhoods as a type of gentrification, some of them even use the two terms interchangeably. Regardless of theoretical considerations, it seems that there is a consensus on the significance of studentification in contemporary urban transformations. Recent studies demonstrate that the appearance of students as 'transient' inhabitants in inner-city neighbourhoods, accompanied by growing differences in lifestyles and socio-cultural attitudes weakens social cohesion in the affected neighbourhoods Haase, A. et al. 2012). This study focuses on the interplay between studentification, socio-cultural diversity and social cohesion in an inner-city district of Budapest, Józsefváros. The district has been characterised by several waves of urban rehabilitation and subsequent gentrification since the transition of 1989-1990. Studentification has also become dominant phenomenon in the area due to the settling of new higher education institutions, the concomitant influx of students, as well as low rent and dwelling prices providing a niche for the spontaneous movements of a new generation of urbanites (Grabkowska, M. 2011; Bernt, M. et al. 2015). The main research questions we intend to answer in this paper are as follows. Firstly, what is the relationship between studentification and gentrification in Józsefváros? Secondly, what kinds of effects has the influx of students on the social cohesion of the district? According to our findings, studentification in Józsefváros is not the pioneer phase of gentrification, but - especially in the rehabilitation areas - it runs more or less parallel with it. Most of the students use the place as a springboard in their career, and after graduation most of them leave. The attitude of students is, however, very much resembles those of the young, highly educated newcomers, i.e. early gentrifiers. The impacts of studentification on the social milieu of Józsefváros are contradictory. On the one hand, the inflow of students and young intellectuals increases the socio-cultural diversity of the district, contributing to the recognition of diversity in a post-socialist context, and fostering tolerance and the acceptance of different cultures and lifestyles. On the other hand, it seems that the ongoing population change hampers the establishment of strong social ties at the neighbourhood level and leads to certain conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the development of ICT technologies the so-called sharing economy has spread all over the world, gaining significant market share in certain sectors. One of the well-known and debated manifestations of sharing economy is Airbnb, which is an online platform for accommodation provision. Airbnb has wide-spreading effects on rental and real estate markets, thus it is important to analyse the uneven spatial effects of the phenomenon. This paper aims to map and analyse the intra-urban spatial pattern of Airbnb using three indicators: prices, distance from centre, and attractiveness of the area. The case study area is Budapest, Hungary. Collecting data from various sources we compiled 3-band raster maps to present the significance of the selected indicators. The maps reveal the hotspots of Airbnb within the city and the effects of distance and attractiveness on Airbnb prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public spaces are spaces for representation of individuals, social groups, ideologies, values, cultures. At the same time, public spaces are commodified and "disneyfied" in capitalism, thus, the creation of a homogeneous, "desirable" spatial form and use of public space is often intended. Therefore, their production is characterised by constant rivalries and struggles and causes social conflicts. In addition, the production of public spaces in post-socialism has distinct development paths which is often characterised by contradicting traditions and objectives regarding the spatial form and the everyday practices taking place there. These contradictions create conflicts between various individuals, social groups, actors of urban policies etc. The aim of the paper is to investigate how urban social diversity is (re)presented in the public spaces of the 8th district of Budapest, Józsefváros. Which groups and values are more visible than others? How do local people use public spaces? The research is based on the content analysis of policy documents and interviews conducted with local residents of Józsefváros - one of the most diverse districts of Budapest. According to our results, the fragmented nature of the local society is reflected in the use of public space: diversity is present between the public spaces and not within them. Furthermore, some of the recent developments support the homogenisation of values and behaviours in public spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent trends in transport and communication infrastructures have had a profound impact on the spatial organization of the world city network, which have long been of interest to geographers. Considering the former issue, our study is based on previous works on air transport geography and world city network studies. We introduce a new method to map the gap between geographical distance and cost distance by using air traffic data. In this paper, we created an international database for a large number of world cities and developed a way to map cost distance using conventional and Geographic Information System-based mapping techniques. The main result of this work is a set of maps showing the cost distances of world cities, which can be used as a significant source of information by world city network analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few decades, new types of destinations appeared in tourism because of the ever growing competition and economic restructuring of regions. In some cases such places became attractions which were considered ugly and unattractive earlier. As part of this process, industrial tourism was also strengthened. This means that former or still operating factories and other industrial facilities have become tourist destinations. This paper reviews the conceptual framework of industrial tourism and presents the main trends in it. We also analyse the possibilities for industrial tourism development in Hungary. The study is based on qualitative and quantitative content analysis of homepages. We investigated homepages of travel agencies, local and regional municipalities and companies to find out whether they see possibilities in industrial tourism or not. According to our results, Hungary despite the existence of rich industrial heritage and still operating factories, industrial tourism is underdeveloped in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial and temporal distribution of voter turnout can be an appropriate indicator of socio-demographic processes. Since elections are held more frequently than national censuses, their results may refine our picture of the temporal changes of the population. Due to the evolution of statistical applications and queries, gathering data on smaller geographical scales enables researchers to analyze social and political processes on a micro-scale. This kind of research is particularly relevant in the analysis of the transformation of metropolitan areas with significant population concentration are characterized by rapid transformation and high degree of variation. Therefore, the paper aims to develop a method for reaggregating precinct-level electoral results which are spatially inconsistent throughout different elections in the case of Budapest (Hungary). The developed area-based and dasymetric point allocation interpolation can transform the territorially aggregated but inconsistent electoral results into one target subdivision. The changes of voter turnout in different urban areas are related to socio-demographic processes, such as inner suburbanization, gentrification, studentification, or the transformation of former industrial (transitional) areas within the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the interconnectedness between neighbourhood diversity and local business structures. For this purpose, interviews with residents and entrepreneurs were conducted in three European cities: Budapest, Copenhagen, and Milan. The results show that diversity in the economic structure of urban neighbourhoods is equally important with regards to residents' quality of life, the image of the neighbourhood, and local social cohesion. Therefore, the main recommendation is that policy makers should act to preserve the diversity of local business structures, and that the concept of diversity itself should be understood in a broader sense, taking local peculiarities into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changing geo-political world of the 19th century had many socio-economic consequences in Central-Eastern Europe that resulted in alternative militarization and demilitarization processes. In the city of Oradea, Romania, most of the built historic environment successfully survived over the last several centuries, its existence and reuse maintaining the historical identity of Oradea, being in the same time integrated in the local urban planning mechanism. The article is analysing the military cultural - historical heritage, quite extensive in Oradea, Romania. This heritage is part of the local history, and currently the city is showing promise in the successful reuse and redevelopment of former military structures, as Oradea is designing new and innovative uses of these former sites for present and future use. The objective of the research is to demonstrate that through revitalization, the former military areas can become sustainable assets that preserve history, culture, and architecture, and that, in the same time, the reuse of military sites and areas are powerful tools for the sustainable urban (re)development process. The research methodology considers the multidisciplinary redevelopment aspects of the (Military) Brownfields and integrates a literature review and field trip observations on the evolution, historical and current function and other characteristics of the (former) military sites. The synthesis uses in a unique manner the information analysis, finally the research paper ends with well-constructed conclusions, thoughts and ideas on this particular investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]