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The flipped classroom is a reversal of conventional teaching models: learners obtain first exposure to material through independent study and then in-class time is dedicated to activities for learners to apply the knowledge. Cards are a novel method of “flipping the classroom” using adaptive multiple-choice questions with patient cases containing randomized demographic data. The purpose of this project was to implement a flipped classroom model on Geriatrics topics to determine if Cards provide an additional benefit to podcasts in learning outcomes for second-year medical students. Three distinct modalities were used: traditional lectures, podcasts, and Cards. All of the material was covered in lectures and podcasts. Half of the material was randomized to be presented in Cards. Recall and comprehension were tested as part of a formative examination. After the exam, students were asked to evaluate each teaching method based on a Likert scale: 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Students performed better on exams when faced with material covered by Cards compared to material covered by only lectures and podcasts (37.8 ± 16.5% correct responses versus 30.3 ± 14.3%; n= 131; p < 0.01). The students viewed Cards as a valuable supplement to lecture material (4.2 ± 0.56; n= 41) that helped add to their knowledge about the topics (4.2 ± 0.61). The majority would want more instructors to incorporate Cards into their teaching (4.2 ± 0.67) and preferred Cards over the traditional lectures (3.8 ± 0.92). Further studies will be required to see if Cards alone can show improved learning outcomes or if the other components of the flipped classroom are needed to supplement Cards. Cards reinforce knowledge acquisition through repetition and are a well-received teaching method., Twitter is a microblogging application utilized for medical education and communication. Twitter participation at scientific conferences enables international networking, resource sharing and critical appraisal. This study evaluates and describes the participation, content and impact of the live Twitter stream at the 2015 Canadian Geriatrics Society annual scientific meeting “(#CGS2015).” This is the first analysis of Twitter applications for Geriatric Medicine conferences. Twitter transcripts of #CGS2015 were obtained from Symplur and analyzed for content, impressions and participant demographics. The analysis began one week before the conference and extended to three days after the conference. Qualitative data on participants’ opinions were obtained by questionnaire. TweetReach provided transcripts from the 2014 CGS scientific meeting for growth analysis. There were 1491 total #CGS2015 Tweets, 40% original. Tweet content categorized as follows: conference sessions (38.8%), networking (29.2%), resource sharing (17.6%) and conference promotion (14.3%). Of the 279 participants, 60% were non-Canadian. The study authors and CGS Twitter accounts were responsible for 18% of Tweets. Through questionnaire data, participants emphasized the value of Twitter in facilitating collegial interactions and providing insight into sessions not attended live. The most cited drawback was divided attention when using personal devices. Analysis from #CGS2014 to #CGS2015 revealed increases in total participants (1057), number of Tweets (229) and impressions (788,225). Future conferences may benefit from workshops teaching Twitter basics. This study also brings into focus the need for implementing strategies to minimize stigmas when participants use handheld technology. Twitter engagement at CGS 2015 enabled international participation in online discussions of conference-specific sessions, resource sharing and networking. The efficacy of Twitter in complementing Geriatric Medicine conferences is supported by the growth of Tweeting between #CGS2014 and #CGS2015., Delirium is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Nurses are often first to detect delirium. When the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is used by nurses, a 2001 study showed that delirium is under-recognized compared to trained researchers. This study sought to understand nurses’ attitudes and perceptions regarding operationalization of CAM and barriers to its proper use. Using a thematic approach, 4 focus groups were conducted with orthopedic ward nurses at an academic hospital in Hamilton, Ontario. All participants use the CAM daily. Groups were moderated by a geriatrician using a semi-structured guide. Focus groups were continued until saturation was reached. Themes were coded by 2 independent investigators, with NVivo 11 used to facilitate analysis. Twenty nurses participated (75% female, mean age 46.5 years, mean years in practice 16.8, 50% RNs, 50% RPNs, 50% recall CAM training). Although the CAM was praised for its simplicity, some nurses wanted more flexibility for narrative descriptions of delirium episodes. Across the groups, disorientation was used to evaluate all criteria without objective testing for inattention. Reported challenges included differentiating delirium from dementia, determining baseline cognitive status, non-verbal patients, language barriers, time constraints, discrepancy with physician assessments, and pressure to diagnose delirium. Fear of precipitating delirium with opioids appeared to create an environment of undertreated post-operative pain. Our study confirms previously reported issues with nurses’ use of the CAM. Several new findings were identified, including frequent discontinuation of opioid medications in delirious patients with pain. Fifteen years after the original report on nurses’ use of CAM, significant knowledge gaps still exist in the understanding of delirium and how this popular tool is used. There is an urgent need to improve delirium detection and prevention., Seniors are the most susceptible to adverse drug events, and over 10% of seniors in 2009 were taking potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs). Order sets are convenient and serve as a helpful checklist, particularly when physicians are under-slept or hurried. They do however introduce risk, as medications “checked off” may easily be prescribed without being carefully considered. The most widely-used criteria for PIPs are the Screening Tool of Older Person’s Prescriptions (STOPP), and the Revised 2015 Beers Criteria. These tools are supported by a rigorous base of evidence that have shown a reduction in the use of high-risk medications, decreasing the incidence of potential drug interactions, and improving patient outcomes. All automated order sets available to physicians in Hamilton Health Sciences (HHS) were reviewed. All order sets that could be applied to elderly patients were included in the study. Order sets specific to paediatrics or obstetrics were excluded. Order sets were screened by two independent researchers for medications on the AGS 2015 Updated Beers Criteria, or the STOPP/START Criteria. A total of 314 order sets met inclusion criteria for the study. More than half (57%) of order sets contained at least one medication that was potentially inappropriate for seniors, by STOPP/Beers criteria. Order sets with the greatest number of PIPs were from Medicine, Surgery and the Coronary Care Unit. At least one PIP was found in 65.6% of Medicine order sets (including subspecialties); 63.2% of Diagnostic Imaging order sets; 63.2% of Cardiology; 64.3% of Emergency services, and 51.0% of Surgery order sets. The most commonly available PIPs were NSAIDs, steroids, opiates, and benzodiazepines. These results highlight the wide availability of PIPs to physicians caring for seniors, who may not always be carefully considering their safety. PIPs in seniors are a preventable cause of patient harm. Approximately 50% of hospitalized seniors receive at least one inappropriate medication that can lead to falls, delirium, stroke, fracture, mortality, increased length of stay, or readmission to the hospital. More often than not, physicians in Hamilton have PIPs available to them when caring for elderly patients. Over half of all order sets contained at least 1 PIP, and the most commonly available PIPs were NSAIDs, steroids, opiates, and benzodiazepines., Ambulatory care is a key component of geriatric medicine subspecialty training but currently there are no standardized core competencies in this domain. The goal of this project is to develop a set of competencies for geriatric ambulatory medicine that are essential for geriatric subspecialty residents to master by the end of their curriculum to become independent in their professional practice, offer the best care possible and respond to the increasing demand for the ambulatory care of older patients. We completed a multi-phased project including an environmental scan, a modified Delphi and a webinar with relevant experts to develop the list of core competencies. In the first phase, we identified 108 core competencies from recent literature (2010 to 2014) as well as currently used lists that were provided by 7 Canadian geriatric medicine program directors. They were divided into the six Canmeds domains (medical expert, leader, collaborator, communicator, scholar and professional). The second phase, the Delphi process, identified 102 competencies for the final list and 6 competencies for discussion during the webinar. 2 competencies were eliminated through webinar discussion with 13 experts in geriatric medicine and education. A total of 9 new competencies were developed during the project based on suggestions from second phase participants and the opinion of experts during the webinar. 115 Geriatric Ambulatory Care Competencies for geriatric residents were identified. We produced a tool to guide the development of standardized ambulatory geriatrics training which emphasizes skills specific to ambulatory medicine. We are hoping to integrate some of the competencies into the Royal College Competency by Design initiative. The next step of this project will be to validate the tool with geriatric trainees and elderly patients., Little is known about the effects of educational intervention in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study assesses the effects of an intervention in a patient group setting. This prospective cohort study recruited patients through the “Living well with MCI” program at St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver BC. The program consisted of educational sessions led by an occupational therapist and a social worker for subjects diagnosed with MCI. Participants completed questionnaires before and after the program followed by a face to face interview, in order to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the program’s effects on patients’ knowledge and quality of life regarding MCI. A total of 13 participants were recruited. The study showed that participants perceived themselves to be more knowledgeable regarding MCI and healthy brain practices after attending the program. The study also suggested that participants may have a better understanding of MCI. There were positive correlations between self-perceived knowledge and feeling more confident to live well with MCI and lessened anxiety. There were trends which showed an increase in the number of healthy brain behaviour practiced and tasks enacted for future planning, but they were not statistically significant. The study demonstrated effectiveness of patient-centered educational intervention in patients with MCI. Patients reported less anxiety, less distress, and more confidence after attending a program. Further studies with increased sample size and longer follow-up are required to establish behavioural change with these educational interventions. Patient-centered educational intervention groups improve the quality of life in those with MCI., Institutional parental medication monographs are used to guide staff on the safe administration of medications. These documents advise how to prepare and administer the drug, but also alert the user of potential side effects and appropriate dosing regimens. Since many hospitalized patients are older, and risk of adverse drug events increases with age, these monographs should include potential hazards of use and dosing adjustments in older patients. As a quality improvement initiative, we reviewed our institution’s parenteral medication monographs for alignment with principles of safe prescribing in older adults. All parenteral medication monographs at a single acute care hospital were reviewed. Those identified as potentially inappropriate by the 2015 Beers criteria were evaluated for (a) evidence of geriatric dosing recommendations and (b) warnings about the adverse effects highlighted in the Beers recommendations. Of 226 monographs, 21 were identified as potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly. Of these, 18 (86%) were found to lack safety and dosing guidelines specific for the elderly. Risk of delirium was rarely mentioned. Cautions to use lower doses in the elderly were uncommon. At our institution, a significant proportion of parental drug monographs do not warn about common geriatric side effects or dosing adjustments. This may be of broader interest because our monographs are based on a foundational parenteral drug therapy manual that is used by other hospitals. Based on the findings, we have proposed amendments to the current monographs to alert staff of common safety concerns when these medications are prescribed to older adults. Increased attention to parenteral drug monographs is recommended to ensure that they include administration guidelines specific to elderly patients., As elderly patients are increasingly undergoing elective surgery, clinicians need to identify patients at higher risk of postoperative complications and implement interventions to mitigate this risk; however, the optimal method of assessment remains unclear. A systematic review was conducted to identify preoperative risk factors and assessment tools that predict elderly patients’ risk of postoperative complications. Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (i.e. MEDLINE, EMBASE) for articles published between 1948 and June 24, 2014, and reviewing reference lists of included studies. Prospective studies reporting risk factors for postoperative complications including delirium, functional decline, institutionalization, prolonged length of hospitalization, and mortality among elderly patients (≥ 60 years and mean age ≥ 65 years) undergoing elective surgery were included. Two independent reviewers conducted all levels of screening, data abstraction, and quality appraisal. Data analysis will be completed in February 2016. 60 cohort studies and 1 controlled before-and-after study (12411 patients) were included after screening 5165 citations. Older age, functional dependence, cognitive impairment, frailty, history of alcoholism or smoking, presence of severe preoperative pain, and a history of delirium or depression were significant predictors of delirium after elective surgery. Poor functional status at baseline, greater comorbidity, smoking status, male sex, and having a diagnosis of cancer were predictive of functional decline. Older age, frailty, functional dependence, cognitive impairment, smoking status, small arm circumference, slower Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, polypharmacy, and weight loss ≥ 10% predicted prolonged hospitalization. There are a number of identifiable risk factors that may predict postoperative complications in elderly patients. The aforementioned risk factors and complications should be integrated into a preoperative discussion when considering elective surgery in elderly patients. Further studies are needed to refine these lists of risk factors., Delirium is a common state of acute alteration in cognition among seniors admitted to hospitals. It is considered a medical emergency associated with high mortality, morbidity and healthcare costs. Melatonin is an endogenous hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates the circadian rhythm. Supplementation of melatonin has been investigated as a mean to prevent the emergence of delirium. Literature search was performed through PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Database until Dec. 31, 2015, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the use of melatonergic agents in the prevention of delirium. A systematic review and meta-analysis was subsequently performed. Four RCTs met our inclusion criteria. Three trials used various doses of melatonin, and one trial used ramelteon, a melatonin receptor agonist. Two trials were done in medical inpatients, while two trials were done in peri-operative patients. The most recent large trial using melatonin for the prevention of delirium post-hip fracture surgery was negative. Whereas the three earlier smaller trials showed some benefit. Taken together, a meta-analysis of these four trials showed a lack of benefit for the use of melatonergic agents in the prevention of delirium (Risk ratio 0.34, Confidence Interval 0.10–1.13). Overall, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of melatonergic agents in the prevention of delirium at this time. Further studies are needed to answer this question. It is possible that melatonergic agents are more helpful in the prevention of delirium in medical inpatients rather than peri-operative patients., High levels of sedentary behaviour and low levels of physical activity are present in older adults with mobility impairment. Hip fracture is a life changing event that can result in long-term mobility impairment; it is therefore important to understand the ways in which sedentary behaviour and physical activity affects health outcomes, especially the fracture recovery process. We conducted a systematic review to answer our research questions. Our objectives were: 1. Describe the patterns of sedentary behaviour and physical activity in older adults after hip fracture; 2. Explore associations between sedentary behaviour and physical activity patterns with overall health and fracture recovery. Our review questions were: For older adults with hip fracture: 1. How much waking time is spent in sedentary behaviour and physical activity?; 2. Is there an association between time spent in sedentary behaviour and health outcomes? We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for conducting and reporting systematic reviews. We searched nine different databases. We included experimental and observational studies that objectively measured sedentary behaviour or physical activity in older adults (65 years+) after hip fracture. We reviewed 404 papers at the title and abstract level and 33 papers at full text level. Ten papers met the inclusion and inclusion criteria for data synthesis. There are ten studies that have objectively evaluated (accelerometers, pedometers etc.) sedentary behaviour and physical activity patterns in older adults after hip fracture. Older adults with hip fracture often spend prolonged periods of their waking hours sedentary or in light physical activity. There is limited research describing activity following hip fracture. The evidence indicates high levels of sedentary behaviour that may cause increased morbidity., Multi-morbidity, the coexistence of multiple chronic diseases, is a significant burden for older patients and primary health care (PHC) providers alike. The objectives of this research are to: 1) Determine prevalence and characteristics of older PHC patients with multi-morbidity in Canada; and 2) Examine patterns and progression of multi-morbidity among these patients over time. Data were derived from the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network (CPCSSN) electronic medical record (EMR) database, which collects longitudinal, de-identified data from PHC practices across Canada. Chronic disease diagnoses were identified using the ICD-9 classification system and a list of 20 chronic disease categories identified older patients with multi-morbidity. Computational and statistical analyses were conducted using JAVA programming and Stata 13.1 software. Overall, 69.2% of older PHC patients were living with ≥ 2 chronic diseases. These patients had an average age of 74.6 years (SD: 7.0) and majority were female (57.9%). The majority of older patients with multi-morbidity had ≥ 3 chronic diseases (70.4%). The most frequently occurring combinations of chronic diseases were: 1) diabetes and hypertension; 2) hypertension and hyperlipidemia; 3) hypertension and cancer; and 4) hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Preliminary survival analyses demonstrate quicker accumulation of subsequent chronic diseases over time. The majority of older PHC patients in Canada are living with multi-morbidity. Insight into the most frequently occurring clusters of chronic diseases and the rate of disease accumulation indicate a need for more proactive clinical care delivery. This research explores the prevalence and clinical profiles of older PHC patients with multi-morbidity. This information can be used strategically to inform more effective health care policy and clinical practice guideline redevelopment for older adults living with multi-morbidity in Canada., It is common to see post-menopausal women with low spinal bone mineral density (BMD) without spinal fractures. Whether these patients are in the early stages of osteoporosis, or whether the low BMD is an artifact is unknown. We hypothesized that low BMD may be an artifact as BMD is an areal density, influenced by vertebral body shape. Wider vertebrae have a greater surface area and may be calculated to have a lower BMD than vertebrae which are deeper and narrower, but of similar mass and strength. Post-menopausal women attending the osteoporosis clinic with a BMD T-score ≤ −3.0 at L2–L4 sites, with and without spinal fractures, were studied. Patient height, weight, age, bone mineral content (BMC), vertebral area, BMD for the spine, and BMD at 3 standard hip sites—total, neck and intertrochanteric—were collected. Lateral thoracic and lumbar radiographs were assessed for compression fractures. Of 112 women assessed, 39 patients had vertebral fractures. The patients did not differ in terms of vertebral morphometry, refuting the primary hypothesis. Fracture patients were significantly older (71.3±10.6 vs. 64.2±8.5, p, Age and injury severity alone are inadequate at predicting outcomes in the geriatric trauma population because they fail to consider physiologic age and frailty state. The Canadian Study of Health and Aging Clinical Frailty Scale is a validated judgement-based scale that assigns a frailty score based on clinical data. We hypothesized that the Clinical Frailty Scale will predict outcomes following injury in geriatric patients. We performed a retrospective cohort study of geriatric patients (aged ≥ 65 years) admitted to a level 1 trauma centre between 2011 and 2014. The pre-admission Clinical Frailty Scale score was assigned to each patient by a geriatrician in their initial assessment or was abstracted by manual chart review. The primary outcome of interest was discharge destination, either adverse (death or discharge to a long term, chronic care or another acute care facility) or favourable (home or rehabilitation). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between these outcomes and the Clinical Frailty Scale. 260 patients met inclusion criteria. The mean age was 77 and mean Injury Severity Score was 19. Moderate or severe frailty (CFS 6 or 7) was strongly associated with adverse discharge destination (OR=5.3; 95% CI 2.1–13.5), compared to age (OR=1.1; 95% CI 1.0–1.1) and total number of comorbidities (OR=2.8; 95% 1.1–7.3). Frailty independently predicts adverse discharge destination in geriatric trauma patients. This may be because frailty comes from a detailed assessment of the loss of physiologic reserves, unlike age or total number of comorbidities, which fail to consider the multi-factorial nature of geriatric trauma patients. The Clinical Frailty Scale can be used as a clinical tool to triage resources and expertise to mitigate adverse outcomes in this population., Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) are the primary pharmacologic treatment for dementia. Their efficacy in patients of Chinese descent is not well described. The aim of this systematic review is to gauge the overall efficacy of ChEI in Chinese patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), or mixed dementia. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE and CINAHL were systematically searched for controlled trials of ChEI, including donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine, for Chinese patients with AD, VaD, or mixed dementia. 54 relevant articles published from 1 Mar 2000 to 1 Mar 2015 were retrieved: 48 were excluded due to issues in study design or methodology, leaving six articles in this review. Outcomes for cognition, function, behavioural/psychological symptoms of dementia, and overall dementia rating were assessed. Dementia patients of Chinese descent treated with ChEI (n = 180) had significantly higher mean Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score than patients not treated with ChEI (standard mean score difference of 0.65, 95% confidence interval 0.34, 0.96). There was a trend favouring ChEI treatment measured by Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) scale, Activities of Daily Living scale, and Clinical Dementia Rating scale. However, there was no observed ChEI benefit in behavioural/psychological symptoms of dementia measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. The cognitive benefit of ChEI in Chinese patients was similar to previous reports in other ethnicities. It remains unclear if ChEI treatment had different effects on functional and behavioural outcomes in Chinese patients compared to other ethnicities. Cholinesterase inhibitors are effective in improving cognition among patients of Chinese descent with AD, VaD, or mixed dementia. Further studies are needed to examine the potential benefits in the non-cognitive, clinically relevant outcomes in Chinese patients with dementia., Physical frailty is a prevalent syndrome in older adults that increases vulnerability for a range of adverse outcomes including death and increased dependency. Caregivers of older adults experience significant physical, emotional, and financial burden, which is associated with physical and psychiatric morbidity. Our systematic review examined the state of the evidence regarding the relationship between these two prominent concepts in the geriatric literature. We searched key databases to identify original English-language articles. Screening was based on a priori inclusion criteria, including discussion of physical frailty, caregiver burden, and a population of community-dwelling older adults. Included studies were critically appraised using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool or the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (for RCTs or cross-sectional studies respectively). Two researchers screened titles and abstracts of 1,205 retrieved studies, followed by the full-text 265 retained studies. Nine included studies underwent abstraction and appraisal. Heterogeneity of included studies precluded meta-analysis. Five studies had the same author and drew from the same population. Three studies were of limited value since they did not include a validated measure of frailty. While caregivers of frail older adults experience burden, the scarce available evidence and lack of normative comparisons does not allow conclusions to be drawn about the strength or nature of the relationship. Excluded studies suggested that the term “frailty” is often used without clear definition, or is treated as synonymous with functional impairment or advanced age. Our review suggests that caregivers of frail older adults experience burden which may differ from that of other caregiver populations. The scarce evidence does not allow conclusions to be drawn or to inform clinical practice. Given the salience of physical frailty and burden, there is ample space for further research., Geriatric patients present with medical, psychiatric, functional and social complexity. With the anticipated demographic shift, there is a greater need for clinicians who can manage such complexity. Training future physicians to navigate the complexity of clinical decision-making is in fact a newly recognized aspect of the CanMEDS Medical Expert Role. This study explores how medical trainees conceptualize clinical complexity, how well-prepared they feel to handle complexity and how complex encounters influence residency selection. In this qualitative study, 20 third and fourth-year medical students engaged in a 2-part interview process. First, students drew 2 rich pictures which represented complex patient scenarios: 1 exciting and 1 frustrating scenario. Second, the pictures were used to guide a semi-structured interview. Interview transcripts were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory principles. Descriptions of complexity fall under 3 categories: systemic/institutional complexity, medical complexity and complexity of the patient’s social history. Categories for systemic/institutional complexity include active engagement and navigating the system. These are key processes which distinguish how clinical complexity is perceived; when actively engaged and able to successfully navigate the system, students perceived the case to be complex and exciting versus complex frustrating. These processes also influence residency selection, as feelings on complexity and systemic pressures are connected to students’ specialty preferences. The social process of learning, in relation to systemic/institutional complexity, appears to surpass medical complexity in how strongly it affects trainees, from how they experience complex patients to the choices that result from these encounters. Complexity is a multi-faceted phenomenon. Ensuring that students feel engaged and supported in their encounters with geriatric patients is important for motivating trainees to pursue care of the elderly. These insights may benefit medical educators, as they strive to build a workforce capable of managing the aging population., The global aging population is increasing annually. However, the interest in a career involving geriatrics care is not keeping up with the increase in population. The lack of geriatrics interest leads to a decrease in willingness and quality of care for the elderly. Geriatrics knowledge, geriatrics experience, and personal demographics have been found to be associated with geriatrics attitudes in health care professionals. In Canada, personal demographics is an important factor because 20% of Canadian Medical student identify as Chinese or South Asian. The purpose of the study is to analyze medical student attitudes and compare the factors that affect these attitudes. In our study, we compared the attitudes of medical students at University of British Columbia in Canada and National Taiwan University in Taiwan. The similarity between these two countries in its elderly population and health care system provides them as two countries for comparison. We utilized a 5–10 minutes online questionnaire to obtain data on pre- medical factors (demographics and experiences), career choice factors, current geriatrics attitudes, and geriatrics knowledge. The study results will be presented comparing positive attitude scores between UBC students of Taiwanese and non-Taiwanese descent vs. Taiwanese students. Statistical differences in attitudes will be presented from analyzing geriatrics experiences and geriatrics knowledge. Western individualist values lower chances for intergenerational interaction whereas Eastern collectivist culture promotes duty of caring for older family members. Asians have a more negative geriatrics attitude whereas those more assimilated into Canadian culture will exhibit a more positive attitude towards geriatrics. By understanding the attitudes that UBC medical students have throughout the four years of medical school and comparing this with medical students in Taiwan, we can better dissociate the influences pre-medical and medical experiences have on attitudes., Frail patients are at high risk for morbidity and mortality following cardiac surgery. Low muscle mass is a core component of the frailty syndrome that is neglected by frailty scales. Psoas, lumbar and thoracic muscle areas (PMA, LMA, TMA) are radiographic correlates of muscle mass that can be measured from routine computed tomography (CT) images. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between muscle mass derived from CT scans and postoperative length of stay (LOS) after cardiac surgery. The perioperative clinically-indicated CT scans of cardiac surgery patients were analyzed to measure cross-sectional lean muscle areas on axial slices at the level of the L4 vertebra (PMA, LMA) and T4 vertebra (TMA) using the CoreSlicer.com software. Linear regression and correlations were used to measure the association of PMA, LMA and TMA with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and postoperative LOS adjusted for the predicted risk of prolonged LOS determined by a composite variable from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk model. Eighty patients were included with a mean age of 69.2 ± 10.0 years. SPPB was correlated with PMA (r=0.66, p, This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the TIME (This Is ME) Questionnaire in eliciting personhood and enhancing dignity; specifically investigating the residents’ and health-care providers’ perspectives in the nursing home setting. Six nursing homes in a Canadian urban center were involved in the study, including both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Residents completed both the TIME Questionnaire and a feedback response questionnaire; health-care providers offered feedback both through a questionnaire or participation in a focus group. Cognitively well residents (n=41) and nursing home health-care providers (n=22) participated. 100% of the residents indicated the summary was accurate. 94% stated that they wanted to receive a copy of the summary, 92% indicated they would recommend the questionnaire to others, 72% wanted a copy of the summary to be placed into their medical chart. Overall HCPs’ agreed that they have learned something new from TIME, and that TIME influenced their attitude, care, respect, empathy/compassion, sense of connectedness, as well as personal satisfaction in providing care. A descriptive prospective study of the TIME questionnaire using both quantitative and qualitative methods. While residents endorsed the value of TIME as a dignity enhancing intervention, their feedback suggested that these responses were less uniformly held than among HCPs. The TIME Questionnaire is a viable tool for HCPs to elicit personhood and enhance dignity centered care., Studies are warranted to examine innovative solutions that instill a patient centric healthcare model for physically disable patients. Alternatives such as telehealth are available to address the needs of an ageing Canadian population through enhancing collaboration, accessibility and timely delivery. In this two-phase study, several peer reviewed articles were assessed to evaluate risks and opportunities related to Telehealth. The findings were then corroborated through an online survey to assess geriatricians’ perceptions of telehealth. In phase 1, studies highlighted disparity in healthcare accessibility with 40% of Canadian rural emergency departments located more than 300 km from a major tertiary care centre. Findings from a recent survey conducted by Telehealth Canada found a 45.7% aggregate growth in clinical telehealth session across Canada with 60% utilization rate in Ontario. Barriers included risk of information loss, technology implementation and policy development. In phase 2, surveys were distributed to Ontario geriatricians (N = 26) of which 78% expressed an interest in offering telehealth services. Consultations and follow-up were among the most popular telehealth services offered. Key barriers to telehealth implementation entailed communication and scheduling constraints. Rural EDs and Royal Flying Doctor Service continue to present costs and accessibility barriers. With 120% increase in facility endpoints since 2010, telehealth deems further exploring. Common perceptions of telehealth’s importance and limitations highlight the level of interest expressed by geriatricians. Technology and nursing support are also identified as important implementation factors when enabling telehealth in Canada. The findings can be used to highlight numerous benefits presented by telehealth, address challenges related to its implementation and confer common perceptions of geriatricians and their respective patients., Warfarin remains the mainstay therapy for stroke prevention and venous thromboembolism, accounting for over three-quarters of the anticoagulants prescribed in Canada. However, warfarin has multiple drug interactions including with antibiotics, which increase the risk of major hemorrhage. Currently, most drug compendia on warfarin interactions are primarily informed by case series and reports. To date, no meta-analysis has systematically quantified the risks of hemorrhage and supratherapeutic anticoagulation using population-based studies. Database searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE (1980–2016) were conducted without language restriction. Studies were included if they were randomized controlled trials, cohort or case-control studies that examined the risks of major hemorrhages requiring hospitalization or supratherapeutic International Normalized Ratio ≥ 5.0 among individuals over age 65 concurrently taking antibiotics and warfarin. The most adjusted effect estimates were pooled using Dersimonian-Laird random effects models. Eight cohort studies (n=260,842) and five case-control studies (n=124,200) were included. The antibiotics significantly associated with hemorrhages included cotrimoxazole (RR=3.18, 95%CI: 2.64–3.83), quinolones (RR=2.22, 95%CI: 1.64–3.00), macrolides (RR=1.87, 95%CI: 1.54–2.26), amoxicillin (RR=1.77, 95%CI: 1.53–2.04), but not nitrofurantoin (RR=1.26, 95%CI: 0.69–2.31). The few studies that reported INR excursions were limited by heterogeneity. However, cotrimoxazole (RR=8.11, 95%CI: 1.56–42.19) and macrolides (RR=2.62, 95%CI: 1.01–6.84) were consistently associated with supratherapeutic anticoagulation. Antibiotics vary in their risk of major hemorrhage among warfarin users, and judicious selection of antibiotics during acute illness coupled with close monitoring for bleeding is necessary. Greater research is needed regarding the effects of antibiotics on INR because early detection and intervention for over-anticoagulation can prevent hemorrhages. Older adults are at increased risk for adverse drug interactions, and a better understanding of warfarin interactions with common antibiotics will enable safer prescribing practices., Effective teachers are better learners and have improved clinical competency. Formal teaching curriculum improve residents’ teaching skills and confidence. This paper looks at how residents are taught to teach and how these methods can be applied to Family Medicine Care of the Elderly (CoE) programs. A Medline search was performed using the terms “teaching” and “internship and residency”. The search was limited to English papers, studies with an intervention and excluded participants who were medical students, fellow or faculty. Studies newer than 2009–2014 were the focus as recent reviews looked at articles up to 2009. 2,450 articles were reviewed and 33 were relevant. Teaching curriculum was heterogeneous in delivery, duration of curriculum and frequency of pedagogy delivery. All the programs included a didactic teaching session, readings and taught residents specific microskills. Six studies reviewed principles of adult education. 3 studies had relapse or maintenance strategies, using spaced education handouts, reminder pocket cards or guided sessions. One study evaluated a teaching elective rotation. All the teaching methods were evaluated, however few evaluated whether the program improved student learning (Kilpatrick level 4). It is unlikely that one program will fit the needs of all residents. Ideal programs would be greater than 2 hours in length, include principles of adult learning, microskills and feedback from faculty and learners. CoE programs are 12 months in duration, so time is a limiting factor in delivering resident as teacher programs. At Queen’s University, CoE residents are given the junior attending role on several rotations and provided with feedback from faculty and learners. Teaching interventions in CoE setting warrant further study., With the growing aging population, the complexity of medical problems and chronic diseases, including dementia and physical disabilities, has increased. GCP was developed as a quality improvement program to offer practicing health care providers an opportunity to develop knowledge, skills and attitudes in geriatrics-specific areas including assessment, behaviour management, and geriatric best practices. This study provides a preliminary program evaluation, examining the impact on self-reported changes in knowledge, skills, and competence. GCP graduates completed online evaluation surveys upon successfully completing program-specific requirements, which included multiple choice examination. 292 individuals have registered in GCP, including nurses (36%), non-regulated health professionals (34%), regulated health professionals (16%), students/residents (6%), educators (4%), physicians (3%), and pharmacists (1%). 56 individuals have graduated to date; 55 completed a survey. Mean ratings (5-point scale) indicate the program is perceived as highly relevant (4.1 ± .61) and useful in enhancing clinical practice (4.2 ± .58). A large majority of graduates (98%) sustained or improved self-perceived competence in providing geriatric care after participating in GCP. 100% of GCP graduates reported gaining new knowledge (n=55) and skills (n=54). Graduates reported feeling more informed on how to better serve geriatric populations, and indicated use of learned skills including application of standardized assessment tools, supportive evidence-based strategies for persons with responsive behaviours, therapeutic communication skills, and comprehensive care planning. Program and travel costs in absence of financial employer support were identified as a barrier. This program provides a significant and valuable opportunity for capacity building in geriatric workers, using core competencies to advance interdisciplinary best practice use. This program will develop a workforce that is better prepared, supported, and can more confidently and competently meet the needs of the aging population., Residents receive minimal education on formal communication techniques throughout their training. However, many studies indicate that the way in which information is presented to patients significantly impacts their perception of risks and benefits. ReCoM uses tangible examples, personal experience, and evidence-based methods such as the shared decision making model to address the common communication problems faced by residents in their everyday practice. Using a real life example of the dramatic influence presentation of statistics can have, we address how statistics can be used to practice evidence-based medicine and preserve patient autonomy based on individualized goals. The evidence behind the shared decision making model is presented, as well as a practical approach to using it in everyday practice. Using code-status discussions as a familiar geriatric example, a mock conversation is presented, both in text and in video, to demonstrate how this approach can help to facilitate a difficult discussion with patients. The conversation is then reflected upon, along with common patient responses, in order to facilitate understanding its relevance to a multitude of situations a resident encounters. The manual also addresses some of the common knowledge gaps around survival, outcomes and the process of resuscitation itself. Results surrounding the efficacy and readability of the manual are currently being compiled. Surveys have been distributed to key staff physicians and residents. Final results of the survey should be available by March 2016. The objective of this project was to produce a manual that will provide guidance to junior residents on communication strategies in order to improve their skills during difficult conversations. Written in colloquial language, ReCoM is a functional reference for residents., The ratio of geriatricians to older adults in Canada stands at 1:20,914. This, however, does not accurately reflect the significant lack of access to culturally safe and appropriate geriatric care in rural areas and in particular remote First Nations Communities. Our objective is to inform the development of a new Geriatric Outreach Model of Care for remote First Nations populations, we performed a systematic review of the existing evidence around the development of geriatric models of care in rural and remote populations Articles indexed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE describing geriatric models of care for rural or remote populations were identified. A qualitative approach identified key components of each model, while their inclusion and reported subjective value were used to postulate their relative importance and impact within each model. Nine of 704 initially identified studies were included. Our analysis identified 7 distinctive model components: community investment, local model oversight, environmental awareness, provider education, continued patient-provider contact, and model integration. Provider education and frequent patient-provider contact were most frequent (7/9 models). Only 2/9 models included in-person contact between a geriatrician and patient. Our review has helped to identify 7 essential components of existing geriatric outreach models of care for rural and remote populations and provided additional insight on the value each appears to contribute towards the success of these models. These findings will help inform the creation of an evidence-informed Geriatric Outreach Model of Care for Remote Canadian First Nations Populations., The purpose of this study was to examine how the CGS core competencies (GCCs) are addressed in the undergraduate medical education (UME) curriculum at the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (SSMD). This was a quality assurance project, including quantitative and qualitative components. Geriatric objectives in the curriculum from the 2014–15 year at SSMD were mapped to the GCCs. Lecture materials were reviewed, to determine whether each objective was “not covered”, “somewhat covered” or “well covered”. In the UME curriculum at SSMD, 19 out of the 20 GCCs appeared in the objectives. Of these, 17 were covered in didactic lectures, while two were addressed only in clinical rotations. As there is no dedicated geriatric block, the GCCs were distributed across the first three years. However, 11 of the 20 competencies were covered in didactic lectures during the first block of medical school. Additional geriatric objectives, not part of the GCCs, (fitness to drive, elder abuse, and geriatric psychiatry) were recurrent themes in didactic lectures. Of the 19 core competencies identified in the curriculum, 17 were covered in didactic lectures. The objectives were reviewed and each competency had objectives that were “well covered” or “somewhat covered” in lectures. Two competencies were identified only in core clerkship rotations. Extent of coverage would be subject to variations in patient exposure and preceptor teaching, and may therefore not be reliably covered. Nineteen of the 20 GCCs appeared in the undergraduate medicine curriculum at SSMD. Seventeen of those were reliably covered through didactic lectures, while the remaining two depended on exposure during clerkship rotations. Next steps include evaluation of student knowledge regarding the GCCs at completion of medical school., In long term care, previous research has shown that 30 to 50% of the elderly consume benzodiazepines. However, it is well known that this type of drug has numerous adverse effects, especially in older patients (cognitive impairment, falls, fractures, delirium, etc). Many organizations have published pharmacology guidelines stating the dangers of these drugs and encouraging physicians to limit their use. In 2014, a rapid survey of the benzodiazepine use in IUGM (Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal) have shown that 28% of its residents use these drugs for insomnia. A more detailed study was needed to describe the pattern of use of these psychoactive substances in our facility. We conducted a quality control study in early autumn 2015 at IUGM. The file of every patient in long term care that had at least one active prescription of benzodiazepine in the pharmacy records on June 1st of 2015 was analyzed for the study. A total of 140 patients were included. Every file was reviewed for medical conditions, demographic information, patterns of use as well as the side effects of the investigated drugs. We discovered that 44% of the residents consume benzodiazepines. The majority was prescribed on as needed basis. The main reasons for the prescriptions were: agitation, anxiety, insomnia and resistance to care. These results showed us that many prescriptions of these drugs are potentially inappropriate. Many residents in our long-term care facility consume benzodiazepines without proper indication. An educational intervention for the physicians and staff must be made to help them choose more appropriate treatments for the indications noted above., It has been shown that medical students feel less prepared to look after older adults in long term care than in the acute setting. Students also have trouble individualizing their medical conduct to each patient in the nursing home context. A survey conducted locally with senior family medicine residents, supported these findings. Individualizing medical reasoning to choose proportionate means is the daily work of physicians treating patients in nursing homes, we chose to call this process the proportionate approach. Since this skill is a requirement of the family medicine residency program we believed that it should be taught in a more explicit way as opposed to the current implicit (informal) learning methods. We chose to create a workshop to answer this need. First, the literature was reviewed to characterize the decision-making process involved in the proportionate approach. Since literature in this field is lacking we worked with a long term care multidisciplinary team (including doctors and pharmacists) to reflect on their daily work to complete the theory on this competency. Second, we created the workshop based on the best teaching practices. Once our work finalized, it was presented to medical educators of the University of Montreal for comments. A 45 minutes group activity and an observation chart were created. We think that the workshop and the chart will help residents to achieve a higher level of competency (“knows how” level of the Miller pyramid) to better prepare them for their work in long-term care. Medical residents need explicit guidance to achieve a higher level of competency in using a proportionate approach in long term care. Research and teaching on this topic is lacking and should be pursued., In long term care, 30 to 50% of older people consume benzodiazepines. In a quality control study conducted in the previous year at IUGM (Institut de Gériatrie de Montréal), we observed that 44% of our residents have this kind of prescription. Many were receiving these drugs for inappropriate indication in elderly (anxiety, agitation and insomnia). We decided to take action on this problem by conceiving an educational intervention aimed at the orderlies, nurses, pharmacist and the physicians at our facility. We are conducting and evaluative research on a program to reduce the use of benzodiazepines in our establishment. First, we reviewed the literature on benzodiazepine withdrawal in the elderly to create an educational clinical intervention with a multidisciplinary approach. We will give a formal course to the physicians on February 11th 2016, followed by on-site teaching capsules for the nurses and orderlies. We also created cue cards to help the physicians determine the appropriate and alternative treatments to the symptoms the benzodiazepine were treating. A data collection has already been made on the patients using benzodiazepines earlier in 2015 at our facility. In March 2016, these patient file will be reanalyzed to measure the impact of our intervention at one month. The process will be done again 2 months later to evaluate the long term results of the program. The preliminary results (from the 1 month follow-up) will be presented at the convention. The preliminary results will be discussed at the conference., Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) is a clinical syndrome with speech deficits as initial presentation. With increasing prevalence of dementia in the aging population, the diagnosis of PPA may be missed. We will describe 2 cases of Primary Progressive Aphasia in older adults and review relevant literature. This is a report of 2 cases of Primary Progressive Aphasia. Case 1. An 83-year-old lady had a 3-year history of progressive language difficulties with no behaviour symptoms. Her speech was fluent but had pauses and difficulty in word finding. On examination, the MMSE was 7/30, GDS was 4/15, and there was a mild deficit in short-term memory and a mild impairment in visual-spatial abilities. She had diabetes and hypertension. The CT scan showed cortical and medial-temporal atrophy. Case 2. A 65-year-old male had a 2-year history of dysphasia: he had difficulty expressing himself and needed cueing. This progressed to difficulties in memory and calculation. He could write short notes but struggled with paragraphs. The PET Scan showed an advanced neurodegenerative disorder with preservation of metabolism at the posterior cingulate gyrus. Both cases were managed with cholinesterase inhibitors, speech therapy, referral to geriatric psychiatry, and caregiver support. Primary Progressive Aphasia is diagnosed using Mesulam’s criteria (2001: Language difficulty as the most prominent clinical feature; language deficits as the principal cause of impaired daily living activities; and aphasia as the most prominent deficit at the symptom outset. There are 3 variants described by Gorno-Tempini et al. (2011): Nonfluent/agrammatic variant, semantic variant, and logopenic variant. Diagnosis is made clinically with imaging support or definite-pathologic-diagnosis. Primary Progressive Aphasia is a syndrome that needs to be differentiated from other geriatric syndromes to ensure appropriate and supportive care., Frailty and chronic complex conditions have the biggest impact on our health care system. However, the current health care system is fragmented and not senior friendly. Coordinated, comprehensive interventions are needed to better manage frailty and multiple co-morbidities. We will develop and implement an interdisciplinary, integrated geriatric program targeting frail seniors within a primary care network. The Seniors Community Hub (SCH) has: (1) Community-based, inter-professional, team-based care with family physicians working along-side with specialists; (2) Joint care planning and assessment of care needs; (3) Case managers; (4) Clinical records that are shared with interdisciplinary teams. We will identify frailty using the Clinical Frailty Scale, support family physicians in providing team-based care, enable chronic disease management nurses to act as navigators, and enhance geriatric skills among allied health professionals through workshops. Caregivers will be supported by tapping into existing community programs. We will describe the characteristics of the patients served in terms of demographics, frailty levels, and interventions and services provided. We will evaluate the impact of educational workshops on knowledge, attitudes, skills, and practices of healthcare professionals attending the workshops. Further, we will explore the impact of the SCH on hospital admission rates, emergency department visits, and patient-caregiver satisfaction. The goal of SCH is to promote a collaborative relationship between family physicians, specialists, interprofessional multidisciplinary teams and community support services with active involvement of patients and their caregivers. SCH will be guided by the concept of the Patient-Centred Medical Home and, as such, align with current primary care reform. The development and implementation of an interdisciplinary, integrated SCH is central to the provision of quality, efficient, and coordinated care for frail seniors in community., Poor self-management contributes to seniors’ risk for poor outcomes following an Emergency Department (ED) visit. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that contribute to seniors’ ability to self-manage their health following an ED visit. Interviews were conducted with 26 seniors and 25 caregivers of seniors who were discharged from the ED of a large urban hospital, Hamilton, Ontario. Questions were asked about their ability to follow through on treatment recommendations (enablers, barriers) and needed supports. Inductive analysis was used to identify reoccurring themes in the data. Six major themes were identified as factors contributing to seniors’ ability to self-manage: understanding of post-discharge expectations, understanding of the health condition(s), caregiver availability, support for caregivers, patient resistance to accept treatment recommendations, and external factors (transportation, affordable housing, weather). Age differences and differences between patients and caregivers were evident. Patients were less likely than caregivers to indicate challenges with self-management and to identify needed supports. Older (>81 years) patients and caregivers were less likely to raise concerns about self-management. Needs for community-based services (home exercise programs, seniors groups) and advocacy support for caregivers to facilitate recommendation compliance were identified. Both seniors and caregivers require greater community-based support following an ED visit to ensure they understand the health condition and understand and follow through on recommendations made in the ED. Identified needs for services currently available suggest there may be a lack of knowledge of available services and need for system navigation support. The use of senior-friendly strategies in the ED (recommendations in writing, confirmed understanding of recommendations, including follow up) and greater access to community supports may enhance self-management following an ED visit., Seniors account for a high number of Emergency Department (ED) visits, yet little is known about how they decide to visit the ED. The purpose of this study was to determine what seniors do prior going the ED and how they decide to visit the ED. Adults over 65years of age visiting a large urban hospital ED (Ontario) over a three-month period completed a survey prior to discharge in which they were asked to identify what they did to manage their health prior to visiting the ED and whether someone had suggested the visit. Follow-up telephone interviews were conducted with a subsample to learn how they decided to visit the ED Surveys were completed by 264 patients, 116 caregivers (N=392; N=12 unspecified). The mean age of patients was 79 years; over half were female (53%). While 40% of patients consulted with friends or family, and 24% called 911, fewer consulted their primary care provider (20%), specialist (5%), home care provider (12%), Telehealth nurse (3.1%) or walk-in clinic (1%) before visiting the ED. For 85% of patients it was suggested by at least one person that they visit the ED, 35% of whom were health care providers; 25% of patients decided on their own. Interviews (with 26 patients, 25 caregivers) revealed that patients often go to the ED when unsure whether symptoms are emergent or they cannot access primary care. While older adults rely on others to help them decide whether to visit the ED, only a small proportion consult with health care providers in doing so. Opportunities exist enhancing senior’s decision-making process regarding ED visits and access to community-based health care to avoid ED visits., Syncope is common in both younger adults and the elderly. Arrhythmia as a cause of syncope can be detected using implantable cardiac monitors (ICM), which allow for long term rhythm monitoring to try to achieve symptom-rhythm correlation. Our purpose was to compare the diagnostic yield of ICMs in patients ≥ 65 years of age to patients < 65 years. We did a retrospective database review of all patients who received an ICM and were followed at a tertiary cardiac device clinic between 2005 and 2015. A total of 98 patients were included, 65 patients ≥ 65 years (33 female and median age 79.9 years) and 33 patients < 65 years (13 female and median age 48.8 years). Of the patients ≥ 65 years, 29 patients (44.6%) had a rhythm recorded during symptoms. Bradycardia treated with a permanent pacemaker was the attributable rhythm in 83%. Of the patients < 65 years, 18 patients (54.5%) had a rhythm recorded during symptoms; 50% had bradycardia needing a permanent pacemaker. The diagnostic yield of ICMs in older patients with suspected arrhythmic syncope is high and comparable to younger patients. Permanent pacemaker implantation is higher in older patients. Long-term rhythm monitoring should be considered in older patients with unexplained syncope as it frequently impacts patient management., Little is known about admissions to hospital for residents of assisted living facilities such as special care homes (SCHs). These facilities provide assistance with activities of daily living but not regular nursing or medical care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reasons for hospital admission of SCH residents in a tertiary emergency department (ED) with 56,000 annual visits. The community of reference had a population of 30,000 aged 65 years and older and 785 SCH beds. We performed a retrospective chart review of SCH residents seen in the ED and who were admitted to hospital over a one year period. Reasons for ED visit and hospital admission were analyzed using descriptive statistics. There were 785 SCH residents (mean age 78.4 years), 111 (14%) of whom visited the ED 344 times (3.1 times per resident). Over one third (36.6%) of SCH ED visits resulted in admission, compared to the overall ED admission rate of 13.4%. The most common presenting complaints resulting in admission were shortness of breath (21.9%), weakness (10.9%) and abdominal pain (7.0%). The average length of stay was 17.4 days. SCH residents seen in the ED were admitted to hospital at a rate three times higher than the total ED admission rate. Almost 40% of SCH admissions were due to complaints of shortness of breath, weakness, or abdominal pain. Residents of assisted living facilities are admitted to hospital more often from the ED than the general population. Further study may determine if improved community health care in the SCH environment would lead to decreased hospital admission rates. Focus on the most common complaints may provide the best opportunity for improved outcomes., The management of aortic stenosis by transcatheter aortic valve replacement has well documented medical outcomes. However, there is limited data on functional outcomes. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a minimally invasive procedure that avoids sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass. TAVR is the standard of care in higher surgical risk patients. The TAVR population is primarily elderly, more frail than surgical patients, and burdened with multiple other comorbidities. Our hypothesis is that TAVR procedure is not associated with significant functional decline and that preoperative frailty will be a predictor of functional and medical outcomes at one month and one year post-operatively. Our study is a retrospective data review of patients with symptomatic, severe aortic stenosis with prohibitive or very high surgical risk who were selected to undergo TAVR between June 2012 and November 2015 at Vancouver General Hospital and Saint Paul’s Hospital. Data was recorded in an administrative data base. Pre-morbid status, intraoperative events, and post-operative outcomes have been collected as part of usual care. Our primary endpoint is functional stability following TAVR procedure, based on post-operative activities of daily living and gait speed recorded at 30 days and 12 months. Secondary outcomes are hospital re-admissions and mortality at 12 months post-operatively. Subjects serve as their own controls with their pre-operative measures. Preoperative indices and peri-procedure characteristics will be investigated as predictors of postoperative outcomes. Our results are pending. This study will add to the growing body of literature on the impact of frailty on surgical outcomes. Our conclusions will depend on our results., By 2036 likely one in five Albertans will be 65 years or older. Alberta’s Continuing Care Strategy focuses on the concept of seniors “Aging in Place” and recognizes the medical system needs to focus on chronic community care rather than acute care. While this model aligns with the desires of senior Albertans and makes fiscal sense, there are unique implications to the 23% of rural Alberta seniors. This projects aim was to identify barriers to successful “Aging in place” for rural southern Alberta seniors as well solutions to these barriers. A critical review of Keating et al in 2011 which summarized the social barriers to aging in rural Canada was compared with reports of eleven key healthcare stakeholders in rural Southern Alberta. An EMBASE MEDLINE search was performed September 17 2014, followed by a Grey Literature review between October 30th to November 6th 2014 to identify solutions to these barriers. Nine barriers were identified from interviews: transportation/geographic isolation, social isolation, compulsory volunteerism, lack of services (health care and non-health care), housing, caregiver burnout, community uniqueness and communication. Nine papers met inclusion criteria and purposed solutions yet addressed only three of the identified barriers. The Grey Literature search revealed multiple small solutions to all identified barriers. Many solutions exist to mitigate barriers to successful “Aging in place” in rural southern Alberta, however, the services are often small, fragmented, lack supporting evidence and funding leaving them vulnerable to collapse. Without a platform to streamline services, critically examine strategies and share successful pilot projects it is unlikely they will grow meet the demands of the future. Without a platform to streamline services, critically examine strategies and share successful pilot projects it is unlikely they will grow meet the demands of seniors the future., An integrated home program incorporating an existing Falls risk Management team and the Geriatric Consult service (GCT) was developed to provide care to complex home care clients. The objectives of this program was to provide in home comprehensive geriatric assessment in addition to a focussed falls risk assessment for high risk patients with the goal of reducing acute care utilization and support functional independence at home for patients and their caregivers. In the first year of the program 601 referrals were received of which 546 were seen. An evaluative study of the Integrated home care geriatric consult team using data from acute care utilization of enrolled clients over a 1 year period and qualitative data from semi structured interviews of integrated home care case mangers and caregivers 50 % of referrals to the GCT were falls specific; There was a 51% decreases in ED visits post referral; 17% decreased ED utilization 6 month post referral; 7% decrease Acute Care admission 3 months post referral. Caregiver reports suggest improved overall quality of life and satisfaction with program. The GCT service provides a unique service in the healthcare system. The ability to provide in home assessment to frail elderly patients who are home bound enables access to comprehensive geriatric care. Continuity of care is achieved by bridging communication between the home care case managers, who attend GCT rounds and community based physicians. Successful components for implementing this model include: interdisciplinary fall risk in-home assessment with a comprehensive geriatric assessment; timely and effective communication of client recommendations; and facilitation of fall risk strategies to ensure client safety and quality of life., Driving is a marker of independence and an important aspect of quality of life for older adults. Driving decision-making is a significant challenge facing persons with dementia, their family, caregivers, and healthcare providers. This review aimed to identify specific strategies that facilitate the transition to non-driving. We conducted a scoping review to inform the design of an intervention that supports drivers with dementia and their caregivers make decisions about driving, and transition to non-driving. A literature search was performed using the databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, Embase and PsycINFO, from 1994–2014 to identify articles pertaining to driving cessation (DC). Data were extracted and findings were synthesized across qualitative and quantitative papers. The initial search yielded 476 records. Of these, 110 pertained to DC in older adults. Following exclusion of non-research related records, 93 papers were included in the review; 42 quantitative, 31 qualitative and 3 review papers. Evidence from these studies was complemented by 17 editorials. Broad themes include the importance of: advanced planning, acceptance and adaptation; control, autonomy and shared decision-making; social support for drivers and their families; and the promotion of community access and diverse approaches to mobility. There is a dearth of findings specific to persons with dementia, but existing studies suggest that approaches should target challenges associated with the illness, including reduced insight which impacts the decision-making process, and the increased need for social and other supports given new dependencies. The findings suggest that interventions that normalize DC and promote advanced consideration of supports required by drivers and their families can ease the transition to non-driving. The review also calls for greater attention to factors that frame variations in experiences of decision-making and adaptation to non-driving., Acute care transfers present risks of adverse effects on long-term care (LTC) residents and increased healthcare resource usage. As part of an ongoing capacity building initiative to reduce potentially preventable emergency department (ED) visits, Baycrest examined circumstances surrounding unplanned, short-stay ED visits of its LTC residents. We conducted retrospective chart reviews of 35 unplanned ED visits less than 24 hours by 35 residents of Baycrest’s 472-bed LTC home. These visits were randomly sampled from 108 visits that occurred between April 2014 and March 2015. We examined the 7 days prior to and the 3 days following the transfer. Collected data included: presenting symptoms, clinical evaluations, diagnostic inquiries and therapeutic interventions at Baycrest, as well as hospital investigations and diagnoses. Symptoms precipitating the transfer and their accompanying assessment occurred, on average, 2.4 days prior to transfer, with the median time for residents experiencing symptoms and assessment being the day prior to transfer. Registered practical nurses, registered nurses and physicians conducted evaluations in 83%, 60% and 20% of residents before transfer, respectively. Before transfer, at least one diagnostic test or intervention was conducted in 34% of residents; 63% of residents received at least one ED investigation (other than blood work) or intervention. Falls (21%), respiratory (15%), cardiovascular (15%) and urinary (18%) issues accounted for 69% of hospital diagnoses. Transfers occurred soon after the symptoms arose, suggesting that earlier detection of changes in status may be helpful in reducing ED transfers. The findings from this initial study of ED visits by LTC residents help inform topic areas for education of point-of-care staff as well as considerations for making specific interventions (e.g., suturing) available in LTC, which may help reduce subsequent ED transfers., Older adults are at great risk of functional decline during hospitalization. The purpose of this study was to investigate how long older patients spend sedentary per day during hospitalization and how sedentary time is associated with mortality. Currently 104 patients (82±8 years, 57% women) have been recruited within 48 hours of admission to the QEII Health Sciences centre in Halifax, NS either through the Emergency Department, under the care of Internal Medicine, or at the Geriatric Assessment Unit. Time spent sedentary (lying down and sitting) was objectively measured 24 hours per day until hospital discharge or for a maximum of 2 week using ActivPAL inclinometers. On average, patients remained in the hospital 17.3 (SD 18) days and 14 patients died during their hospital stay. On admission 35 could walk independently. Across all days, patients were sedentary an average of 22.7 (SD 22.5) hours per day and there were no differences in sedentary time by day of the week. Patients were the most sedentary during the evening and night time. Sedentary time was a significant predictor of mortality even after controlling for age, sex, frailty, and mobility status at admission. Among those participants who died, sedentary time did not change during the first five days of hospitalization. Among those who were discharged from hospital, a gradual decline in sedentary time was noted with the largest decline observed during the first 3 days of hospitalization. Hospitalized older patients spend most of their day sedentary even when they can walk independently. Sedentary time during hospitalization increases risk for mortality. Future studies need to investigate whether using devices to track sedentary time in routine practice will improve clinical care for older patients., Background/Purpose: Case-study regarding an older adult with proven HSP had a recurrent episode a year later. Methods: Interview of the patient, case file review. Results: Pathology confirmation of recurrent HSP, photographic evidence of the evolution of the episode, treatment regimen and final fatal outcome of the episode. Discussions: Exploring the impact of recurrent HSP within the older adult population, specifically upon the changes inherent in the immune system associated with older age, and the impact of HSP upon the frailty of the patient. Conclusions: HSP presentation in the older adult has profound implications of patient’s immunity, frailty, mobility and overall affect., Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with changes in selective attention and response inhibition, commonly measured using the Stroop task. While increases in neural activity have been reported in healthy aging as a means of compensation, whether AD results in increased activity remains unclear. The goal is to elucidate the relationship between inhibitory control and the brain in AD using fMRI and Stroop interference. 34 controls (mean age 67.1 ± 9) and 16 mild AD participants (mean age 74.6 ± 7.6) completed a rapid event-related version of the Stroop task. We contrasted incongruent minus congruent conditions at stimulus onset to investigate neural activity related to Stroop interference within each group. Verbal responses were recorded, and Stroop interference (incongruent RT – congruent RT), and number of errors were calculated. Behavioural: The AD group had significantly greater Stroop interference t(−5.52) p < 0.05, with an average of 296.76 ± 102.32 ms compared to 138.83 ± 73.50 ms in the controls. The AD group also made more incongruent errors compared to controls t(−4.38) p < 0.05. fMRI: Controls had increased activity relating to the incongruent condition than AD in areas including the anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, precuneus, and inferior frontal gyrus. The controls had activity related to areas involved in inhibition, while the AD group had less activity, suggesting the ability to compensate is altered with the disease. This is in line with the behavioural data, which revealed a significantly greater Stroop interference in AD. Controls seem to have a compensatory mechanism by which to maintain cognitive function on a task of inhibition, whereas AD has reduced neural activity and altered behaviour (greater Stroop interference and more errors), suggesting altered inhibition., Frail older adults have complex geriatric needs that make assessment and management in the Emergency Department (ED) challenging. In addition, geriatric issues often go unrecognized in the ED setting leaving underlying factors unaddressed. The Geriatric Evaluation and Management in the ED (GEM-ED) project aims to develop and assess a geriatric intervention designed to improve the care of older adults presenting to the ED. The GEM-ED service is a novel intervention providing geriatric assessments to older adults in a community hospital ED setting. The GEM-ED service is being evaluated through collection of demographic data of assessed patients, reasons for referral, identified geriatric syndromes, and recommended community interventions. Patient/caregiver surveys during ED visit and at two weeks assess patient experiences in the ED and follow through with recommendations. To date, the GEM-ED service has assessed 360 older adults, 49% of which are 85 years or older. 76% live in independent home living and 22% in some form of supportive living. The most common referral reasons have been falls/mobility issues, cognition, and assessment of home supports. Older adults presenting to the ED are often medically complex, requiring increased supports in the community. This project aims to target this challenging population and, through its evaluation, direct future interventions. The GEM-ED service is filling a need for geriatric assessment and intervention of older adults in the ED, identifying geriatric issues and establishing links to community supports and services., It is critically important to identify older adults who are at risk for functional decline. Placing a focus on prevention allows older adults to live longer, healthier lives in their homes free of disability. Resistance training (RT) has the potential to slow the rate of functional decline linked to aging. Higher training intensities have been used with healthy older adults to achieve greater gains in strength, but the feasibility and effectiveness is less established in at-risk, older adults with preclinical disability where conservative protocols are typically employed. Higher intensity RT may be an innovative and effective strategy to reduce the risk and impact of future disability and falls that threaten the independence of older adults in Canada. This protocol will outline a current pilot single-blind randomized controlled trial being conducted at two sites (Mississauga and Collingwood, ON). It will compare two arms of RT, high (HI) and low intensity (LOW), with respect to strength, balance, falls risk and quality of life in adults 60+ identified as having preclinical disability. Both arms are 12-week, twice-weekly programs supervised by a physiotherapist. The HI group will focus on compound multi-joint movements (e.g. squats, step ups) at 85%+ of their estimated 1 repetition maximum (1RM). The LOW group will employ single-joint exercises at an intensity of 60–70% of 1RM. With a focus on preventative care, determining optimal dosage of RT to prevent functional decline in at risk older adults could lead to improved quality of life and disability-free years in community dwelling older Canadians. Higher intensity training could result in greater gains in strength balance and quality of life thereby providing health professionals with an effective strategy for prevention of disability., Identifying and responding to frailty should begin in primary care where health professionals can consider both the medical and social context of their patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of first measuring and then mitigating frailty in community-dwelling older adults. Fifty-one community-dwelling people (82.0±7 years, 64.7% females) from two sites participated: 33 from Fraser Health (Vancouver) and 18 from Capital Health (Halifax). A goal-oriented, multidisciplinary primary care plan was employed and frailty was assessed before and after the intervention. A 56-item frailty index was constructed based on a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) at both time points. Analysis was stratified by age (younger group ≤ 81 years, older group 81+ years old) and sex. Frailty status was identified for all patients except for one who was missing more than 30% of the CGA items. Ten patients were not followed up and for two patients we were unable to identify their frailty status due to CGA missing data. The mean frailty score at baseline was 0.26 (SD=0.10, 0.07–0.52); 70% (N=34) were identified as frail (0.21+ score). On average patients’ frailty score decreased by 0.032, which is equivalent to having 1.8 deficits less at the follow up; frailty levels were reduced for 79% of the patients. Frailty levels were reduced significantly for both the younger and the older group but when analysis was stratified by sex the change was significant only for females. This pilot study showed that it is feasible to assess frailty within the primary care setting by using a CGA and that a goal-oriented multidisciplinary primary care plan could mitigate the effects of frailty. Future research should test this intervention in a controlled clinical trial., There is much support for collaborative models of dementia care to ensure well integrated and coordinated quality care. The purpose of this study was to explore the clinicians’ perception of collaboration among health care providers (HCP) providing dementia care. Prior to participation in a dementia training program, participants completed an online survey in which they were asked to rate their level of collaboration (5-point scale; 1=not at all to 5=extremely collaborative) with various HCP and community-based dementia services and the extent to which these collaborations have been challenging (5-point scale; 1=not at all, 5=extremely challenging). Surveys were completed by 200 HCPs; 38 physicians, 75 nurses, and 87 allied health professionals (AHP). On average, clinicians had been in practice for 11.5 years. Collaboration ratings were highest in working with nurses (M=3.9), family physicians (M=3.8), and social workers (M=3.7) and lowest for home care managers (M=2.9), geriatric specialists (M=2.7), and community responsive behaviour resources (M=2.6). AHPs had significantly (p=.004) higher ratings (M=3.4) of the collaborations with the Alzheimer Society than physicians (M=2.8) and nurses (M=3.2); other ratings did not vary by discipline or by years in practice. Mean ratings reflected that clinicians perceived their experiences in working collaboratively with other health care professionals (M=2.5) and with community agencies (M=2.6) as somewhat challenging. HCP tend to perceive collaboration among colleagues in primary care as moderately collaborative, but less so with specialist and community-based services; collaborations were perceived as somewhat challenging suggesting an opportunity to enhance collaborative care. Further study to identify why collaboration is perceived as suboptimal can inform the development of strategies to improve collaborative dementia care., To examine the effects of different exercise interventions on sarcopenia and frailty indices among community-dwelling older adults with high osteoporotic fracture risks. One hundred and thirty-nine high risk subjects on osteoporotic fractures or fall were enrolled. Among them, 30 from Chang Gung Health and Culture Village (CGHCV) were assigned into video game exercise group (XBOX) and 109 from National Taiwan University Beihu Branch (NTUH-BB) were randomized into integrated care group (IC, n=55) and muscle extremity exercise group (MEE, n=54). Major outcomes included muscle mass, grip strength, walking speed, lower leg extension power, and frailty indicators by Dr. Fried and colleague at baseline and after 12-weeks of intervention. Mean age was 74.8±7.8 years for the entire cohort. After 12-weeks of training, walking speed (1.3±0.3 m/s vs. 1.4±0.3 m/s, p, This study is to describe the process for developing reliable and valid measurement instruments that can be used in age-friendly health care institution. The scale is effectively and conveniently for assessment of elderly inpatients’ opinion about the hospital’s age-friendly policies. We enrolled 330 elderly inpatients with the age of 65 y/s and older from a regional teaching hospital. A structured questionnaire was used to conduct the face-to-face interview by a trained nurse case management. Description, content validity, test-retest reliability and regression analyses were performed for the reliability and validity of scale construction. The CVI value is 1.0 in surface validity and the expert’s validity CVI is 0.97. We performed the test-retest reliability for scale stability and ranged from 0.707 to 0.963, an average of 0.824. The correlation coefficient between the four dimensions of questionnaire about age-friendly health care institute, ranged from 0.58 to 0.75; high positive correlation (p, The needs of elderly health care increase with age, particularly in elderly inpatients. The study is to evaluate the satisfaction of elderly inpatients for aged-friendly healthcare institution, there is four dimensions include “management policy”, “communication & services”, “medical care procedure” and “physical environment”. The study employed a questionnaire and enrolled 330 elderly inpatients (> 65 years) from a regional teaching hospital in the eastern Taiwan. Description, functional assessment, GDS, Mini-cog and regressive analyses were performed to predict the impact on age-friendly institution satisfaction. The results showed: young-old (65∼74): 166(50.3%), old-old (75∼84): 102(30.9%) and oldest-old (85+): 62(18.8%). Mean age is 75.4±7.8 years, male of 53.3%; ADL: disability 113(43.3%); IADL: disability 195(59.1%); GDS: GDS, Aging is a global trend, and Taiwan is one of the world’s fastest aging nations. Meanwhile our country will be reached the aged-society in 2017. This study aims to explore the factors influencing the self-rated health status of elderly inpatient. This study collected from August 2014 to March 2015 elderly residents of a regional teaching hospital of a total of 330 patients were recruited. These factors include age, sex, education, occupation, work status, number of chronic diseases, ADL, IADL function, cognitive function, depression symptoms and the various family factors include marital status, religion, residence status, living alone and perceived economic status. 53.6% had poor perceived health status. Aged 65 to 74 years (50.3%), 75 to 84 years (30.9%) and the mean age was 75.4±7.8 years. Sex: Men (53.3%), education level revealed 78.1% were elementary school and 56.7% were ADL intact, 40.9% were IADL intact, 32.1% had poor perceived economic status, 53.8% of participants were impaired cognition by Mini-Cog assessment. The mean GDS score was 3.4±3.9; 8.4% had depression, and 29.9% were at high risk of depression at baseline. Functional deterioration was noted in most of the elderly inpatients. The correlation analyses between perceived health status and economic status, ADL, IADL have significantly positive correlation and cognitive function; depressive symptoms have significantly negative correlation with perceived health status. The perceived economic status and depressive symptoms can predict the perceived health status of elderly inpatients. Improving the economic situation, supply related-social resources and early started with rehabilitation program intervention, assessment of cognitive function and depressive symptoms with good management could improved the perceived health status of elderly inpatient., The End of Life Clinical Plan for Inpatients (EOL-CPi) was developed to foster dignified deaths in older patients admitted to a geriatric step-down hospital. We performed a study to evaluate its effectiveness in enhancing dignified deaths. A retrospective study in which all in-patients with age ≥ 65 who were under EOL-CPi between 4 June 2012 and 3 June 2014 were reviewed. 128 patients with an average age of (mean ± SD) 87.7 ± 7.6 were studied. The average duration of EOL-CPi was 4.15 ± 6.5 days. Their chief diagnoses were advanced dementia (49.2%), active cancers (26.5%), neurodegenerative diseases (11.7%), organ failure (8.6%) and stroke (4%). In the last 24 hours before deaths, 99.2% of patients were pain free, not agitated and without excessive secretion. After EOL-CPi, there were significant reductions (pre-EOL-CPi vs. post-EOL-CPi) in intravenous antibiotics: 87.5% vs. 55%, p, Whereas health status and a higher risk of death have been associated to prolonged length of hospital stay (LHS), the effects of Mobile Geriatric Teams (MGT) recommendations on risk of death remain to determine. Because of a significant geriatric and gerontological recommendations-related decrease of LHS previously reported, we hypothesized that these recommendations could also decrease the risk of death in geriatric patients visiting emergency department (ED). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of geriatric and gerontological recommendations visiting an ED on risk of death in the first year following the ED visit. A total of 131 geriatric patients who visited Angers University hospital ED were prospectively included in this pre/post quasi-experimental study. They were separated in three groups matched on age and gender: two intervention groups (11 patients with geriatric recommendations and 23 patients with gerontological recommendations) and one control group (97 patients without any recommendations). Intervention was provided upon the participant’s ED admission. Incident mortality was collected via the administrative registry of Hospital before patients’ discharge and via a systematic phone call 12 months after the ED visit. Age, gender, place of living, number of daily drugs taken, cognitive decline, and reason for ED admission were used as co-variables. Multiple Cox regression model showed that gerontological recommendations were associated with a lower rate of mortality (adjusted Hazard Ratio [HR] = 0.12, p=0.038) but not geriatric recommendations (adjusted HR=9.94, p=0.905). Living at home was associated with a greater risk of death (adjusted HR=2.55 with p=0.020). Kaplan-Meier distributions of mortality confirmed that patients who received gerontological recommendations had a lower mortality rate compared to those who did no received recommendations (p=0.005) and those who received geriatric recommendations (p=0.015). Our findings show that gerontological but not geriatric recommendations were associated with a lower risk of mortality. This finding is consistent with previous published studies. Indeed, recently a systematic review, which examined the effects of interventions performed in geriatric patients visiting ED, reported that greater intensive interventions lead to greater reduction of adverse outcomes compared to simple interventions. In our case, we can consider that gerontological recommendations are more intensive than geriatric because these recommendations involve a combination of medical (i.e., the same as geriatric recommendations) and social recommendations corresponding to the establishment of formal and appropriate home-help services. Gerontological recommendations for the management of geriatric patients visiting ED reduced the risk of death during the year following the hospital discharge. Further research is required to confirm the result of this pilot study and should be based on multicentre randomized controlled trial., With the rapid growth of visits to the ED in elderly individuals, hospitalization after an ED visit is expected to be even greater in the future. Hospitals need to confront this new issue. To examine the age effect on the performance criteria (i.e., sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value [PPV], negative predictive value [NPV], likelihood ratios [LR], area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]) of the 10-item brief geriatric assessment (BGA) for the prolonged length of hospital stay (LHS) using artificial neural networks (ANNs) analysis. Design: Observational prospective cohort study. Setting: Angers University Hospital, France. Subjects: A total of 1117 geriatric ED visitors hospitalized in acute care wards after ED discharge. Methods: The 10 items of BGA were recorded during the ED visit and before the discharge to acute care wards. The top third of LHS defined the prolonged LHS. Analysis was successively performed on participants categorized in 4 age groups: aged >70, >75, >80 and >85 years. The ANNs analysis method was conducted using the modified multilayer perceptron. There was a trend for older inpatients (p=0.0699) and a significant greater prevalence of temporal disorientation (p89%, specificity>96%, PPV>87%, NPV>96%, LR+>22; LR−93), with the best balance performance being reported amongst participants aged 75 and over (sensitivity=89.7 %, specificity=97.8%, PPV=93.4, NPV=96.5, LR+=41.0; LR−=0.1 and AUROC=93.7). The findings show that age effect on criteria performance of the 10-item BGA for the prediction of prolonged LHS was minimal. Whatever the age group, prolonged LHS was accurately predicted with high values and good balance between criteria. These findings suggest that the 10-item BGA combined with ANNs analysis may be used as a screening tool as well as a diagnostic tool to detect early older ED visitors at greater risk of prolonged LHS after their ED discharge to acute care wards, regardless of their age. Age effect on the performance criteria of the 10-item BGA for the prediction of prolonged LHS using MLP was minimal; in all cases, prolonged LHS was accurately predicted with a good balance between criteria, suggesting that this tool may be used as a screening as well as a diagnostic tool of prolonged LHS regardless of age of older ED users., Long wait times in emergency departments (ED) and poor patient flow is a critical health system issue. ALC patients, those who do not require the intensity of care an acute care bed unit can provide, have a significant impact on patient flow. Currently, the ALC data consists of mainly the % of beds that are ALC, but lack information about the patient characteristics and unmet needs of these patients. Data is also lacking on the inefficiencies in the ALC process Saskatchewan Health partnered with eHealth, Health Quality Council, and CIHI to address this problem using lean methodology. A group of clinicians, health records personnel and health information technologists from every region was assembled for a Rapid Process Improvement Week (RPIW). An ALC form was developed which collected ALC patient characteristics, the various factors contributing to why they were ALC, as well as process measures. The pilot found over 50% (CIHI estimated 30%) underreporting since only Long Term Care (LTC) patients were being captured as ALC. Almost 2/3 of the medicine unit was ALC patients, of which ½ were waiting for LTC. Most patients had on average 5 reasons to be ALC, in particular reduced mobility (70%), unable to manage personal care (40%), and cognitive impairment (40%). Process metrics revealed that of the entire inpatient LOS, only 1/3 was for active care and 2/3 was ALC LOS. After several adjustments, ALC data collection is next being rolled out in 5 health regions. The original region used the ALC data to develop an ALC reduction strategy with clear gaps identified and the use of dynamic modeling to determine which initiatives will have the most impact on patient flow. The key to the success of the project was the high level of collaboration., Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care delivers care in a hospital based program of 250 beds including rehabilitation, behavioural neurology, mental health, complex continuing care, palliative care and transitional care, as well as long-term care home of 472 beds. The main types of ulcers treated include pressure ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, arterial ulcers and arterial ulcers. At this site, the main ulcers treated are pressure ulcers which have impact on quality of life and significant health system expenditures. In 2011, a Pressure Ulcer Prevention, Assessment, and Management program was launched to develop an evidence-based approach to preserving skin integrity and wound management. Prevalence and Incidence studies were undertaken yearly. Education towards ward staff took place—“Wound Warriors” for nursing, “Wound Whisperers” for personal support workers. Continuing education meeting for family physicians. Wound Care rounds occurred up to 2x/week involving teaching at the bedside. Product lines were streamlined but not removed. Intent was to build competency among the health-care workers involved. Our prevalence rates were 10.17–12.65% for years 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 in both the long term care and hospital for stage II and greater ulcers. The prevalence rates for hospital 14.73 to 19.63% whereas in the long-term care they were 8.54–9.81%. In 2010 wound care supply expenditure for both the hospital and long-term care was $147, 858.83. In 2013 it had decreased to $82,039.62. In 2014 it had decreased even further to $65,319.38. The wound are prevalence rates themselves did not change much meaning that we were treating about the same number of wounds. This approach could be trialed at other healthcare sites. Other areas of possible savings have also been identified in this process which may lead to further processes. By implementing an evidence-based education, we were able to reduce the costs of wound care supplies by 55.82%., The majority of older adults seek treatment in the emergency department (ED) within 48 hours of having a fall therefore the implementation of falls risk screening and initiation of falls-related interventions for this population is essential (Miller et al., 2009). Falls Risk Screening was implemented in the ED of one of three Ontario acute care community hospitals serving a population of over 525,000 people. An average of over 130 patients are seen and treated each day in this ED. The ED patients are screened for falls risk by the triage nurse using a tool that was developed from the guideline created by the American Geriatric Society, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and British Geriatric Society (2001). Over 20% of the patients who presented to the ED of this hospital were found to be ≥ 70 years of age and of this population, 43% screened positive for falls risk. In a sample of 145 ED patients who were ≥ 70 years of age and screened positive for falls risk, 96% were discharged home and only 26% had documented evidence of any actions taken as a result of the screening. This information was used to enhance existing documentation and processes and to educate staff regarding potential actions that could be taken to help reduce the risk of falls for older adults upon ED discharge. Falls are a major concern in the older adult population. Opportunities exist to help and support ED patients who are ≥ 70 years of age and at risk for falls as well as the ED staff who care for them., In Canada’s aging population, over half of all clients living in long-term care (LTC) facilities have a diagnosis of dementia. Most of this population will experience behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. A lack of understanding of responsive behaviours (RB) results in escalation of behaviours reduced quality of life, negative health outcomes and increased caregiver burnout. In 2012, the Long Term Care Behaviour Support Outreach Team (LTC BSOT) was created to facilitate capacity building among front line LTC workers caring for residents with responsive behaviours. The goal of LTC BSOT is to coach LTC staff and collaborate with other resources to build a sustainable behavioural support model in each LTC home, which subsequently improves the quality of life of seniors with responsive behaviours. This evaluation project looked at capturing the current assessment and follow-up processes that constitute the work of the LTC BSOT team with the goal of process improvement. Three methods of data collection were used: Semi-structured interviewsGo, Look, See – “Gemba” WalkFocus group with LTC BSOT team The results were organized into a detailed process map with variables collected from registered nurses, personal support workers, physicians and clinical educators that make up the LTC BSOT. While the data collection is still ongoing, this model of responsive behaviour intervention has never been evaluated before. The quality improvement focus of this evaluation will lend to further education of the front line care staff to understand common responsive behaviours, how to adapt in future situations, and to reduce responsive behaviours in clients., Pressure ulcers develop when ongoing pressure is applied to skin, causing capillary compression, decreased oxygenation, and skin breakdown. They typically occur in cases of reduced mobility, and pre-existing vascular and skin conditions, and cause significant morbidity/mortality. New pressure mat technology provides the ability to monitor pressure continuously. Infra-red (IR) cameras can help identify micro-circulation patterns. Data from a 64-year-old female Complex Continuing Care in-patient with stroke, dialysis, and high risk of developing an ulcer (MDS 2.0 – Pressure Ulcer Risk Scale score: 6) was collected over some 120 days. A fiber-optic based, pressure- sensitive mat (S4 Sensors Inc.) was placed under the mattress below the feet. An IR camera (FLIR Systems Inc.) was used to capture morning skin temperature at the heels. Thermal contours were formed for each IR image using custom software (SB). The mat data was converted to mean sum of pressures (SoP) and the standard deviation (StDev). The SoP represents the amount of pressure and the StDev the amount of limb movement. The morning of August 12th, 2015 this patient showed a significantly lower skin temperature over the L heel than the R (26 C vs. 28 C). Corresponding mat data showed a larger SoP and lower StDev. This project found a correlation between reduced mobility (mat pressure) and reduced skin temperature (IR images). We believe that this is the first time these 2 sensors have been combined to show the link between limb mobility and micro- vascular circulation. If replicated, mat sensors may provide a novel, automated way of measuring pressure ulcer risk., Limited knowledge of dementia care in primary care is a well-documented barrier to optimal care. This study aimed to identify the learning needs of clinicians participating in an Ontario training program aimed at establishing primary care memory clinics. In a pre-training online needs assessment, respondents were asked to rate the extent to which their professional training prepared them for dementia care (5-point scale: not at all - extremely well). They rated their interest in learning (5-point scale: not at all – very much so) various dementia related topics (clinic development, differentiation of dementia from delirium and depression, normal aging and mild cognitive impairment, assessment of executive functioning, differentiation of dementia types, drug and nondrug therapies, driving, communication) and were asked to identify additional topics of interest. Surveys were completed by 134 physicians, 208 nurses, and 210 allied health professionals (AHP); N=552. Average time in practice was 12.9 years. Mean ratings of the extent to which formal education prepared them for dementia care were moderately low (M=2.8); ratings did not vary significantly by discipline but was negatively correlated with years in practice (r=−.150, p=.001). Mean ratings of interest in the dementia topics were all high, ranging from 3.9 for memory clinic development to 4.4 for differentiation of dementia types; ratings did not vary by years in practice but did vary by discipline, with nurses have higher ratings for most topics than physicians and AHPs. Additional topic areas were generated. Clinicians reported that their formal education did not prepare them well for dementia care; they wanted greater knowledge in all areas related to dementia care. Ongoing professional education should focus on all aspects of dementia care., Psychological literature supports a strong relationship between mental and physical health. With aging comes increases in physical issues that are not reflected in similarly increased mental health concerns. This raises questions about how psychological and physical health are related in older adults. We qualitatively investigated psychological concerns and their associations with medical concerns among adults 50 years and over attending mental health clinics. This research utilized archival data from 142 individuals who attended clinics in Portland and Hillsboro, Oregon. We collected demographic and clinical data including physical concerns for each client. We also transcribed initial phone screen conversations between clients and clinicians and applied qualitative analytic techniques to code presenting complaints. Overall, 61% of clients had physical concerns. By far the most frequent complaint theme among these individuals was depression whereas individuals with no physical concerns expressed anxiety, depression, and relational difficulty themes with similar frequency (48, 31 and 28% vs. 40, 40 and 41%). We also examined complaints within the most common physical concern types (pain 30%, cardiovascular 25%). Compared to those without the disorder, individuals with pain disorders reported more complaint themes of abuse and trauma (24 vs. 13%) while individuals with cardiovascular concerns reported more complaint themes of depression and anxiety (51 and 40 vs. 33 and 42%). We did not find similar associations between physical concerns and clinical diagnoses. This research suggests there is a relationship between physiological conditions and the nature of psychological concerns among older adults. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both physical and mental health when caring for older adults. Mental health professionals should be aware of their older clients’ medical problems and of how these contribute to specific psychological experiences., With Canada’s senior population increasing, there is a greater demand for family physicians with enhanced skills and added competency in care of the elderly (COE). The College of Family Physicians Canada has introduced Certificates of Added Competence (CACs) in five domains, one being COE. CAC awards will be based on the demonstration of specific competencies. The first steps of defining these competencies are a determination of the Priority Topics. A modified Delphi technique was used with on-line surveys and face-to-face meetings. The Working Group (WG) of six physicians, with enhanced skills in COE, acted as the nominal group, and a larger group of randomly selected practitioners from across Canada acted as the Validation Group (VG). The WG, and then the VG, completed electronic write-in surveys that asked them to identify the Priority Topics. Responses were compiled, coded and tabulated to calculate the frequencies of selection of topics. The WG used face-to-face meetings and iterative discussion to decide on the final topics. There was as 19% response rate (41 of 212) from the VG. Most respondents from the VG are involved in teaching, and about one quarter are Program Directors. Half of them have more than 10 years of experience, and 45% have a focused practice. The correlation between the specific Priority Topic list identified by the VG and that identified by the WG is 0.68. The final list has 18 Priority Topics. There is an even higher correlation (0.89) for the generic skills of competence that were independently identified by the VG and the WG. Defining the required competencies is a first step to establishing national standards in COE. The methodology used and the high correlation between the lists generated by the WG and the VG suggest that this Priority Topic list is valid for COE. These 18 Priority Topics will be expanded with Key Features and will be the basis for awarding CACs., Family caregivers are an integral, yet increasingly overburdened, part of the healthcare system. In Canada, there is an estimated 3.8 million family caregivers caring for seniors. We have successfully held a CIHR-funded conference in 2014 on Supporting Family Caregivers of Seniors. Knowledge users and researchers from Alberta and across Canada, and various stakeholders, including those from the World Health Organization, discussed the state of family caregiver support and initiated research plans. We developed a Discovery Toolkit from learnings and resources in the Conference. (1) Each speaker’s slide deck was presented in a page containing six representative slides and a hyperlink to the full slide deck. (2) Evidence Summaries were shortened to a page. (3) Notes from discussions were subjected to thematic analysis and summarized. (4) A caregiver’s account was presented as a personal communication to a government official. (5) Relevant articles, web pages, and organizations were collated and listed. The toolkit is 44 pages long and designed for online viewing. It contains an executive summary and five parts: (1) Supporting Family Caregivers of Seniors with Complex Needs; (2) Voices of Family Caregivers: A Window into their Experiences; (3) Online Support for Caregivers of Seniors; (4) Support for Caregivers in End-of-Life Care; and (5) Research and Resources. The toolkit is free and is accessible to family caregivers, patients, and various stakeholders. We will disseminate the toolkit to family caregivers, seniors, health-care providers, researchers, healthcare organizations and community organizations, and other stakeholders. Also, we will use parts of the toolkit to create an academic module for family physicians, health-care providers, and trainees. This Toolkit is a timely resource on family caregivers., The Canadian Collaboration on Neurodegeneration and Aging (CCNA) is a national research study of people with cognitive impairment or dementia funded by CIHR and study partners engaging over 360 dementia researchers. Across the 3 themes of prevention, treatment, and quality of life are 20 teams with specific research questions. The 8 platforms supporting the teams include the Clinical Cohorts Platform; COMPASS-ND study. To recruit participants with various cognitive conditionsIntegrate experimental, clinical, 3 Tesla MRI imaging and genetic expertiseAddress the causes, identification, management, treatment, and prevention of cognitive conditionsCollect biospecimens, imaging, genetics, and brain donation to support the 20 national research teams Since July 2014, the Clinical Cohorts working group and Platform Implementation Team have worked between regular teleconference calls to confirm the clinical questionnaires and neuropsychological test battery. This has included collaborative alignment with two provincial cognitive impairment studies, one in Ontario (ONDRI) and one in Quebec (CIMA-Q) and also with the Canadian Longitudinal study of Aging. Inclusion/exclusion criteria for the 7 cohorts are defined and multiple research ethics board submissions have begun. Final selection and purchase of the laptop computers and recording technologies and distribution to the 40 recruitment sites is proceeding. Recruitment of the 1,600 participants by diagnostic group include: subjective cognitive impairment [54 Canada-wide, 156 in Toronto and 90 in Montreal, for a substudy of diet and exercise and a substudy of cognitive intervention] (total 300); amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (400); MCI with subcortical vascular lesions (200); mixed dementia (200); Alzheimer’s Disease (100); Parkinson’s Disease/dementia/LBD spectrum (200); fronto-temporal (FTD), 5 variants (200). Competitive enrollment, funded on a per patient recruitment basis, will begin spring 2016., Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification or Fahr’s disease is an uncommon cause of wide array of symptoms including movement disorders and neuropsychiatric disorders. It is characterized by brain calcinosis in many areas of the brain, most notably, basal ganglia. It is either familial autosomal dominant or sporadic condition and etiology is still yet to be fully elucidated. Treatment is limited to symptom management and prognosis is guarded. We present a case of Down syndrome patient with new onset dementia, ataxia and orthostatic hypotention with CT findings of basal ganglia calcification. We further discuss diagnostic challenge to rule out Alzeheimer disease. A case report is presented and literature search of pubmed, ovid and embase using search term “Fahr’s disease, Fahr’s syndrome, idiopathic basal ganglia calcification, down syndrome and dementia, down syndrome and alzeheimer disease” Case report presents a 59 year old man with Down syndrome with new onset of dementia, orthostatic hypotension and ataxia with CT head findings of diffuse bilateral calcification of basal ganglia. Literature search returned 165 articles relevant 8 articles are selected for the case report. Cognitive assessment in Down syndrome is challenging. Fahr’s disease was diagnosed based on his functional decline, neurological findings and imaging while ruling out secondary causes of calcinosis. While this diagnosis is academic in nature, in other patients, implication of the diagnosis may impact family planning and genetic counseling. Current active research in genetic basis of the pathophysiology may offer treatment in the future. Fahr’s disease is a rare cause of dementia. No effective treatment is available currently. A further systematic review of reported cases and treatment tried to date combined with genetics research can help learn more about this entity., In working age adults, sudden unexplained cardiac death may be more common on Mondays than on other days, but there is less evidence for this association in older populations. Objective: To determine if sudden unexplained cardiac death is more common on Monday than other days, and to determine if there is an effect of age on this association. We updated a previous analysis of a prospective cohort study—the Manitoba Follow-up Study (MFUS), an ongoing cohort study. In 1948, a cohort of 3,983 male aircrew who served in the Royal Canadian Airforce in World War Two was closed. These men live across Canada and have been followed since then with routine medical examinations conducted by each man’s personal physician. We considered death on Monday compared to other days of the week. We stratified analyses on age at death. Sudden unexpected cardiac death was coded in the same manner over the course of the study based on chart and death certificate review. Sudden unexpected death was more common on Monday in men under the age of 60, but not in men over the age of 60. There was a strong gradient in the risk of sudden unexpected death on Monday across the age range: 44% of those who experienced sudden unexpected cardiac death before age 50, died on a Monday, compared to 26% of those between 50 and 60; 20% of those between 60 and 70; 24% of those between 70 and 80; and 10% of those over 80 years old (p =0.01, chisquare test for trend). Younger men were also more likely to die from Ischemic Heart Disease on a Monday than older men. All cause mortality, and death from other causes on Monday did not show any differences between age groups. The reason for this is not clear. Younger men may be more likely to experience sudden unexpected cardiac death on a Monday, while older men are not., Elder abuse is defined as an act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust that causes harm or distress to an older person. The prevalence of reported elder abuse in the general Canadian population is approximately 10 percent. Public perceptions of elder abuse have been documented for the Canadian population, however limited research has focused upon immigrant populations, particularly immigrant Muslims. Due to differing cultural practices, the prevalence of extended family systems, and other factors, immigrant Muslim perceptions about elder abuse may differ from the larger Canadian population and require further study. An online survey was adapted from a collection of published surveys and elder abuse screening tools, including the Elder Abuse Suspicion Index (EASI). This adapted survey is to be disseminated among the Muslim population in Southwestern Ontario electronically and in person at local religious community centres. The results of the surveys are expected in early 2016 and will be available to present at the CGS Annual Meeting in April. The results of this study will provide a better understanding of the prevalence and awareness of elder abuse in immigrant Muslim communities residing in Southwestern Ontario. This study aims to fill the gap that is present in elder abuse literature regarding elder abuse in immigrant Muslim communities, which may lead to further research regarding elder abuse in other immigrant communities across Canada. The results of this study will be beneficial in that they will influence the practice of health care workers to improve the care of vulnerable seniors within this population., Social networks, social support, social participation and loneliness are important determinants of health in older adults. Hearing and vision loss are highly prevalent and may be modifiable risk factors for decreased social engagement since they interfere with communication and mobility. The objective of our study was to determine whether sensory losses were associated with social function in a nationally representative survey of Canadians aged 45–85 years. A cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample of adults aged 45–85 was performed. Data was obtained from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Hearing and vision ability were determined from self report. Outcome measures included the Social Network Index, Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey, a composite measure of social participation derived from the Canadian Community Health Survey, and a single item pertaining to loneliness. Univariate and multivariate regression models were used to determine associations between hearing loss, vision loss, dual hearing/vision loss and the social outcomes. Dual sensory loss and vision loss were independently and significantly associated with smaller social networks, low social support, reduced participation in social activities, and loneliness. Hearing loss was independently and significantly associated with low social support and loneliness. Hearing aid use moderated the association between dual sensory loss and lower social support. The demonstrated associations may be mediated through reduced communication, mobility, or cognitive declines. The results corroborate previous cross sectional and longitudinal studies from other countries. Limitations include the cross sectional design, subjective exposure variables and possibility of unmeasured confounders. Sensory losses were independently associated poorer social function. Future research is necessary to determine whether treatments for sensory loss improve social function and associated health consequences., Quality of life (QoL) predicts death, but it is not clear if the trajectory of QoL over a long time frame predicts death. Objectives: 1. To determine if a decline in QoL over a decade predicts death; and 2. To determine if any effect is due to declines in mental or physical QoL. In 1948, a cohort of 3983 RCAF airmen was sealed. In 1996, there were 2,043 surviving participants, whose mean age was 76 years. At this time, a successful aging questionnaire was added, including the Short Form – 36 (SF-36), and administered regularly thereafter. Trajectories were determined for both the mental component (MCS) and the physical component (PCS). These were categorized as high, medium and low function based upon the trajectory of decline from 1996 to 2006, with high being those who maintained function. These categories were then used to predict death. Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox proportional hazards models were constructed. After four years, the probability of survival for men in the high MCS group was 77% vs. 58% in the low group. The age adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was for mortality was 1.75 (95%CI 1.28, 2.39) for the low MCS group and 1.55 (95%CI 1.28, 1,88) for the moderate group. The four-year probability of survival for men in the high PCS group was 81% vs. 61% for the low group. The HR for mortality for the low PCS group was 1.89 (95%CI 1.47, 2.43) and 1.33 (95%CI 1.11, 1.60) for the moderate group. Both mental health and physical health trajectories were independent predictors of death. A decline in QoL is a predictor of subsequent mortality., Both unhealthy eating and lack of activity have been associated with a higher cardiovascular risk. Personal motivation tends to follow a seasonal pattern, usually in the form of New Year’s resolutions. Using Google Trends search data for the US, we examined how state-by-state interest in both weight loss and increasing physical activity predicted rates of cardiovascular death, obesity, diabetes and stroke. Internet search query data was obtained from Google Trends (2005 to 2014), after a standardized keyword search. Heart death, obesity prevalence, diabetes prevalence and stroke death were obtained from Center for Disease Control datasets. Time series analysis (every 2 weeks) was performed on search query data to determine both search volume (normalized to overall search intensity) and seasonality (cosinor analysis). As expected, the seasonality of both weight loss and exercise searches showed a peak near the start each year. Strong seasonality for exercise searches was associated with a lower state-by-state diabetes prevalence (Standardized β −0.33±0.15, p=0.030), while strong seasonality for weight loss searches showed no association with any cardiovascular outcome. Overall state-by-state search volume for both weight loss and exercise was associated with higher rates of all outcomes. Overall interest in both weight loss and exercise is associated with higher rates of negative cardiovascular outcomes, suggesting that interest in health promotion (at least as measured by Google search data) does not necessarily translate into reduced risk. Cyclic increases in interest in exercise, however was associated with a lower statewide rate of diabetes., Background/AIMS: Suicidal ideation is a significant public health issue that may lead to suicide attempts and completed suicide in older adults. Very few studies have explored the cultural determinants of suicidal ideation among minority older adults. This study aimed to examine the association between filial piety expectation and receipt and suicidal ideation among U.S. Chinese older adults. Method: Guided by the community-based participatory research approach, 3,159 community-dwelling Chinese older adults in the greater Chicago area were interviewed in person from 2011–2013. Independent variables are expectations and receipts of filial piety from older adult’s perspective. Dependent variables were suicidal thoughts in the last 2 weeks and last year. Logistic regression analyses were performed. Result: Of the 3,159 participants, 58.9% were female and the mean age was 72.8 years. After adjusting for age, sex, education, income, medical conditions, and depressive symptoms, every 1 point lower in filial piety receipt was associated with increased risk for 2-week suicidal ideation (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03–1.11) and 12-month suicidal ideation (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.04–1.11). Lowest tertiles of filial piety receipt was associated with greater risk for 2-week suicidal ideation (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.12–3.38) and 12-month suicidal ideation (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.35–3.48). However, no statistically significant associations were found between filial piety expectations and 2-week and 12-month suicidal ideation. Discussion: This study suggests filial piety receipt to be an important risk factor for suicidal ideation among U.S. Chinese older adults. Future longitudinal studies should be carried out to understand the temporal association between filial piety and suicidal ideation. Future longitudinal studies should be carried out to understand the temporal association between filial piety and suicidal ideation., This tractography study aimed to assess the diffusion characteristics of white matter tracts in Alzheimer’s disease and their cognitive correlates. Diffusion tensor 3T MRI scans were acquired in twenty-four cognitively normal controls and sixteen participants with Alzheimer’s disease. Participants completed neuropsychological testing including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Mini-Mental State Exam, Stroop test, Trail Making Test B, Letter Number Sequencing and Wechsler Memory Scale-III Longest span forward and Longest span backward. Tractography was performed by the Fiber Assignment by Continuous Tracking method. The superficial white matter, corpus callosum, cingulum, long association fibers, corticospinal/bulbar tracts, thalamic fibers, and cerebellar fibers were manually segmented. The fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) of these tracts were quantified and compared between cognitively normal controls and participants with Alzheimer’s disease. In participants with Alzheimer’s disease we correlated cognitive test scores and the MD and FA of tracts. Alzheimer’s disease was associated with greater MD in the superficial white matter tracts (AD: 0.001168±0.000218, controls: 0.001018±0.000150, p=0.011), cingulum (AD: 0.000848±0.000098, controls: 0.000794±0.000072, p=0.045) and association fibers (AD: 0.000824±0.000052, controls: 0.000774±0.000049, p=0.003) and decreased FA in the corpus callosum (AD: 0.560±0.043, controls: 0.593±0.048, p=0.031). In the cingulum, increased MD was associated with worse performance on Trail Making Test B (p=0.034) and Longest span backward (p=0.021) and decreased FA was associated with worse performance on the Mini-Mental State Exam (p=0.042). In the corpus callosum, increased MD was associated with worse performance on Longest span forward (p=0.013). Quantitative tractography can detect abnormalities in the superficial white matter, cingulum, corpus callosum and association fibers. In Alzheimer’s disease, quantitative tractography can detect abnormalities white matter tracts and its measures can relate to cognitive function., In Central East [Ontario] Local Health Integration Network (CE-LHIN), Seniors Care Network (SCN) is responsible for improving the organization, coordination and governance of specialized geriatric services (SGS) for frail seniors. There are 5 core programs spanning hospital, community and long-term care. Since its inception, SCN has enabled all teams to utilize evidence-informed practices, facilitating knowledge translation and process standardization. This has positively impacted quality of care, patient volumes and transitions. Seniors Care Network, created in 2011 as part of a newly funded comprehensive strategy, enhances outcomes and promotes better care for frail seniors. Establishment of Seniors Care Network has led to: A significant increase in dedicated funding for SGS (annual budget $17M)An increased synergy between SGS teams due to joint planning180 clinicians providing care to frail seniors in SGS>27,000 direct patient encounters in 2014–15; consistently high patient satisfaction ratings;Emerging impact data showing ED diversion, change in treatment plans and appropriateness of admissionsHigh recruitment and retention ratesEmerging leadership roles on a provincial level The regional structure has enabled system partnerships, growth in SGS programs, standardization of practice and increasing demand for affiliation with Seniors Care Network. This demand has been leveraged to create Primary Care Memory Clinics and new linkages with Primary Care. It has also enabled the identification of emerging priorities, enhancing the ability to advocate for vulnerable populations such as those experiencing substance misuse or mental health issues, aging with developmental delay, experiencing elder abuse. Regional specialized geriatric service coordination enabled through SCN is an effective approach to planning, integrating, monitoring, quality improvement and evaluating services for frail seniors in CE-LHIN., The Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA) is pan-Canadian response to a global health priority. This submission provides a high-level overview of the consortium and how it functions. Supported by the CIHR and a variety of international national, and provincial partners (see: http://ccna-ccnv.ca/en/partner-organizations/) the CCNA unites 350+ experts in age-related neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular cognitive impairment, frontotemporal dementia, and Lewy body dementia. The primary objectives of the CCNA are to accelerate our understanding of how these diseases develop, their impact (on individuals, families, and the community as a whole), and what can be done to slow their progression and cope with them, if not prevent these diseases altogether. This team of investigators is supported by a culture of collaboration and a facilitating central administrative core. Based on their area of research interest, CCNA researchers from across Canada are working in one of 20 teams grouped within 3 themes. Eight national platforms, 4 cross cutting programs, and central administration support these themes, teams, and researchers. Details on these components are available at http://ccna-ccnv.ca/en/. The CCNA was launched in the fall of 2014. The first year has been spent in getting the enterprise launched. Each team is working hard on implementing their program of research. Among other accomplishments, a national cohort study, the COMPASS-ND (which will consist of individuals with multiple morbidities, as well as mixed dementias) will shortly be launched. The long-term criteria on which CCNA will be evaluated is how it has improved both the quality of life and the quality of services provided to individuals living with neurodegenerative diseases. The CCNA is a national initiative for “the” public health crisis of the 21st century., In 2011, the Ontario Senior Friendly Hospital (SFH) Strategy was launched by the Local Health Integration Networks (LHINs) and Regional Geriatric Programs (RGPs). An environmental scan based on the five-domain Ontario SFH Framework highlighted promising practices and identified delirium and functional decline as priorities. Hospitals responded by addressing gaps and implementing strategies to improve care. In late 2014, we conducted a refresh of the SFH environmental scan to identify system-wide progress in SFH commitment and care. A modified version of the original 2011 self-assessment survey was sent to 143 hospitals. Quantitative responses were aggregated and summarized and qualitative responses were clustered into themes by 3 reviewers. The 2014 environmental scan was completed by 135 hospitals. Key findings include: 80% of hospitals have SFH strategic plan commitments (39% in 2011)87% of hospitals have a committee/champion to coordinate SFH initiatives (31% in 2011)94% of hospitals provide geriatrics training to their workforce (55% in 2011)92% of hospitals have practices related to delirium (62% in 2011)89% of hospitals have practices related to functional decline (49% in 2011)64% of hospitals use senior-friendly design resources in physical environment audits (34% in 2011) There has been significant progress in SFH care since 2011, though many areas for improvement remain. A hospital system committed to becoming senior-friendly needs to embrace this as a long-term quality improvement journey. Monitoring progress in SFH care using a self-assessment environmental scan can empower providers, organizations and decision-makers by validating the long-term nature of this work, highlighting successes and innovation, supporting knowledge exchange and collaboration, and sustaining the engagement of organizations to support further improvement across the system., Injuries resulting from falls are the leading cause of hospitalization among Canadian seniors. A multi-factorial falls prevention approach including exercise for balance and strength has been shown to reduce falls. This study investigates the impact of a Falls Prevention Program for frail older adults. The Baycrest Day Treatment Centre ran a multi-factorial Falls Prevention Program from 2011–2014, including exercise, education and individualized therapy based upon patient identified goals. A retrospective chart review was carried out to review prospectively collected outcome measures. The program was too short to collect meaningful falls data so substitute primary outcome measures were changes in the Berg Balance Scale Score and the 2 Minute Walk Test. Secondary outcomes include number of risk factors addressed, and percent goals met. A preliminary analysis of 45 of approximately 100 participants revealed the mean age of the participants was 80 years, 76% were females and 89% were vulnerable-moderately frail. On average, participants experienced 2 falls in the 6 months prior to the program’s initiation. On admission to the program, baseline data revealed an average Berg Balance Score of 46 and a 2 Minute Walk Test score of 96 m. At the program’s completion, the average Berg Balance Score was 48 and the 2 Minute Walk Test was 105 m. Chart review is ongoing and further analysis will be available. Falls Prevention Programs in a day hospital setting can improve balance, endurance and reduce the overall risk factors for falling in community-dwelling older adults. We hope to identify factors that predict which patients benefited the most in order to be able to target future interventions., Hip fractures in the elderly population are associated with adverse post-operative outcomes like delirium. Risk factors for post-operative delirium include cognitive disorders. In addition to adverse bone effects, hypovitaminosis D is associated with adverse effects such as gait and cognitive disorders. Therefore, vitamin D supplementation may prevent adverse effects such as post-operative delirium. The purpose of this study was to examine whether pre-operative Vitamin D consumption was associated with post-operative delirium in patients with hip fractures. We hypothesized that patients with who were not taking vitamin D pre-operatively were at increased risk of developing post-operative delirium This study was a retrospective cohort design of 106 elderly patients (i.e., >65) admitted to an orthopedic surgery ward for hip fracture after an accidental fall. Baseline mobility, cognitive impairment, functional status, number of medications, vitamin D consumption, psychotropic medication use and comorbidities were recorded. Postoperative complications, post-operative delirium and in-hospital psychotropic medication intake, were also assessed. Pre-operative cognitive impairment (OR = 5.1 p < 0.04) and pre-operative functional status (OR = 3.6 p < 0.04) were both predictors of post-operative delirium. However, preoperative Vitamin D consumption (OR = 0.48, p = 0.23) and baseline mobility status (OR = 2.6 p = 0.17) were not. A significant association was demonstrated between pre-operative cognitive and functional impairment and postoperative delirium, but was minimally affected by vitamin D consumption. This study supports the association between preoperative functional and cognitive status and post-operative delirium. However, because cognitive impairment has been strongly linked to vitamin D levels, future prospective studies should investigate specifically whether pre-operative serum vitamin D levels have an association with acute postoperative delirium, as well as chronic outcome measures., Short-acting injectable antipsychotics are sometimes used to manage acute behavioural and psychological symptoms in hospitalized elderly patients with dementia or delirium when the oral route is not feasible. Although intramuscular (IM) haloperidol has frequently been used, IM olanzapine has recently become an alternative. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of IM olanzapine and haloperidol prescribed to older adults in a community teaching hospital. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all inpatients aged 65 years or older who received at least one dose of IM olanzapine or IM haloperidol between November 2010 and December 2012. Information on patient demographics, comorbidities, concurrent medications, treatment and adverse effects were collected. The two groups of patients were matched using the propensity score matching method. Treatment effects and adverse outcomes of the two groups were compared. There were 397 and 72 patients who received IM haloperidol and IM olanzapine respectively. Effectiveness and safety parameters were not consistently documented, which limited the number of patients that could be matched. Desired treatment effect was achieved similarly (OR 1.34, p=0.587) in patients treated with olanzapine (71.0%) compared to those who received haloperidol (64.5%). There was a marginal trend of increase in the odds of adverse effects in patients who received olanzapine (23.3%) compared to those in the haloperidol group (11.6%), which barely escapes being significant at the conventional 5% level (OR 2.3, p=0.0946). Results of this study indicate that IM olanzapine has similar effectiveness as IM haloperidol in the treatment of behavioural symptoms in hospitalized older adults. The trend in increased odds of adverse effects in the olanzapine group suggests that vigilant monitoring is warranted., The European Working Group of Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) classifies people as normal, presarcopenia, sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia depending on lean muscle mass, grip strength and gait speed. The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) classifies people into 9 possible levels. Prevalence of both increases with age. Some authors have implied that sarcopenia and frailty are two sides of the same coin. Purpose: To compare Sarcopenic and Frailty classifications in a group of community dwelling elderly. Seniors participating in an exercise intervention study were evaluated for their sarcopenic status. Blinded to this information, they were evaluated using the CFS and classified accordingly. Data was obtained from 39 participants (6 men), average age 75.7 years (67–90). Average MMSE 29.1 (22–30), MoCA 26.4 (18–30). 11 were normal, 11 were obese, the remainder various stages of sarcopenia. 24 were CFS 3 or higher. Poor correlation was found between EWGSOP sarcopenic status and CFS (R=0.43), lean muscle mass (appendicular lean mass/height2) and CFS (R=0.21 in women), EWGSOP grip strength cut-offs and CFS (R=0.46). However, good correlation was found between CFS and 6m absolute walk time (R=0.82) and gait speed (R=−0.61). This study is limited by fewer individuals in the sarcopenic or frail spectrum. This study suggests there is poor correlation between sarcopenic status (as defined by EWGSOP criteria), absolute muscle mass or grip strength and CFS. However, there was good correlation with gait time and speed, suggesting that functional measures of muscle are more important than absolute muscle mass in the development of frailty. Sarcopenia, as defined by EWGSOP does not equate to frailty as defined by CFS. The use of standardized definitions has important implications for research into potential therapeutic interventions., De-prescribing is the process of titration/weaning and discontinuation of potentially inappropriate medications. The objectives of this study were to determine if an electronic module would be an effective tool to increase knowledge and confidence in de-prescribing and decrease perceived barriers in de-prescribing. All Family Medicine residents at the Michael Garron Hospital were invited to participate in an anonymous survey and electronic module that presented principles of de-prescribing. Multiple choice questions based on the content were presented before and after the module to assess a change in score. Subjects were also asked to qualify their experiences using Likert scales. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. 26 of 37 residents participated in the study. The mean increase in scores after the module was 12% ((5.2%–18.9%), p=0.001). Of those who did not have confidence in de-prescribing, 93% versus 7% endorsed an increase in confidence after the module (p=0.012). Fewer residents cited “fear of harming the patient” (22 versus 14, p=0.021) and “medication started by a specialist” (25 versus 14, p=0.003) as barriers to de-prescribing after the module and 100% of subjects stated they would use the Beers Criteria in the future (p, Heart failure (HF) is the most common cause of hospitalization in elderly patients. Understanding the patient and care provider’s perspectives on the provision of optimal care is essential to quality improvement. Our objective was to determine the patient and caregivers’ perspectives on HF care at the Geriatric Medical Unit to assist with the organizational and process changes needed to enable optimal HF care. Nineteen consenting patients and their caregivers were interviewed (once in hospital and once post-discharge) in a semi-structured manner about their experiences & preferences. Chart reviews were used to collect demographics. Difficulties experienced with interviewing patients: High refusal rate (due to fatigue, hearing issues, recovery, lack of appreciation of research, and family disinterest)Patients talked out of boredom and frequently went off topicEven well-established questionnaires were met with comprehension difficultiesAlmost all patients required hearing assistanceQuality interaction with participants needed multiple attempts due to interruptionsSelecting the appropriate environmentInterview length pushed their capabilitiesPhone interviews were compounded with forgetfulness It is crucial to plan strategies to conduct this research in frail elderly patients. Allow time for patients to adjust to environment Be patientEnsure optimized sensory (e.g., hearing aid)Engage the familyUse visual cues and repetition to assist patients with cognitive impairmentConduct interviews in appropriate setting, stress the importance of research, make it personal, and tailor it to the patient’s abilities and desiresAttempt pilot study firstMake interviews short and questions specific Research in the elderly is not impossible but does present its unique challenges that must be met with the appropriate solutions., Falls remain the leading cause of injury-related hospitalization among Canadian seniors. Both mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and gait variability have been shown to be independent predictors of falls in community-dwelling older people. In addition, individuals at risk for falls have been shown to possess white-matter (WM) abnormalities. Dual-task gait analysis (walking while talking tests) has been shown to be sensitive to identify fall risk in MCI individuals. Therefore in this study we investigate the WM abnormalities localization and correlation with dual-task gait decline to further elucidate their role in the risk of falling. Sixteen patients with MCI, 50% with history of falls, received diffusion weighted imaging (DTI) on a 3T Siemens MRI scanner, comprehensive neuropsychological and neurological evaluation, and single-and dual-task gait testing using an electronic walkway (GAITrite systems). Analysis was performed using FSL analysis tool (Analysis Group, FMRIB, Oxford, UK) on baseline imaging data and gait parameters measured over a 3 years follow-up. Low WM integrity in the corpus callosum (fractional anisotropy (FA)=−0.664; p=0.026), predicted poor dual-task stride velocity. Furthermore, the corpus callosum FA values significantly correlated with Stride velocity (0.629; p=0.038), counting gait velocity (0.696; p=0.017) and counting stride velocity (0.689; p=0.019). There was no significant correlation between aforementioned gait parameters and BMI, age and cognitive status. Poor WM integrity in the corpus callosum predicted a 3 year decline in several gait parameters which are valid markers of fall risk. DTI measurements are affected early in older individuals experiencing gait decline. Our findings and on-going research will help explain the high risk of falls recently described in older adults with MCI and aim to provide predictive power to detect patients more prone for falls and injury.

It is increasingly recognized that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) exists before dementia is present and that shifts in amyloid beta occur long before clinical symptoms can be detected. Early detection of these molecular changes is a key aspect for the success of interventions aimed at slowing down rates of cognitive decline. Recent evidence indicates that of the two established methods for measuring amyloid, a decrease in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid β1−42 (Aβ1−42) may be an earlier indicator of Alzheimer’s disease risk than measures of amyloid obtained from Positron Emission Tomography (PET). However, CSF collection is highly invasive and expensive. In contrast, blood collection is routinely performed, minimally invasive and cheap. In this work, we develop a blood-based signature that can provide a cheap and minimally invasive estimation of an individual’s CSF amyloid status using a machine learning approach. We show that a Random Forest model derived from plasma analytes can accurately predict subjects as having abnormal (low) CSF Aβ1−42 levels indicative of AD risk (0.84 AUC, 0.78 sensitivity, and 0.73 specificity). Refinement of the modeling indicates that only APOEε4 carrier status and four plasma analytes (CGA, Aβ1−42, Eotaxin 3, APOE) are required to achieve a high level of accuracy. Furthermore, we show across an independent validation cohort that individuals with predicted abnormal CSF Aβ1−42 levels transitioned to an AD diagnosis over 120 months significantly faster than those with predicted normal CSF Aβ1−42 levels and that the resulting model also validates reasonably across PET Aβ1−42 status (0.78 AUC). This is the first study to show that a machine learning approach, using plasma protein levels, age and APOEε4 carrier status, is able to predict CSF Aβ1−42 status, the earliest risk indicator for AD, with high accuracy.

Optimizing heath care services for seniors in emergency departments (ED) is a core component of the “Senior Friendly Hospital Approach” being implemented in Quebec. We measured the availability of geriatric expertise in Quebec EDs and its relationship with ED characteristics such as university affiliation, number of stretchers, and geographical location. We surveyed (2013–2014) head nurses and head physicians at 116 adult, non-psychiatric Quebec EDs. We defined high level of availability in the three following components of geriatric expertise: 1) geriatric care coordinatioN = a designated clinician coordinating the care of older adults available every day; 2) multidisciplinarity = 4 or 5 different nonmedical professionals, i.e., specialized nurse, social worker, occupational therapist, physiotherapist, and pharmacist, available almost always/often (nurse-reported); and 3) geriatric consultation = a specialist or a general practitioner specialized in geriatrics available almost always/often (physician-reported). We performed descriptive analyses and Fisher’s exact test. Among participating EDs (N = 83), 73 (88%) nurses and 67 (81%) physicians participated in the survey. 18% of EDs had high level of geriatric care coordination, 41% provided high level of multidisciplinarity, and 33% received high level of geriatric consultation. We found that EDs that had greater number of stretchers were more likely to have high level of geriatric care coordination (p < .05) and consultation (p < .001). EDs in metropolitan areas were also more likely to receive high level of geriatric consultation (p < .01). High level of multidisciplinarity was not associated with any ED characteristics. 2/5 of Quebec EDs provide high level of multidisciplinarity varying in their characteristics, whereas smaller and non-metropolitan EDs lack geriatric care coordination and consultation. There is a need for reorganisation and finding innovative ways to use existing human resources in Quebec EDs., Background: Use of potentially inappropriate medication (PIMs) in the hospitalized elderly can lead to adverse drug events, and contribute to geriatric syndromes. PIMs are frequently prescribed to elderly hospitalized patients, indicating the need to develop strategies to reduce their use. Objectives: To assess 1) the applicability of a pharmacist-physician intervention model to reduce the use of high-risk medications and 2) the clinical relevance of the alerts generated by a computerized alert system (CAS). Methods: The study was conducted in patients aged 65 or older admitted to a teaching hospital between April and June 2014. In the intervention model, the pharmacist determined the clinical relevance of the CAS alerts, analyzed the patient’s pharmacotherapy, and elaborated a geriatric pharmacotherapeutic plan to be discussed with the treating physician. The alerts were based on the Beers criteria. The main outcome was the change rate, defined as the number of patient-days with a change in at least one medication out of the total number of patient-days with at least one intervention. Results: The CAS identified 200 patient-days with at least one alert. In 149 patient-days, at least one alert was judged to be clinically relevant for a positive predictive value of 74.5%. The change rate was 77.7%. The most frequent changes were drug discontinuation (40.9%), and dose reduction (31.1%). The most frequently targeted drug classes were bone resorption inhibitors (20.2%), antiemetics (18.1%), benzodiazepines (13.0%), antidepressants (11.9%), antipsychotics (9.8%), and opiate agonists (7.8%). The inpatient geriatric consultation team was involved in 42 (22.3%) of the 188 included hospitalizations. Conclusion: The intervention model reduced high-risk medication use in hospitalized older patients, most of whom, otherwise, did not have a comprehensive geriatric assessment., The GAI was recently developed to address the need of a screening test that is simple, brief, and tailors to an older adult healthy and clinical population while minimizing items assessing somatic symptoms (Pachana et al., 2007). The purpose of this study is to assess the psychometric properties of the GAI as a tool to measure severity of anxiety symptoms among geriatric outpatients. Participants (N = 190) were recruited from two geriatric outpatient clinics at the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC). The 20-item GAI was administered in English or French. The data were analyzed via the Rasch analysis (RUMM2030) to examine unidimensionality of the construct being measured and assess individual item fit. Unidimensionality was confirmed by good fit of all the GAI items to the Rasch model with no significant item-trait interaction. There were no residual correlations of items above 0.3 observed. The 20-item GAI hierarchy ranged a span of 3.61 logits with the least severe anxiety symptom as “think of myself as worrier” to the most severe anxiety symptom as “feel great knot in stomach.” Standard error for item estimates ranged from 0.21 to 0.43. Person separation index was 0.71 when excluding individuals who did not report anxiety symptoms (38.4%). GAI items appropriately capture the anxiety construct. Even though in our sample GAI does not allow fine discrimination among individuals with similar severity of anxiety symptoms, this may be due to the development of the GAI as a screening test. All 20 GAI items represent a unidimensional anxiety construct, hence the GAI is a valid measure to assess geriatric outpatients’ anxiety symptomatology., Population aging is a global phenomenon that creates challenges in the care of the elderly population may be jeopardized in their cognitive health. The objective of this study was to delineate the cognition of registered elderly caregivers in a family-USF Health Unit in an area of high social vulnerability. The sample consisted of 73 elderly caregivers, over the age of 60. The interviews were conducted in the homes of elderly people in previously scheduled days and times. The instruments used for data collection were a sociodemographic questionnaire, The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Of the 73 elderly caregivers 58 (73.45%) were females and 15 (20.54%) were male, with a mean age of 70.35 (± 8.50) years and average schooling of 2.31 years. Regarding cognitive assessment, the average total points in the ACE-R was 49.58 (± 18.11) and MMSE 19.9 (± 4.6). The average scores on the ACE-R were: Attention/orientation 11.84 (± 3.15) points; Memory 10.45 (± 6.05); Verbal fluency 4.32 (± 2.84); Language 14.9 (± 5.7); and spatial Viso 8.02 (± 3.63). Of the elderly, 39 (53.42%) did not have changes in cognition according to the MMSE, using education by cohort note. In females 48.27% had cognitive impairment and in males 40% of the elderly. There are few studies that bring the design of cognition of the elderly in a highly vulnerable population, showing the need to study this further. We conclude that low educational level, the advanced age of the caregiver and the percentage of caregivers with cognitive impairment signs are worrying factors in the elderly, highly vulnerable population., Identification of the risk of recurrent falls is complex in older adults. The aim of this study was to examine the efficiency of three artificial neural networks (ANNs): multilayer perceptron (MLP), modified MLP, and neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (NEAT) for the classification of recurrent fallers and non-recurrent fallers using a set of clinical characteristics corresponding to risk factors of falls measured among community-dwelling older adults. Based on a cross-sectional design, 3,289 community-dwelling volunteers aged 65 and older were recruited. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), number of drugs daily taken, use of psychoactive drugs, diphosphonate, calcium, vitamin D supplements, and walking aid, fear of falling, distance vision score, Timed Up&Go (TUG) score, lower-limb proprioception, handgrip strength, depressive symptoms, cognitive disorders, and history of falls were recorded. Participants were separated into 2 groups based on the number of falls occurred over the past year: ≤ 1 fall and ≥ 2 falls. In addition, total population was separated into training and testing subgroups for ANNs analyses. Among 3,289 participants, 18.9% (N = 622) were recurrent fallers. NEAT using 15 clinical characteristics (i.e., use of walking aid, fear of falling, use of calcium, depression, use of vitamin D supplements, female, cognitive disorders, BMI < 21kg/m2, number of drugs daily taken > 4, vision score < 8, use of psychoactive drugs, lower-limb proprioception score ≤ 5, TUG score > 9 seconds, handgrip strength score ≤ 29(N), and age ≥ 75 years) showed the best efficiency for recurrent fallers identification: sensitivity (80.42%), specificity (92.54%), positive predictive value (84.38), negative predictive value (90.34), accuracy (88.39) and Cohen’s kappa (0.74) compared to MLP and modified MLP. Our results show that NEAT and modified MLP are both efficient ANNs for the identification of recurrent fallers, the most effective ANN being NEAT. NEAT using a set of 15 clinical characteristics was an efficient ANN for the identification of recurrent fallers in older community-dwellers., Fear of falling (FOF) and increased gait variability are independent markers of gait instability. There is a complex interplay between them. The purposes of this study were 1) to perform a qualitative analysis of all published studies on FOF-related changes in gait variability through a systematic review, and 2) to quantitatively synthesize FOF-related changes in gait variability. A systematic Medline literature search was conducted on May 2014 using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms “Fear” OR “fear of falling” combined with “Accidental Falls” AND “Gait” OR “Gait Apraxia” OR “Gait Ataxia” OR “Gait disorders, Neurologic” OR “Gait assessment” OR “Functional gait assessment” AND “Self efficacy” OR “Self confidence” AND “Aged” OR “Aged, 80 and over.” Systematic review and fixed-effects meta-analysis using an inverse-variance method were performed. Of the 2184 selected studies, 10 observational studies (including 5 cross-sectional studies, 4 prospective cohort studies and one case-control study) met the selection criteria. All were of good quality. The number of participants ranged from 52 to 1,307 older community-dwellers (26.2 to 85.0% women). The meta-analysis was performed on 10 studies with a total of 999 cases and 4,502 controls. In one study, the higher limits of the effect size’s confidence interval (CI) were lower than zero. In the remaining studies, the higher limits of the CI were positive. The summary random effect size of 0.29 [95% CI: 0.13; 0.45] was significant, albeit of small magnitude, and indicated that gait variability was overall 0.29 SD higher in FOF cases compared to controls. This systematic review and meta-analysis shows that FOF is associated with a small significant increase in gait variability (i.e., worst performance of gait). In addition, mixed results of qualitative analysis suggest that this association may be influenced by other covariables that should be taken into account when examining it. Our findings show that FOF is associated with a statistically significant, albeit of small magnitude, increase in gait variability., Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common among older adults with dementia in long-term care (LTC) facilities. There is controversy regarding the prevalence of different manifestations of BPSD across the stages of dementia. This study examined the prevalence of BPSD in LTC in urban Nova Scotia. We also aimed to create a profile of different components of BPSD across the spectrum of dementia severity. LTC chart reviews were conducted between September 1, 2011, and January 31st, 2012, using a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) tool adapted for Long-Term Care: the LTC-CGA. A total of 269 LTC residents from 10 LTC facilities (LTCF) in Halifax, Nova Scotia with documented cognitive status were included, of whom 199 had a diagnosis of dementia. Group comparison of demographic variables, cognition (assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination), BPSD symptoms, and function in Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) were performed across stages of dementia severity. BPSD were present in 76.9% of 199 residents with dementia, and a similar behavior pattern without physical aggression was also reported in up to 45% without a dementia diagnosis. The prevalence of psychological symptoms increased only slightly with dementia severity (28%, 31%, and 32% for mild, moderate, and severe, respectively), and were in fact most prevalent among those without dementia (36%; p < .001). Behavioural symptoms did increase with severity of cognitive impairment (p < .001). BPSD are highly prevalent among residents of LTC facilities in Nova Scotia. In contrast to often-held views that BPSD are a manifestation of severe dementia, here BPSD appeared to be prevalent across the spectrum of dementia severity, and many behavioral and psychological clusters were indeed identified in residents without a documented diagnosis of dementia., To identify the predictors of outcomes of elderly patients admitted to a slow-stream, low-intensity, long-duration inpatient rehabilitation (SSR) program after an acute hospitalization because they were unable to tolerate traditional inpatient rehabilitation. Prospective cohort study with assessments conducted on admission and discharge. 104 patients above age 60 admitted between September 2011 and December 2012 to Baycrest’s 30-bed SSR Unit in Toronto, Ontario. Admission assessments included motor Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), grip strength, ability to ambulate, Berg Balance Scale, Older American Resources and Services Activities of Daily Living (OARS ADL) based on functional status prior to the hospitalization, Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Frailty Index (CGA-FI). Discharge outcomes included change in motor FIM from admission to discharge, residential status at discharge, and length of stay. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Mean age was 81.6 ± 8.4 years and 68.3% were females. Mean length of SSR stay was 82.5 ± 26.4 days. Mean change in motor FIM from admission to discharge was 21.0 ± 12.2 (p < .001). Higher MoCA, higher Berg, lower CGA-FI and lower motor FIM at admission showed significant association with greater improvements in motor FIM. Lower CGA-FI was associated with returning to previous living situation. No significant predictors of lengths of stay were found in the multivariable analyses. Lower frailty scores, higher cognitive function, lower falls risk, and lower functional independence scores at admission were associated with greater improvements in motor FIM. Lower frailty scores on admission was associated with greater likelihood of returning to previous living situation. Admission frailty scores were strong predictors of outcomes for patients admitted to SSR., Twitter is a microblogging platform that overcomes physical barriers, allows unrestricted participation, and enables interactive discussions. Twitter-based journal clubs have demonstrated growth, sustainability, and worldwide communication, using a hashtag(#) to trend journal club participation. To date, there is no reported Twitter-based geriatric medicine journal club. We describe the first five months of #GeriMedJC. @GeriMedJC moderates #GeriMedJC, a monthly 26-hour asynchronous journal club that complements the live, 1-hour, traditional-format geriatric medicine journal club based at the University of Toronto. Growth metrics including number of tweets, number of participants, tweet amplification, and impressions were obtained from Symplur. Thematic analysis of tweets was performed to categorize content into areas of clinical practice, medical education, health policy, and critical appraisal. In the first five months, @GeriMedJC has grown 217 followers, including 30%, 25%, and 16% from the U.K., Canada, and U.S.A., respectively. Most followers were physicians (35%), with two-thirds representing geriatricians. There was an increase in all growth metrics for the first few months with a mean of 83 tweets, 36 retweets, 16 participants, and 34,750 impressions per journal club session. The content of tweets were most relevant to clinical practice, medical education, critical appraisal, and health policy in 39%, 18%, 16% and 4% of tweets, respectively. There has been a steady increase in growth metrics for #GeriMedJC with demonstrated discussion in areas of clinical practice, medical education, critical appraisal, and health policy. #GeriMedJC is another example of using Twitter to engage international and interprofessional appraisal of medical literature. Future directions include demonstrating sustainability and analyzing factors associated with the growth of #GeriMedJC., Urodynamics (UD) refers to a broad range of investigations of lower urinary tract function such as bladder diaries and post-void residual measurement as well as invasive procedures such as multi-channel cystometry. According to the 5th International Consultation on Incontinence, the level of evidence supporting UD in the in frail older persons is weak. To assess the body of evidence, a scoping study was conducted by searching OVID Medline, OVID Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, and Web of Science. The search was limited to English studies of patients > 18 years old, published from 1965 to November 18, 2014. A total of 10,246 abstracts meeting the search criteria were found; studies included bladder diaries, the pad test, post-void residuals, uroflowmetry, filling and voiding cystometry, and abdominal leak point pressure measurement. Studies involving the frail elderly were few but some themes emerged: non-invasive UD (bladder diaries and pad tests) were found useful prior to treatment and to assess treatment response. Post-void residual measurement and uroflowmetry showed benefit in preventing urinary retention when performed prior to initiation of pharmacological therapy or invasive urological procedures. Voiding cystometry was of benefit to both male and female older adults prior to surgery and in the assessment of postsurgical incontinence. UD was well-tolerated by the geriatric population. Based on current evidence, both non-invasive and invasive UD can be considered in selected elderly patients to guide treatment decisions, especially when considering surgical intervention. More research is needed in deciding which elderly patients will benefit from UD investigation., The aims of this study were 1) to confirm that combinations of brief geriatric assessment (BGA) items were significant risk factors for prolonged LHS among geriatric patients hospitalized in acute-care medical units after their admission to the emergency department (ED); and 2) to determine whether these combinations of BGA items could be used as a prognostic tool of prolonged LHS. Based on a prospective observational cohort design, 1,254 inpatients (mean age ± standard deviation, 84.9 ± 5.9 years; 59.3% female) recruited upon their admission to ED and discharged in acute-care medical units of Angers University Hospital, France, were selected in this study. At baseline assessment, a BGA was performed and included the following 6 items: age > 85 years, male gender, polypharmacy (i.e., ≥ 5 drugs per day), use of home-help services, history of falls in previous 6 months and temporal disorientation (i.e., inability to give the month and/or year). The LHS in acute care medical units was prospectively calculated in number of days using the hospital registry. Area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of prolonged LHS of different combinations of BGA items ranged from .50 to .57. Cox regression models revealed that combinations defining a high risk of prolonged LHS, identified from ROC curves, were significant risk factors for prolonged LHS (hazard ratio > 1.16 with p > .010). Kaplan-Meier distributions of discharge showed that inpatients classified in high-risk group of prolonged LHS were discharged later than those in low-risk group (p < .003). Prognostic value for prolonged LHS of all combinations was poor with sensitivity under 77%, a high variation of specificity (from 26.6 to 97.4) and a low likelihood ratio of positive test under 5.6. Our results show that combinations of BGA items were significant risk factors for prolonged LHS in geriatric patients admitted to ED and discharged to acute-care medical units. However, the prognostic value for prolonged LHS of these combinations of BGA items was poor, whatever the BGA items or their combinations used. Combinations of 6-item BGA tool were significant risk factors for prolonged LHS but their prognostic value was poor in the studied sample of older inpatients., Fragility fracture risk assessment tools are increasingly being used to inform treatment decisions. Three commonly used tools are FRAX, Garvan, and Qfracture. However, these tools produce different results for 10-year risks of sustaining major osteoporotic fractures and hip fractures and potentially may lead to different treatment decisions. The aim of this study was to evaluate if employing these different tools with their associated guidelines would impact on the decision to treat or not in a group of postmenopausal women. Clinicians used a questionnaire to collect information to populate the 3 tools in patients attending osteoporosis clinics and the 10-year fracture risks were calculated. For FRAX (UK), the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG) age-related treatment thresholds were used, and for Garvan and Qfracture, a set 20% threshold was used to determine the need for intervention. 90 women (mean age 69.5 ± 12.9 years) were studied. FRAX recommended treatment in 45.6% (95% CI = 35.3–55.9%; N = 41) versus 71.7% (95% CI = 61.7–80.5%; N = 64) in Garvan and 40% (95% CI = 29.9–50.1%; N = 36) in Qfracture. There was substantial discordance in treatment recommendation between the groups with only 17.8% (N = 16) of patients having the recommendation to treat by all three tools. Compared to FRAX-NOGG (UK), employing the Garvan tool (20% threshold) significantly over-treated and the Qfracture tool (20% threshold) tended to undertreat and there was substantial misclassification on whether or not to treat between the three groups. Clinicians should be aware that choosing one fracture risk assessment tool over another (with associated treatment guidelines) may strongly influence their treatment decisions., Understanding how and why dementia occurs is key to understanding its prevention and management. Recently, standard laboratory values have been used together as an index to identify adverse outcomes in the presence of frailty. We sought to investigate whether this laboratory frailty index (the FI-Lab) was associated with a diagnosis of dementia. A secondary analysis was done of a prospective cohort study consisting of community and institutionally dwelling individuals aged 65 and older. The FI-Lab was created from laboratory tests used in the first clinical examination of the Canadian Study of Health and Ageing. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression for a diagnosis of dementia at five years was performed to identify any association with the FI-Lab. Of 1,013 patients, 467 were alive at follow-up, of whom 391 (83.7%) had a follow-up diagnostic evaluation. Those 76 missing diagnosis had similar demographics to the study group. In univariate analysis, the FI-Lab (mean 0.25) was significantly associated with a diagnosis of dementia (p = .003). In multivariate analysis the FI-Lab remained significant (p = .019). Combining the FI-Clinical and FI-Lab the FI-Combined (p < .001), education (p = .002), age (p = .019) and sex (p = .032) were all predictive of dementia. Sex was not significantly associated with a dementia diagnosis. A standard laboratory index (FI-Lab), modelled after the frailty index, was associated with a future diagnosis of dementia. The FI-Lab did not include any classical dementia biomarkers. This contributes further to the possibility that dementia most often occurs in those who are frail. This further supports the potential mechanism to dementia being an impaired neurocognitive repair process. Standard laboratory tests, when combined, are able to identify individuals who are at increased risk of dementia., Among hospitalized older adults, delirium is a common complication of acute illness and contributes significantly to patient morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to investigate the incidence of delirium among older adults admitted to the Clinical Teaching Unit (CTU) in the Royal University Hospital in Saskatoon, the factors associated with development of delirium, and subsequent management practices. This information will provide us with an opportunity to develop delirium prevention, diagnosis, and management strategies. A chart review of 170 patients over the age of 70 at admission to the CTU was completed. A validated chart review tool was used to diagnose delirium from patient charts. Delirium diagnosis was defined as a recorded diagnosis of delirium or a documentation of “mental status change” or “acute/fluctuating” along with at least one other key term documentation (acute onset, agitation, disorganized thinking, disorientation, hallucinations, inappropriate behaviour, inattention). The delirium rate in the sample was 30.8%, (95% CI: [21.9%, 39.7%]). Delirium management ranged from non-pharmacologic interventions such as reorientation and reassurance, to invasive strategies such as physical or chemical restraint (predominantly haloperidol). Management techniques were applied inconsistently when delirium was present. This project has demonstrated a significant presence of delirium within the CTU, with variable management strategies. Although delirium was commonly encountered, physician documentation of delirium within the chart was rare. Furthermore, benzodiazepines were occasionally used as a first-line management tool, in contrast to the Choosing Wisely Canada guidelines. Management of delirium requires appropriate recognition and coordinated strategies for appropriate intervention. Recognizing the significant burden of delirium on the health-care system bears important implications for health resource planning and improved patient outcomes, particularly among vulnerable elderly populations., Influenza results in over 200,000 hospitalizations and 36,000 deaths per year in the United States. Ninety percent of influenza-related deaths occur in those older than 65. In order to appropriately advise the public and direct future vaccination strategies and research, the Canadian Immunization Research Network’s Serious Outcomes Surveillance (SOS) Network calculates vaccine effectiveness by monitoring the annual burden of influenza illness resulting in hospitalization. Surveillance for influenza is conducted at 15 SOS Network sites across Canada. All patients aged 16 years or older admitted with possible influenza (e.g., acute respiratory illness, fever) received a nasopharyngeal swab testing for influenza via reverse-transcriptase PCR or viral culture. Viral strain, vaccination status, intensive care admission, and death were recorded and compared among confirmed cases and test-negative controls. Interim data for the 2014/15 influenza season indicate: A poor match between the circulating virus and vaccine strain, with poor vaccine effectiveness in all age groups (e.g. −25.4% (90% CI: −65, 4.6) for those older than 65);69% of hospitalized cases are older than 75 years;11% required intensive care; 8% associated mortality. One of the defining features of aging is declining immune function. Age-related changes in T-cell function result in lessened ability of elderly people, especially those who are frail, to mount a protective immune response. Given the lack of vaccine effectiveness in a mismatch year and the high associated mortality in the elderly population, multiple strategies such as biomarkers for vaccine response, high-dose vaccines, and vaccine adjuvants need to be explored to mitigate adverse outcomes in future influenza outbreaks. Further research into frailty-informed assessments of vaccine responsiveness is imperative to reduce influenza-related morbidity and mortality., A thorough falls assessment can successfully reduce future events and injuries in elderly patients presenting to hospital with a fall. However, the frequency with which patients receive such an assessment is not clear. We sought to characterize the management of elderly patients presenting to the ED with a fall. Records from a single large tertiary care center ED between 2003 and 2014 were searched. A random sample of 96 charts, describing visits for a “fall” in individuals ≥ 65 years, were selected. Charts were reviewed using a detailed pre-specified data abstraction form documenting fall management. Of the 96 patients, mean age was 78.2 years (SD ± 8.53), and 61.5% were women. Most (42.8%) lived at home with family, 11.5% lived alone, and 16.6% lived in nursing homes or assisted living. Fall-related injuries were common with 54.2% sustaining a new fracture. In terms of falls assessment, only 2% patient charts had documentation of the presumed etiology of their fall. Orthostatic vital signs were performed in 1% of patients, 1% had a visual assessment, 3% underwent assessment of cognition, and 3% had a medication review. Following assessment, 69.7% of patients were discharged from the ED and 25% of patients were admitted to home hospital (4.1% transferred elsewhere, 1% died in ED). Of those discharged, 29% of patients did not have follow-up arranged, 28% were referred for community supports, and 14% were discharged with a new walking device. Two (2.2%) were started on Vitamin D and calcium, and 1% on a bisphosphonate. Very few elderly patients presenting to the ED with a fall received a proper falls assessment or treatment plan. These results suggest a significant care gap and highlight an area of opportunity for future quality improvement., Frailty is a multicausal syndrome including weight loss, exhaustion, and lack of strength and mobility, which puts older adults at risk for adverse outcomes including falls, hospitalization, and death. High burden in caregivers of older adults is associated with physical and psychiatric morbidities. Limited research suggests a relationship between frailty in older adults and their caregivers’ self-reported burden. This study analyzed the relationship between frailty in older adults attending a geriatric outpatient clinic and their caregivers’ self-reported burden. The study population consisted of 50 older adults attending an outpatient geriatric clinic in 2013 and 2014 accompanied by a caregiver. Participants’ degree of frailty was evaluated using the Fried Frail Scale (FFS). Independence in activities of daily living was assessed using the Katz Index. Patient charts were reviewed for prior diagnosis of dementia. Caregivers’ self-reported burden was evaluated using the Short Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). Multivariable linear regression was performed with ZBI score as the dependent variable, and age, gender, dementia, Katz Index, and frailty status as independent variables. Caregivers of frail (FFS ≥ 3; N = 21) patients had a mean ZBI score of 19.4 (SD = 11.3). Caregivers of non-frail (FFS < 3; N = 29) subjects had a mean ZBI score of 13.6 (SD = 8.4). Frailty and prior diagnosis of dementia significantly predicted caregiver burden. Age, Katz Index, and gender did not significantly predict caregiver burden. Caregivers of frail older adults attending a geriatric outpatient clinic reported a significantly higher level of burden than caregivers of non-frail patients. Prior diagnosis of dementia was a significant predictor of caregiver burden. Further examination of the relationship between frailty and caregiver burden is warranted., Older adults with functional impairment are cared for by physiatrists in rehabilitation. With the aging population, acquiring geriatric-related competencies will be essential. Literature is limited on geriatric learning needs in physiatry but suggests that education is suboptimal. To develop a geriatric rehabilitation curriculum, a needs assessment was conducted to understand comfort level of geriatric-related competencies and resident learning needs in physiatry residents, physiatrists, and key informants (KI). A mixed methods approach was taken. Physiatry residents at the University of Toronto were invited to participate in a questionnaire and focus group. Physiatrists in Ontario were invited to complete a questionnaire and participate in follow-up one-on-one inter views. KIs were purposively selected to participate in both surveys. Questionnaires assessed comfort level (0 very uncomfortable, 5 very comfortable) on geriatric-related competencies. Focus groups and interviews explored learning experiences and needs in geriatrics rehabilitation. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze questionnaires. NVivo software was used for qualitative analysis within a grounded theory approach. Eighteen (87%) residents and 27 (21%) physiatrists completed the questionnaire. More than 50% of residents were somewhat to very uncomfortable on geriatric topics such as age-related pharmacokinetics and dynamics, pain management, frailty, physiology of aging, and depression. Physiatrists identified similar topics in addition to cognitive impairment (including delirium), medication management, and end-of-life care. Initial qualitative analysis sheds further light on these identified learning needs; in particular, how applicability can be enhanced in the post acute care setting. A large proportion of physicians in physiatry do not feel comfortable on core geriatric-related competencies, which were similarly identified as learning needs by physicians in physiatry. Initial insights may provide educators with an understanding on how to improve geriatric education in physiatry., Biological aging is a stochastic process that can be characterized by the number of health deficits individuals accumulate (i.e., their frailty index). As people with HIV exhibit excess risk for multiple age-related health problems, they might age differently than people without HIV. Secondary analysis of four-year follow-up data from the Italian Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic cohort (MHMC; N = 963; mean age 46.8 ± 7.1 years; 29% women) and the Italian sample of the general community-based Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE; N = 1,391; mean age 65.7 ± 8.8 years; 56% women). Health state was quantified as the number of deficits accumulated out of 31 health variables, selected separately in each cohort. Multistate transition modelling provided probabilities of health state changes, including death. In both cohorts, mean deficit count at four years follow-up showed a similar, linear relationship with deficit count at baseline; MHMC consistently had smaller standard deviations in deficit counts at follow-up. Mortality was 3.0% in MHMC and 7.7% in SHARE. Adjusted for baseline deficit count, age, and gender, MHMC participants had more deficits at follow-up than SHARE participants (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.22–1.35), but mortality differences were non-significant (OR 0.85, 0.45–1.61). Adjusted mean deficits at follow-up were 8.25 (7.99–8.52) in MHMC and 6.87 (6.66–7.07) in SHARE (p < .001). Despite differences between cohorts (e.g., HIV clinic vs. community-based, age and gender distributions) and in the health variables making up the frailty indices, HIV-positive MHMC participants and general population SHARE participants demonstrated similar patterns of deficit accumulation. MHMC participants generally accumulated more deficits and exhibited greater homogeneity in outcomes. People with HIV appear to age in patterns similar to the general population, but experience poorer and less variable outcomes over four years., Anticholinergic drug therapy may worsen cognitive performance and is particularly concerning when prescribed to older adults with dementia. Care provided by multiple physicians may contribute to this inappropriate prescribing. We explored the association between the number of unique physicians providing care and anticholinergic drug burden among older persons newly initiated on cholinesterase inhibitor therapy for the management of dementia. A population-based cross-sectional study of community and long-term care dwelling older adults with dementia in Ontario. The number of unique physicians providing care and anticholinergic drug burden using the Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS) were measured within the prior year. We identified 79,067 community-dwelling older adults and 12,113 LTC residents newly dispensed cholinesterase inhibitors. In the community (mean age 81.0 years, 60.8% women), individuals saw an average of 8 unique physicians in the prior year. The odds of high anticholinergic drug burden (ARS score of ≥ 2) increased by 24% for every 5 additional physicians providing care (adjusted odds ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–1.26). Female sex, low-income status, previous hospitalization, and higher comorbidity score were also associated with high anticholinergic drug burden. In LTC (mean age 84.3 years, 67.2% women) individuals saw an average of 10 unique physicians in the prior year. Relative to the community setting, the anticholinergic drug burden based on the number of physicians providing care was similar but attenuated in LTC. Among older adults with dementia newly dispensed cholinesterase inhibitor drug therapy, a greater number of physicians providing care was associated with higher anticholinergic drug burden scores. Improved communication amongst physicians, and a medication review prior to prescribing a new drug therapy, as suggested by Choosing Wisely, are important strategies to improve prescribing quality., Older adults who become ill often demonstrate impairments in mobility and balance. Such impairments are more common in frail adults, and independently are associated with death. Even so, little work has related frailty to recovery time, which was our objective here. This is a secondary analysis of a cohort study of 409 older adult inpatients at a Canadian teaching hospital (mean age = 81 ± 7 standard deviation, 64% women). Frailty was measured using a frailty index based on a comprehensive geriatric assessment (FI-CGA), at baseline (two weeks prior to admission; mean 0.31 ± 0.10), and on admission (mean 0.40 ± 0.10). Mobility and balance was quantified using the Hierarchic Assessment of Balance and Mobility (HABAM). Recovery was measured as the difference in HABAM scores between discharge and admission. The odds of no or incomplete recovery increased by 1.06 (95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.11) for each 0.1 increment in the baseline FI-CGA. Recovery was similarly dependent on age, but independent of mobility scores on admission. Frailer patients showed longer recovery times, especially with an increase in FI-CGA scores between baseline and admission (r = 0.35, p < .001). Recovery time was independent of age. Recovery has been shown to be dependent both on severity of illness and baseline level of frailty. Tracking mobility and balance can help providers, patients, and families understand the course of acute illness in older adults. Frailer patients are at a greater risk of incomplete recovery from impaired mobility and balance. Further work into how frailty and illness severity together impact recovery — perhaps through a measure that combines the two — is needed., Studies suggested that antipsychotic-induced weight gain is not as much of a concern in the elderly compared to the younger population. Part 1 of this study was to determine whether atypical antipsychotics induced weight change in elderly patients with various psychiatric diagnoses. Part 2 was to identify whether certain antipsychotics induced weight change in elderly patients. In Part 1, a retrospective chart review was done on 115 geriatric inpatients. After exclusion, patients were divided into four groups: control (N = 17), new treatment (N = 18), long-term treatment (N = 13), and medication switch groups (N = 8). In Part 2, a medication review was performed on 169 geriatric inpatients. After exclusion, patients were divided into three groups: aripiprazole (N = 18), olanzapine (N = 49), and risperidone (N = 57). Body weights were obtained at two different time points. No significant weight change was observed among the control (1.5 kg), new treatment (0.8 kg), long-term treatment (−0.3 kg), and medication switch (1.9 kg) groups. No significant weight change was observed between patients with and without dementia (0.8 and 1.1 kg, respectively). The weight change in the aripiprazole group (−2.0 kg; −2.30% from baseline) was significantly different from the weight change in the olanzapine group (0.7 kg; +1.87% from baseline; p < .05), but not from the risperidone group (−0.4 kg; −0.45% from baseline). Clinically significant weight gain (> 7% increase in body weight) occurred in 14.3% of the olanzapine patients, a percentage significantly higher than the 3.5% in the risperidone group. Although antipsychotics generally caused no weight change in the elderly population, aripiprazole and olanzapine were associated with significant weight loss and weight gain, respectively. Prospective trials are needed to confirm whether aripiprazole and olanzapine cause weight change in the elderly population., Background: As no widely accepted screening tool that predicts patient rehabilitation outcomes on a Geriatric Rehabilitation Unit (GRU) exists, determination of those who will benefit from admission and how to maximize rehabilitation gains remains challenging. Objective: Does pre-morbid frailty, as assessed with the 9-point clinical frailty scale (CFS), predict rehabilitation outcomes? Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients admitted to Parkwood Institute’s GRU between September 2013 and May 2014. CFS scores were assigned retrospectively based on pre-morbid health and functional status data recorded in the patient’s chart. Rehabilitation outcomes, including Relative Functional Gain (RFG), and Relative Functional Efficiency (RFE) were calculated. Results: Ninety-six (41.4%) of the 232 GRU patients were male and 44% had experienced a lower-extremity fracture. Mean age was 82.8 years (range: 59 to 96), mean CFS on admission was 4.9 (range: 1–7), mean FIM on admission was 69.9 (range: 20–109), mean RFG was 0.43 (range: −0.21 to 0.88), and mean RFE was 0.02 (range: −0.01 to 0.10). Regression modeling that included physical health (Charlson comorbidity index [CCI], BMI, use of gait aids, Braden score, MMSE, number of admission medications), emotional health (geriatric depression scale), and demographic variables (age, sex, education, presence of extended family, living alone) suggested that CFS score accounted for 19.7% of RFG variability. An additional 17.6% of the RFG variability was explained by the combination of CCI, MMSE, Braden Score, education, and lack of extended family. Conclusion: Of all measures considered, pre-morbid CFS score was the strongest predictor of patient rehabilitation outcomes., The Queen’s Geriatric Interest Group (QGIG) is a student-run initiative aimed at fostering interest in geriatric medicine. Pre-clerkship observerships have been documented as valuable methods for increasing exposure and interest in a given specialty. QGIG leaders collaborated with the Division of Geriatric Medicine to arrange observerships at St. Mary’s of the Lake Hospital. Participants were paired with a preceptor for a four-hour weekend observership on an inpatient geriatric rehabilitation unit. Participants were asked to complete surveys before and after the observership, which consisted of: (1) internally-developed Likert scale questions assessing students’ experiences and interest in geriatric medicine; (2) University of California Los Angeles – Geriatric Attitudes Scale (UCLA-GAS); and (3) narrative feedback. Forty-two students participated in the program between October 2013 and May 2014. Twenty-seven participants completed the pre-observership survey (response rate 64%), and 22 completed the post-observership survey (response rate 52%). All participants found the process of setting up the observership easy. The majority (72.7%) described the experience as leading to positive changes in their attitude toward geriatric medicine and 54.5% felt that it stimulated their interest in the specialty. No statistically significant change in UCLA-GAS scores was detected (p = .35). All participants agreed that the program should continue, and 90% stated that they would participate again. Despite the lack of a statistically significant difference in attitudes, the observership program was positively received by students. They enjoyed learning about the specialty, working with the preceptor and patients, the opportunity to practise clinical skills, the ease of setting up the observership and the pace of geriatric medicine. Structured pre-clerkship observerships may be a feasible method for increasing exposure to geriatric medicine., Delirium is a frequent complication among hospitalized elderly patients and is associated with poor outcomes. Many predictive models have been elaborated to identify patients at risk of developing delirium, but none of them have been validated in a geriatric assessment unit (GAU). We sought to determine the prevalence, incidence, and effects of delirium in a GAU and to validate Inouye’s predictive model for delirium in this population. We conducted a retrospective study of consecutive admissions in a GAU at Saint-Luc Hospital (Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal) between March and December 2012. Delirium risk was assessed by using Inouye’s predictive model, which is based on four risk factors at admission: visual impairment, severe illness, cognitive impairment, and high blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio. Delirium cases were diagnosed with the DSM-IV-TR criteria. One hundred thirty-six patients were included. The mean age was 85.6 ± 5.7 years old; 64% were women. Thirty-eight patients were diagnosed with delirium at arrival (prevalence 27.9%); 16 patients developed delirium during their hospitalization (incidence 16.7%). New-onset delirium was associated with prolonged hospital stay (46.1 ± 20.4 days vs. 28.2 ± 23.7 days, p < .005) and increased mortality (18.8% vs. 5.0%, p < .05). Application of the predictive model did not succeed in stratifying risk of delirium within this population (low risk: RR 1.0, intermediate risk: RR 0.97, high risk: RR 1.94; chi-square test for trend: p = .248). Delirium is common in our GAU and is associated with prolonged length of stay and increased mortality. Application of Inouye’s predictive model, validated previously in an elderly population hospitalized on a medical ward, did not predict accurately the occurrence of delirium in a GAU population., The “Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate” (PACSLAC) is considered by many as the reference tool to assess pain in seniors who have difficulty communicating. Despite its excellent psychometric qualities, clinicians often report that the high number of items of the PACSLAC hampers its use in clinical setting. (1) To evaluate the relationship between two short assessment scales (the revised version of the PASCLAC [PACSLAC-II] and the Pain in Advanced Dementia [PAINAD]) and the original version of the PACSLAC; (2) to compare the administration times of the three tools. 46 residents in long-term care (mean age = 83 ± 10 yrs.) with dementia and difficulty to communicate were observed during transfer or mobilization (two potentially painful procedures) by three independent evaluators. Each of them used a different assessment tool (PACSLAC, PACSLAC-II, or PAINAD; randomly assigned). Correlational analyses were used to determine the relationship between the PACSLAC and PACSLAC-II and between the PACSLAC and PAINAD; an ANOVA was used to compare the administration times for the three tools. The PACSLAC-II and PAINAD were both moderately correlated with the PACSLAC (r = 0.63 and r = 0.65; all p values < .001). The mean administration times for the PACSLAC-II (96 ± 22 sec.) and PAINAD (63 ± 10 sec.) were significantly lower than that for the PACSLAC (135 ± 29 sec.; all p values < .001). Our results suggest that the PACSLAC-II and PAINAD can both be used to quickly assess pain in individuals with dementia. However, given the moderate association observed and the relatively small differences in administration time, we believe that the original version of the PACSLAC should be preferred when possible., Despite a rapidly aging population, there remains a shortage of geriatric specialists throughout the world. The factors associated with psychiatric residents’ interest in geriatric psychiatry had not been previously examined in a nationally-representative sample. This was an online survey of 226 Canadian psychiatry residents (24.3% response rate). The main outcome was interest in becoming a geriatric psychiatrist. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to better understand what demographic, educational, and vocational variables were associated with interest in becoming a geriatric psychiatrist. A number of respondents had an interest in becoming a geriatric psychiatrist (29.0%, N = 60), in doing a geriatric psychiatry fellowship (20.3 %, N = 42), or in doing geriatric psychiatry as a part of the clinical practice (60.0%, N = 124). Demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity) did not correlate with interest in geriatric psychiatry. The variables most robustly associated with interest in geriatric psychiatry were: 1) completion of geriatric psychiatry rotation(s) before 3rd year of residency (OR 5.13 [95% CI: 1.23–21.4]); 2) comfort working with geriatric patients and their families (OR 18.6 [95% CI: 2.09–165.3]); 3) positive experiences caring for older adults prior to medical school (OR 12.4 [95% CI: 1.07–144.5]); and 4) the presence of annual conferences in the resident’s field of interest (OR 4.50 [95% CI: 1.12–18.2]). Exposing medical students to clinical geriatric psychiatry rotations that increase comfort in working with older adults may help improve recruitment of geriatric specialists. This poster will describe the protocol of a proposed randomized trial exposing medical students to geriatric psychiatry during clerkship psychiatry rotations., Polypharmacy and multimorbidity are common among older people in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). This is associated with increased hospitalizations, adverse drug events, drug interactions, and cognitive impairment. Reducing polypharmacy may reduce adverse events and improve resident quality of life. Deprescribing refers to cessation of medications after consideration of therapeutic goals, benefits and risks, and medical ethics. The purpose of the study was to rank factors which general practitioners (GPs), nurses, pharmacists, and residents perceive are most important when deciding whether or not medications should be deprescribed. Discipline-specific groups of GPs (N = 13), nurses (N = 6), pharmacists (N = 9) and residents/representatives (N = 6) associated with LTCFs were conducted in South Australia. Nominal group technique was used to discuss, explore, and rank factors each discipline perceived as important when deciding whether or not to deprescribe medications. Participants identified a wide range of factors with considerable overlap between disciplines; however, no two disciplines ranked factors in the same order. The highest ranked factors for each discipline were: GPs — evidence for deprescribing; communication with family/residentNurses — GP receptivity to deprescribing; nurses ability to advocate for residents;Pharmacists — clinical appropriateness of therapy for individual residents; identifying a resident’s goal of care; andResidents — residents well-being; poor continuity of nursing staff. The results corresponded with published frameworks for GP and patient-identified factors. This study extends those frameworks to include nurses and pharmacists. Furthermore, factors were prioritized, providing guidance for practice and future research. Multiple factors that influence deprescribing decisions in LTCFs were identified, with each discipline having different priorities. The factors important to each discipline need to be considered in the design of deprescribing interventions in this setting., Polypharmacy and multimorbidity are common among older people in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Polypharmacy has been associated with increased hospitalizations, adverse drug events, drug interactions and cognitive impairment. Reducing polypharmacy may reduce adverse events and improve quality of life. Deprescribing refers to cessation of medications after consideration of therapeutic goals, benefits and risks, and medical ethics. The purpose of the study was to rank factors that metropolitan and regional multidisciplinary groups (comprising general practitioners [GPs], nurses, pharmacists, and residents’ representatives) consider most important when deciding whether or not medications should be deprescribed in the LTCF setting. Multidisciplinary groups were convened in metropolitan and regional South Australia. Using nominal group technique, the groups discussed, explored, and ranked factors they perceived important for deprescribing. The metropolitan group ranked “adequacy of a resident’s medical and medication history” as the most important factor. The regional group ranked “identifying a resident’s goal of care” the most important factor. Both metropolitan and regional groups ranked the “structure of the health system” as an important factor impacting their decision to deprescribe. Both groups identified factors relating to interdisciplinary cohesiveness as important, with the metropolitan group ranking these factors more highly. Previous research involving GPs found a perceived “lack of evidence” for deprescribing. We discovered all health-care practitioners felt this was important. Addressing the range of factors identified may improve deprescribing success in LTCFs. Patient-centred factors were the most important overall. However, the structure of the health system had a considerable impact on the decision to deprescribe. Metropolitan and regional multidisciplinary groups prioritized different factors. This suggests that for deprescribing to be effective, local factors should be taken into account while implementing a patient-centred, multifaceted approach., Avoiding unnecessary emergency room transfers (ERTs) is recognized as an opportunity to improve health outcomes for elderly residents living in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Prior research has identified improved communication between health-care professionals as a means of lowering ERT rates, but few studies have assessed nurses’ perceptions and use of communication tools following their implementation. As such, this investigation sought to: (1) evaluate nursing use of a modified communication tool implemented in a LTCF to reduce unnecessary ERTs; and (2) explore nursing attitudes towards this tool post-implementation. This study employed a mixed-methods approach. Intensity of communication tool use was established using chart abstraction and electronic institutional records. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with registered nurses in a Montreal LTCF currently implementing the tool. Of the 29 nurses who participated in the study (91% response rate), 11 had used the tool in 60% or more of transfer cases (high-intensity users), 8 had used the tool in approximately 50% of cases (mid-intensity users), and 10 had used the tool in less than 40% of cases (low-intensity users). More experienced nurses (>10 years) tended to be low/middle users, while newer nurses tended to be more frequent users. Overall, nurses found the communication tool especially helpful for surveillance purposes, but tedious to complete during time-sensitive emergencies. Observed differences in tool use may stem from nurses’ confidence in their ability to effectively manage emergency situations. Nurses with less experience may also be more likely to adhere to protocols, in general. ERT rates are a common benchmark for LTCF quality improvement. Given the potential applicability of nursing communication tools to other facilities, understanding how users perceive and use such tools may prove useful for future program implementations., Elder abuse (EA) is a social phenomenon with important health implications, particularly in long-term care (LTC). Residents of LTC institutions are at high risk of EA due to their physical and mental frailties, increased dependency and vulnerability, and social isolation. Despite this, studies of EA detection and prevalence have largely neglected institutionalized seniors and seniors with cognitive impairment (CI). EA screening instruments are also not suitable for these populations. As such, the objectives of this study are: (1) to identify how an existing, rapidly administered, EA screening instrument (Elder Abuse Suspicion Index) may be adapted to reflect the realities of institution-living (including residents with CI); (2) to create a LTC version of this tool informed by expert panel recommendations; and (3) to pilot the use of this newly modified instrument within a sample of LTC residents. A mixed-methods design will be employed. Recommendations for tool modification will be obtained from a carefully selected Delphi panel of twelve health-care professionals with experience in LTC and/or EA. The revised EA screening tool will then be administered to 75 consenting residents with varying degrees of CI. Data from the Delphi panel questionnaires will be analyzed to identify common and conflicting viewpoints. Once the tool has been modified to reflect group consensus, content validity will be determined using specificity, sensitivity, and positive and negative predictive value metrics. In targeting the early detection of EA in a previously untested, vulnerable population, this analysis will begin to generate insight on EA prevention measures in LTC. The rapid detection of at-risk, institutionalized seniors may lead to an institutional response at the earliest sign of suspicion, resulting in improved health outcomes for this population., Heart Failure (HF) patients often experience a poor prognosis, evidenced by frequent hospitalizations and limited survival. Appropriate management of HF is contingent on an accurate diagnosis. Part of the physical examination for suspected/worsening HF is assessing JVP and this can be a difficult, often underutilized maneuver. The Venous 1000 is a non-invasive, commercially available device providing a JVP measure and waveform. Our aim in this study is to assess the usability, perceived barriers, and acceptability of the device in the primary and long-term care (LTC) setting by physicians and registered nursing staff. An exploratory, ethnographic design was utilized and data were collected through four focus-group interviews. Participants were presented with a training module and had an opportunity to use the device on a test subject. Two research assistants independently coded the transcripts. Initial results indicate a high degree of acceptability and usability, despite difficulty in locating the fourth intercostal and interpreting the JVP. Barriers include resident behavior, interprofessional communication/structure, perceived adequacy with current clinical skills, and a belief that HF patients were appropriately diagnosed despite rarely measuring JVP. There is an evident lack of utility of JVP despite its having a role in the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for diagnosing Heart Failure. The device appears best suited for long-term care and utilized by nursing staff due to the nature of physician availability and lack of diagnostic investigative tests. Educational initiatives are needed for nursing staff and physicians and our findings can help direct development of future technological devices and their implementation in these settings. This device has tremendous potential to help establish new-onset or worsening Heart Failure by providing a jugular venous pressure measurement and waveform., Patient selection for surgical oncologic treatment is a challenge, particularly with elderly patients. The purpose of this study was to compare patient’s characteristics with geriatrician recommendation as fit or non-fit for surgery and to identify baseline characteristics associated with adverse immediate postoperative outcomes. We conducted a retrospective study of patients seen in our geriatric oncology clinic before an elective surgical intervention for gastrointestinal cancer between 2010 and 2014. Patients were referred by surgeons or oncologists. Clinical and geriatric assessment variables and postoperative data were collected by chart review. Univariate analyses were used to identify baseline patient’s characteristics associated with decision prior to surgery and with postoperative outcomes (length of hospital stay and discharge status). Forty-four patients were included (14 had hepatic metastasis of a colorectal cancer, 13 had rectal cancer, 7 had pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 3 had colon cancer, and 7 had other types). Median age was 80.1 years (70–89). Nine patients (20.5%) were advised against surgery; they were more dependent for IADLs (p = .003), had lower grip strength (p = .003) and lower gait speed (p = .029). Twenty-three patients were operated. The median hospital stay was 10 days. Eighteen patients (78%) had complications: 13 minors and 5 majors, including 1 death. Seven patients had delirium. Falls in the last 6 months (p = .022) and polypharmacy (p = .043) were associated with prolonged hospital stay. Eight patients (36%) were discharged in rehabilitation or convalescent unit: they had lower grip strength (p = .019). Low grip strength is associated with postoperative discharge in convalescent or rehabilitation unit in our study. A prospective study is needed to confirm the results. Low gait speed and grip strength seem to influence preoperative decisions in our geriatric oncology clinic., The Web allows access to people with dementia and their care partners who can provide information about important symptoms that might otherwise receive little attention. Verbal repetition in dementia is common, troubling, and little studied. The objectives were to see how often and at which stage verbal repetition was tracked in an online list of symptoms, how it related to other symptoms, and whether frequency was less in patients on a cholinesterase inhibitor. Verbal repetition data came from the DGI Clinical website. Care partners of people with dementia selected symptoms for tracking from a 60-item SymptomGuide. Of 1,665 respondents, 895 reported a dementia diagnosis, in whom verbal repetition was identified as a target symptom in 267. Compared to those in whom verbal repetition was not targeted, those in whom it was were more often women (70% vs 60%, p < .01) and more likely to have mild dementia (43% vs 22%, p < .01). When reported, verbal repetition was associated with symptoms of irritability, frustration, misplacing objects, and impaired recent memory. The most common descriptions were repeating the same questions about upcoming events (98%) or the same stories at successive encounters (94%). Verbal repetition was reported occurring 10 times/day in patients treated with a cholinesterase inhibitor vs 20/day in those not treated. Verbal repetition can be seen at all stages of dementia, but most commonly is targeted to track treatment in the mild stages. Repetitive questioning about upcoming events was the most frequent symptom. Treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor was associated with reports of fewer episodes of verbal repetition. Verbal repetition is a commonly targeted symptom in the mild stages of dementia that might respond to treatment., Goals-of-care discussions occur between patients, family members, and clinicians to establish decisions about plans of care, including the use or non-use of life-sustaining treatments. In previous studies, learners have reported insufficient training in end-of-life communication, but most studies have focused on development or evaluation of specific educational interventions. The objective of this study was to explore senior medical students’ experiences with goals-of-care discussions, specifically 1) whether real-life informal training reinforces or subverts formal training, 2) what behaviours are role-modelled by residents or staff physicians, and 3) whether students are observed or receive feedback on their discussions. We conducted one-on-one, semi-structured interviews with consecutive McMaster University medical students who responded to our study invitation during or after their Internal Medicine clerkship. We analyzed a subset of interview transcripts in triplicate, using conventional content analysis to develop a consensus list of codes and organize them into meaningful themes. Data were analyzed concurrently with data collection to inform further interviews. To date, we have completed coding and analysis of 5 interviews. Preliminary data suggest that students 1) believe goals of care discussions are important, 2) conduct discussions independently after observing residents, 3) feel uncomfortable conducting these discussions, 4) are not observed and do not receive feedback on their discussions, and 5) perceive significant differences between their formal and informal training. Medical students have identified significant educational gaps around goals-of-care discussions. Despite lack of experience and supervision, they routinely conduct these discussions, raising concerns about the quality of decisions made based upon these conversations. Our findings suggest medical students need improved education on goals-of-care discussions. This may be achieved through adoption of a competency-based curriculum., A non-pharmacologic, family-delivered intervention directed at modifying delirium risk factors was found to prevent delirium in Chile. The feasibility of doing a similar delirium prevention intervention was tested in a pilot study at the London Health Sciences Centre (LHSC). Eligible participants were free of delirium on admission and were community-dwelling seniors (≥ 70 years of age) consecutively admitted to the medical units. Patient-caregiver dyads were randomized (stratified by age and known dementia diagnosis) to receive a delirium prevention pamphlet (with a bedside explanation of ways to prevent delirium) or a general health brochure (placebo). Caregivers were asked to complete a survey and maintain a log of the time spent visiting the patient. The Confusion Assessment Method was used for delirium diagnosis. Out of 146 eligible patient-caregiver dyads, 79 (54.1%) agreed to participate (67 of 146 eligible caregivers either refused or were unavailable to participate). Five patients (6.7%) became delirious in hospital: 2 patients (5.1%) in the placebo group and 3 patients (7.5%) in the intervention. Surveys were returned by 52 (66%) caregivers. Challenges caregivers faced were parking costs and the overall time required (average of 5.6 hours per day were spent by caregivers). Caregivers did not find the study difficult to participate in (mean score 1.9 on 1 to 5 Likert scale; in the intervention group, mean score 1.8), and 51 of 52 (98.1%) of respondents found the overall experience at least somewhat rewarding. Although 45.9% of caregivers were not interested in participating in this study, those who did participate found it to be a rewarding experience. A family-delivered delirium prevention intervention may be another way to decrease delirium., There are anecdotal and case reports of the development or worsening of Parkinsonian symptoms after the initiation of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in men with prostate cancer. Medical castration using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists (e.g., goserelin, leuprolide) results in approximately 90% reductions in circulating testosterone, and reduction of estradiol levels by 80–90%. Literature from animals and humans suggests that androgens and estrogens have important effects on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system but their relative contributions, and how those are influenced by androgen deprivation, is uncertain. This is a propensity-matched cohort study using linked administrative databases at the Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences (ICES) and the Ontario Cancer Registry (OCR). We will compare men with prostate cancer receiving at least 6 months of ADT with those not receiving ADT. A separate non-matched cohort including all men who receive ADT will be examined to determine if the duration of ADT has an effect on the risk of developing PD. Primary outcome: New diagnosis of Parkinson’s — We will identify men who receive a new diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease if they received one hospital discharge or two physician outpatient service claims with the following ICD codes: G20.X (ICD-10) or 332.0 (ICD-9). Statistical Analysis: For the primary outcome, Cox proportional hazards models will be used based on the groups defined. Unadjusted and then adjusted hazard ratios will be calculated, along with 95% confidence intervals, using the following covariates: total duration of ADT, age, history of stroke. Results and analysis anticipated to be available by March 2015, and ready for presentation at CGS in April., Background: Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder which is very prevalent in older individuals. Depression is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD), with an estimated prevalence of 35%. However, the detection of depression can be challenging in this population. Objective: To examine the diagnostic accuracy of depression screening tools for case-finding in adult outpatients with Parkinson’s Disease (PD), as compared with psychiatric diagnosis based on DSM or ICD criterion. Methods: We conducted a literature search of MEDLINE, PsychINFO, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from database inception until October 28, 2014. All citations, full text articles, quality assessments, data extraction, and analysis were independently examined by two authors. Study eligibility criteria were diagnostic accuracy studies involving adults with PD in an outpatient setting that validated a depression screening tool compared to a gold standard interview (DSM or ICD). Meta-analysis of results was completed where feasible. Results: From a total of 7,196 citations 21 studies were included, which incorporated 15 tools. Prevalence of depression pooled from 17 unique study populations was 29.4% (95% CI 23.3, 35.5). We were able to perform meta-regression analysis for three screening tools. The GDS-15 (N = 6 studies) had a pooled sensitivity of 0.85 (95% CI 0.78, 0.90) and specificity of 0.86 (95% CI 0.81, 0.89). The BDI-I/Ia (N = 4 studies) had a pooled sensitivity of 0.79 (95% CI 0.68, 0.90) and specificity of 0.85 (95% CI 0.79, 0.96). The MADRS (N = 4 studies) had a pooled sensitivity of 0.74 (95% CI 0.6, 0.83) and specificity of 0.93 (95% CI 0.85, 0.97). Discussions: Screening tools for depression case-finding assist clinicians to identify patients who require further assessment. These tools are not diagnostic, but use of accurate tools may help facilitate appropriate use of specialty mental health services. Conclusions: There are many validated tools available to screen for depression in PD. Based on the current evidence, the GDS-15 is an accurate tool to use for depression case-finding in PD patients, which is also favourable from a logistical standpoint given its ease of use, absence of copyright protection, and lack of overlapping questions with PD symptomatology., The MoCA is widely used for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) screening in elderly individuals. Memory is assessed by a free recall of 5 words, which is done after two trials of repetition. Providing category or multiple-choice cues is optional. Using Rasch analysis, we investigated whether scoring the two trials of repetition, cued and multiple-choice recall improves MoCA’s psychometric properties and ability to distinguish among three groups: No Cognitive Impairment (NCI), MCI, and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). People with NCI (N = 35), MCI (N = 197), and AD (N = 122), who were administered MoCA in the course of normal clinical care, were selected from a geriatric database. Rasch analysis was performed using two new scoring methods, which were compared to the original scoring: 1) each word for both repetition and recall was scored separately; 2) items Repeat1, Repeat2, RecallFree, RecallCue and RecallMultipleChoice each reflected performance on the set of 5 words. Significant difference between the mean ability values of the groups was observed for original and both new scoring methods (NCI > MCI > Dementia, p < .0001, one-way ANOVA). Separation of AD and MCI was better (smaller overlap and higher difference in mean values) than separation of MCI and NCI groups. Although new scoring methods equally improved sensitivity to distinguish persons by their ability at the individual level (Person Separation Index 0.86 for both new vs. 0.84 for original scoring), they negatively affected separation of the groups. Original and both new scoring methods allow better discrimination of AD vs. MCI than NCI vs. MCI. Observed difference among the three groups proves MoCA’s discriminant validity. Measuring and screening properties of the same tool can be affected in opposite ways while introducing changes in scoring., Late-Life Depression (LLD) affects 3–5% of older Canadians. Unfortunately, it is inadequately treated with antidepressants, necessitating additional treatment options. Various mind-body therapies are being embraced by patients as they are considered safe and potentially effective. Sahaj Samadhi, a form of Automatic Self-Transcending Meditation (ASTM), may offer particular benefit in LLD. We are conducting a large single-centre, single-blind, longitudinal randomized controlled naturalistic trial to determine if ASTM improves depressed mood, anxiety, and quality of life in patients with LLD (N = 96). Patients with LLD are randomized either to ASTM plus treatment as usual (TAU) or TAU alone. ASTM training, provided by certified teachers from the Art of Living Foundation, is administered for four consecutive days (120 minutes per day) in the first week, followed by 60-minute sessions in each of the 11 subsequent weeks. Participants are assessed at baseline (week 0), and 4, 8, and 12 weeks into the study. With 25 patients (ASTM=11; TAU=14) having completed the 12 weeks of monitoring, we found that ASTM led to improvement in Hamilton Depression (HAM-D 17) scores from 15.5 at baseline to 8.5 at week 12 (p < .001) with 7 of 11 treated patients achieving remission with a score below 8. A significant (p = .006) clinical improvement was also noted using the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale, and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) scores improved from a mean of 9.3 to 6.2 (p = .03). In comparison, subjects in the TAU group showed no significant differences in scores over time (p > .05) other than a worsening on CGI (p = .02). Upon study completion, if ASTM continues to show effectiveness, it could be readily adapted into routine clinical care and delivered in a range of settings at relatively little cost., Adherence to catheter guidelines is poor and may be a particular problem in emergency departments (ED). We aimed to describe catheter insertion practice in the ED of an urban Western Canadian hospital to inform a catheter reduction strategy. Prospective convenience sample of adult patients catheterised in the ED. Data on patient demographics, diagnosis, indications and perceptions of catheter appropriateness from char t review and interviews. Appropriateness was determined by the research team using current guidelines. Beliefs regarding catheterisation were collected by surveys. Of 150 cases of catheterisation, 62.7% occurred in patients over 65, 43.3% had a written order and 5.3% a documented reason. Based on guidelines, 58.7% were deemed inappropriate. Nurses identified more than one reason in most cases, with close monitoring of urine output for critically ill patients cited in 42.2%. Of the inappropriate cases, 24.7% occurred in non-critically ill patients, 24% to manage urinary incontinence, 19.3% for mobility impairment, and 18% for confusion/dementia. Survey data revealed 96.7% of physicians and nurses perceived close monitoring of urine output for critically ill patients an appropriate indication. Both groups viewed gross haematuria (56% and 77.2% respectively) and stroke (32% and 55.9% respectively) as appropriate indications. There was likely a difference in understanding of the phase “critically ill,” a frequent nurse-identified reason. Of concern is the large proportion catheter insertions designed to manage urinary incontinence, mobility, or cognitive deficits. Current guideline criteria do not address gross haematuria and stroke, which nurses and physicians identified as appropriate indications. Current practice guidelines provide only general indications for appropriate catheter use and there is a need for novel knowledge translation strategies within the ED environment to encourage appropriate catheter use., ApoE genotype, serum plasmalogen (PlsEtn) levels, and biomarkers of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) have been shown to be associated with cognition in elderly persons. Using a community-based sample of 904 well-characterized elderly persons from the Rush University Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project, the relationships between ApoE genotype, serum PlsEtn, triglycerides (TAG), cholesterol (CHO), HDL and the CHO/HDL ratio (HDLr) levels on cognition were measured. Effects of serum PlsEtn status was assessed using a quantitative PlsEtn Biosynthesis Value (PBV) that was generated for each person by combining the relative serum levels of three key PlsEtn species. ApoE allele effects were assessed by combining four allele combinations into one of three genotype groups (ε2 = ε2ε3, ε3 = ε3 ε3, ε4 = ε3ε4 + ε4ε4). Using a base model that corrected for age, education, and gender we assessed the effects of each variable independently and collectively on cognition. When all variables were considered, only PBV (coef = 0.606, p < .0001), ApoE (ε3 = ref.); ε2 (coef = 0.156, p = .007) ε4 (coef = −0.236, p < .0001), and HDLr (coef = −0.534, p = .015) remained significantly associated with cognition. PBV and ApoE did not interact with each other. Both ApoE (coef = 0.173, p = .02) and PBV (coef = 0.226, p = .004) interacted with HDLr. No effect of gender was observed. The different ApoE alleles have different cholesterol efflux capacities with ε2>ε3>ε4. Increasing membrane concentration of DHA-PlsEtn increases cholesterol efflux. The ratio of total cholesterol to HDL is a measure of RCT capacity. These data suggest that low RCT capacity may be a common underlying mechanism associated with lower cognition. Metabolic and genetic mechanisms affecting RCT have a negative effect on cognition in the elderly., Family caregivers are often overwhelmed by the stresses of caregiving, conflicting with other demands like work and childcare, resulting in deterioration of their health. Caregivers, thus, require support to ensure that they can continue to provide care, while maintaining their own well-being. However, there is a gap between what is known to help caregivers and what is available. This study will determine the strengths, gaps, and barriers to the provision of caregiver supports, including resource utilization and costs, and research priorities. A CIHR-funded conference was held in Edmonton on April 14–15, 2014. On Day 1, the conference brought together over 120 researchers, health-care providers, community organizations, government, and caregivers to discuss ways to understand and support family caregivers of seniors. On Day 2, 76 participants focused on research needs for caregivers of seniors with complex needs. NVivo was utilized to support ethnographic thematic analysis. On Day 1, barrier/gaps were identified: caregiving involves managing a multitude of tasks impacting caregivers’ ability to tend to their own personal needs; changing roles and obligations; inadequate communication and information; scattered resources; need for system navigation; negative economic impact; and lack of supportive policies. On Day 2, initial research priorities were identified: defining caregivers; timing and type of support; ‘Goals of Care’ for caregivers; enhanced case management; system navigation supports; impactful change and funding models; and knowledge exchange strategies. A 5-year research program was proposed with two key priorities: a longitudinal study of caregivers and their needs, and an economic cost analysis. There’s a need for centralization and navigation of resources with enhanced case management, goals of care for caregivers, education for health-care professionals and caregivers, and the development of provincial frameworks and policies., Older people at an increased risk of adverse health outcomes compared with others their own age are said to be frail. How best to assess frailty in acutely ill older adults is disputed. In this observational cohort study, patients from the emergency department were evaluated using routine tests, and a standardized comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). We compared a frailty index based on a CGA (FI-CGA) with one constructed from clinical and laboratory data (FI-Lab) to determine which was better at predicting the risk of death. Consecutive older adults (aged 65+) were enrolled and followed for at least 6 months. The FI-CGA was comprised of 55 items and the FI-Lab, which included clinical, laboratory, and ECG data, was comprised of 24 items. Kaplan-Meier plots were done to illustrate the event curves by frailty status. Predictive validity for 6-month mortality was tested by Cox proportional hazards analysis. Of 438 participants, 109 (55 men and 54 women) died during 6-month follow-up. Mean FI scores in the least frail group were 0.151 ± 0.033 using the FI-CGA vs. 0.148 ± 0.043 using the FI-Lab, and 0.653 ± 0.048 (FI-CGA) vs. 0.660 ± 0.037 (FI-Lab) in the frailest group. Mortality increased significantly as the frailty scores increased, both for FI-CGA and FI-Lab. An age- and gender-adjusted model showed a clear dose-response relationship of the FI with mortality. The hazard ratios for FI-Lab and FI-CGA were 1.553 (1.334 to 1.808) and 1.380 (1.186 to 1.605), respectively. The impact on the discriminative ability of combining both FIs was modest: the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.653 for the FI-CGA, 0.663 for the FI-Lab and 0.690 for the combined FI. Frailty can be screened using either the standard FI (FI-CGA) or routinely collected laboratory and clinical data (FI-Lab). Both of FI-CGA and FI-Lab, singly or jointly, could identify acutely ill older patients at increased risk of death. Compared with the traditional method for calculating the FI (FI-CGA), the novel FI-Lab, based on routine clinical data and laboratory data, was more easily collected for clinicians and requires minimal participation by patients. Therefore the novel FI-Lab may be more suitable to measure frailty in patients with serious conditions. Further evaluation of this approach in clinical settings is encouraged., Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous activity (MT) in young adults is the best predictor of daily caloric expenditure (CE); conversely CE is best predicted in older adults by time spent in light activity (LT). Some studies have suggested that increasing MT in older adults has no impact on CE due to a compensatory increase in daily sedentary time (ST). We examined highly active older adults to examine the biggest contributors to energy expenditure in this population. 54 community-dwelling men and women > 65 years of age (mean 71.5 years) were enrolled in this cross-sectional observational study. All were members of the Senior’s Whistler Ski Team and all met current Canadian guidelines for physical activity. Activity levels (ST, LT, and MT per day) were recorded with accelerometers worn continuously for 7 days. CE was measured using accelerometry, galvanic skin response, skin temperature, and heat flux (SenseWear armband). Significant variables were then entered into a stepwise multivariate linear model containing activity levels, age and gender. The average proportion of time spent at a sedentary activity level each day was 72%. The main predictors of higher CE were time spent in moderate-to-vigorous activity (MT, Standardized β, 0.360 ± 0.086, p < .001) and male gender (Standardized β, 1.421 ± 0.171, p < .001). A model containing only MT and gender explained 66 percent of the variation in CE. An increase in MT by one minute per day was associated with an additional 13 calories expended in physical activity. The relationship between activity intensity and CE in athletic seniors is similar to that observed in young adults. Active older adults still spend a substantial proportion of the day engaged in sedentary behaviours., For the person with dementia (PWD), the loss of driving privilege is often worse than a diagnosis of cancer. Physicians in Canada are placed in a position where they are legally responsible and liable to report unfit drivers. Skills such as empathy, clear communication, referral to resources, and follow-up are crucial. In some cases the discussion is “rushed” within the context of multiple medical issues, leaving the PWD and caregivers with a strong emotional reaction and lack of information. We developed a module (1.5–2 hrs) containing background material on issues specific to dementia and driving, communication strategies, links to resources, and representative video clips. Two videos were produced (demonstrating the less and more ideal), simulating real-life disclosure and management of emotionally charged discussion that often ensue. The videos were pilot tested at a CME event for Family Physicians, using an adapted form of the Calgary Cambridge Communication scale, to ensure validity. The module was then presented to postgraduate trainees at an academic half day. A pre- and post-test was administered to evaluate the effectiveness of the module. Using the adapted Calgary Cambridge Communication Scale, validity was established regarding accurate demonstration of contrasting communication styles of the two videos. Results from pre and post survey of the module demonstrated that confidence increased (p < .0001), as well as comfort and willingness in discussing the subject. This project involved the development and evaluation of a module which demonstrated positive impact on health professionals’ attitude for communication on driving cessation with PWD. This module can to add to teaching methods around the topic of driving and dementia, such as lectures and workshops., Enoxaparin is used for anticoagulation usually without requirements and capability for laboratory monitoring. Its dosage in severe chronic renal disease needs to be reduced. However, its dosage in the elderly is not required to be lowered. This raises concerns since the elderly could have rapidly fluctuating renal functions which require immediate adjustments in drug dosage. We will report a case of spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage in an elderly on dose-appropriate enoxaparin. Case Report: An 81-year-old lady with chronic renal failure was admitted for diagnostics on falls/pain. She also had a pulmonary embolism four months prior to admission for which she had been treated and maintained on enoxaparin (1 mg/kg subcutaneously b.i.d.). Her other medications included aspirin. On admission, her laboratory results were consistent with chronic renal failure and anemia. During hospitalization, she developed vomiting, diarrhea, and melena. Abdominal CT scan showed a large retroperitoneal hematoma. We aggressively managed the ensuing hypotension and acute renal failure. We also discontinued enoxaparin and aspirin. Supportive care was provided in the intensive care unit until her renal function recovered. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH; e.g., enoxaparin) is frequently prescribed in geriatric patients. It is preferred over unfractionated heparin because LMWH does not need coagulation monitoring, is administered with ease, and is associated with decreased hospitalization cost. However, the use of enoxaparin in the elderly population poses some safety concerns. When the elderly patient is stable, enoxaparin dosing could be maximally effective; but the same dosing could rapidly become harmful when kidney function deteriorates. With vigilance, the dose could be decreased immediately during compromised renal functions; however, the risk of thrombosis would consequently increase. The safety of enoxaparin in the elderly needs to be established., Current estimates of the prevalence of late-life depression (LLD) in Canada have been found to be as high as 16% and are expected to increase further as we face a more aged population. Evidence has shown that LLD is associated with a three-fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease, which may be mediated by autonomic dysfunction. Further complicating this relationship is the adverse effect some antidepressants have on autonomic tone. Therefore the aim of this study is to assess the cardiovascular benefits of a category of meditation referred to as automatic self-transcending meditation (ASTM) in LLD. We present preliminary results (N = 20) from an ongoing single-centre, single-blind, longitudinal RCT assessing the effects of a 12-week augmentation program of ASTM vs. treatment as usual (TAU) on heart rate variability (HRV), an autonomic parameter. Participants between 60 and 85 years of age with an Axis I diagnosis of mild to moderate LLD were randomized to the ASTM (N = 9) or TAU (N = 11) study arms. ASTM training was administered on four consecutive days (2hrs/day), followed by weekly 1hr follow up sessions for 11 subsequent weeks. ECGs were completed at baseline (week 0) and post-intervention (week 12). Thus far, the findings are promising; although only approaching significance at the current sample size, paired t-tests identify improvements in low-frequency HRV with ASTM training (p = .06) as compared to TAU (p = .6). These preliminary results suggest that ASTM may improve autonomic tone in LLD. The study is ongoing (target N = 96) and will require further analysis. If the results continue to show the effectiveness of ASTM in improving autonomic parameters, such a treatment could be readily adapted into routine clinical care., Primary care memory clinics (PCMCs) are being established in Ontario to enhance system capacity for dementia care and efficient integration with specialized services. Preliminary evaluations are favourable, though variability in documentation of the physical examination (PE) suggests the need for Quality Indicators (QI) specific to this domain. While dementia diagnostic guidelines recommend PE, opinion varies regarding which manoeuvres are essential. PCMC physicians and affiliated specialists were surveyed to rate the importance of PE manoeuvres as essential, discretionary, or unnecessary to the diagnostic process. Participants were asked to identify who should perform specific PE manoeuvers. Ninety surveys were completed (78/112 PCMC physicians, 9/23 specialists, and 3 unspecified). Most considered the assessment of orthostatic vital signs as essential and the responsibility of allied health professionals. Assessment of nutritional state and hygiene was deemed essential and the responsibility of referring or PCMC physicians. General PE manoeuvers were considered discretionary or unnecessary, and the responsibility of referring physicians. Gait assessments was considered essential. Specialists were significantly more likely than PCMC physicians to consider examination for facial asymmetry, extra-ocular movements, and pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs as essential. General PE was considered the purview of the referring physician. Specialists considered most neurological examination manoeuvres the purview of PCMC physicians, who generally considered these the responsibility of referring physicians. Time constraints were cited as important barriers to PE. This study identified PE manoeuvers considered important to the assessment of patients referred to a PCMC. A tiered approach to the PE of patients seen in PCMCs may be warranted, based on a shared understanding of roles and responsibilities of clinicians involved, and considering potential training requirements., Geriatrics is an increasingly challenging field of practice in which there are limited opportunities for continuing education. The Geriatric Certificate Program was developed for practising regulated and unregulated health-care providers to build capacity related to geriatric assessment, behaviour management, and geriatric best practices. This study provides a preliminary evaluation of this program, examining impact on self-reported changes in knowledge, skills, and competence. All graduates completed an on-line evaluation survey upon completing program requirements. A total of 189 individuals are registered in the program, including nurses (30%), allied health professionals (19%), other regulated professionals (7%), unregulated health professionals (19%), and physicians (3%). Twenty individuals have graduated to date; 16 completed a survey. Mean ratings (5-point scale) reflect that the program was very relevant to clinical practice (4.1 ± .72) and very useful in enhancing clinical practice (4.1 ± .62). The majority of graduates (75%) reported that they are now more competent and more comfortable in providing geriatric care; 94% reported that the quality of care they provide has improved (69%, “much improved”; 25% “improved”). The program impacted the acquisition of new knowledge (81%) and skills (75%) “very much” or “to a great extent.” Self-reported knowledge transfer included increased use of standardized tools, use of evidence-based strategies for managing responsive behaviours, and more comprehensive care planning. Program and travel costs in the absence of financial support from employers was identified as challenge. This program provides a significant opportunity for increasing capacity in core competencies to advance the use of best practices for geriatric care across disciplines. This program will develop a workforce that is better prepared and supported to meet the needs of the aging population., Universal vitamin D supplementation is not desirable. The determination of serum vitamin D status remains yet much more expensive than corrective supplementation. To rationalize health costs, our objective was to develop and to test a clinical diagnostic tool for the identification of older community-dwellers with hypovitaminosis D without using a blood test. A total of 1,924 community-dwelling volunteers aged ≥ 65 years without vitamin D supplements were recruited in this cross-sectional study. A set of clinical variables (age, gender, living alone, individual deprivation, body mass index, undernutrition, polymorbidity, number of drugs used daily, psychoactive drugs, biphosphonates, strontium, calcium supplements, falls, fear of falling, vertebral fractures, Timed Up&Go test, walking aids, lower-limb proprioception, handgrip strength, visual acuity, wearing glasses, cognitive disorders, sad mood) was recorded from standardized questionnaires and medical examination at the time of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(25OHD) measurement. Hypovitaminosis D was defined as serum 25OHD ≤ 75nmol/L, ≤ 50nmol/L or ≤ 25nmol/L. The whole sample was separated into training and testing subsets to design, validate and test an artificial neural network (multilayer perceptron, MLP). In total, 1,729 participants (89.9%) had 25OHD ≤ 75nmol/L, 1,288 (66.9%) had 25OHD ≤ 50nmol/L, and 525 (27.2%) had 25OHD ≤ 25nmol/L. MLP using 16 clinical variables was able to diagnose hypovitaminosis D ≤ 75nmol/L with accuracy = 96.3%, area under curve (AUC) = 0.938, and κ = 79.3 indicating almost perfect agreement. It was also able to diagnose hypovitaminosis D ≤ 50nmol/L with accuracy = 81.5, AUC = 0.867 and κ = 57.8 (moderate agreement); and hypovitaminosis D ≤ 25nmol/L with accuracy = 82.5, AUC = 0.385 and κ = 55.0 (moderate agreement). We developed an algorithm able to detect, from 16 clinical variables, hypovitaminosis D with almost perfect agreement among older community-dwellers taking no vitamin D supplements. Such an inexpensive tool will undoubtedly help clinicians in decisions to supplement their patients without routinely resorting to an expensive blood test., Although delirium is a common and serious geriatric syndrome among the elderly, it is often unrecognized. Prevalence of delirium in community-dwelling older adults over 85 years of age is approximately 14%. The goal of this pilot study was to increase knowledge of delirium in community-dwelling elderly and their caregivers. Multiple strategies were used in the aim of increasing knowledge on delirium. First, an educational pamphlet was developed and made available to elderly persons and their families. In addition, a 20-minute PowerPoint presentation was presented to small groups, with follow-up discussion. A pre and post test measuring knowledge levels was administered in order to measure impact. A brief survey was also conducted to obtain feedback on the quality and understanding of the content. A total of three presentations were given with 16 participants, mean age of 53 years. A total of 12 questions were administered in the pre and post test questionnaire. Overall, participants scored higher on the post test. Feedback from participants revealed that they found the presentation and pamphlet useful in learning about delirium, especially since many participants had no previous knowledge on the subject. The pilot study revealed that community-dwelling elders and their caregivers were not familiar with delirium. They described gaining valuable knowledge and felt the teaching methods were helpful. To further our understanding of the impact of these interventions, this pilot project will be continued in the community by 4th year pharmacy stduents with a larger group of participants. The results support the need for education among family members and caregivers in the community setting. Focus should be on the prevention, identification, and management of delirium., Our recent data have shown that eyecare services offered to older institutionalized seniors with dementia are not optimal. We present here the development of a visual acuity (VA) screening tool aimed at improving eyecare services for those individuals. Some two decades ago, the World Health Organization developed a tool to screen VA in individuals from developing countries. The tool comprised tumbling E’s presented on plastic cards. Researchers have since used this tool for screening VA in older institutionalized seniors, including those with dementia, even if it has never been validated in dementia. We have therefore developed a new tool that will be presented at this meeting. Testing is currently being performed in volunteer institutionalized seniors ≥ 65 y.o. with cognitive impairment. The tool has been developed on a retinal-display iPad to provide repeatable, high-resolution, high contrast optotypes. It contains 3 kinds of optotypes (letters, numbers, tumbling E’s), 4 symbols per optotype and 3 levels of VA. It allows testing of each eye at 2 working distances and gives the time taken for each test. Each symbol is displayed one at a time in the centre of the screen, from the largest to the smallest one, in a random sequence for each target size. This new tool is successfully being used in older institutionalized seniors with mild to severe dementia. Its application for that population has therefore been shown feasible. Within a year, we will have collected enough data to determine if the tool is valid for that population. If the tool is valid, then long-term care units will benefit from a VA screening tool to help determine those residents most needing an oculovisual examination., Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are behavioural and non-cognitive manifestations of dementia that are highly prevalent among residents in long-term care (LTC), increasing costs and burden of care for this vulnerable population. A common clinical phenomenon observed among people with dementia is “sundowning syndrome,” or the emergence or exacerbation of NPS in the late afternoon, evening, or at night. Very few studies, however, have assessed NPS prevalence in LTC residents with dementia as a function of time of day. Frequency and severity of NPS were assessed over a 2-week period using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory – Nursing Home version. NPS information for 97 LTC residents with dementia was obtained from frontline nursing staff providing their direct care during the day, evening, and night shifts. A total of 238 staff interviews were conducted, and complete triad data (across all shifts) was obtained for 59 residents. NPS prevalence was 66.1%, 71.2%, and 42.4% during day, evening, and night, respectively. Agitation/aggression and irritability were the most prevalent symptoms, even after accounting for sleep dysregulation. The percentage of residents exhibiting more than four NPS increased significantly from 13.6% (day) to 20.34% (evening) (p < .01), suggesting the presence of sundowning syndrome. Although depression was prevalent in about 15% of residents at all times of day, its presence was significantly associated with anxiety (all times), aggression/agitation (day and evening), irritability (day), and delusions and hallucinations (night). Sundowning syndrome manifests itself as an increase in the number of NPS observed within a given resident rather than as an increase in overall NPS prevalence. Depression is strongly associated with multiple NPS. Our results highlight the importance of considering time of day when evaluating NPS in LTC residents., In 2011, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia affected 747,000 Canadian seniors (65+). Estimates of the prevalence or incidence of dementia are frequently based on the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA, 1991–2001). However, administrative data are increasingly used for the surveillance of chronic diseases, including AD/dementia, and may add new insight into care trajectories. The present study identified a Quebec cohort of AD/dementia cases using linked health administrative data. This study used data linked at the Institut national de santé publique du Québec provided from 3 sources: 1) the RAMQ medical and pharmaceutical services and the registered users’ files, 2) the MED-ECHO hospital discharge file and 3) the death registry. AD/dementia cases were identified using three definitions with different combinations of ICD dementia-related diagnostic codes from physicians or hospital discharge, with or without pharmacy claims for 4 dementia medications. Two of these definitions were validated by the Public Health Agency of Canada and one will be used for further surveilance. Estimates were age-standardized. The study included 1.3 million persons aged 65+. In 2011–12, 6.8% to 10% among them were identified as cases, depending on the definition. Prevalence was 15% to 18% higher among women than men and rose exponentially in older age groups. About 1% to 2.5% of persons aged 65 to 69 years were identified as cases, compared to 27% to 35% for people 85+ years. Incidence rates varied between 16.5 and 21.7 per 1,000 person-years depending on the case definition. In this study, highest incidence rates were measured in 2006–07 for all case definitions. In Quebec data, physician claims were the main source for case ascertainment, followed by hospital data. The observed measures of prevalence and incidence are below those that can be extrapolated from the CSHA and Canadian demographics, possibly due to underreporting in administrative data. Different data sources for incidence and prevalence estimates are used in Canada and their interpretation can be challenging. Ongoing surveillance from health administrative data in Quebec is feasible and useful for research, policy, and program guidance., Certain drugs have been linked to adverse events and poor outcomes in the elderly. These drugs, called Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIM) by the American Geriatrics Society, should be avoided in the elderly population, through treatment with safer drugs and/or nondrug approaches. In this study, we will determine the (1) prevalence of PIM use among patients referred for comprehensive geriatric assessments; (2) most common PIMs used; (3) extent comprehensive geriatric assessments addressed PIM use. Design: This was a cross-sectional study involving chart reviews of 200 patients (65 years and older) seen for Comprehensive Geriatric Assessments at the Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital in 2012–2013. Procedure: We reviewed the use of PIMs, as defined by the 2012 American Geriatrics Society Updated Beers Criteria. Specifically, we noted the use of Medications to Avoid in Older Adults Regardless of Disease or Conditions (Group 1) and Medications Considered Potentially Inappropriate When Used in Older Adults with Certain Diseases or Syndromes (Group 2). The patients had a mean age of 79 ± 8 years. The prevalence of PIM use was 49.5% (N = 98). For Group-1 medications, 45.5% (N = 91) of patients used at least one PIM. For Group-2 medications, 31% (N = 62) of patients used at least one PIM. The most common Group-1 PIMs used were Zopiclone, Benzodiazepines, and pain medications. The most common Group-2 PIMs used were Benzodiazepines, Zopiclone and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Of the 98 patients who used PIMs, 48% (N = 47) had their medications stopped, tapered, adjusted, decreased, or reviewed as a result of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessments. The 2012 Beers Criteria is a useful guideline for safe drug use and monitoring in the elderly. PIM use in the elderly is common and needs to be addressed., Long-term care (LTC) residents have high acute-care utilization rates and face elevated risks when transitioning between LTC and acute care. The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial implementation of components of the Interventions to Reduce Acute Care Transfers (INTERACT) program as part of an innovative strategy to improve the capacity of staff to handle acute change in LTC residents and reduce potentially preventable emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations from Baycrest. INTERACT is a quality improvement program to improve the identification, evaluation and communication of changes in LTC residents’ status. The initial implementation methods included primarily education and reminders. The evaluation used a mixed-methods approach including electronic health record reviews, audits of communication tools, tracking of ED visit and hospitalization rates, and surveys and focus groups. Preliminary findings reveal that initial implementation methods have not resulted in sustained changes in practice. Survey data collected at the onset of implementation indicated that one-third of the LTC units were in the pre-contemplation phase of change and two-thirds of the units were in the contemplation phase of change. Focus group data from point of care staff noted that the communication tools were too time-consuming and did not facilitate the preferred communication. In addition, multiple barriers have been encountered in measuring potentially preventable ED visits and hospitalizations. Our findings indicate that education and reminders alone are not sufficient for implementing sustained changes in practice related to better identifying and managing changes in status in LTC residents. To ensure greater success in implementing capacity building strategies in LTC, future efforts will focus on driving forces for change such as urgency for change, aligning with organizational systems and strategies, and committed change agents., Nursing home (NH) residents with severe dementia often receive multiple medications. With disease progression care goals shift from curative or preventive to comfort care and consequently medications have to be reviewed, adjusted, or discontinued, because of reduced life-expectancy or changes in their harm-benefit ratio. Few studies evaluated interventions to achieve this goal. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of an inter-professional intervention to optimise medication use in NH residents with severe dementia. Based on a literature review and a multidisciplinary Delphi panel, lists of mostly, sometimes, or rarely appropriate medications and elements of successful interventions were identified. The lists were tailored for a NH pilot study. Between April and November 2014 a 4-month intervention was led in 3 NH in Quebec, Canada. The families of participating residents received an information leaflet on optimal medication use in severe dementia. Nurses, pharmacists, and physicians of the NH participated in two 90-minute continuous education (CE) sessions. For each participant the pharmacist performed a medication review using the lists and then discussed recommendations with nurses and physicians. A study nurse observed comfort and agitation levels of participants using the Cohen-Mansfield and the PACSLAC-F scales during the study period. 93 residents were eligible and 48 participated; 7 residents died before or during follow-up and 41 were observed over 4 months. 38 health professionals participated in the CE sessions. Medication lists were well accepted and the study nurse was present at the discussions about medication changes. Families’ and health professionals’ comments provide opportunities to improve information material and the tailored lists. Some changes in medication use were observed but levels of agitation and comfort did not change noticeably. An interdisciplinary NH intervention to optimise medication use in residents with severe dementia is feasible. The three NH in Quebec City were interested in opportunities and tools facilitating improved medication use. Results from the pilot study need to be repeated in a larger trial and education or information to families should be a focus of the study. A literature review and an expert consensus provided the elements for a feasable intervention to optimize medication use. A cluster randomized trial should validate medication outcomes, generalizability, and patient or family outcomes of this intervention., Background: Programs for preventing functional decline in the elderly hospitalized in acute care facilities are suggested in the literature and in clinical guidebooks. In general, they are poorly detailed and primarily involve physiotherapists. Rehabilitation professionals affiliated with the IUGM GAU have developed a physical reconditioning program (SPRINT) that can be adapted to the functional profile of patients admitted to GAU. This program has 4 different levels and includes ad-lib repetitions of motor activities prescribed after an evaluation of functional capabilities, ranging from transfer to a chair (level 1) to walking (level 4). The program engages the patient and enlists the contribution of medical personnel and natural caregivers with daily interactions with the patient. Purpose: Collect preliminary information on the implementation process of SPRINT in order to determine the conditions necessary for rolling out SPRINT to GAU. Methods: The project, currently under way, will last one year at the IUGM GAU and includes 4 stages: preparation, pre-intervention, intervention, and post-intervention. Results: Amongst the 47 patients admitted to the GAU to date, 18 patients (61% women) accepted to participate. They were aged 80.5 ± 8.2 years, had an MMSE score of 26.4 ± 3.4 and participated in SPRINT for 19.1 ± 9.3 days. Only SPRINT levels 2 and 3 were prescribed to recruited patients. Patients did an average of 0.1 to 4.1 exercises/day. Exercises were done with a nurse (49%), a doctor (21%), or alone by the participant (18%); natural caregivers only participated in 4% of cases. Conclustions: Qualitative data concerning factors that facilitated and perceived barriers will be collected and analysed to facilitate the successful implementation of the intervention., Although associated with adverse drug events in the elderly, prescribing cascades are often not recognized in clinical practice. The objective of this prescribing cascade game was engage students in learning how to prevent, detect, and understand prescribing cascades. This activity was part of a 3-credit course in the geriatrics pharmacotherapy course at the Faculty of Pharmacy at the University of Montreal. Four different prescribing cascades that were detected in clinical practice were used. Each cascade contained four elements (medication–side effect– medication–side effect). Students were divided into 16 groups with two students per group. Each group selected one card on which one of the elements was written: either the name of a medication, or a side effect. All 16 groups were then asked to work together to reconstruct the four different prescribing cascades. Once all four elements of the four prescribing cascades were identified, they were asked to explain how these cascades took place. A 5-point Liker scale was used to evaluate the perception of the students regarding this activity. 32 students participated in the game. It took 15 minutes for the students to get organized and reconstruct the four prescribing cascades. In general, students appreciated this activity. The majority mentioned that having to find the different element of the cascade raised their awareness concerning the detection of future cascade. This activity was used to understand, apply, and retain information on prescribing cascades. Students actively participated in this activity. They were able to discover the four different elements of their respective cascade and to explain them using ptharmacokinetics, pharmacology, and pharmacodynamics principles. The prescribing cascade game was received positively by the students. It will now be part of the geriatrics pharmacotherapy course., Internet use among older adults has the potential for significant social and health outcomes. However, few senior-focused and senior-friendly training opportunities exist. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of delivering a senior-friendly tablet training program and its impact on tablet ownership, sustained use, and confidence over time. Twelve seniors completed the iLearn iLive Well tablet training program (six 2-hour weekly sessions) to teach participants how to operate a tablet including e-mail and internet use; availability and use of apps; and viewing, taking, and sending photographs. Participants completed pre- and post-program surveys, session reaction surveys, and 3-month follow-up interviews to assess sustained use of learned skills. All of the sessions were well received with most of the sessions being rated as “very good” or “excellent” by over 67% of participants. At follow-up 8 of 11 interviewed participants reported that they had purchased a tablet, 63% reported using it more frequently since the end of the training program, and 88% reported being more confident in their ability to use the tablet in comparison to before the program. As a result of their tablet use, participants reported being in greater contact with friends and family than they would have been otherwise, being better informed of current affairs, being able to access to information more easily, and having a great sense of satisfaction with learning new things. One-to-one mentorship, senior-friendly training manual, learning strategies, environment, and previous computer experience facilitated their tablet learning. Identified learning barriers were mostly program-specific and modifiable. This senior-focused tablet training program facilitated sustained tablet use. Future studies will examine the impact of this program on perceived social isolation, loneliness, and attitudes towards computers., Anorexia in the elderly often cause weight loss, therefore it is regarded as a important starting point of frailty syndrome, which is considered as a critical point on the pathway to disability and mortality. Korea is entering an aging society at the fastest speed in the world, but the prevalence and risk factors of anorexia in the Korean elderly have not been investigated. A total of 170 men and women (30 from nursing homes, 140 from out-patient clinics) older than 60 years were recruited in this study. We evaluated the appetite with a Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) and defined the anorexia subjects as those whose SNAQ score was less than 14. We also performed a comprehensive geriatric evaluation including the measurement of anthropometric data; the medical, drug, and social history; cognitive function with the Korean version of the mini mental state examination (K-MMSE); activity of daily living (ADL); the Geriatric depression scale (GDS); and the Mini-nutritional assessment (MNA). The prevalence of anorexia was 50% in nursing home residents and 45% in ambulatory elderly patients. Comparing with non-anorexic subjects, the anorexic subjects showed lower K-MMSE score (24.7 ± 5.33 vs 26.4 ± 4.01, p = .026) and MNA score (10.2 ± 2.90 vs 11.4 ± 2.59, p = .004) and more frequently expressed gastrointestinal symptom such as diarrhea (8.0% vs 1.1%, p = .046). We could not show statistical significant relationship between the anorexia and body mass index, calf circumference, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, the number of medications, ADL and GDS score, residual teeth number and social support factors. Logistic regression analyses showed that the MMSE score was independently related to the anorexia (p = .005). The prevalence of anorexia in our study was higher than the results in the other countries, and this result may be due to the high prevalence of polypharmacy. The average number of medications in this study was 4.9 ± 3.70. Because the study population was not selected by random sampling, the results of this study could not represent the anorexia prevalence of the general Korean elderly population. We showed a high prevalence of anorexia in the Korean elderly. Because the SNAQ is regarded as the early detection tool of malnutrition and weight loss, further prospective studies are essential to determine the long-term consequences of the anorexia assessed with SNAQ., Physicians play a key role in DMCA. However, many do not feel prepared based on their residency training. They, thus, often require additional training once in practice. To address this need, we developed and administered an interactive DMCA Workshop to familiarize physicians with a DMCA model, including concepts of capacity, the protocol, documents, and case studies. In this study, we will determine the effect of the DMCA Workshop on physicians’ confidence and comfort with decision-making capacity assessments. Design: This study used a pre-test-post-test design. We administered a questionnaire before and after the Workshop. The questionnaire asked participants to rate their agreement (4-point Likert-type scale) on 15 statements regarding awareness, confidence, and understanding of core concepts of capacity. Participants: All physicians who attended three workshops in 2014. Intervention: A 3-hour DMCA Workshop accredited by the College of Family Physicians Canada. There were 54 participants with an average age of 47 years. There was a significant improvement (p < .001, Sign Test) in the post- compared to the pre-workshop ratings for all the items. The highest positive differences were seen for awareness of legislative acts, understanding a trigger, problem-solving techniques, standardized approach, and knowledge and skill-set in regards to capacity assessments. Among the participants, those without prior DMCA training exhibited the largest change in pre- versus post-workshop ratings (p < .05). The results indicate that the information provided in the workshops is valuable for physicians regardless of years worked in the current setting. The pattern of findings provides important feedback on modifications to delivering future workshops. This study has shown that a DMCA Workshop was effective in training Family Physicians. The next step is to customize the Workshop to Family Physicians’ needs., The Regroupement des Unités de Courte Durée Gériatriques et des Services Hospitaliers de gériatrie du Québec (RUSHGQ) is a geriatric community of practice that includes health-care professionals and managers from 51 of the 61 Quebec hospitals with Geriatric Assessment Units (GAU). The RUSHGQ established a work sub-committee composed of doctors and pharmacists throughout Quebec with the purpose of establishing guidelines for medication management in GAU. Doctors and pharmacists with experience in GAU have prepared, using evidence-based data and consensus decisions, a user guide on appropriate medication management for health-care professionals in GAU. To date, the covered drug classes are: statins, antihypertensives, direct oral anticoagulants, sedatives/hypnotics, antidepressants/psychotropic drugs, as well as medications for urinary incontinence Six workgroups composed of GAU doctors and pharmacists were formed to cover each of the themes; each workgroup was headed by a doctor considered by his/her peers to be a theme expert. This iterative work lasted 12 months. The guidelines begin with a general section detailing pharmacokinetic and pharmacological changes linked to aging, specific precautions and the notion of deprescribing, which must be considered when prescribing medications to patients admitted to GAU. The typical profile of GAU patients has been described in previous work by the RUSHGQ: ≥ 80 years old with multiple acute and chronic conditions and polymedicated. Then, specific information sheets are presented which include: (1) a summary of the indications of the medication of interest; (2) usage guidelines adapted to the geriatric population; (3) clinical cases integrating the presented concepts. Appendixes provide complimentary tools. Prescribing guidelines presently covering 6 different themes were elaborated by expert clinicians in order to maintain/propagate good practices in medication management in GAU., The Geriatric Rehabilitation Program at UHN facilitates the transitions of older adults from the acute care setting to home. Participation and progress in rehabilitation is hampered at times by complications related to bowel function. The patient population includes patients with multiple co-morbidities including those with end-stage renal disease receiving hemodialysis. In order to better understand the prevalence of bowel-related concerns on the unit, a chart audit was conducted revealing approximately fifty percent of the patient population met the criteria for constipation as per the Rome III classification system. A review of current practices on the unit and existing documentation revealed opportunities for improvement. The unit leadership, consisting of the Clinical Nurse Specialist, Advance Practice Nurse Educator, and Program Service Manager, developed a multi-faceted strategy to enhance the interprofessional team’s ability to optimize the bowel health of patients. Components of our strategy included: implementing nursing interventions to enhance healthy bowel function, introducing the Bristol stool chart for assessment, patient education, evaluation of interventions, and team communication as well practice supports at the bedside. Members of the interprofessional team contributed updates on best practices and participated in educational sessions with the nurses to enrich the dialogue and assist with translation to practice. Evaluation of this important initiative included auditing documentation, communication at team rounds, and prevalence of constipation post-implementation. Optimizing Bowel Health was a significant clinical and educational initiative that improved the interprofessional team’s ability to monitor, document, and discuss priority concerns related to bowel function. This is especially important in a rehab setting where complications often lead to decreased participation, interruptions in therapy, and decreased quality of life experiences for patients. The results demonstrated enhanced documentation, interprofessional communication, and reduction in rates of constipation., Older people living in nursing homes (NH) in Hong Kong have significant mortality. Their preference of place of death and the factors affecting their decision have not been explored. This study examined the preference of place of death and the predictors in older people living in NH. A cross-sectional quantitative study by face-to-face interview in 20 NH selected by convenience sampling. A structured questionnaire was employed to collect information about attitudes of older people towards end-of-life (EOL) issues and preferences for place of death. NH residents aged ≥ 65 with Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) Score ≥ 6 and ability to communicate in Cantonese were recruited. AMT, Barthel Index (20) and Chinese version of the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ - 5D) for quality of life assessment were collected. The attitudes toward EOL issues (AEOLI) were examined using a validated translated questionnaire. 317 NH residents (248 women and 69 men) aged 65 to 99 (mean ± SD) 84 ± 6.6 were recruited. Most residents (N = 310, 97.8%) viewed NH as their own home. There were 216 (68.1%) who wished to pass away in NH. NH residents who preferred receiving care in hospital if they were severely ill without hope of recovery were less likely to wish to die in NH (odds 0.49, CI 0.3 to 0.81, p = .005). Those who agreed physician-assisted suicide if they were severely ill without hope of recovery were likely to wish to die in RCHE (odds 1.95, CI 1.07 to 3.56, p = .029). EOL services should be enhanced in NH in Hong Kong. Further studies are recommended to examine the attitudes towards dying in place in family members, NH staff and local public. Many older Chinese people in Hong Kong viewed NH as their own home. More than two-thirds of NH residents wished to die in NH., Suicidal ideation is a public health issue that has a significant impact at the individual, family, community, and societal levels. This study aimed to examine the association between filial piety and suicidal ideation among U.S. Chinese older adults. Guided by a community-based participatory research approach, 3,159 community-dwelling Chinese older adults in the Greater Chicago area were interviewed in person 2011–2013. Independent variables were expectations and receipt of filial piety from the older adult’s perspective. Dependent variables were suicidal ideation in the last 2 weeks and last 12 months. Logistic regression analyses were performed. Of the 3,159 participants interviewed, 58.9% were female and the mean age was 72.8 years. After adjusting for age, sex, education, income, medical comorbidities, and depressive symptoms, lower receipt of filial piety was associated with increased risk for 2-week suicidal ideation (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03–1.11) and 12-month suicidal ideation (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.04–1.11). The lowest tertiles of filial piety receipt was associated with greater risk for 2-week suicidal ideation (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.12–3.38) and 12-month suicidal ideation (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.35–3.48). However, no statistically significant associations were found between filial piety expectations and suicidal ideation in the last 2 weeks or in the last 12 months. This study suggests that filial piety receipt is an important risk factor for suicidal ideation among U.S. Chinese older adults. However, future longitudinal studies are needed to quantify the temporal association between filial piety and suicidal ideation., Prevalence of sarcopenia increases with age. Sarcopenia is associated with higher rates of drug side effects, hospital-acquired infections and functional decline. Sarcopenia subtypes are defined by the European Working Group of Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), based on presence/absence of low muscle mass, plus/minus low muscle strength or low performance. Participants are independently mobile, community-dwelling seniors. Baseline assessments included dual energy Xray absorptiometry (DXA) body composition (BC) analysis, grip strength (dynamometer), and gait speed (10 metre walk test). BC provided appendicular lean mass/height2 (aLM/ht2) and percentage body fat. Data evaluated per EWGSOP guidelines. Low grip strength and gait speed, with normal aLM/ht2 were classified as “weak,” to differentiate them from normal. Prescaropenics had only low aLM/ht2, sarcopenics had low aLM/ht2 plus one abnormal level in one of the other parameters, and severe sarcopenics had abnormal levels in all parameters. Obesity was defined by DXA BC percentage fat of > 40% (women), > 28% (men). 39 participants were evaluated: 32 women, 7 men; average age 75.9 years (67–90); average MoCA 25.5. EWGSOP classification of the 32 women: 9 normal; 2 presarcopenia; 2 presarcopenic obesity; 1 sarcopenia; 1 severe sarcopenia; 1 severe sarcopenic obesity; 3 sarcopenic obesity; 10 obese; 1 normal “weak”; 2 obese “weak.” Of the 7 men: 2 normal; 1 sarcopenia; 3 sarcopenic obesity; and 1 obese. The subgroups were comparable for age. Baseline BMI was 27.5 (18.8–37.5) and BMI did not discriminate the body types. In these independent, highly functioning seniors, there was a surprising diversity of body composition. BMI alone was of no use in classifying body type. The EWGSOP classification is useful to stratify an outwardly homogenous group of seniors., Polypharmacy is becoming increasingly prevalent in our aging population, due to the need to treat various disease states that may develop with age. Geriatric polypharmacy has been correlated with a significant patient safety issue, due to its association with higher likelihood of nursing home placements, morbidity, hospitalization, and death. Primary care teams represent the first point of contact, and are well positioned to address this phenomenon. The purpose of this project was to develop an automated medication review process in high-risk patients (defined as those 75 years of age or older and on 7 medications or more) by optimizing collaborative process with a clinical pharmacist and taking advantage of the capabilities of the electronic medical record (EMR). Patients were identified via a search on the EMR and flagged for a medication review. An optimal process for referral and communication between providers was developed using an iterative approach, taking into consideration feedback from the team members and patient reactions. Data were also collected on the types of pharmacist interventions and the types of medications changed. We developed a process using electronic messaging and coordinated MD-pharmacist visits. The total number of medications per patient was reduced, and the medications were adjusted based on the current geriatric literature. Patients were more likely to agree to a face-to-face meeting if the idea was introduced by their regular provider. Co-ordination of pharmacist and MD appointments led to more efficient implementation of pharmacist recommendations. Inferentially, by optimizing polypharmacy, harms of negative clinical outcomes would be reduced. Using EMR capabilities, a workable and sustainable process for performing geriatric polypharmacy reviews in the primary care setting was developed, and can easily be disseminated to other sites., Case Report: 97-year-old female presented with two painful ulcers on her left foot. One of the ulcers was determined to be an osteomyelitis. 3 months into treatment of these non-healing, painful wounds, she developed a third painful wound on her left calf. Her wounds treated with topical dressings and antibiotics. Pain required multiple opiods with limited success. Seen by vascular surgery 6 months into treatment. Problem determined to be angiosomal. Treated with angioplasty. Ankle brachial ratio was increased from 0.28 to 0.57. Rapid healing over next few months ensued. Two years later, patient is walking around the nursing home. Vascular surgery consultation with computed tomography angiogram should be considered earlier in treatment to decrease morbidity, improve quality of life, and lessen pain symptoms. Advanced age is not a reason to not consider consultation., St. Mary’s General Hospital has been awarded a demonstration project for the development of a Geriatric Medically Complex Clinic (GMCC). BRIDGES, based out of the University of Toronto, has been engaged for project evaluation. Geriatric patients with conditions such as dementia, cognitive decline, delirium, falls, fractures, multiple co-morbidities (CHF, COPD and diabetes), and chronic pain can be compounded by cognitive decline, caregiver stress, frailty, and polypharmacy. When geriatric patients have suboptimal care or are unable to access traditional primary care providers, they will resort to crisis teams and emergency departments (EDs), presenting a significant cost to the health system. For the ED the GMCC specifically targets those who have suboptimal access/utilization of traditional primary care providers and sees the patient within 72 hours. The GMCC has partnered the community to ensure urgent referrals are also seen within 72 hours. The GMCC team follows patients through their point of referral (i.e., ED, community, or hospital stay), with the guidance and support of geriatric medicine specialists or primary care practitioner. The team provides a focused comprehensive assessment and targeted inter-professional intervention, intensive case management across the spectrum of care, and facilitation of successful transitional care from hospital to the community. For those who are unable to leave their homes, management of chronic diseases through partnership with Primary Care supports the patient in the community, providing patient-centered care across the continuum. Through the use of an inter-professional team, patients/caregivers will have system navigation regarding health-care options, and access to timely community supports/services to manage their health-care needs. The goal is to improve patient outcomes, access community supports to successfully manage in the community post a hospital interaction, and reduce health-care costs., The objective of this study was to evaluate the family composition of elderly caregivers that were identified in the Basic Health Unit localized in an area of high social vulnerability. Seventy-three elderly caregivers participated in the study. Collection took place from May to October 2014. The genograms were made through interviews in their homes. All ethical principles were observed. The mean age was 70.35 years (SD ± 8.5), 58 elderly women and 15 men. Mean education was 2.3 years. We found the average of three people per household and 5.53 children per individual. Most seniors reported normal bonding with family. The average income of the elderly was 0.93 minimum wage and average family income was 2.3 minimum wage. The genogram is a good tool to investigate characteristics and familial relations, revealing the interviewed’s non-verbal language; however, these relationships change over time. Most of the patients reported normal bonding with family. The genogram has proved an effective tool for assessing the family structure of the elderly in a Basic Health Unit and can be used as a mechanism to improve services planning to this population., Due to the growing number of individuals suffering from dementia, many will require acute hospital care as other indirectly related conditions appear throughout the course of the disorder. Significant concerns have been raised about the provision of quality care. Understanding their experiences is therefore essential. As part of a larger-scale study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with caregivers and people with dementia dyads after acute hospitalization. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Twenty-nine participants including 25 family caregivers and 4 caregivers/people-with-dementia dyads experienced hospitalization and commented primarily on the negative experience. Despite the importance of caregiver involvement, and evidence of caregiver burden, they commented they were rarely included in care plans and lacked support. Continuity of care was said to be affected by absent communication amongst health-care team members. The acute hospital process and environment were perceived as not supportive of dementia person-centred care principles, with reports of poor staff knowledge and recognition of the disorder. The three important themes from this study — the importance of caregivers, communication challenges, and how the processes/environment of the acute hospital is not an ideal place for a person with dementia — raise important issues about care provision. These findings are supported by prior research that states that the acute-care hospital is not adapted to care for people with dementia. Reports of acute-care hospital experiences of people with dementia and their caregivers provide insights about gaps in care delivery. These findings can influence the development of further initiatives for care improvement., The Consortium pour l’identification précoce de la Maladie d’Alzheimer – Québec (CIMA-Q) aims for earlier diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, before the dementia stage, and to better understand its causes, in order to develop effective therapies and identify at-risk populations. The clinical cohort group adapted or developed clinical assessment tools to evaluate both global and cognitive health status, as well as to identify health and lifestyle related risk factors, both at the start of the study and over time. This questionnaire had to be completed in under 2.5 hours, and needed to be useful to evaluate both healthy and cognitively impaired elderly individuals. Longitudinal studies of aging and Alzheimer’s were consulted as well as Cognition Clinics evaluation tools in order to determine themes that are most commonly assessed. Final selection was made by a team of experts (clinicians from memory clinics across Quebec). Within each topic, most commonly used/best questions and questionnaires were evaluated by the team of experts. When possible, a validated questionnaire was used, in order to make comparisons with other studies possible. Questions were created and adapted if a validated questionnaire could not be found. Three different tools were created, both in French and in English: (1) a telephone screening interview (15 minutes), (2) a participant evaluation (2.5 hours), and (3) an informant questionnaire (15 minutes). All were piloted in a group of elderly volunteers. Fifteen validated questionnaires are included, such as the MoCA, a telephone MMSE, functional autonomy scales, and a depression scale. The CIMA-Q clinical assessment tools can be used to evaluate both cognitively-impaired and non-impaired participants. The inclusion of validated questionnaires should permit comparisons with previous and future longitudinal studies., To provide an evidence base to support the use of safe and appropriate yoga instruction and yoga therapy for an aging population including geriatric and palliative care clients. This presentations will share the benefits of yoga postures, breath work, mindfulness, and meditation on the physiological, biochemical, psychological, and spiritual health and well-being of geriatric populations. A review of the current research on the benefits of yoga therapy practices for addressing common physical diseases and the effects of sedentary lifestyles for aging populations including geriatric and palliative care patients will be presented. Specific recommendations for health concerns & conditions such as: Alzheimer’s, dementia, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), cardiac rehab, anxiety, depression, cardiovascular disease, chronic lower respiratory disease, diabetes, cancer, injuries from accidents, joint pain, hearing loss, vision impairmentIntegrative care for palliative care patientsBest practices for geriatric and palliative care patientsPsychological issuesSpirituality for aging The implications of this research for integrating yoga, breathing exercises, laughter yoga, spirituality, mindfulness and meditation into existing geriatric health-care programs. The current research provides a strong evidence base for incorporating yoga and yoga therapy into geriatric health and wellness programs to support the aging population in maintaining physical health, biochemical and psychological health, and well-being., The literature indicates that delirium is increasing in incidence in the acute medically ill patient. The prevalence of delirium ranges from 6% to 56% in hospital settings and costs upwards of 17 million dollars/year. There are many risk factors known to contribute to delirium, resulting in the complexity of identifying, assessing, and managing a patient that develops delirium. Hospital-acquired delirium is a concern for the geriatric population. The evidence states that the development of delirium influences a patient’s hospital course, increasing length of stay, and is associated with poor long-term physical functional and cognitive outcomes. Moreover, psychological distress to family and care givers is significant. Several studies have shown gaps in health-care professionals’ knowledge, skills, and comfort regarding management of delirium, including inconsistent use of screening instruments and poor adherence to management protocols. The management can be complex, requiring the collective expertise of the interprofessional team. To address delirium issues this poster was created to improve understanding of various types of delirium as well as to highlight prevention and management strategies. Delirium was made a focus at UHN and the poster was developed to summarize UHN’s initiatives. These included: Identifying risk factors and causes of deliriumDiscussing measures for delirium preventionExplaining assessment and management of patients with deliriumDemonstrating the use of CAM assessmentDiscussing CAM assessment and interventions documentationDelirium Prevention and ManagementResultsThe Communication StrategyTools and policiesEducation The poster promoted awareness for staff about delirium and promoted the UHN initiative (see “Conclusions”). The literature indicates that 40% of delirium can be prevented. It is clear that interprofessional education regarding identification, prevention and management is paramount to reduce the risk of delirium development and associated long-term deleterious outcomes., While most clinicians acknowledge that opioid analgesia can be an important component of ED pain management, it is well documented that ED opioid administration and prescribing is influenced by age, with older patients being less likely to receive opioids than younger patients. Retrospective char t review involving three rural emergency departments and one urban emergency department studying a total of 92 patient visits at the rural sites and 193 patient visits at the urban site. Information describing the emergency department visit and administration of analgesia in the emergency department was abstracted. 12% of rural patients and 32% of urban patients received opioid analgesia from the time of triage to discharge from the emergency department (p = .0003 for comparison). However, after adjusting for possible confounders, rurality was not associated with a decreased likelihood of opioid administration (odds ratio, 0.722; 95% CI, 0.291–1.791). 10% of rural patients and 24% of urban patients received acetaminophen (p = .0038 for comparison), while 14% of rural patients and 8% of urban patients received a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) (p = .0918 for comparison). The overall rate of opioid administration was low in both settings. Interestingly, the rate of acetaminophen administration was even lower in both settings, and the rate of NSAID administration was higher than that of opioid administration in the rural settings combined. Clinical practice guidelines for treating pain in the elderly state that acetaminophen is generally considered to be the first-line pharmacological treatment, and that NSAIDs should be used cautiously due to their side effect profile. Rurality did not influence emergency department administration of opioids to elderly patients in pain after adjusting for possible confounders., Patients with dementia and their caregivers express different needs such as coping with memory loss, information on the disease, emotional support. As a key intervention of the Alzheimer Plan of Quebec, case management (CM) has been implemented in Family Medicine Groups (FMGs) to address their needs. The purpose of this study is to identify the needs of the patient-caregiver dyad and if CM meets their expectations. A systematic mixed studies review was conducted to integrate the results from studies with diverse designs (quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods studies) on needs of the dyad and CM, published in English or French up to 2014. CM comprises case finding, assessment, care planning, and monitoring and includes a family physican working with a case manager. Two reviewers selected title/abstract, full-texts, and appraised quality (using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool) independently. Synthesis (a sequential explanatory design): (i) development of the categories of needs based on the deductive approach; (ii) identification of the needs that CM targets to address; (iii) juxtaposition of the needs of the dyad to the needs that CM targets to improve. 54 studies were included; 8 studies concern CM. Four main categories of needs were identified: needs for information and knowledge, needs to maintain normality, caregiver needs, and access to care. Overall CM effectively addresses the needs of the dyad living in the community. Impact of CM on access to care (e.g., access to trained family physicians) is not studied. This study highlighted a knowledge gap on the impact of CM on access to care. These results will guide the conduit of experimental study on the needs of the dyad receiving care within CM implemented in FMGs of Quebec., Patients who have sustained fragility fractures remain at high risk for future fracture without appropriate bone-protective interventions. The goal of our investigation was to examine the rate of bisphosphonate prescription within three months of discharge from hospital among patients with fragility fracture of the hip admitted to the Orthopedic Service at the Royal University Hospital, in Saskatoon. The data from this study will inform future interventions tailored to improve secondary prevention of fragility fractures in Saskatchewan. A chart review of 114 patients over the age of fifty with a fracture of the hip was completed. Patients whose mechanism of injury was not consistent with fragility fracture were excluded, along with those receiving treatment with bisphosphonates at admission, or creatinine clearance less than 35 mL/min. Data were matched with the provincial Pharmaceutical Information Program (PIP) to assess for prescription of bone protective therapy within three months of discharge. Five patients received prescriptions for bisphosphonate therapy (7%, 95% CI: [1%, 13%]), and 70 of the eligible patients did not receive treatment (93%, 95% CI [87%, 99%]). A total of 23 patients were precluded from receiving bisphosphonate therapy, and an additional 16 patients presented with fragility fracture of the hip while on bisphosphonate treatment. These findings reveal an identifiable care gap in the secondary prevention of fragility fracture of the hip in Saskatchewan. Patients who have sustained fragility fractures are at risk of adverse outcomes including loss of function and decreased quality of life. Further study to improve the management of this cohort is under way. We have begun a knowledge translation intervention, supplementing discharge summaries with information to identify patients in need of treatment and further follow-up to prevent future fragility fracture., Ambulatory care is a key component of geriatric medicine subspecialty training but currently there are no standardized core competencies in this domain. The goal of this project is to develop a set of competencies for geriatric ambulatory medicine that are essential for the geriatric subspecialty residents to master by the end of their curriculum to become independent in their professional practice, offer the best care possible, and respond to the increasing demand for the ambulatory care of older patients. We are completing a multiphase project including an environmental scan, modified Delphi, and an in-person meeting with relevant experts to develop the list of core competencies. In the first phase, we identified 151 core competencies from the current literature and lists provided by 7 geriatric program directors in Canada. They were divided into six domains (medical expert, manager, collaborator, communicator, scholar, and professional). The modified Delphi is under way and we expect 38 leaders in geriatric medicine to participate in the surveys. At the time of the 2015 CGS Annual General Meeting, data from the Delphi will be available and competencies that should definitively be included or eliminated from the final list will be identified. Competencies with discordant results will be compiled and presented for discussion during the experts meeting. The final goal of this project is to produce an exhaustive and concise list of competencies that cover the essential aspects of ambulatory care for elderly. We are hoping to create a valid and useful tool to develop ambulatory geriatrics training curricula and to emphasize skills specific to ambulatory medicine., Elderly with advancing chronic heart failure (CHF) experience high levels of morbidity and mortality, similar to patients with common cancers. There is a gap in optimal quality of care and the real experiences for these patients. Even in the terminal stages, patients and caregivers are heavily and unnecessarily burdened by health-care services that are poorly coordinated and offer fragmented care. There is evidence that these poor experiences and the lack of understanding of their preferences could be improved to a large extent by simple organizational and process improvement rather than complex clinical mechanisms. This study examines patient, carer, and professional perspectives on current management of advanced HF and barriers and facilitators to improved care. Qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews and focus groups with advanced HF patients (N = 20), carers (N = 20), and professionals (N = 30–40). Some questions are testing the knowledge, others attitude, opinion, and experience. The questionnaires for the one-on-one interviews are different from the focus group interviews. A conversational style of communication, starting the questionnaire with an introductory statement and a non-threatening and open-ended easy question to warm up is used. The literature highlights that little progress is being made to improve care experiences for those with advanced HF. Even in the terminal stages, patients and caregivers are heavily and unnecessarily burdened by health-care services that are poorly coordinated and offer fragmented care. There is evidence that these poor experiences could be improved to a large extent by simple organizational rather than complex clinical mechanisms. We will discuss the result of this study and provide recommendations., Health care has entered an era of complexity. Patients often suffer from multiple comorbidities, and the growing cohort of elderly patients present with medical, psychiatric, functional, and social complexity. There is growing recognition that the ability to handle complex cases is a critical physician competency which should be developed in trainees. We aim to explore how medical trainees conceptualize clinical complexity, how well-prepared they feel to handle complexity, and how complex encounters influence residency selection. In this qualitative study, to date, 13 participants (12 3rd-year students in their 11–12th month of clerkship and 1 4th-year elective student) engaged in a two-part interview process. First, students drew two rich pictures that represented complex clinical scenarios: one exciting, and one frustrating, overwhelming, or uncomfortable. Second, the pictures were used to guide a semi-structured interview. Interview transcripts were coded, compared, and analyzed using constructivist grounded theory principles. Preliminary emerging categories for how trainees conceptualize complexity include role certainty, perceptions of learning, and belonging. These suggest the notion of active engagement as a key process influencing how clinical complexity is perceived; when actively engaged, students described the case as complex and exciting versus complex and frustrating. Active engagement may also influence residency selection as feelings on complexity and mentorship appear to be connected when describing specialty preferences. Preliminary results suggest that the social process of learning, in relation to feelings of engagement, is a strong determinant of how medical trainees experience complex patients and the choices that result from these encounters. Medical students must be trained to handle complex cases. Future direction for this study includes recruitment of additional participants, and further exploration on trainees’ preparedness for clinical complexity and how the pre-clinical curriculum can better support the development of this competency., The recent Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons report highlighted areas of medicine that are over-serviced, but also emphasized those that are under-serviced, including geriatric medicine. The goal of this project was to develop a multimedia podcast template that would inform medical students about various career choices. Geriatric Medicine served as the prototype podcast. A needs assessment was done by surveying existing resources (CaRMS, AAMC, AFMC, CFMS) and conducting an online survey of medical students. Based on these results, a list of interview questions was developed for this video podcast. A Sony camcorder was used for recording interviews in Ottawa while Skype and ScreenFlow were used to interview and record physicians and residents nation-wide. Interviews were conducted with physicians and residents working in Geriatrics. Relevant links and resources were added to the podcast. It is now housed on the CGS website and the TOH Department of Medicine webpage. As well, the CFMS and AAMC plan to add it to their websites. The podcast was evaluated by medical students via a questionnaire. Using a podcast framework to educate trainees on career choices is a novel idea. The results from this project may be used as a template for other postgraduate training programs and this podcast may be used to raise awareness of Geriatrics as a career choice. Podcasts are a novel multimedia approach for demonstrating career opportunities to medical students, when considering residency training options., Delirium is an acute confusional state that is most commonly seen in older adults and is a predictor of poor outcomes. Despite being a quality of care indicator, evidence shows that delirium is often unrecognized. This limits the possibility of timely management. The objectives of this study are to determine the rates of delirium screening at MSH and to identify barriers and the needs of health-care professionals to better facilitate daily delirium screening. We conducted a retrospective chart review of adults 65 years or older admitted to one of four units — Acute Care for the Elderly, ICU, general medicine unit, and orthopedic surgery — between September 2010 and October 2013. The survey consists of 4 sections: Demographics, Delirium, Delirium Screening, and Education & Resources, to be administered to health-care professionals at MSH that screen for delirium in the above-mentioned study subjects. The survey was developed in 4 phases: Item Generation, Item Reduction, Question Formatting, and Validation. At the time of abstract writing (465 charts), the rate of total compliance with daily delirium screening was 60%, the rate of screening within 24 hours of hospital admission was 62%, and the rate of hospital-acquired delirium was 19%. The survey was in the validation phase and to be distributed to staff in March 2015. We hypothesize that many of the perceived barriers identified will be possible to target through the availability of resources, and that identifying the needs of health-care professionals will allow future resources to be appropriately chosen to enable improved screening rates. This approach will allow more cases of delirium to be identified and opportunely managed at MSH to reduce negative outcomes., In older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), a precursor to dementia, deficits in cognition can have negative impacts on well-being and quality of life. Research has shown depression increases risk of cognitive decline. Among the elderly, those who live alone are at risk of developing depressive symptoms. There is a lack of information from relevant literature on whether individuals with MCI are at risk for further cognitive deterioration depending on their relationships (marriage and/or companionship) and living arrangement (alone/with a partner). This study is to investigate the effect of relationship status and living arrangement on memory and cognition, and whether depression mediates these effects in the elderly population diagnosed with MCI. Data from the ongoing “Gait and Brain Study” cohort will be used to assess forty older adults with MCI who live alone, and forty with MCI who live with a partner. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) will be used to assess cognition and depressive symptoms will be assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) every six months over a 2-year period. This study is in its preliminary stages; results are pending. We expect that individuals who live alone, in comparison to individuals living with a partner, will demonstrate greater declines in cognitive function, as evidenced by lower MMSE scores, and will experience greater depressive symptoms, represented by higher GDS scores. There is currently a lack of understanding whether relationship status and living arrangement, mediated by depression, affect cognitive function in individuals with MCI. This study may provide insight into possible social and psychological risk factors, further contributing to cognitive decline, that need to be addressed in the care of older adults with MCI., The McGill Centre of Excellence on Aging and Chronic Diseases (CEViMaC) aims to design a needs analysis questionnaire that can measure the performance gaps between the current situation and an ideal situation in terms of coordination of health care and services for seniors with multiple chronic diseases in the McGill Réseau Universitaire Intégré de Santé (RUIS McGill). This research project represents an important procedure as it will guide the CEViMaC in providing appropriate clinical support to health organizations within RUIS McGill. The Kaufman methodology of needs analysis at the strategic level and a conceptual framework of health-care coordination were selected to guide the questionnaire’s design process. A scoping review was performed to identify strategic plans of relevant health-care organizations: pertinent goals of coordination were analyzed and converted into items for the questionnaire. The measurement scale and the basic visual design of the questionnaire were based from similar research studies. Finally, qualitative interviews with a sample of health-care professionals were conducted to test the questionnaire. According to the interviewees, the visual design and the measurement scale were intuitive, and the items reflected broadly their professional concerns. However, some instructions and questions lacked coherence and contained inaccurate terminology. Additionally, the completion of the questions required a considerable amount of time. Reformulating the instructions and the questions, and arranging thematically the sequence of questions, are necessary to facilitate comprehension. Otherwise, the number of questions should be reduced to ensure a favorable response rate. A team of suitable experts, further interviews, and adjustments are needed to improve the measurement tool in addressing adequately the dimensions of care and service coordination. Use of incentives should be explored to boost response rate upon the questionnaire’s official launch., Low life satisfaction (LS) predicts poor outcomes and may predict dementia. We sought to determine if LS predicts dementia over a five-year period in older adults with normal cognition at baseline. Secondary analysis of a population-based cohort study of 1,751 older adults, with initial assessment in 1991 and follow-up five years later; 1,028 were cognitively intact at time 1, and alive and had complete data at time 2 when 96 were diagnosed with dementia. Measures were age, gender, and education, which were self-reported. LS was assessed using the Terrible-Delightful scale, which measures overall LS and aspects of LS (e.g., health, finances, friendships) using separate 7-point scales. Cognition was assessed using the modified Mini-mental State Examination (3MS) and a clinical exam for those scoring < 78. Cognitive status was categorized as intact, dementia, or Cognitive Impairment, No Dementia (CIND). Analyses were adjusted for age, gender and education. There were few cognitively intact people at time 1 with low LS. Overall LS predicted death, dementia, and CIND five years later. Those with low overall LS were more likely to die than to develop dementia. In logistic regression models, the unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval) for dementia at time 2 was 0.72 (0.55, 0.95) per point on the LS scale, with the adjusted OR 0.68 (0.50, 0.93). However, no individual domain of LS predicted dementia, although the competing risk from mortality was high for some items. The risk of death exceed the risk of dementia over the five-year interval. A basic global measure of LS predicts dementia over a five-year period in older adults without cognitive impairment. No individual aspect of LS predicted dementia., Cardiovascular disease, related risk factors, and falls are all well-known predictors of cognitive decline in older adults. In a longitudinal study assessing cardiovascular health, cognition, balance, and dual-task walking, we evaluated baseline differences in balance outcomes and neuropsychological assessments to see if poor balance and poor cognition were associated with individuals who have poor cardiovascular health. The Cardiac group (CG, N = 23) included individuals with ≥ two cardiovascular risk factors and coronary patients. Healthy group (HG, N = 16) included individuals with < two risk factors. Mean age: HG 64.7 years old SD 4.3 years, CG 69.9 years old SD 4.9 years. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was measured prior to balance assessment. Ten-second balance assessment were performed using a Matscan platform and included two eyes-open conditions (bipedal and unipedal). Initial comparisons of center of pressure measures between groups revealed significant differences in several measures (mean velocity [MV], mediolateral velocity [MLV]). After controlling for age and sex differences between groups, a mixed ANOVA (group by balance condition) revealed significant interactions in MV and MLV, such that CG performed more poorly than HG in the unipedal conditions (MV: p = .04, MLV: p = .02) with no significant differences in the bipedal conditions (MV: p = .86, MLV: p = .628). MLV also negatively correlated with MoCA scores in the whole sample (p = .05). This study suggests that CG have poorer balance control than HG. Simple tests with a balance platform reveal differences that identify at risk groups and relate to lower MOCA scores. Early assessments of balance status can help to identify older individuals at risk of cognitive decline, allowing early intervention to prevent falls and further cognitive decline., Speed of information processing can be affected in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and may play a role in activities such as driving. Electroencephalography (EEG) may have a role in assessing cognition, because it measures current changes to the level of milliseconds. In cognitive testing, the EEG signal is averaged to yield a waveform termed an “event-related potential” (ERP). This study compares the results of traditional cognitive testing and ERP n-back testing in patients with MCI and healthy controls (HC). Thirteen MCI patients were recruited from the Bruyère Memory Program, and 9 HCs were recruited from the general population. Cognition was tested using the MoCA, RBANS, and Trails A & B. EEGs were measured using NeuroScan NuAmps 4.3 and analysed using Brain Analyzer 2.0. Participants performed n-back cognitive tests to elicit working memory relevant ERPs. There were significant differences between clinical test results of MCI and HC groups; e.g., mean Trails B time for MCI was 173.5 seconds compared to 76.4 seconds in the HC (p < .001). In addition, the HC group had more correct responses and responded more quickly than the MCI patients in all 3 n-back conditions (p < .003). There was also a significant delay in the P200 component at midline and left hemisphere centro-posterior electrodes in MCI patients when compared to HC (p < .04). This MCI group performed less well on traditional cognitive testing, was slower, and made more mistakes in the n-back testing, and showed a significant delay in the P200 component compared to healthy older controls. Further work will be required to clarify the role of ERP in measuring decreases in speed of processing in older adults with cognitive impairment., The current practice to monitor mobility is periodic clinical assessment. Technology is now available that would allow continuous monitoring. The purpose of this study was to track mobility changes in 25 community-dwelling, frail older adults over one year, with the ultimate goal being the early detection of mobility decline. Clinical measures, including Timed Up & Go (TUG) and gait speed, were taken monthly for frail older adults living in the community. Under-mattress pressure-sensitive mat (S4 Sensors Inc.) data were collected continuously over the same time period and analyzed with custom-designed software. Among the first 15 participants, data were collected over an average period of 10 months. Of these participants, there were 8 that showed a clinically meaningful decline, 3 that showed a meaningful improvement and 4 that showed stability in mobility using the clinical measures. Data from an 85-year-old male, with a history of cerebrovascular accidents, will be presented. Over the period June 2013 to May 2014, he went from using a cane to requiring a wheeled walker, his gait speed dropped from 0.70 to 0.47 m/s and his TUG increased from 23.9 to 37.7 s. This will be compared to changes in sum of pressures and centre of pressure velocity magnitude data extracted from the mat. Distinct changes in data analyzed by the pressure-sensitive mat were associated with functional decline in the case presented. Further data analyses are ongoing to determine whether continuous monitoring of bed mobility can facilitate the early detection of mobility decline. To our knowledge, this is the first time that bed transfer data has been measured continuously over a year in frail, community-dwelling older adults., Introduction: Increasing numbers of primary care memory clinics (PCMCs) are being established in Ontario to provide much-needed system capacity for dementia care and efficient integration with specialty services. There is a need for routine integration of standardized quality indicators (QI) into PCMC care processes to ensure high-quality care. The purpose of this project was to develop consensus on the most relevant QIs for PCMCs to promote quality care and program fidelity and sustainability. Methods: A Delphi survey of PCMC clinicians and specialists was used to develop consensus on QIs for use in PCMCs. A list of QIs was identified through a systematic literature review. Survey participants were asked to rate the QIs according to their importance and feasibility in PCMCs. Mean ratings determined relative rankings of importance. Two survey rounds were conducted involving 179 and 88 participants, respectively. QIs ranked below a pre-specified threshold or not readily measurable in a primary care setting were eliminated. Results: Consensus was reached on 18 QIs. These included criteria for referrals to specialists; assessment, reassessment, and documentation requirements for diagnoses of mild cognitive impairment and dementia; criteria for diagnostic testing; medication reviews; discussing the risks and benefits of cholinesterase inhibitors and of antipsychotics; use of stroke prophylaxis in the presence of vascular risk factors; assessment for safety risks; counselling on driving risks and fitness to drive assessment; and advanced care planning, including identification of substitute-decision makers. Conclusions: A set of QIs for PCMCs has been identified. These indicators will form the basis of a quality assurance framework to enhance primary and collaborative care and that can be used in further studies to evaluate the quality of dementia care models in primary care., Vitamin D is involved in brain physiology and lower-extremity function. We investigated spectroscopy in a cohort of older adults to explore the hypothesis that lower vitamin D status was associated with impaired neuronal function in caudal primary motor cortex (cPMC) measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Twenty Caucasian community-dwellers (mean ± standard deviation, 74.6 ± 6.2 years; 35.0% female) from the “Gait and Brain Study” were included in this analysis. Ratio of N-acetyl-aspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr), a marker of neuronal function, was calculated in cPMC. Participants were categorized according to mean NAA/Cr. Lower vitamin D status was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration < 75 nmol/L. Age, gender, number of comorbidities, vascular risk, cognition, gait performance, vitamin D supplements, undernourishment, cPMC thickness, white matter hyperintensities grade, ser um parathyroid hormone concentration, and season of evaluation were used as potential confounders. Compared to participants with high NAA/Cr (N = 11), those with low NAA/Cr (i.e., reduced neuronal function) had lower serum 25OHD concentration (p = .044) and more frequently lower vitamin D status (p = .038). Lower vitamin D status was cross-sectionally associated with a decrease in NAA/Cr after adjustment for clinical characteristics (beta = −0.41, p = .047), neuroimaging measures (beta = −0.47, p = .032) and serum measures (beta = −0.45, p = .046). Lower vitamin D status was associated with reduced neuronal function in cPMC. These novel findings need to be replicated in larger and preferably longitudinal cohorts. They contribute to explain the pathophysiology of gait disorders in older adults with lower vitamin D status, and provide a scientific base for vitamin D replacement trials., Everyday situations in which attention is divided (e.g., walking and thinking) can put older adults at risk for accidents and falls. In order to prevent falls and provide early interventions for cognitive-motor declines, additional research targeting neural contributions during dual-task walking is needed. This study assessed behavioural and neural changes during dual-task walking. Younger (YA; N = 19) and older adults (OA; N = 14) walked on a treadmill at a self-selected pace while performing an n-back task with two difficulty levels (1- & 2-back). Using a blocked design, changes in oxy- (HbO) and deoxy-hemoglobin (HbR) during single (ST: walk) and dual task (DT: walk+n-back) were acquired from 28 channels placed on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Within each group and channel, a task by difficulty ANOVA was conducted. For HbO, a significant task effect (ST < DT) was found in 5 channels in YA and 7 channels in OA (p values < .028). For HbR, task effects (ST < DT) were found in 17/28 channels for the YA and 24/28 channels for the OA (p values < .045). In four channels (left hemisphere), a significant task by difficulty interaction was found in the YA, in which the HbR concentration change in the 2-back DT was lower than the change in the 1-back DT, a finding not present in the OA. Both groups demonstrate changes in cerebral oxygenation during dual-task walking, with OA demonstrating these effects in more channels than YA. YA may have benefited from dual-task exposure as they have less activity in the harder dual-task condition. These findings help clarify neural contributions to dual-task walking and can be used to inform intervention work on falls and cognitive-motor declines in aging., While research has demonstrated cognitive impairment is a risk factor for functional decline and may affect rehabilitation compared to the cognitively intact, the characteristics that lead to rehabilitation success in people with dementia has not been evaluated. Our objective was to determine factors associated with functional gains among older adults with dementia during inpatient geriatric rehabilitation. Retrospective cohort study: Consecutive subjects admitted to an inpatient geriatric rehabilitation unit with a dementia diagnosis (N = 175, age 83.1 ± 7.2 y, 55.4% female) had mobility, cognitive and demographic data collected at admission and discharge. The Functional Independence Measure motor function (FIM-motor) subscale was used to estimate level of mobility. Gain in motor function was the difference between FIM-motor scores at admission and discharge. Multivariable linear regression evaluated the association between cognitive and demographic factors on mobility gains. Functional gains were smaller with increasing care among pre-admission residence settings. The mean gain in mobility was 48.9% for “home without services,” 44.6% for “home with services,” 38.0% for “assisted living,” and −4.9% for “residential care.” In regression analysis, compared to “home without services,” average FIM-motor gains were lower by 4 points for “home with services” (p = .042), 5.6 points for “assisted living” (p = .029) and 23.2 points for “residential care” (p < .001). No other demographic or cognitive factors were associated with mobility gains. Only pre-admission place of residence was associated with mobility gains. More research is needed on the link between pre-admission function and loss of function on rehabilitation gains to refine positive prognostic factors associated with residence setting. Age, MMSE, gender, comorbidities, and mobility aid use were not associated with mobility gains and should not be absolute contraindications for access to inpatient rehabilitation., Speed of information processing can be affected in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and may play a role in activities such as driving. Electroencephalography (EEG) may have a role in assessing cognition, because it measures current changes to the level of milliseconds. In cognitive testing, the EEG signal is averaged to yield a waveform termed an “event-related potential” (ERP). This study compares the results of traditional cognitive testing and ERP n-back testing in patients with MCI and healthy controls (HC). Thirteen MCI patients were recruited from the Bruyère Memory Program, and 9 HCs were recruited from the general population. Cognition was tested using the MoCA, RBANS, and Trails A & B. EEGs were measured using NeuroScan NuAmps 4.3 and analysed using Brain Analyzer 2.0. Participants performed n-back cognitive tests to elicit working memory relevant ERPs. There were significant differences between clinical test results of MCI and HC groups, e.g., mean Trails B time for MCI was 173.5 seconds compared to 76.4 seconds in the HC (p < .001). In addition, the HC group had more correct responses and responded more quickly than the MCI patients in all 3 n-back conditions (p < .003). There was also a significant delay in the P200 component at midline and left hemisphere centro-posterior electrodes in MCI patients when compared to HC (p < .04).This MCI group performed less well on traditional cognitive testing, was slower and made more mistakes in the n-back testing, and showed a significant delay in the P200 component compared to healthy older controls. Further work will be required to clarify the role of ERP in measuring decreases in speed of processing in older adults with cognitive impairment., Age-normative hearing loss is linked with reduced cognitive functioning, mobility decline, and increased falls risk in older adults. This study examined age-related differences in allocation of cognitive resources between concurrent walking and listening tasks. Seventeen younger and twelve older adults with normal hearing participated. Three sentences (1 target, 2 maskers) were played simultaneously from different locations (left, center, right) in a virtual-reality street crossing scene. Target location probability (100% versus < 75%) was varied. Participants reported the number and colour in the target sentences. Gait during self-paced treadmill walking was assessed with motion capture system using active markers positioned on the head, sternum, sacrum, and feet. There were 3 conditions: walking, listening, and walking while listening. Key dependent measures were listening accuracy, head and trunk position, and stride time variability. Word recognition accuracy was significantly worse in (a) older than younger adults, (b) dual- than single-task, and (c) less predictable location probability. Preliminary kinematic analysis suggests increased peak trunk pitch, head pitch, and peak head roll rotation in older adults compared to younger adults. Older adults showed decreased head roll, peak head roll, and peak trunk pitch rotation from single-task walking to dual-task conditions but there was no such decrease in younger adults. Stride time variability (coefficient of variation) was greater in older adults under dual-task conditions than single-task walking while younger adults showed no trend. Listening performance in old age is particularly hampered when concurrently walking and when the signal location becomes less predictable. Furthermore, older adults’ gait variability worsened when simultaneously listening. The findings suggest that listening challenges affect mobility and provide early evidence to explain the link between age-related hearing loss and gait adaptations., After a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), individuals frequently experience balance problems associated with sensory processing disorders. Pediatric research has shown that compression vests improved anxiety in children with the disorder. However, a significant gap exists in literature regarding the application of compression vests in adult injury populations. The purpose of this study is to measure whether the vest improves gait and if it can improve mobility and aspects of cognition. Twenty-eight mTBI participants will complete the Rivermead post-concussion symptoms questionnaire (measure of anxiety) and cognitive testing, acting as their own controls performing a series of walking tests under four dual-task conditions. The dual-task conditions will consist of walking while performing a cognitive task with and without the compression vest. Cognitive testing includes the MoCA, to assess global cognition, and Trail Making to assess executive function (EF). Gait variability (GV) will be collected as a measure of gait performance. Participants will be wearing over-sized shirts to keep assessors blind to weighted vest condition. There will be a one week wash-out period. We expect that gait performance, specifically GV, under-dual task conditions will improve using the weighted compression vest — a mechanism that can be related to reducing anxiety and improving EF. This study may provide evidence that weighted compression vests can improve patients’ gait performance, allowing them to better navigate in daily environments. If gait improves using the compression vest, it may suggest that GV is sensitive to brain function. This study may contribute to recommending the use of compression vests for older adults to improve gait performance., Low executive function is associated with gait dysfunction in older adults. However, little is known about the neural basis underlying this association. We aim to investigate the relationship between regional cerebral metabolic rates of glucose (rCMRglc) and executive / gait functions in healthy community-dwelling older women. One-hundred and forty-five older women (mean age [SD], 69.6 [6.6] years) who have normal global cognitive function (MMSE > 26) underwent positron emission tomography using [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) to assess brain activity at rest. Within 6 months before and after the FDG-PET, TMT-A, TMT-B and maximum gait indices (speed, step length, and cadence) were measured. The difference in time between TMT-A and TMT-B was calculated for a measure of executive function (ΔTMT). Associations between variables were examined using multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for demographic variables and comorbidity. Lower ΔTMT was associated with poor performance in maximum gait speed and cadence, independent of covariates. For the cerebral glucose metabolism, both lower ΔTMT and lower maximum gait indices (speed and cadence) were associated with lower rCMRglc in the posterior cingulate and the primary sensorimotor cortices. The present study in healthy older adults suggests that the known relationship between low executive function and gait dysfunction in seniors may be explained by reduced metabolic activity in the posterior cingulate and the primary sensorimotor cortices. Assessing the neural activity in these brain areas may be helpful for identifying older adults at higher risk of experiencing mobility disability, falls and progressive MCI or dementia. The posterior cingulate and the primary sensorimotor cortex may play important roles in both executive and gait controls., In Parkinson’s disease (PD), deficits in executive functions (EF) have been linked to impaired gait. Current research has suggested that exercise may be effective to treat cognitive deficits in PD. However, it remains unknown how changes in cognition might influence gait in PD. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an aerobic and a Parkinson’s-specific goal-based exercise on EF and gait in PD and whether changes in cognition and gait as a result of exercise are associated or independent. Forty-eight PD participants were randomized into an aerobic (N = 23) or a goal-based (N = 25) exercise group and attended 1-hour sessions 3×/week for 12 weeks. EF (Digit Span, Stroop Test, and Trail Making Test) and gait (single and dual tasks) were assessed pre and post exercise. A group by time interaction for the Stroop interference condition approached significance (p = .056), revealing that only the aerobic group performed better in this condition at post-test. In addition, all participants performed the Trail’s part A faster after exercise (p = .009). An interaction between time, walking task, and group for step time variability neared significance (p = .058), demonstrating that, while goal-based exercise decreased variability in the single-task, aerobic exercise decreased variability in the dual-task condition at post-test. Participants decreased step time, increased cadence and step width after exercise, only in the dual-task condition (p < .05). Negative correlations showed that more points in the digit span forward were associated with reduced step time (aerobic: r = −0.41; goal-based: r = −0.48) and double support (aerobic: r = −0.50) variability during dual-task. This is the first study to demonstrate that exercise-related changes in EF may influence gait in PD. This influence occurs primarily during dual-task and is dependent on the measure of EF., Cardiovascular disease, related risk factors, and falls are all well-known predictors of cognitive decline in older adults. In a longitudinal study assessing cardiovascular health, cognition, balance, and dual-task walking, we evaluated baseline differences in balance outcomes and neuropsychological assessments to see if poor balance and poor cognition was associated with individuals who have poor cardiovascular health. The Cardiac group (CG, N = 23) included individuals with ≥ two cardiovascular risk factors and coronary patients. The Healthy group (HG, N = 16) included individuals with < two risk factors. Mean age : HG 64.7 years old SD 4.3 years, CG 69.9 years old SD 4.9 years. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was measured prior to balance assessment. Ten-second balance assessments were performed using a Matscan platform and included two eyes-open conditions (bipedal and unipedal). Initial comparisons of center of pressure measures between groups revealed significant differences in several measures (mean velocity [MV], mediolateral velocity [MLV]). After controlling for age and sex differences between groups, a mixed ANOVA (group by balance condition) revealed significant interactions in MV and MLV, such that CG performed more poorly than HG in the unipedal conditions (MV: p = .04, MLV: p = .02) with no significant differences in the bipedal conditions (MV: p =.86, MLV: p = .628). MLV also negatively correlated with MoCA scores in the whole sample (p = .05). This study suggests that CG have poorer balance control than HG. Simple tests with a balance platform reveal differences that identify at-risk groups and relate to lower MOCA scores. Early assessments of balance status can help to identify older individuals at risk of cognitive decline, allowing early intervention to prevent falls and further cognitive decline., Several studies have reported benefits of exercise interventions and cognitive training on cognitive performance in older adults, but the effect of combining both interventions has rarely been studied. 136 healthy older adults were randomly assigned to one of the 4 combinations: 1) aerobic training and dual-task training; 2) aerobic training and placebo computer; 3) stretching training and dual-task training; 4) stretching training and placebo computer. Dual-task performance benefits were assessed. Analyses compared percentage of change among groups in transfer dual-task conditions in three trial types: single-pure trials, single-mixed, and dual-task trials. Results showed larger change in dual-mixed than in single-mixed trials, but only for the groups that completed the dual-task training (vs. placebo computer), with no substantial difference between aerobic and stretching exercise. Improvement in other task conditions was equivalent among all groups. Results of this study suggest that both dual-task computer training combined with aerobic or stretching can help improve the ability to maintain multiple stimulus-response alternatives. This specific skill is essential when it comes to concurrently performing multiple tasks. Moreover, these combined interventions also lead to functional improvement in balance and gait, but do not seem to have a synergetic effect, which could be partly explained by a reduced training volume due to the combination of multiple training. These results further support the benefits of dual-task training on attentional control, and suggest equivalent effect of aerobic and stretching exercise on dual-task performance.

Background/Purpose: As of 2011, approximately 747,000 Canadians suffer from some form of dementia; Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one such form. AD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by significant neuronal death. Neuronal death has been associated with two pathophysiological features: 1) neurofibrillary tangles within the neurons, and 2) amyloid beta plaque formation between neurons. Excessive production of these two features is manifested by severe cognitive impairment. One of the most extensively researched compounds, associated with these characteristics, is the amino acid, homocysteine, which has been found to be higher in blood plasma concentrations in patients with AD compared to healthy counterparts. Folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 have been effective in reducing plasma homocysteine and this reduction has been associated with a reduction in amyloid beta and tau phosphorylation. However, this reduction in homocysteine has not resulted in improved cognitive performance. More recently, research focus has shifted to the universal methyl donor, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), as a dietary supplement to treat both the pathophysiological features and cognitive impairment of the disease in mice and has shown promising results in alleviating both domains of the disease. Methods: Here, a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect size for Y maze performance between two groups of mice, one receiving a SAM supplemented diet and the other group receiving a non-SAM supplemented diet. A thorough literature review was conducted and all studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. For each study, both groups of mice were fed a folate and vitamin E deficient diet for 1 month with or without SAM supplementation. Results & Conclusion: The results of four mouse studies demonstrated a significant effect of SAM supplementation on cognitive performance as measured by the percent of spontaneous alternations made in the Y maze, thus illustrating the utility of this supplement in research concerning mental health., Objectives: To identify primary care doctors knowledge, practices, and obstacles with regard to the diagnosis and management of dementia. Methods: Standardized questionnaires covering knowledge, practices, and obstacles were distributed among a random sample of primary care doctors in Kathmandu, Nepal. 380 physicians responded (response rate = 89%). Results: Knowledge of practitioners with regard to the diagnosis and management of dementia was unsatisfactory. Diagnosis and management barriers are presented with regard to GP factors, patient factors, systemic factors, and carer factors. Discussion: Specifically, the results address the following issues: time, communicating the diagnosis, negative views of dementia, difficulty diagnosing early stage dementia, acceptability of specialists and responsibility for extra issues, knowledge of dementia and ageing, less awareness of declining abilities and diminished resources to handle care, not specified guidelines, poor awareness of epidemiology, and less confidence to advise. Conclusions: Demographic changes mean that dementia will represent a significant problem in the future. The following paper outlines the problems and solutions that the Nepalese medical community needs to adopt to deal effectively with its diagnosis, care, and management., Background: As the number of individuals with dementia grows, we are seeing associated caregiving challenges. In one program for persons with dementia, involving caregivers in the creation of an individual’s life story is an important step in the development of a person-centred approach to care by identifying important life events and their meaning. This narrative contributes to individualized interventions for care. At the same time, the use of technology and ‘simulated presence’ is being explored with some caregivers as an additional intervention. Objective: This poster will demonstrate how ‘simulated presence’ can be an effective strategy to engage family or other significant caregivers and the interprofessional team in provision of a truly person-centred approach to care. Methods: Clients and caregivers are involved in creation of a life story when the client is first admitted to the program. Caregivers are also invited to participate in making audio-tapes where they provide reassurance or narration of care steps. These audio recordings are played during care, in order to redirect or engage the person with dementia. Elements of the person’s life story, as well as how to implement ‘simulated presence’, are integrated into a behavioural intervention plan. Several of these situations have been videotaped and caregivers have viewed the videos and participated in individual interviews, to learn about their perspectives on the use of ‘simulated presence’ in the care of their family member. Results: Videotapes of care when ‘simulated presence’ is part of the intervention demonstrate engagement of the person and a reduction in unwanted behaviour. The impact on care providers is also evident. With simulated presence, the number of staff required to provide care has been observed to be fewer than without this intervention. Interviews with family reveal a variety of themes. While they may have doubts about their ability to contribute to care, or about the effectiveness of ‘simulated presence’ for their family member, they are eager to participate in finding solutions to reduce responsive behaviours. Over time, observing changes in their family member’s behaviour and feeling like their participation has an impact on client care, can be reassuring and rewarding. Conclusions: Simulated Presence therapy is an intervention which uses recordings of a client’s family members to be played during care or at other times when responsive behaviours occur. This can be a meaningful way to engage caregivers and to enhance care for persons with dementia. Consideration should be given to who may or may not be appropriate for such an approach, and future research is warranted to further explore this unique element of a person-centred approach to care for persons with dementia., Background: Assessment of quality of life (QoL) of long-term care (LTC) residents presents significant challenges. People with dementia (PwD) may be unable to comprehend information being sought, lack insight into their own experiences, and be unable to formulate responses that express their perceptions of their own QoL. Yet they have been shown to be able to respond to such questions. Further, the perspectives of people with higher levels of cognition may not be well-served by instruments based predominantly on observation of behaviours and non-verbal indicators. Evaluation of the outcomes of care measures and performance improvement interventions is therefore challenging. A method of reliable and valid assessment of QoL of LTC residents is needed that is responsive to changes in clinical status, clinically feasible, an indicator of quality of care and performance, and a valid research measure. Objective: To compare and contrast selected measures of QoL of LTC residents in people with cognitive impairment levels ranging from none to severe dementia. This pilot study assessed the feasibility of a proposed protocol. Method: Instruments validated to assess QoL in PwD were compared and contrasted for validity and feasibility across levels of cognition in LTC settings. Seven instruments were selected for further evaluation. Twelve resident/staff member dyads were randomly selected and stratified based on cognitive status of residents (unimpaired, mild, moderate, severe impairment). All seven tools were administered to staff members. Two instruments were designed to be administered directly to PwD. Mini-Mental State Examinations were administered to residents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in which resident and staff member participants evaluated the instruments in terms of representativeness of their concepts of QoL, formats of instrument items, relevance, and clinical feasibility. Preliminary qualitative analysis (open coding) was conducted. Results: Internal instrument consistencies ranged from Cronbach’s α = 0.678–0.914 (one outlier 0.039). Further quantitative analysis will be conducted on the subsequent full sample. In interviews, residents and staff members reported that instruments addressed all relevant domains; no omissions were identified. Both residents and staff members asked for clarification of various items within the scales. Preferences were expressed for scales with emphasis on observable behaviours and simplicity. Number of response options was not a determining criterion. Discrepancies were identified between residents’ self-evaluations and staff evaluations. Duration of caregiver data collection ranged from 31–66 minutes for testing and 5–23 minutes for interviews. Duration of data collection with residents was 15–33 minutes and 3–12 minutes, respectively. Residents with no, mild, and moderate impairment were able to complete the two instruments administered directly to them; none of the three severely impaired residents was able to complete the instruments. Caregivers commented that they found the data collection process to be long. Conclusions: Findings validated the feasibility of the proposed methodology. The number of instruments was reduced. Understanding of concepts and use of instruments was problematic. No single instrument was deemed appropriate across the cognitive range. Preliminary findings identify the need for a simple instrument in language easily understood by residents and staff with clearly expressed items based on objective observation of behaviours., Background/objectives: Low socioeconomic status (SES) has consistently been shown to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias. Not surprisingly, a few studies have also linked low SES with an increased risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a brain syndrome that often precedes dementia. However, it is not known what the relationship of SES is to the initial clinical presentation to a memory disorders clinic. We hypothesized that lower SES can lead to delayed medical attention and disease diagnosis and greater clinical severity at time of diagnosis, and be associated with reduced use of cognitive enhancers. Methods: Data from 127 AD and 135 MCI patients seen at a memory disorders clinic based in a large urban centre were analyzed retrospectively. We examined the relationship between SES and 1) the diagnosis of either AD or MCI; 2) the age of patients when they present to clinic; 3) objective cognitive tests using the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and Behavioural Neurology Assessment (BNA) to indicate clinical severity; and 4) the use of cognitive enhancers in patients with AD. SES was measured using the Hollingshead 2-factor index of social position, which is a linear scale from 11 to 77 that incorporates educational and occupational attainments, and is negatively correlated with SES. Upper and middle class (scores of 11–43) were compared with lower class (scores of 44–77) individuals. Results: AD patients had significantly lower SES than MCI patients (p < .001). Low SES was also associated with a greater age at initial time of diagnosis (U = 6006.5, p = .027). Among patients with MCI, those with low SES performed worse on the BNA than their higher SES counterparts after correcting for age (high SES: 91.4 ± 10.8; low SES: 82.4 ± 14.1; p = .005), although there was no effect of SES on the less comprehensive MMSE. SES did not affect cognitive scores in patients with AD. Lastly, the use of cognitive enhancers among AD patients was associated with higher SES (p < .001, r = 0.842). Conclusions: Individuals with lower SES presented more frequently with established dementia, while higher SES individuals presented more frequently with MCI. This, combined with the greater age found among low SES individuals, could indicate that low SES may lead to delayed referral to memory disorders clinics and delayed diagnosis of AD. Furthermore, higher SES is associated with better cognitive functioning in MCI patients and increased use of cognitive enhancers in AD patients, possibly because low SES patients come in too late to benefit from treatment. This has broad health policy implications in terms of developing strategies to engage patients with low SES in the early stages of dementia, perhaps through better identification of patients at the primary care level., Background: Home oxygen therapy is prescribed to people with various health conditions including lung and heart diseases, such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and heart failure. Managing the use of oxygen can be difficult in patients with dementia who have cognitive and functional losses. Hypoxia can exacerbate confusion and worsen behavioural symptoms. Patients with cognitive impairment often have great difficulty to learn and remember how to use unfamiliar oxygen equipment properly. Mortality and readmission rate are high in this group of patients. The burden of symptoms significantly affects quality of life and health status of patients and caregivers. Older people with dementia who have medical co-morbidities require careful attention to minimize behavioural consequences and improve quality of life. Clinical management of these patients differs from the younger population and care professionals must adjust their management strategies to accommodate their special needs. Aim: Despite the fact that provision of home oxygen therapy is required by some older adults with cognitive impairment or dementia, there is no literature which describes the specific challenges and offers guidance to the provision of oxygen therapy. This study aims to explore the main issues associated with preparing older patients going home with oxygen therapy by inquiring the care providers’ perspective. Method: A total of 10 participants, including Physician, Respiratory Therapist, Physiotherapists, Occupational Therapist, Nursing and Social Work, participated in two focus groups. The participants from one group work in a local community hospital; the others work in the community sector. The focus group discussions were one hour each. The discussions were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was undertaken to identify important themes and subthemes to reveal the challenges and specific areas for improvement. Results: Three broad themes emerged as main issues associated with preparing patients going home with oxygen. The first theme, ‘Education’, explored subthemes of Knowledge, Resources, and Barriers. For care providers in hospital, knowledge of equipment available in the community is needed to select appropriate equipment to meet varying needs of patients. The biggest barrier is patient-related factors including decreased cognition, visual and physical deficits, and language barriers that affect the learning ability of patients. Under the second theme, ‘Safety’, there were subthemes that considered environmental challenges and equipment. Participants reported high risk for falls due to long oxygen tubing in their homes and the manoeuvring of equipment. Other hazards include smoking, fire risks with gas stoves, and inappropriate levels of oxygen. The third theme, ‘Discharge Process’, discussed the subthemes of team collaboration, time limit, and home oxygen assessment. Participants consistently highlighted the importance of effective communication of information about patient’s cognitive, physical, and functional abilities, as well as safety issues to community teams. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that there is a need to improve current processes in order to provide patient-centred, safe, and efficient home oxygen therapy to geriatric patients, particularly to the group with cognitive impairment/dementia. Careful attention and adaptations are required to meet the special needs of this vulnerable population., Background: Environmental interventions are an untapped source of therapeutic potential. Given the fact that we have a burgeoning older population with dementia in acute hospitals, there can be great patient benefits and potential cost savings of utilizing environmental strategies to promote safe recovery, reduce loss of function, and avoid adverse events. Older adults with dementia have decreased ability to cope with environmental stressors; they are more sensitive to the impacts of environmental features. Research suggests that an environment that is safe, warm, and familiar not only supports cognitive and functional needs of older people with dementia, but may also contribute to improving quality and safety of care in patients of all ages. However, research on effective environmental interventions in the acute setting to support patients with dementia is lacking. Aim: Our study aims to: 1) provide a review of the literature to identify relevant evidence-based environmental interventions that may contribute to positive experience in older adults in acute hospitals, and 2) investigate the physical environment of a geriatric psychiatry unit in a community hospital to understand how physical environment may play a role in meeting needs of patients with dementia or other mental health needs. Method: We conducted a focused ethnography method on a 16-bed geriatric psychiatry unit in a community hospital. We began with a review of literature, an environmental scan, and a survey of 18 staff from different disciplines, including nurses, occupational therapists, and care aides. These guided our subsequent focused observations and interviews with patients and families. The sample included 7 patients (four of whom were diagnosed with dementia and three with depression/schizoaffective disorder), and 4 family members. We used purposive sampling to ensure we had a variety of patients with different behavioural symptoms and functional and psychosocial needs. A thematic analysis was conducted. Results: Our results demonstrate that physical environment plays an important role in impacting the hospitalization experience of older adults with dementia or other mental health needs and their families. The four inter-related themes of environmental qualities central in promoting healing and coping are: therapeutic; supportive in functional independence; facilitative in social connections; and personal safety. Therapeutic means the unit offers pockets of home-like environment and provides quality sensory stimulations. Supportive of functional independence refers to the environmental features that make it easy for older adults to use the bathroom, wash, groom, mobilize, locate places/rooms, and store personal belongings. Facilitative of social connection indicates the provision of safe and comfortable social spaces for patient, family, and staff to interact/engage in meaningful activities. The feeling of personal safety involves having staff in close proximity and minimizing disruptions (e.g., physical or verbal) from confused patients. Conclusion: The evidence indicates that physical environment plays an important role in making hospitals safe and supportive of healing for older adults with dementia and other mental health needs. Patients’ and families’ perspectives provide us with a better understanding of current challenges of the hospital environment and assist in identifying specific priorities and interventions to make improvement., Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and depression share many common pathological features — for example, decrease in the number of synapses. The synapse forms an important communication unit between neurons to maintain neuronal viability and sustain whole brain functioning. Actin is the main cytoskeleton that forms the architecture of the synapse. Polymerization and depolymerization of actin allow actin filaments to constantly remodel and maintain synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, synaptic vesicle proteins involved in the docking and fusion of the vesicles to the membranes allowing for neurotransmitter release, including synaptophysin and synaptotagmin, are also important in maintaining synaptic function. Abnormalities in synaptic and cytoskeletal proteins have been observed in both depression and AD. Objectives: To investigate morphological and protein changes in the synapse after treatments with oligomeric beta-amyloid and corticosterone. Methods: 14-day-old hippocampal primary-cultured neurons were treated with either oligomeric beta-amyloid or corticosterone separately for 24 or 48 hours. Neurons were transfected with beta-actin to observe synaptic morphological changes. Immunocytochemical analysis was used to investigate changes in the vesicle proteins synaptophysin and synaptotagmin in neurons. FM4-64 dye was used to investigate functional changes. All of the above were imaged by multiphoton microscopy. Results: After treatments with oligomeric beta-amyloid or corticosterone, changes in beta-actin morphology were observed. Rod shaped actin began to form within the cell body, and also along and at the ends of dendrites. Oligomeric beta-amyloid significantly reduced the expressions of synaptic vesicle proteins, whereas corticosterone induced aggregation of these proteins. FM4-64 dye showed that the function of the neurons was compromised; more specifically, exocytosis appeared to be abnormal in the amyloid- or corticosterone-treated synapses. Conclusions: Our results show that both oligomeric beta-amyloid and corticosterone affect presynaptic vesicle proteins, cytoskeletons, and neuronal functioning. This may help to explain the decrease in dendritic spine number and dendritic regression observed in depression and AD. Moreover, such resulting neurodysfunction likely forms the basis of cognitive impairment seen in depressed and demented individuals., Background/Objectives: It is well established that persons with Alzheimer’s disease and their family care partners may hold differing views on how the disease has impacted various aspects of their lives. For example, previous research has identified discrepancies in care partner/receiver perceptions of depression, diagnosis, pain, values and care preferences, quality of life, and everyday functioning. One domain that has not been closely examined, yet which contributes to all other aspects of daily functioning, is a person’s ability to communicate. The present exploratory study investigated family care partner/receiver perceptions of the care receiver’s communication abilities in daily life. Methods: Seven participant dyads (care partner/receiver) were interviewed separately using the CLIMAT interview scale. Questions were asked regarding the care receiver’s abilities across four major domains: Social, Everyday Functioning, Cognitive, and Behavioural. The care partner and receiver interview data were transcribed and imported into Atlas-ti for coding. Open coding was undertaken to identify participants’ recurring comments and themes related to language and communication abilities, such as word-finding difficulty, repeating oneself, comprehension, initiating conversation, and engaging in social interaction. These themes were further analyzed to determine whether there were discrepancies between the care partner’s and receiver’s perceptions of functioning in each domain. Results: The results indicate that discrepancies were most apparent in describing the care receiver’s abilities to have meaningful conversations about recent events and to engage in social interaction outside the home. The differing views reflected care receivers’ underestimation of the impact of AD on their communication functioning. Possible sources of the diverging care partner/receiver perceptions include awareness and/or protection of self and others, and attitudes about the functional impact of AD. Conclusions: The differing views of care partners and receivers point to the need for them to have more open and ongoing dialogue about changes in communication ability and their potential impact on interpersonal interactions and quality of social life., Background: Preventing falls among older adults remains a focus of health professionals. While fall prevention and injury reduction initiatives involve many excellent, evidence-based strategies, these same strategies are not always applicable within a dementia population. Recent trends at a geriatric hospital reveal an increase in falls with critical injury with clients who have dementia and also exhibit responsive behaviours. This relationship between falls and behaviour indicates a need to explore possible interventions aimed at this population specifically. Clients who exhibit responsive behaviour often have underlying neurological conditions which may make traditional falls prevention strategies ineffective, as they are not aimed at the strengths of the client. Methods: As part of a larger Falls Prevention Initiative, a geriatric hospital implemented a three-month pilot project on two specific units involving strategies that were developed with a focus on the unique characteristics of each population. On one behavioural dementia unit, two falls prevention strategies: consistent, universal provision of hip protectors and a visual tracking of falls and falls with critical injury, were implemented for a three-month period. Results: Preliminary results from this pilot indicate that there have been zero falls with critical injury during the three-month period, and the average rate of falls is no different from the average falls rate observed during the past year. A visual tracking system, located in a lounge area in front of the care station, has been available for staff, clients, and families to observe and follow. Different team members were required to take on the duty of tracking falls, encouraging interprofessional accountability. Use of hip protectors was offered to all clients; however, many barriers arose to limit family members and staff from continuously implementing wearing of hip protectors over the course of the pilot project. Some examples of barriers include hip protectors limiting clients’ abilities to toilet themselves, clients exhibiting behaviours which may limit the effectiveness of hip protectors (e.g., disrobing, fidgeting, etc.), and having hip protectors contribute to responsive behaviours (e.g., restlessness). Conclusions: The pilot project has so far been successful, in that there have been no falls with critical injury observed on the unit and the number of falls has been regularly below the annual average. Having one universal strategy (hip protectors) has not been sustainable on this unit, due to individual differences within the patient population. The visual management strategy has engaged staff and families. While there is a trend in the number of falls in people who exhibit responsive behaviours, falls strategies need to be individualized as this population is highly heterogeneous. Taking a team approach, including team conferences and implementing collaborative interventions, helps to minimize the risk associated with falls in this population., Background: Older adults identify themselves by what they do and the activities that structure their lives (Laliberte-Rudman D, et al. 1997). People with dementia maintain this need for engagement, but are often unable to communicate their needs. A lack of attention to individual care needs may trigger responsive behaviours. The lack of coordination between care settings may exacerbate client’s behaviours when they move between care settings (Coleman EA. 2003). Methods: A geriatric hospital aimed to identify critical components of a process and develop a prototype to ease care setting transitions of patients with severe cognitive impairment and behavioural issues. A pilot project on the behavioural neurology inpatient unit in collaboration with the hospital’s Innovation, Technology, and Design Lab explored use of video communication across care settings. To showcase six clients’ engagement to subsequent care providers, videos were created of each client, depicting personhood, behaviour mitigation, and approach to care. A participatory action framework, based on the knowledge to action cycle was utilized (Graham ID. 2006). Focus groups were held with care providers at the discharge destination. Results: A thematic analysis was completed by the behavioural neurology unit and the Innovation, Technology and Design Lab which revealed three themes: 1) Video communication is valued as a medium for sharing client information; 2) Communication needs to be catered towards the discharge destinations, considering workload, culture, and accessibility; and 3) Staff value preserving client identities, through maintaining daily routines, incorporating their life story, and building connections with clients. Conclusions: The current process and lack of individualized care plans leave clients with unmet needs and decreases engagement. Care facilities value video, so long as it is tailored to the needs of the care setting and highlights the shared goal of preserving the client’s occupational identity. Enhancing communication through video technology is one strategy to help ease care transitions and support continuous meaningful engagement. Next steps include activating a Cloud—a portal that will allow staff in other institutions to access client information securely and enable better communication across settings., Background: Apathy and depression, two of the most prevalent behavioural disturbances in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), often contribute to decline in quality of life for patients and their caregivers. Symptoms of apathy and depression may be difficult to assess, particularly as cognition deteriorates. Our team developed the Visual Attention Scanning Technology (VAST), an eye-tracker which enables real-time measurements of attention patterns towards competing visual stimuli. Previous results suggest that VAST has the ability to distinguish between depressed patients without dementia and healthy controls. Using VAST in the AD population for the first time, we explored an objective method of assessing symptoms of apathy and depression that does not rely on patient verbal skills or caregiver reports. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of patients with mild to moderate AD (NINCDS-ADRDA criteria; Mini-Mental Status Examination, MMSE). Participants were screened for significant depression (DSM-IV-TR; Neuropsychiatric Inventory, NPI depression, and apathy (NPI apathy). On a computer screen, participants were presented a series of 16 slides, containing 4 images of different themes (2 neutral, 1 social, 1 dysphoric), interspersed with filler slides. Patients were allowed 10.5 seconds to view each slide for a total test time of 20 minutes. Interest was measured using the number of fixations within specific images on a slide. Groups were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and associations were determined using Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: Of the 37 AD patients (19 females, age =77.1±8.7, MMSE = 22.1±3.5) included in this preliminary analysis, 19 had neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS, 12 significant apathy, 7 significant depression) and 18 had neither of these symptoms (non-NPS). These patients had comparable age, though depressed patients scored lower on MMSE compared with apathetic and non-NPS patients. There was a significant difference in number of fixations on social images between groups (F2,34 = 4.01, p = .027); specifically, apathetic patients were less interested in social images compared with non-NPS. No statistical significance was found between groups for dysphoric images (F2,34 = 0.35, p = .707). Higher apathy scores on the NPI were significantly correlated with decreased number of fixations on social images (r = 0.42, p = .009, n = 37). Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that interest in social stimuli using VAST can distinguish AD patients with different behavioural disturbances and is associated with severity of apathy. The results of this study will begin the development of a non-invasive and novel objective tool for evaluating apathy and depression severity in AD, which might also be a useful biomarker for predicting and monitoring treatment response., Background: Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are considered the first line treatment for symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Despite their modest efficacy, lack of data regarding long-term use, and potential for side effects, patients with moderate to severe AD on ChEIs tend to remain on these medications for long periods of time and often until death. This warrants the investigation of predictors of response to discontinuation of ChEI therapy to determine if, and for whom, it is appropriate. Methods: Institutionalized patients with moderate to severe AD (Mini-Mental Status Exam 2 years ChEI use were randomized, double-blind to ChEI continuation or placebo (with 2-week taper) for 8 weeks. Vitals: weight (kg), Clinician’s Global Impression (CGI), neuropsychiatric symptoms (Neuropsychiatric Inventory/Nursing Home Version [NPI-NH]), cognition (Severe Impairment Battery [SIB] and the MMSE), and safety (standardized symptom checklist) were monitored biweekly. Demographic and clinical characteristics were investigated at baseline. Results: To date, 25 patients (72% male, mean age 87.9±3.0, mean MMSE 6.8±5.2, mean NPI 17.6±13.6, mean CGI 3.8±0.7 at baseline) have been enrolled. Based on un-blinded results, patients were classified into two groups to determine whether baseline measures of vitals (blood pressure, pulse rate), weight, cognition (MMSE and SIB), and behaviour (NPI) were objective predictors of change in CGI status. When patients were grouped based on CGI status at study endpoint, a total of 8 (32%) patients worsened, while 16 (64%) showed no change and 1 (4%) had improvement. Preliminary data indicates that vitals (χ2 (3) = 4.642, R2 = .169, p =.200), weight (χ2 (1) = .864, R2 = .034, p =.343), cognition (χ2 (2) =.586, R2 = .023, p =.746), and behaviour (χ2 (1) =1.239, R2 = .048, p =.266) were not associated with CGI change in binary logistic regression models. As well, there were no predictors of change in behaviour (NPI) and cognition (MMSE and SIB). Conclusion: Thus far, there have been no baseline predictors of worsening. Once the recruitment goal of 60 patients is met and study treatment allocation revealed, placebo and ChEI continuation groups will be compared and predictors of response will be determined. Further assessment of predictors of improvement following ChEI discontinuation will provide data for guidelines for ChEI discontinuation., Background: Gait and cognition are interrelated. However, it is still unknown if there is a “motor signature” associated with cognitive dysfunction. Previous studies assessing older people with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and with dementia have found that executive dysfunction is consistently associated with a slower gait. However, associations between episodic memory dysfunction and gait performance are inconsistent, and it is unknown if memory dysfunction, which is cardinal sign in MCI, is specifically associated with the gait disturbances seen in MCI. Objective: To determine whether gait performance in older adults with MCI differs based on their cognitive subtyping classification: amnestic type (aMCI) or non-amnestic type (na-MCI). Methods: Older adults (≥ 65 years) with MCI from the “Gait and Brain Study” were included in this analysis. Global cognition was evaluated using the MMSE and the MoCA. Specific cognitive domains were evaluated using a battery of neurocognitive tests: Trail Making Tests A and B, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Digit Span Test, and Letter Number Sequence Test. Gait performance was evaluated with the GaitRITE mat under usual and dual-task walking conditions (walking while naming animals out loud and walking while doing serials subtractions by 7). Participants were divided in aMCI and naMCI based on their episodic memory assessment performance. The relationship between cognitive group (aMCI vs. na-MCI) and gait variables was evaluated with linear regression modeling. Results: Sixty-four participants, mean age 77±6 years and 57.6% female were included. Forty-three were aMCI and 21 were na-MCI. Groups were similar in age, co-morbidities, level of physical activity, and history of previous falls. aMCI participants walked slower than na-MCI (98.5 vs. 112.1 cm/sec, p < .001). Multivariable linear regression, adjusted for age, gender, and executive function, demonstrate the aMCI group was significantly associated with gait dysfunction under dual-task testing and had a higher gait variability (p < .001), indicative of a more unstable gait pattern. Conclusions: Memory dysfunction, specifically episodic memory impairment, was associated with poor gait performance, particularly under dual-task test conditions. Associations were maintained even after adjustments for potential confounders in the multivariate logistic regression. Our findings suggest that there is a motor signature in aMCI characterized by slowing gait under dual-tasking and higher variability, which seems to be independent of executive dysfunction., Background: Extensive research in behavioural neuroscience has established that the hippocampus and the medial temporal lobe (MTL) systems are required to form new long-term declarative memory until slow consolidation processes allow neocortical networks to represent memory independently. Sharon et al. (2011; PNAS) demonstrated an important exception to this well-established theory by showing that adults with severe MTL amnesia were able to acquire novel arbitrary associations through Fast Mapping (FM). During FM, the meaning of new words and concepts is inferred by exclusion, and durable novel associations are incidentally formed. FM is most apparent during early childhood’s exuberant learning phase, but is also available to adults. Age-related changes commonly involve explicit memory decline that is correlated with hippocampal dysfunction. FM has never been tested in older individuals or neurodegenerative disorders. Objectives: Examine older adults’ ability to learn through FM, and the impact of dementia on such learning. Methods: Healthy older adults (OA), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients performed an FM task. On each trial, participants saw pictures of two items—an unknown (e.g., umbretta) and a well-known (e.g., duck) item. They had to make a perceptual decision (e.g., “Is the umbretta’s beak purple?”) that required an inference about the association between novel labels and novel items. Sixteen new items were incidentally encoded in this way. Memory was tested using a 3-alternative-choice associative recognition task after 10 minutes and again after 1 week. A matched Explicit Encoding (EE) task was also used in which participants were simply asked to “remember the Caracara”, and testing was the same. Results: Similar to previous studies with young and middle-aged adults, OA perform better on EE than FM, but in addition they displayed moderate reductions in FM performance. AD and MCI patients demonstrated equivalent performance to OA when tested after 10 minutes following FM encoding, despite significant impairment on the EE task. By contrast, when tested after a week, FM gains were lost in AD, but not in OA or MCI. Brain behaviour correlations in AD and MCI patients showed that EE scores were correlated with hippocampal volumes and with clinical tests of episodic memory. By contrast, FM scores were correlated with neocortical regions such as ATL and specific frontal and parietal regions, and with semantic memory tasks. Conclusions: Our study concurs with that of Sharon and colleagues, that MCI and AD patients were able to learn new associations through FM despite an impaired episodic memory system. However, AD patients also demonstrated accelerated forgetting over a week. Interestingly, the pattern of correlations with brain volumes suggests FM is less sensitive to hippocampal atrophy and more sensitive to anterior and posterior neocortical degeneration that is also part of AD. These findings are in line with previous patient research that demonstrated learning through FM depends on the ATL probably due to its role in representing semantic associative networks. The data are consistent with the idea that acquisition of semantic information through FM and EE rely on distinct neural systems., Background: Dementia is a major predictor of the need for long-term home care and becomes increasingly common with greater age. Retirement living is an alternative residential option available to seniors that offers some support (e.g., cleaning, cooking, medical support) but is independent of provincial health services. Retirement living may facilitate physical and social activity among older adults by reducing health, social, and environmental barriers. Since regular physical activity is associated with slower cognitive decline, an increase in physical activity in retirement living may slow cognitive decline with age. Objective: The objective of this study is to (1) quantify changes in physical activity over the transition from community living to retirement living, and (2) describe the association between these changes and cognitive function. Methods: Older adults living in and on the wait-lists for retirement living were recruited for this study. Physical activity was assessed objectively with a tri-axial actigraph activity monitor and was self-reported using the CHAMPS questionnaire. Cognitive function was assessed using the MoCA and a 30 minute cognitive battery based on the vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards, which assess cognitive domains including memory, executive function, and attention. Current residents participated in one assessment in which they reported current and past (prior to retirement living) physical activity; current activity was objectively measured. Wait-list participants reported physical activity and had both physical activity and cognitive function measured prior to and after their transition to retirement living. Discussion: Physical activity in retirement living will be compared to physical activity in the community using paired t-tests. The relationship between physical activity changes and cognitive function will be assessed with correlational analysis. Results: Sixty-seven percent of current residents increased weekly participation in purposeful exercise (e.g., aerobic classes, use of fitness equipment in the facility, and walking groups). Four residents reported beginning purposeful exercise activities only after the transition to retirement living. Conversely, the frequency of physical activity related to activities of daily living decreased among all residents. At this time, 10 wait-list residents have completed pre-transition assessments and will have post-transition assessments completed in the fall. These results will also be presented at the Canadian Dementia Conference. Conclusion: This study investigates the impact of a residential choice and alternative health care option (retirement living) on physical activity patterns and cognitive function. It is possible that this alternative care model may improve physical activity and thereby decrease cognitive decline and dementia among older Canadians., Background: In 2038, there will be 257,800 new cases of Alzheimer’s disease or a related dementia in Canada, equaling 756 million hours of informal care, and a projected economic burden of $153 billion for that year (Rising Tide: The Impact of Dementia on Canadian Society, 2009). The aging of the Canadian population has heightened the potential environmental, social, and economic impacts on those with dementia. Objectives: This paper focuses on the relationship between individuals with dementia and their environments. Specifically, it concentrates on improving quality of life for those with dementia and increasing the capacity of the existing urban spaces through safety, sense of community, equality of access and opportunity, and enabling independence. Discussion: The impact of public spaces on those affected by dementia is often overlooked in the academic literature and, more seriously, in public policy formulation. To help address the shortage of material on dementia-friendly public spaces, a review of the literature on dementia-friendly communities is included to produce recommendations for “best practices” addressing dementia, with special emphasis on dementia-friendly public environments. The paper then employs Penny McCourt’s ‘Dementia Policy Lens Toolkit’ to assess the new ‘dementia-friendly’ approaches in York, England in the context of the identified “best practices”. Addressing the questions: “How can we make our urban public spaces more dementia-friendly?’’ and ‘’What are the health implications of ‘dementia-friendly’ urban spaces?’’, the paper concludes with recommendations on implementing these best-practices in Canadian settings., Background: Recent prospective studies have shown that high Aβ amyloid is associated with a faster rate of memory decline in healthy older adults and adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, because these studies were conducted over shorter durations (i.e., 18 months), longer prospective studies are required to determine if Aβ-related memory decline is unremitting. Methods: Healthy older adults (n = 177), and adults with MCI (n = 48) underwent positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging using Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) for Aβ amyloid, APOE ε4 genotyping, and cognitive assessment using Cognigram as part of their baseline assessment in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers, and Lifestyle (AIBL) study. Cognitive function was reassessed 18 and 36 months later. Results: Compared to healthy older adults with low Aβ amyloid, healthy older adults and adults with MCI with high Aβ amyloid showed a moderate decline across 36 months on the Cognigram learning working memory composite. In contrast, adults with MCI and low Aβ amyloid showed a slight improvement on the Cognigram learning/working memory and psychomotor/attention composites across the 36 months. APOE ε4 carriage did not moderate the relationship between Aβ amyloid and cognitive decline. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that in healthy older adults, high Aβ amyloid most likely indicates that AD-related neurodegeneration has begun. They also support the hypothesis that adults with MCI and high Aβ amyloid is indicative of incipient AD, while MCI with low Aβ amyloid may reflect the presence of other neurodegenerative or psychiatric processes. Once commenced, the rate of decline in cognitive function remains constant across the preclinical and prodromal stages of AD. Finally, the results indicate the sensitivity of the Cognigram learning and working memory composite to the effects of Aβ amyloid in non-demented adults., Background: Prospective studies show that in healthy older adults and adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), high levels of Aβ amyloid are associated with cognitive decline and more rapid progression to the next clinical disease stage. However, as yet single cognitive assessments or cognitive screening has not been able to differentiate non-demented individuals with low and high Aβ amyloid. Methods: Healthy older adults (n = 288) and adults with amnestic MCI (n = 56) enrolled in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study, underwent positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging using Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) for Aβ amyloid, and completed the Cognigram cognitive screen. Results: In healthy adults, performance on the attention/psychomotor function (d = 0.16) and learning working memory (d = 0.23) composites were equivalent between low and high Aβ amyloid groups. In MCI, performance on the attention/psychomotor function composite was equivalent between low and high Aβ amyloid groups (d = 0.21); however, performance on the learning working memory composite was significantly worse in the MCI high amyloid group compared to the MCI low Aβ amyloid group (d = 0.69). Conclusions: The data indicate that in MCI high Aβ is associated with more severe impairment in learning and working memory. In MCI, Aβ amyloid levels do not influence attention and psychomotor function. In healthy adults, cognitive screening is not sensitive to elevated amyloid levels. These data suggest that prospective cognitive screening may be necessary to identify high Aβ amyloid in healthy adults. However, in MCI more severe memory impairment can indicate that Aβ amyloid levels are abnormally high., Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the role of music in promoting an enhanced brain reserve capacity in Franz Schubert and Maurice Ravel, two professional musicians who suffered from neurological disorders. Methods: We consulted medical journals, reports, historical reviews, memoirs, and books written in English describing the life of each composer, the progression of their disease, and its effects on their musical faculties. Results: Schubert suffered from a brain infection, most likely tertiary syphilis. In 1822, he experienced hair loss, skin rashes, ulcers in the mouth and throat, bone pain, and headaches—all characteristics of second stage syphilis. During this time however, Schubert composed numerous pieces, including “Die Schöne Müllerin”, which was written while being treated in the hospital. In the final year of his life, Schubert’s disease progressed to a tertiary phase where his brain was affected, resulting in chronic headaches, dizziness, paranoia, memory deficits, and eventually delirium. Despite the cognitive and physical deterioration, Schubert’s musical composition output remained intact with the completion of his last three piano sonatas just weeks before his death. In fact, Schubert was reported to have made corrections to Part II of his piece “Winterreise” a day before he died. Likewise, Ravel first exhibited symptoms of primary progressive aphasia with underlying corticobasal degeneration as early as 1927, about the same time as he composed his famous work, Bolero. His motor and cognitive deterioration accelerated following 1932 due to a car accident. Like Schubert, despite the onset of his cognitive decline, Ravel composed numerous works including his last two piano sonatas from 1929–1931 and “Don Quichotte à Dulcinée” a year after his car accident. Although his apraxia restricted him from composing music into the last couple of years of his life, his memoirs explicitly indicate that his musical sensibility was preserved. In describing his opera, “Jeanne d’Arc”, he claimed to have had so much music rushing into his head, but no way of physically expressing it. Likewise, Ravel retained the ability to remember his own music and identified errors in the performance of his work by other musicians. Conclusion: The literature on the preservation of musical competency in famous artists affected by various brain diseases such as frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease is supported by our review on the musical integrity in Schubert and Ravel. We raise the hypothesis that the neural pathways recruited in composing and understanding music at a professional level are separate from those used in daily activities. These networks are unique in that they are resistant to neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, music may serve as another basis for enhanced brain reserve capacity in artists., Background: Behavioural and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD) may disable a patient from performing activities independently; the reverse may be true in that losing independence may affect mood and behaviour. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between function and severity of neuropsychiatric disturbance in the context of dementia. Methods: We analyzed data from a longitudinal study of caregiver informants responding to the Functional Rating Scale (FRS), Clinical Dementia Rating Scale modified for frontotemporal dementia (CDR-FTLD), Frontal Behavioural Inventory (FBI), and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Participants granted 2–3 telephone sessions separated by at least one year. We performed bivariate correlations for the FRS and CDR-FTLD against the behavioural inventories and compared patterns among 3 subtypes of dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) who converted to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Results: The dataset includes 20 sessions regarding 9 MCI converters, 194 sessions for 94 AD patients, 63 sessions for 28 behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) patients, and 32 sessions for 14 primary progressive aphasia (PPA). For the total sample, we found positive correlations for FRS and FBI: r from .682 to .870, p < .01; CDR-FTLD and FBI: r ranging from .734 to .876, p < .01; FRS and NPI: r from .425 to .605, p < .05; CDR-FTLD and NPI; r from .442 to .544, p < .05. Among diagnostic groups, MCI converters showed the highest r values for all pairings of 4 instruments. Conclusion: This study indicates links between functional ability and severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms across several types of cognitive impairment. Further study will explore causality in the association, as well as seeking the relative roles of additional covariates, such as educational level or duration of illness., Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common in patients with dementia including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and mixed AD and VaD. The most common NPS encountered in dementia are apathy, irritability, agitation, depression, delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, disinhibition, and eating abnormalities (Cummings JL; 1997). These symptoms contribute to patients’ distress, caregiver burden and institutionalization. Different neurode-generative diseases may be associated with certain NPS, thus impacting treatment and care. Moreover, frontal lobe injury is often associated with development of NPS (Damasio A. In: Clinical Neuropsychology. 1993; Oxford University Press). Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare NPS in patients with AD, VaD and mixed AD and VaD, and to evaluate the differences in incidence of NPS in relation to frontal white matter hyperintensities (WMH). Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of 510 patients who presented to the Toronto Western Hospital Memory Clinic with cognitive complaints. Ninety-three patients with AD (McKhann GM, et al.; 2011), 34 patients with VaD, unrelated to stroke (Gorelick PB, et al.; 2011), and 54 patients with mixed AD and VaD who had a Neuropsychiatric Inventory (Cummings JL; 1997) score or data on NPS were included in the study. Binary logistic regression was used to determine whether diagnosis was associated with specific NPS. Left and right frontal WMH on the FLAIR images were manually segmented and their volumes calculated. One-way ANOVA tests were used to determine the relationship between NPS and the volumes of frontal WMH. Results: There were no significant differences in gender, education or MMSE (AD 21.7; VaD 23.8; mixed 23.8) between patients with AD, VaD, and mixed, but there was a significant difference in age with mixed being older (mixed 82.3±6.6, AD 76.6±10.2; VaD 75.3±10.2; p < .01). NPS were common in all three diagnoses. Controlling for age, VaD patients had significantly more agitation (p < .05; VaD 40%, AD 14%), aberrant motor problems (p < .05; VaD 31%, AD 12%), and sleep disturbances (p < .05; VaD 57%, AD 17%) than AD patients, but not more than mixed AD and VaD. VaD patients had significantly more depression than patients with mixed AD and VaD (p < .01; VaD 48%, mixed AD and VaD 20%). Irrespective of diagnoses, there was significantly more left, right, and total frontal WMH in those with delusions compared with those without (p < .01; delusions 1/0 = 519.4 mm3/181.2 mm3; 525.0 mm3/180.6 mm3; 1044.4 mm3/362.0 mm3, respectively). There was also more left, right, and total frontal WMH in those with hallucinations compared with those without (p < .05; hallucinations 1/0 = 400.4 mm3/193.3 mm3;405.7 mm3/192.3 mm3; 806.1 mm3/385.7 mm3, respectively). No other NPS were associated with WMH. Conclusions: NPS were prevalent in AD, VaD, and mixed AD and VaD, but their frequencies varied amongst the different dementia causes. Agitation, depression, sleep disturbances, and aberrant motor behaviour were most prevalent in VaD. Volumetric analysis revealed significantly more left, right, and total frontal WMH in patients with delusions and hallucinations versus those without these NPS. These differences are likely related to underlying pathology and warrant further study, as they have implications for treatment., Background: The ongoing pilot implementation of remote monitoring devices for dementia patients is facing impending dangers. The government perceives the initiative as an IT-based therapy for complementing pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical therapies, while health policy formulators are promoting the initiative because of its usefulness for tracking dementia patients. However, misconceptions are building up by the families of dementia patients and carers who will administer the surveillance therapy whenever it goes live regarding its compliance with best clinical practices in the areas of legal, data sharing, privacy, and security issues. Usually, experience shows that lack of acceptability and design flaws are central to the failures of most health service initiatives at the implementation and post-implementation stages over the years. Therefore, this paper investigates the aforementioned issues from the perspectives of families of dementia patients and carers. The results obtained suggest strategies for improving the success of the remote surveillance initiatives after implementation. Objectives: This study examined the perspectives of families of dementia patients and carers on resiliency, privacy, legal, and security of smart devices for tracking dementia patients. Tracking of vulnerable patients involves police and ambulance system. Thus, this study further seeks to proffer strategies for reducing the growing cost of managing dementia patients. Method: Thirty-six mental health and admiral nurses in UK and abroad participated in the survey. We introduce smart devices to them as knowledge-based systems for tracking dementia patients who are vulnerable to self-discharge. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are respondents that have experiences with patients officially diagnosed for early-onset dementia or late-onset dementia and with the following three characteristics: 1) acute dementia patients (ADP) are disorientated and confused patients, vulnerable to wandering, lost or putting family members, friends and carers into distress situations; 2) strong-minded dementia patients (SDP) are aggressive patients who discharge themselves against medical advices without referring to Mental Health Review Tribunal (MHRT) or certified by doctors; 3) isolated dementia patients (ISP) are patients that live alone and take care of themselves without recourse to relatives, friends or carers. Results: The degree of resiliency of smart devices if they are suddenly compromised by hackers is unanimous affirmed as an important issue to be investigated thoroughly. The results demonstrate that 86.10% of participants agree that some of the information regarding the patients can be adapted to many uses, while 44.40% believe that smart devices may have false positives detection rate. The results reveal correlations between IT-based therapy and continuous training, while 50.40% say patient’s health records are indirectly transferred to vendors of smart devices to manage. Conclusions: Continuous education and development of operational policies to cover privacy and security issues in the administration of smart devices are strategies to improve perceptions of mental health nurse, carers, and families. There is need to strengthen mental health laws to protect carers who will generally administer IT-based therapies. Unlawful accessibility to the devices and alerts they generate must be prevented using suitable Intrusion Detection and Prevention Procedures (IDPP) in accordance with best clinical standards., Background: The discovery of dementia sickness which often results into sudden declination or deterioration in the memory functionality and social functions of affected persons is a central problem in the social health-care services over the years. Several research findings have supported doll therapy in a recent decade. However, the methodology for applying doll therapy suffers moral criticisms in social care setting across the globe despite the benefits that are associated with the therapy whenever it is compared with pharmaceutical interventions. Firstly, critics are of the view that modelling specially loved personalities in the form of pets are deliberate attempts to reduce the dignity, worth, efforts, and invaluable contributions that the affected patients have done to the society during their active years. Secondly, conventional doll therapy is seen as dehumanizing and harmful to the mind of aspiring and productive youths. Thirdly, doll therapy is applied in fragments to patients without compliance to the best clinical practices. Consequently, this study proposes automated doll therapy for treating dementia patients in order to lessen the above issues. The results show that automated doll therapy has positive effects on society, patients, families, friends, and carers of dementia patients. Further analysis suggests that automated doll therapy is compliance to best clinical practices. Objective: The study reviews methodology for applying doll therapy against best clinical practices. Method: Thirty-four mental health practitioners, and 26 friends and family members of dementia patients volunteered to participate in the survey. The sample population were selected based on their experiences in in-patient wards in North, East, West or South of England. Participants were exposed to methods, strengths, and weaknesses of conventional and computer aided devices (CAD) methods for applying dolls to a group of dementia patients in a multimedia room within an in-patient. Thereafter, participants were interviewed on their perceptions on both methods. Their responses transcribed immediately. The perceptions of the respondents were repeated clarifications to improve data reliability and validity, and the results obtained were statistically analyzed. Results: Analysis of the results underpinned four hypotheses: 1) The perception that automated doll therapy will be better than the conventional method for managing dementia patients is high; 2) Automated doll therapy shows possibility of stabilizing emotions of patients with mild dementia problems to a certain degree; 3) Automated doll therapy suggests potential improvements in the perceptions of families, friends, and carers of dementia patients; 4) Automated doll therapy suggests positive impacts on social interactions among dementia patients in all age range of dementia patients. Conclusions: This survey suggests strategy for improving the efficacy and perception of families, friends, and carers of dementia patients on doll therapy irrespective of the ages of the patients. More so, 73.33% of the population sample agree that automated doll therapy is indicative of compliance to best clinical practices for treating dementia patients. Approximately 58.33% of the respondents elaborate health and safety issues, maintenance cost, training, and suitable space to set up a media room to implement the therapy as major barriers to the implementation of this framework., Background: Selective attention, the ability to maintain mental focus, declines across normal aging. This decline is exaggerated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is reflected by increased reaction times and error rates on the Stroop task, a classic measure of selective attention. While it has been well established that impairment in selective attention is a common symptom of AD, often occurring early on in the disease, the neural correlates underlying these deficits remain elusive. The default mode network (DMN), a collection of functionally related brain areas, normally exhibits task-induced deactivation. However, this pattern of activation is altered in AD. We hypothesized that less DMN deactivation may contribute to errors in selective attention, especially in the AD group. Methods: Using an event-related Stroop task in a functional MRI paradigm, we tested 10 patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease (mean age 73.9±8.4) and 10 healthy elderly (HC) (mean age 63.6±7.8). To analyze failures of selective attention, we assessed the differences in neural activity preceding an incongruent error between HC and AD. Results: The AD group had significantly slower reaction time for incongruent stimuli compared to the HC group t(18) = −3.85, p < .05. The AD group also made significantly more incongruent errors than the HC group t(18) = −2.98, p < .05. The HC group showed greater activation in the left anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), left precuneus, left superior frontal gyrus, bilateral middle frontal gyrus, and right insula, all of which have been previously implicated in the Stroop task. In contrast, the AD group showed greater activity in more parietal and posterior regions, including the right lingual gyrus, right superior parietal lobule, and right inferior parietal lobule. Interestingly, the AD group also showed significant activity in the ACC and precuneus; however, this activity was lateralized to the right. Furthermore, the ACC activity in the AD group was more inferior compared to the HC group, and the precuneus activity was more superior to the HC group. Conclusions: While it is not surprising that the ACC was activated in both groups since its involvement in conflict detection, activation of different areas within these relatively large structures suggests that the ACC and precuneus are differentially affected by the disease. Thus the AD group showed more default mode network activity and the HC group showed more frontal activity preceding errors in the Stroop task. This result suggests that the neural correlates underlying errors of selective attention are different in AD than in HC., Background: Attentional lapses can occur on a daily basis and disrupt the completion of goal-oriented tasks. While the neural correlates of attentional lapses have been studied in young adults, it is unclear whether the mechanisms behind this phenomenon change with age. Methods: We scanned healthy young (n = 12) and older (n = 28) adults with functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants performed a trial-by-trial attention task, the Stroop task, where we measured the response time to each stimulus. We defined an attentional lapse as a longer response time relative to the average response time, and a fast reaction as a faster response time relative to the average. Results: Young and older adults performed equivalently on all behavioural measures, such as reaction time and accuracy (both p > .05). We found parietal regions in the default mode network, including the precuneus and inferior and superior parietal lobules, exhibited greater activity as reaction time to stimuli increased. Compared to fast reactions, attentional lapses were preceded by decreased activity in frontal attentional regions, including the anterior cingulate and inferior, middle, medial, and superior frontal gyri (all p < .05). These frontal areas also displayed significantly greater post-stimulus activity during attentional lapses compared to faster responses, potentially as a mechanism to recover from the initial lapse of attention. Older adults displayed reaction time-modulated activity in a greater number of frontal cortices and in more dorsal default mode regions, relative to young adults. Conclusions: Our results support previous research that activity in frontal and parietal regions of the attentional and default mode networks contribute to lapses of attention. Our results also suggest that the neural correlates of attentional lapses change with healthy aging, reinforcing the idea of functional plasticity to maintain high cognitive function throughout the lifespan., Objective: We investigated the relationship between the precuneus volumes (a component of the Default Mode Network or DMN) and cognitive scores, including scores of verbal memory, in older and younger adults to assess possible functional differences among age groups. Methods: A high-resolution anatomical scan was acquired with a T1-weighted, 3D MP-RAGE sequence in 30 older adults (21 cognitively normal and 9 patients with mild cognitive impairment or MCI); mean age 71.5 years and in 12 younger adults, mean age 23 years. Full cognitive testing had been administered to all subjects within 1–3 weeks of the MRI. The cognitive testing included the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), and the Stroop test. Manual precuneus segmentation followed previously described anatomical guidelines, marked in the sagittal plane and then segmented in the coronal plane. Precuneus volumes were normalized by total intracranial volume (ICV). Pearson correlations were used to analyze the relation between precuneus volumes and cognitive scores. Results: Patients with MCI had significantly lower cognitive scores and precuneus volumes compared to the cognitively normal older control group and to the younger group. Among the 30 older participants there were highly significant correlations between the right precuneus and the CVLT short and long delay free and cued recall scores (SDFR r = 0.636, p < .0001; SDCR r = 0.593, p < .001; LDFR r = 0.551, p < .005; LDCR r = 0.634, p < .0001), and with the CVLT Learning Slope (LS) (r = 0.67, p < .0001). The left precuneus correlated only with the CVLT LS (r = 0.49, p < .01). There were also significant correlations between the Stroop, MoCA, and MMSE scores and the right and left precuneus volumes (p < .01 to p < .0001) among the older population, but there was no correlation between precuneus volumes and any of the cognitive scores in the younger population. Conclusions: The volume of the right precuneus appears to be related to scores of verbal memory in older adults but not in younger adults. Selective attention and scores of general cognitive function are also related to right and left precuneus volumes in older adults but not in younger adults. This may explain lack of deactivation of the precuneus during task performance among older adults., Background: We wanted to investigate whether amateur musical training and leisure playing can protect Alzheimer’s patients from degenerating their episodic memory for music, and to compare these effects with the deficits produced by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using conventional memory measures. Methods: We recruited an amateur piano player with a 10-year history of studying music and the DSM IV diagnosis of probable AD. The patient was visited at his home each day for a week to conduct logical memory testing, as well as episodic memory testing specific to music. The logical memory section from the Wechsler Test was conducted at 1 and 15 minutes. Similarly, the patient was first shown the piece “A Winter Scene” and asked to sight-read the first 8 bars and then play the 8 bars with both hands from memory at 1 and 15 minutes. Results: The patient’s performance on the memory test was very poor at onset and showed no improvement over the course of the study. His ability to sight-read the 8 bars of music on the first day was intact and accurate. His immediate recall of the music on the first day showed accurate performance of the first 3–4 bars of music with notes played in both hands. From the second to the fifth day, the patient demonstrated difficulties remembering the melody line, especially in the left hand. The patient, however, was able to recall the right hand melody for the first 3–4 bars correctly on most days. Despite minimal improvements within the first five days, the patient’s performance on the sixth and seventh days reveals nominal improvements in musical expression. On the sixth day, he was able to recall four full bars of music with no errors in the right hand. On the last day, he accurately performed the four bars with both hands for the first time. Even when playing incorrectly, the patient remained within the music’s A-minor key. Conclusion: Our case study reveals differences in the way AD affects logical memory and episodic memory for music. The patient had deteriorated in logical memory, but was able to retain musical literacy, memory of music, music sensibility and, most importantly, the ability to learn music after repeated trials. Like our previous work on professional artists, our findings here suggest that exposure to music training and performance at an amateur level can preserve the brain’s memory networks involved in musical expression when faced with neurodegenerative disease., Background: Dementia is a highly prevalent condition among elderly residents in long-term care (LTC) facilities. BPSD can significantly increase both residents’ mortality risk and the burden on the health-care system. A large body of research has identified the importance of BPSD in the management of dementia in LTC. Yet very few studies have assessed the prevalence of BPSD in LTC as a function of the time of day during which symptoms are evaluated (i.e., day vs. evening vs. night). This is an important knowledge gap to be addressed, given that some symptoms may occur more frequently at or after dusk than during daylight hours, and that their emergence at a specific time of day may be associated with different risk factors. Objectives: To characterize and compare the prevalence of BPSD in a LTC setting as evaluated by front-line staff who work during the day, evening, and night shifts. Methods: As part of a larger study examining BPSD prevalence and incidence, we assessed neuropsychiatric symptoms of LTC residents over a 3-month period. Frequency and severity of symptoms over a 2-week window were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH) during the day shift (07:00–15:00), the evening shift (15:00–23:00), and at night (23:00–07:00). The Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory and the Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate were also administered for all study residents. Results: A total of 72 residents were evaluated: 56 during the day, 44 during the evening, and 46 at night. Twenty-three residents were evaluated by staff from all three shifts, 24 by staff from two shifts and 25 by staff from one shift only. The prevalence of BPSD was 62.5% during the day, 68.2% during the evening, and 39.1% at night. Among residents who were awake at night, the proportion exhibiting BPSD was 50%. The percentage of residents identified as having more than 4 clinically significant BPSD symptoms increased significantly from 10.7% during the day to 34.1% in the evening (χ2 = 8.12, df = 1, p = .004), a possible indication of sundown syndrome. Agitation/aggression and irritability were the most frequently reported BPSD by all shifts, whereas apathy, anxiety, and sleep dysregulation were more frequently reported during the day, evening, and night, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings are consistent with data reported in previous studies which found BPSD prevalence in LTC as being above 60%, with agitation/aggression and irritability being the most common symptoms. We found evidence of an increased BSPD symptom load during the evening (sundowning) as compared with daytime, and a decrease in BPSD prevalence at night. Our results highlight the importance of considering the time of day during which BPSD symptoms are evaluated in LTC residents., Background: Older adults diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are considered as a high-risk population for progression to Alzheimer’s Dementia (AD) (e.g., Gauthier et al.; 2006), with a high conversion rate to AD (Chertkow et al.; 2008, Defranceso et al.; 2010)—up to 80%, within five years (Peterson et al.; 2004). Memory clinics in Canada offer clinical research trials to evaluate innovative treatment options, with a hope to ameliorate and/or delay disease progression from MCI to dementia. Multi-component cognitive training studies for MCI have yielded interesting results (e.g., Cipriani et al.; 2006, Talassi et al.; 2007, Rozzini et al.; 2007). One such promising technique was developed and validated by Belleville and colleagues (2006; MEMO program) for improving episodic memory function, subjective memory rating, and self-rating of well-being in amnestic MCI (aMCI) patients. Objective: Our study aimed to replicate the results of Belleville and colleagues (2006) with some modifications: 1) a bigger sample size, 2) inclusion of a wider range of MCI sub-types (not only aMCI), 3) inclusion of a Lifestyle Training control group to account for placebo effects and the impact of psychosocial interactions on cognition, and 4) the use objective primary outcome variables from CANTAB (Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery) and neuropsychological tests. Methods: We conducted a pseudo-randomized clinical trial in which a treatment group (TR, N = 24, male =9) and a life-style training control group (Control, N = 20, male = 10) underwent a combined Relaxation/Tai Chi Therapy training for 3 weeks and a 6-week training using a modified MEMO method, while the Control group received 6 weeks’ health and lifestyle training program (e.g., discussing factors contributing to diabetes, the importance of exercise, how to prevent falls). All participants were older Francophone adults (age = 69.23±8.78 years, education = 15.50±4.34 years) referred to DMHUI Memory Clinic and having a diagnosis of one of the four subtypes of MCI. Significant medical, psychiatric, neurological or cognitive co-morbidities were ruled out. Participants were tested before and after intervention with cognitive screeners, computerized cognitive tasks, neuropsychological testing, and questionnaires about mood and subjective judgment of memory. Results: Preliminary results on Repeated Measure ANOVA controlling for age and education indicate a significant treatment (pre/post) effect (F(1,40) = 4.22; p =.047) and an age-by-treatment interaction (F(1,40) = 5.55; p =.023) on the CANTAB Short Reaction Time. A tendency towards a reduced number of errors (F(1, 3) = 2.99; p =.093) and improved strategy use (F(1,33) = 2.618; p =.115) was observed in the TR vs. Control group for the CANTAB Spatial Working Memory test. No effects were found on CANTAB Paired Associate Learning first trial memory score, Paired Associate Learning total errors, and Short Reaction Time Accuracy, or on formal neuropsychological testing of attention and memory, MMSE, MoCA, Squire Subjective Memory Questionnaire, mood, and self-esteem scales, when controlling for age and education. Feasibility and clinical implications will be discussed. Final results will inform about the effect of cognitive remediation and help determine best practice in the care of MCI patients., Background: Older persons with advanced Alzheimer’s disease or related disorders (ADR) receive numerous medications to treat an average of 21 health conditions. This is problematic given that the likelihood of drug–drug interactions and adverse drug events increase with the number of medications prescribed. Emergence of symptoms such as agitation, depression, constipation, and pain may in fact be due to adverse events caused by medications originally prescribed for the purposes of long-term prevention strategies. However, as ADR progresses, the objectives of care should shift from a curative to a palliative approach, and medication regimens should be revised and adjusted to reflect this change. There is limited research providing evidence with regard to the risk-benefit profiles of many medications for this specific patient population. Research evaluating interventions in which medication profiles are reviewed and adjusted in ADR patients is even more lacking, thereby underlining the need for new evidence-based guidance. Objectives: A scoping review of the literature and an ensuing Delphi panel were conducted to answer the following questions: 1. What criteria exist to determine whether a medication is still appropriate in patients with advanced ADR? 2. Which medications may be considered inappropriate for these patients? 3. Do interventions to optimize medication use in these patients currently exist? Methods: Phase I consisted of a scoping review (NICE, Cochrane Collaboration, Arksey and Levac). Thirteen scientific databases and websites of scientific and gray literature were searched in order to select articles for inclusion using an iterative process. Identified studies were analyzed by two independent reviewers. Studies were included if they were a guideline, review or a primary study, focusing on patients with ADR, at end-of-life, or the elderly, in either a palliative care, long-term care facility (LTCF), or unspecified setting. Letters, editorials, meeting abstracts or studies taking place in a hospital or ambulatory setting were excluded. In Phase II, a Delphi panel following the RAND approach sought consensus from 15 expert clinicians (family physicians, geriatricians, nurses, pharmacists, social workers, and an ethicist) to identify medications deemed inappropriate within the Quebec clinical care context. Interventions judged as promising and applicable were also identified. Results: The search strategy identified 6,186 references, of which 356 were retained after double screening. Forty articles were identified as being specifically relevant to the research questions at hand, among which 25 intervention studies provided evidence of small but significant reductions in potentially inappropriate medications, adverse events or medication load without associated consequences to morbidity or mortality. The Delphi panel produced three lists of medications: medications always appropriate, medications mostly appropriate, and medications rarely appropriate in these patients. The panel also identified promising key elements of a complex intervention to optimize medication use in this patient population. Conclusion: Medications frequently prescribed for patients with advanced ADR in LTCFs were categorized as being either always, mostly or rarely appropriate. Several key elements of multidisciplinary interventions involving patients, families, and care teams appear promising for improving medication use among this vulnerable patient population: a pilot study for such an intervention is under way., Background/Objective: Psychotic symptoms in dementia are associated with several negative outcomes, such as earlier institutionalization and increased caregiver stress. Most studies of psychosis in dementia have involved patients with moderate to severe cognitive impairment. Few have examined development of psychotic symptoms in patients who were non-psychotic at baseline. Knowledge of psychosis risk factors at the mild cognitive impairment or early dementia stage is important for understanding the mechanisms underlying psychosis in dementia, and for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. Our objective was to examine factors associated with the development of delusions and hallucinations in a large sample of patients with an initial diagnosis of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI, CDR = 0.5) or early stage probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD, CDR = 1.0) who were non-psychotic at baseline. Methods: ADNI data for participants with aMCI (n = 397) or AD (n = 193) at baseline were examined. Individuals with psychosis at baseline were excluded, as were those who developed both delusions and hallucinations as their initial presentation of psychosis, resulting in a sample of 473 never psychotic and 79 who developed delusions (n = 56) or hallucinations (n = 23) as their initial psychotic symptom. The presence of delusions and hallucinations was ascertained from informant ratings on the Neuro-psychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q). Patients with/without delusions or hallucinations were compared with respect to demographic, genetic, and vascular risk factors (history of hypertension, baseline smoking) using chi-squared tests and t-tests. Results: A small minority of participants with an initial diagnosis of aMCI developed psychosis. Most of these (55.8%) had progressed to AD by the visit at which symptoms were first reported, with onset of psychosis typically occurring more than 6 months after dementia diagnosis (7.5 months for delusions, 13.2 months for hallucinations). In the combined aMCI/AD sample, more patients developed delusions (10.1%) than hallucinations (4.2%). Age, race (white vs. non-white), gender, baseline smoking status, history of stroke, and presence or number of ApoE-E4 alleles were unrelated to development of psychosis. Having a history of hypertension was associated with development of delusions, while patients who developed hallucinations had a lower level of education and lower baseline MMSE score (p < .05). Conclusions: Psychotic symptoms affect a significant minority of patients with early-stage AD. Hypertension was identified as a potentially modifiable risk factor for delusions in dementia. Participants who developed hallucinations had less education than those who were never psychotic, although the average person in both groups had some post-secondary schooling. Lower education is well-recognized as a risk factor for dementia in general, but the possibility of a relationship to hallucinations requires further evaluation. The finding of differing risk factors for delusions and hallucinations suggests that dementia with psychosis is not a unitary construct, and future studies should examine these symptoms separately., Background: The treatment and care methods used for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) operate within the perceptions of our culture; thus, developing care models for AD individuals is influenced by popular language and attitudes. Critical reflection of our culture and its influences unveils how it impacts beliefs and behaviours; from a health perspective, cultural biases could translate into certain diagnoses and treatment options prescribed by practitioners. Negative misconceptions about people with AD cause unhelpful behaviours that focus on the symptoms of dementia rather than the remaining abilities of the people affected. These misconceptions are reflected in the language associated with AD, which is consistent with the terminology used for “zombies” in media, reflecting our society’s negative views of aging with memory loss. This association is important since 81% of adult Canadians felt they would be treated and viewed differently if others knew they had received an AD diagnosis (Werner & Davidson; 2004). Objectives: This paper explores how references to zombies may limit care in North America by framing an individual as ‘dead’ rather than building upon treatments involving social approaches. This paper does not intend to imply causality, rather to associate the perception of AD individuals as zombified with the dominant care approach in North America. In contrast, Danish perceptions driving care are documented to highlight differing perspectives. Methods: Conducting a review of the zombie trope, its impact on stigma, identity, and care of those with AD, it was it was found that the ‘living-dead’ language was thematic throughout both lay and academic literature. Some examples that illustrate this theme include ‘living dead,’ ‘undead,’ and ‘death in slow motion’. Using this zombie language is not conducive to improving quality of life for those with AD. Results: Though attention for AD is increasing, it often propels a negative view through terms such as ‘living-death’. The presentation of AD in this way focuses on the fear of falling ill, rather than on the way persons with dementia are making the best of their abilities. The ‘living-death’ stigma correlates with the inhibition of developing social care approaches to AD treatment. Unfamiliarity and lack of knowledge incite fear about the illness, and if AD is continuously pushed away with negative stereotyping, we may never truly hear the voices of those with AD. The ‘living-dead’ perception of AD requires scrutiny because this popularised assumption shapes views, and continues to burden current AD practices despite the changes that we see occurring; discrimination and dehumanisation still need to be challenged. Conclusions: Treatment of dementia varies around the world, and through this exploration I propose that being reflective of our perceptions can lead to better quality of care for those with AD. All individuals exist within a dynamic web of relationships that form who we are and how we behave in the world; awareness of this interconnection reveals how our culture impacts AD., Background: The cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), collectively known as Lewy Body Disease (LBD), are primarily treated with cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs). However, there is significant variability in adverse effects and response among LBD patients taking ChEIs. Objectives: To examine the efficacy of ChEIs in treating cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms of LBD longitudinally using brain perfusion SPECT. Methods: 53 patients diagnosed with PDD or DLB according to standard criteria were initiated on ChEI therapy and prospectively assessed for efficacy and adverse effects. A standardized neuropsychological battery, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), and brain ECD-SPECT were ascertained at baseline (no treatment) and at 24 weeks. A repeated measures ANOVA design was used to determine change over time in these measures. Results: LBD patients treated with ChEIs showed significant improvements in visuospatial, attention, and phonemic fluency tasks (p < .05). They also showed significant reductions in the frequency and severity of visual hallucinations as assessed by the NPI-hallucinations subscale (NPI-HS; p < .05). Furthermore, as visual hallucinations diminished, perfusion in the right occipital lobe increased (r = −0.460, p < .05). Preliminary genetic analysis of the butyrylcholinesterase K-variant was not associated with response. Conclusions: Treatment with ChEIs was found to be effective in reducing visual hallucinations and improving cognitive function. The negative correlation found above suggests that perfusion in the occipital region could be developed as a bio-marker for use in distinguishing between LBD responders and non-responders to ChEIs in terms of visual hallucinations., Background: Retirement/residential homes (RHs) are a generally underappreciated component of the health-care system. A prevalence of > 70% dementia is recognized in long-term care homes, but the prevalence in RHs has not been established. The average age in both types of homes is approximately 86, and chronic geriatric conditions are common in both. In Ottawa, Ontario there are far more RH places (8,500) than long-term care beds (5,500). A previous study in an Ottawa RH showed recognized dementia in 40% and dementia screening was positive in an additional 32%. This study in the Prince of Wales Manor (POW) goes one step further in that specially trained nurses did a comprehensive cognitive assessment and, with geriatrician review, a diagnosis of normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia was established. Methods: After resident/family consent,73 POW residents underwent: 1) chart review to establish residents with a diagnosis of MCI or dementia; 2) screening (Cognitive Quickscreen:CGS) of all residents without a diagnosis of MCI or dementia (the CQS was three-item: recall, clock drawing, and animal fluency); 3) cognitive assessment for those failing the CGS by trained nurse assessors (see assessment guide); and 4) diagnostic review by a geriatrician and resident attending physician to establish a cognitive diagnosis. Results: Chart review showed 30 residents with dementia (41%), 2 residents with MCI (3%), and 41 residents with neither (56%). The CQS results in the 41 remaining residents revealed 73% failure, 12% pass in all 3 items, and 15% refusal. The 30 residents failing the CQS and the 2 residents with MCI had comprehensive cognitive assessment, and provisional diagnoses were that 15 residents had dementia (22% of the original sample of 73 residents minus the 6 refusers). Additionally, 8 residents were felt to have MCI. Overall 45 of 67 residents (67%) were felt to have dementia, 8 (12%) had MCI, and only 14 (21%) were felt to be cognitively normal. Conclusions: Retirement/residential homes have a very high prevalence of dementia (67% in this study) with approximately 1 out of every 3 cases of dementia being unrecognized (15 out of 45 total). A cognitive screening and assessment program using a structured dementia assessment guide can be utilized in a time- and resource-efficient manner to address this important health-care issue. RH residents without a diagnosis of dementia or MCI should be screened for dementia at admission and regularly after admission., Background: The time required to complete a comprehensive geriatric assessment is significant, and the demand for specialized geriatric services is increasing through the current demographic shift in the Canadian population. Within a specialized memory clinic, more time is required to dictate detailed comprehensive geriatric assessment clinic visit reports. A timely report to the hospital electronic record is an essential element of good specialist care. To reduce report production time, an innovative solution was designed and implemented in the clinic’s new longitudinal research registry and documentation system. A novel approach to the automatic generation of a smart narrated synoptic report was developed allowing for reports to be autopopulated with the required patient data. Methods: Using computer-programming semantics, a report template was created for the initial assessment. The smart report template employed the use of algorithms to determine: 1) what clinical information will be reported; 2) whether the report will be in short or long form; 3) the specific places in the report where information from the clinical database would be injected; and 4) how the information is visually presented in the report. The wording generated in the smart report is determined through the logical analysis of the patient data collected. For example, depending on the context of the pronoun use, the gender (male/female) stored in the database indicates which version of the pronoun should be used. Results: These reporting algorithms can potentially have various steps of decision-making, or nodes, each with increasing complexity. When using a smart report template to generate a clinic report, each algorithm in the report is automatically evaluated by the system. The generated report shows the cumulative results from the algorithms as a complete, finished report. The user is presented with an automatically generated report that can then be modified and customized to meet any special needs for that particular report. The user may edit the final report by traditional keyboard, via dictation, or by inserting a report snippet. A report snippet is a predetermined piece of code which can represent a standard report element (e.g., a standard page letterhead), a data element extracted from the system (e.g., the patient’s birth date or referring physician’s name, etc.), or an automatically evaluated logic statement (as in the example of pronoun use above). Once inserted into the report, the report snippet is fully rendered, displaying the final report content which can be manually edited by the user. Conclusions: The use of the customized smart synoptic reporting solution has anticipated benefits on geriatric clinical practice. Since most of the report is automatically generated from a customized template, the amount of dictation time required is reduced. The use of this solution can improve report accuracy through the use of a standardized template, which can then be customized and sent to multiple recipients in short or long form. Smart reports can increase the timeliness of new reports, as reports can be generated at the end of the visit in short form with recommendations and instructions for patients and caregivers., Background: Current registries, information systems, and family practice electronic medical record systems are generic in nature and are not tailored to a specialist’s workflow or clinic needs. The use of an efficient data collection system, along with the application of an effective workflow model, can lead to significant improvements in the quality of health care provided to patients. We have developed a unique longitudinal web-based tracking system for patient treatment, outcome management, clinical reporting, and research. Methods: The system’s design was informed by health-care providers, a review of existing systems, and published literature. Several modules have been established to address the concerns of the adopting clinic, including: patient demographics, course of symptoms, co-morbid illnesses, medications, cognitive testing, physical and neurological examination, diagnoses, synoptic and detailed reporting, and data analysis for both clinical and research purposes. Conditional patient access provides an interactive model of care to the clinic and allows for future expansion with a patient portal. In a traditional system, baseline information is typically collected manually by a health-care provider using a paper-based form. These forms are transcribed or coded into an electronic database of patient record. This method of retrospective data entry leads to various quality control issues. To address this challenge, our platform was designed to be used not only with web-capable desktop and tablet devices, but with kiosk systems, as well. Various techniques were established to improve quality control and to ensure the accuracy of patient records. Demographic data can be imported or entered directly into the database by the patient, registration clerk or clinician. Furthermore, field validation is used to ensure that no data are missing or incorrectly filled. All data collection forms are clinical workflow oriented, with built-in secondary form validation, autocomplete, autosave, and dropdowns to facilitate fewer entry mistakes. Results: The resulting increase in quality control ensures accurate patient record entry—the more accurate the data, the more accurate the statistical analysis. The platform has been customized to provide the following system-wide features: side-by-side comparison of past and current information; real-time data entry collaboration between interdisciplinary team members; forms are modular in design to allow for easy expansion; look-up lists (e.g., national medication repository, clinic staff, past occupations, hobbies, standardized diagnostic codes from the US National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Centre); digital capture of cognitive tests; synoptic reporting; interactive progress notes and comments; simplified web-based modelling and statistical analysis tools. Conclusions: The benefits of utilizing such a registry platform can significantly increase both the quality of care provided to patients and the efficiency of clinical practice. Our registry can allow for the measurement of the quality of care indicators, reduce clinical and data-entry errors, and facilitate research since all clinical data can be analyzed statistically in real time., Background: Brain disorders that lead to aberrations of affect, cognition, and behaviour (ABC) constitute a growing and resource-demanding health crisis in Canadian society. The number of individuals with dementia, which is an important disorder of ABC, is rapidly increasing. Specialist input is often sought in the diagnosis and treatment of dementia. However, several specialties and subspecialties manage dementia, including geriatric medicine, neurology, geriatric psychiatry, and Care of the Elderly family practice. Other specialists, including neurosurgeons, are becoming involved in the management of dementia. Many of these specialists have either “learned on the job” or taken informal additional training to acquire special competency in the area, without standardization or formal recognition of that training. Creating a standardized training program for physicians wanting to acquire additional competency in disorders of ABC would assure quality of care and attract more physicians to this area, which will be needed to cope with the increased burden that will be posed by ABC disorders. Such training would gather specialists into a more harmonized community of practice in disorders of ABC, and could lead to the emergence of transdisciplinary knowledge and competencies that will allow trained physicians to better cope with these conditions, especially dementia. Methods: The Department of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto recently sponsored a meeting for a “grass-roots” group of specialists from across Canada, who all deal with disorders of ABC to a substantial degree in their practice. They explored the creation of a Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) Diploma program in disorders of ABC. This presentation highlights the results of that meeting and forthcoming efforts. Results: There was broad consensus that such a Diploma program would be useful. The precise name of this field of training is still being debated, although the preliminary frontrunner is “Integrative Brain Medicine”. A consensus definition for this field of study was agreed upon. A “core” training program for the Diploma was proposed, to be accompanied by additional specific “streams” that trainees could choose to focus on, including one in dementia. Conclusions: A transdisciplinary team of medical educators, with the support of RCPSC, is developing a new Diploma training program to formally recognize training in disorders of ABC, including dementia, and to boost the number of physicians undertaking this training. This is a meaningful step to stem the “rising tide” of these disorders. The Diploma program proposed at the Toronto meeting is being refined with further input from interested stakeholders being sought and warmly welcomed, with the goal of presenting a full proposal to the RCPSC in the spring of 2014. Please contact the first author, Dr. Alex Henri-Bhargava, at alexhb@uvic.ca to participate., Background: Traditionally physicians have viewed mild memory complaints in older people to be benign. However, subjective memory complaints in people who have “normal” cognition on testing is termed Subjective Cognitive Impairment (SCI), a pre-MCI stage, and may last up to 15 years. Memory loss as a self-observed complaint is more easily identified than changes in executive function. Identifying people with MCI who are at increased risk for dementia/Alzheimer’s disease, and arranging for follow-up is the current best practice recommendation from the Third Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia (CCCDTD3). For the last five years, we have advertised during Alzheimer Awareness Month (January) and Senior’s Awareness Month (June) for people 55 years and over who have memory concerns, who are interested in research, and who have not had a stroke. Objectives: 1) To classify the clinical suspicion of memory complaints in respondents and offer follow-up. 2) To complete clinical assessments in those with a clinical suspicion of MCI or dementia on case finding, confirm a clinical diagnosis, and offer research studies for which they may be eligible. Methods: Over the last 5 years a total of 166 people 55 years and over responded to newspaper advertisements with self-reported memory concerns. Participants received cognitive screening tests using the standardized MMSE, the MoCA, the 15-point GDS, the AD8, the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, and the Lawton Brody Activities of Daily Living Scale. The test results were case-conferenced with a geriatrician and a clinical suspicion of SCI, MCI, depressive symptoms, mixed picture, possible dementia or other was given. All participants agreed for their test results to be sent to their family physician. Fifty-eight individuals have repeat measures on these tests from 2009 to 2013. Results: Of the 58 follow-up subjects, 45 returned for follow-up after one year and 29 returned for follow-up after two years. In 2013, of those 58 follow-up participants, 54% (31) had no change on their cognitive tests. However 33% (21) had declined over the 5 years and 10% (6) had improved. Of those who were given the clinical suspicion of SCI in 2009 or 2010, 39% had progressed to amnestic MCI or multiple-domain MCI. Those individuals who reported depressive symptoms in 2009 (32%) tended to have lower scores on the GDS and Cornell on follow-up visits. Individuals who declined follow-up appointments maintained that their memory was ‘fine’ and no longer wished to be followed. Conclusions: Of those who returned for follow-up, 33% progressed to MCI within 5 years; however, they only represent 35% of the total sample. Therefore a conservative estimate would be 12% of the participants progressed to MCI. It is uncertain whether those who declined follow-up represent individuals who have reverted to ‘normal.’ Limitations: 1) The participants are drawn from those who have insight to changes in their memory, therefore it may understate the total number; 2) 65% to date have elected not to return for follow-up., Background: A growing number of middle-aged individuals presenting with concerns of memory loss and decreased mental efficiency are being diagnosed with previously unrecognized attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, specific neuropsychological tools to differentiate adult ADHD from prodromal Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are lacking. One of the core deficits that have been consistently associated with both childhood and adult ADHD is impairment in inhibitory control, as commonly measured using the Stop Signal Task (SST). One study has found mild differences in inhibitory control between MCI and normal controls (NC), but this is still being investigated. Deficits in visual working memory (VWM) have also been reported in both ADHD and MCI. These deficits can be examined using a task that specifically distinguishes random errors from errors due to the inability to divert attention from non-target objects to target objects during visual encoding. No previous studies have yet examined performance on these specific measures in adult ADHD and MCI. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to compare performance on both the SST and this VWM task between individuals with ADHD and MCI and examine potential correlations with regional grey matter volumes. We hypothesize that deficits in inhibitory control and VWM errors due to non-target responses will discriminate ADHD from MCI. Our second hypothesis is that ADHD subjects will show increased medial and lateral prefrontal cortical thinning and lower putamen and caudate volumes than both MCI and NC. Methods: 25 ADHD and 25 single and multi-domain amnestic MCI participants will be recruited from the memory clinic at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre. All participants will be assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-V1.1 and Connors’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale-S:L. The Albert and Peterson Criteria will be used to diagnose MCI. The SST will be administered to obtain measures of inhibitory control, response latency and variability, and error monitoring. Intra-individual variability will be studied using ex-Gaussian fitting, and error monitoring will be assessed based on the extent to which participants slow their response following inhibition failures. A previously described VWM task will be administered in which multiple items are presented in the visual field and the subject must recall the colour of a probed item. The proportions of target responses, non-target responses, and random errors will be calculated for each participant. Discussion: Results will be compared between groups using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), correcting for age and education. Assessments of memory, attention, and executive function will be obtained through standard neuropsychological testing. Cortical thickness and grey matter volumes of targeted structures will be measured from structural 3D T1 MRI using a previously published semi-automatic pipeline. Partial correlations, controlling for age and education, will be used to assess the relationship between neuropsychological measures and brain volumetrics. Significance: This study will explore the utility of neuropsychological tools to differentiate ADHD among middle-aged patients presenting with memory complaints from MCI. This study will also provide the foundation for a larger project aimed at examining the relationship between ADHD and Alzheimer’s disease in the baby boomer population., Background: Vitamin D (25OHD) insufficiency has been associated with cognitive decline and dementia. In addition to comparatively worse global cognitive performance, individuals with deficient or insufficient vitamin D levels (less than 75 nmol/L) tend to perform worse on tasks of executive functioning. It remains unclear if “supratherapeutic” levels (100 nmol/L or greater) are associated with even better cognitive performance than sufficient levels. The present study sought to address this question, hypothesizing that executive functioning tasks would be most associated with vitamin D insufficiency (less than 75 nmol/L) and that cognitive performance would not differ significantly between those with sufficient and supratherapeutic levels. Methods: Healthy adults, at least 20 yrs of age participated in the winter phases of the D-COG (Nov. 2010–March 2011) and D-COG2 (Nov. 2011–March 2012) studies. Cognitive testing consisted of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Verbal (phonemic) Fluency, Digit Span, and CANTAB computerized battery. Body mass index (BMI) and mood (i.e., Beck Depression Inventory-II) were also assessed. Participants were also asked about vascular risk factors and physical activity. Serum vitamin D (25OHD) levels were analyzed via liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. PTH, phosphorous, and ionized calcium levels were also obtained. Results: Data from the D-COG (n = 43) and D-COG2 (n = 99) were pooled due to identical study protocols. The 142 participants were 56.3±14 yrs old with 14.9±4 yrs of education and 71.8% female. They were categorized into the following three groups depending on vitamin D levels: Insufficient (less than 75 nmol/L; n = 73); Sufficient (75–99.9 nmol/L; n = 36), and Supratherapeutic (> 100 nmol/L; n = 33). Vitamin D levels were significantly correlated with performance on Verbal Fluency (partial correlation corrected for age, education, r = .23, p = .01), and the mean scores differed between groups: Insufficient 12.9±4.2, Sufficient 13.2±4.2, Supratherapeutic 16.7±6.6, ANCOVA(covariates: age, yrs of education), F(4, 140) = 6.30, p = .0001. Post hoc Scheffe analyses indicated significant differences between the Supratherapeutic and both the Insufficient (p = .002) and Sufficient (p = .01) groups. Vitamin D sufficiency status remained an independent predictor of Verbal Fluency performance, even after correction for multiple potential confounders including age, education, sex, BMI, amount of physical activity, vascular risk factors, and depression (linear regression, p = .001). Conclusions: Vitamin D levels were positively and linearly associated with performance on verbal fluency, a task that assesses executive functioning and language. Surprisingly, Supratherapeutic levels were associated with even better performance than sufficient levels on this task. Importantly, however, these sufficiency categories are based on bone health guidelines and the optimal level of vitamin D for cognition is not known. This study suggests that levels exceeding 100 nmol/L may be optimal for at least some aspects of cognition, including executive functioning and perhaps language. What effects vitamin D supplementation has on these and other cognitive domains is not known, but is currently being tested in a randomized supplementation study., Background/Objective: Impaired memory is a core component of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and patients with AD have been shown to have increased impairments in working memory. Along with this loss in memory, patients also often experience difficulties in attention and, in fact, studies have posited that it is the attentional impairments that underlie many of the deficits in cognition and function seen in patients with AD. Our team has developed the Visual Attention Scanning Tool (VAST), an eye-tracker which enables real-time measurements of attention patterns towards competing visual stimuli. The objective of the present analysis is to observe the spontaneous visual scanning patterns of AD patients in the presence of novel and repeated stimuli using a modified n-back paradigm in order to explore working memory in a naturalistic setting. Methods: This is cross-sectional study of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (probable AD by NINCDSARDRA criteria, with a Mini-Mental State Examination score > 10). Visual attention was assessed using the VAST system. Patients were presented with 48 slides, each containing four images simultaneously presented. All four images have similar complexity, valance, and arousal. Two images on each slide were novel and two were repeats of images that were shown previously—repeats of one slide back (n = 1) and 2 slides back (n = 2). Images on each slide were arranged 2 by 2, with the position of the novel stimuli and previously shown stimuli randomly intermixed. Comparisons between and within groups were conducted using two way ANOVA. Results: 61 patients have been recruited to date (37 AD, 24 controls). Overall, the average age was 74.6±9.2 years, with patients with AD being older than controls (77.1 vs. 70.7 years). The average Mini-Mental State Examination score was 24.4±4.2, with AD patients having a lower score (22.1 vs. 28.0). There was a significant main effects of disease (F1,118 = 23.5, p < .0005) and image type (F1,118 = 79.3, p < .0005), as well as an interaction between factors (F1,118 = 9.6, p = .002) for relative fixation time in the 1-back condition. Similar results were found in the 2-back condition: disease (F1,118 = 10.6, p = .001) and image type (F1,118 = 5.2, p = .024) main effect, in addition to a significant interaction (F1,118 = 5.7, p = .018). Discussion: These preliminary data for our n-back paradigm of working memory suggest that the orientation towards novel stimuli observed in cognitively intact subjects was not observed in AD patients. These findings suggest that working memory deficits can be detected in AD patients without requiring verbal communication., Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with dementia present significant challenges to family caregivers and health providers, yet data illustrating variation in the prevalence and correlates of symptoms across care settings or by sex are scarce. We sought to estimate the prevalence and associated correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms across home care (HC), long-term care (LTC), and complex continuing care (CCC) settings and by sex. Methods: Cross-sectional study of all HC clients (n = 470,183), LTC residents (n = 127,285), and CCC residents (n = 93,206) aged 50+ years assessed with the Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI-HC or RAI 2.0) in Ontario, Canada from 2004 to 2010. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms across care settings, for total samples and stratified by sex. Results: There were 100,500 (21.4%, 95% CI 21.3–21.5%) HC clients, 72,732 (57.1%, 95% CI 56.9– −57.4%) LTC residents, and 23,459 (25.2%, 95% CI 24.9–25.4%) CCC residents with a diagnosis of dementia. The severity of impairment associated with dementia generally increased from HC to LTC to CCC; however, there were important differences across care settings. LTC residents with dementia were significantly older, more likely to be women, to exhibit depression and aggressive behaviours, and to be receiving 1+ antipsychotics and/or antidepressants, whereas those with dementia in CCC (despite showing comparable levels of cognitive impairment to LTC residents with dementia) were more likely to be functionally dependent, to have significant health instability, and to have a recent decline in mood, apathy, anxiety (and use of 1+ anxiolytics), and loss of appetite. The proportion of persons with dementia exhibiting 1+ neuropsychiatric symptom(s) was higher in LTC and CCC (∼ 98%) than in HC (∼ 61%). Adjusting for age, cognitive and functional status, women with dementia were significantly more likely to exhibit depression and anxiety, appetite/eating issues, delusions (HC & LTC), and night-time behaviours (LTC). Conversely, men with dementia were significantly more likely to exhibit agitation/aggression/disinhibition, apathy (LTC & CCC), irritability, motor disturbance (CCC), and hallucinations (HC). The percentage of HC clients with a distressed caregiver was higher among males with dementia and for both men and women, increased with number of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The associations between age, functional and cognitive impairment levels, and selected neuropsychiatric symptoms were generally similar for females and males with dementia, although there were some notable differences. For example, female HC clients with dementia showed stronger associations between increasing cognitive impairment and agitation/aggression/disinhibition and irritability, whereas male HC clients with dementia showed stronger associations between increasing cognitive impairment and anxiety. Conclusions: We observed significant differences in the profile of neuropsychiatric symptoms among persons with dementia across care settings and by sex. These differences suggest the need for more targeted care planning and interventions to better prevent and manage select neuropsychiatric symptoms across the care continuum., Background/Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) leads to cognitive declines in language, memory, and executive function, affecting an individual’s ability to complete activities of daily living (ADLs) independently. At the moderate and severe stages of AD, there is a need for formal caregivers (e.g., a nurse, personal support worker) to assist residents with AD during the completion of self-care tasks (e.g., grooming and washing). Unfortunately, breakdowns in communication commonly occur between formal caregivers and residents with AD during ADLs, leading to strained communication interactions and task completion difficulties. The systematic examination of which verbal and nonverbal task-focused communication strategies caregivers’ use to support residents with AD during task completion has been done. However, there is a need for the systematic examination of (1) which communication strategies contribute to fewer communication breakdowns during daily tasks, and (2) which communication strategies effectively repair communication breakdowns when they do occur. This systematic observational comparison study aims to examine which task-focused communication strategies formal caregivers’ use to repair communication breakdowns that occur while assisting residents with moderate and severe AD during the completion of a basic ADL: teeth-brushing. Methods: Fifteen (15) formal caregivers (personal support worker = 14; nurse = 1) and thirteen (13) residents with a confirmed diagnosis of AD (moderate = 6; severe = 7) participated in this study. Participating caregivers and residents with AD were recruited from two different community-based, long-term care facilities. Established caregiver–resident dyads were observed during the completion of six separate teeth-brushing sessions (78 teeth-brushing sessions in total). Each teeth-brushing session was transcribed verbatim into the Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT), a language analysis software program. Next, utilizing conversation analysis (CA) method and the trouble source-repair (TSR) sequence paradigm, communication breakdowns were identified. In addition to the identification of communication breakdown and repairs, instances of no trouble source-repair (NTSR) sequences were identified. Finally, the TSR sequences (i.e., trouble source, repair signal, repair type, and resolution) and the NTSR sequences will be coded. Descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the relative frequency of task focused communication strategies occurring during TSR sequences and NTSR sequences as a function of disease severity. Correlation analysis will be used to examine the relationships between the resolution of repair strategy (outcome) and the relative frequency of communication strategies as a function of disease severity. Results: Across 78 observed teeth-brushing sessions, 215 TSR sequences and 150 NTSR sequences were identified. Agreement analysis was performed on 20% of the transcripts using occurrence percent agreement. Two raters showed 92% agreement for the identification of TSR sequences and 92.4% agreement for the identification of NTSRs. The complete analysis of the TSR sequences and the NTSR sequences is currently underway. Conclusion: We will present results and conclusions at the 7th CCD. Findings from this study will help to understand further which communication strategies are most effective when assisting residents with AD during daily activities. Moreover, findings from this study will be used to help inform the development of evidence-based communication guidelines for caregivers assisting individuals with AD., Background: The NIMH-Provisional Diagnostic Criteria for depression of Alzheimer’s Disease (PDC-dAD) have been proposed over a decade ago. However only few studies examined the validity of depression scales, including the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) and the Montgomery-Ãsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), for this novel diagnostic approach to depression of AD (dAD). The validity of brief self-report scales with a parallel version for informant to provide collateral input for assessment of depression of AD has not been examined. Objectives: To study the validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30) developed for older adults and validated for the DSM [Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)] in detecting dAD, and to compare the subject (GDS-30) to the informant scale (GDS-IF-30). Methods: Subjects with AD and their informants, recruited at the UBCH-CARD (Clinic for Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders) completed the GDS-30 and GDSIF-30, Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) (informants), Quality of Life in AD (QoL-AD), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (subjects). Subjects were assessed by a UBCH-CARD clinician for dAD according to the NIMH-PDC. Inclusion criteria were: a) subject meets possible or probable AD criteria (Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) = 10 to 26); b) is able to communicate in English; c) has a knowledgeable informant who has contact at least 3–4 times/week. To examine concurrent validity, we performed ROC analyses on the accuracy of GDS scores in detecting a dAD diagnosis. To examine convergent validity, we computed correlations between GDS, NPI depression item scores, and QOL-AD. To examine discriminant validity, we performed correlations between GDS and MoCA scores. Results: The sample consisted of 21 subject/informant dyads (subject mean age = 71.33; mean education = 14.67; mean MMSE score = 22.2; 11/21 (53%) were men). Six subjects were found to have dAD (mean age = 69.33; mean education = 14; mean MMSE = 23.5; 50% were men) and 15 were non-dAD (mean age = 72.13; mean education = 14.93; mean MMSE = 21.6 (n = 14); 53% were men). The AUC for GDS-30 was 0.79 (p value = .027) with the optimal cut-off score of 8 (sensitivity = 67%, specificity = 80%, positive Likelihood Ratio of 3.33). For GDSIF-30, AUC was 0.83 (p value = .048) with the best cut-off score of 15 (sensitivity = 83%, specificity = 93%, positive Likelihood Ratio of 12.50). GDS-30 and GDSIF-30 were positively correlated (r = 0.635; p value = .05). GDS-30 and GDSIF-30 were inversely correlated with QOL-AD (r = −0.552, and −0.524, respectively). GDS-30 and GDSIF-30 were not correlated with MoCA (r = −0.043, and 0.047, respectively). Conclusions: The Geriatric Depression Scale based on subject and informant showed good accuracy in detecting dAD. The cut-off scores for dAD were lower than those reported for DSM-MDD. The correlation between GDS-30, GDSIF-30, NPI-depression item, and QOL-AD support the depression scales convergent validity. The lack of correlation between GDS-30 and GDSIF-30 and MoCA supports the depression scales discriminant validity. Overall, the study provides validity of inference for GDS-30 and GDSIF-30 with a limited sample of 21 dAD and non-dAD., Background: “Poster cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurode-generative syndrome that is characterized by progressive decline in visuospatial, visuoperceptual, literacy, and praxic skills. The progressive neurodegeneration affecting parietal, occipital, and occipitotemporal cortices that underlies PCA is attributable to Alzheimer’s disease in most patients.”(Crutch et al., 2012; pg. 170.) The role of occupational therapy (OT) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is widely recognized, particularly related to memory. However, in some AD variants, such as PCA, the initial core clinical manifestation is progressive visual dysfunction and not memory. There is growing recognition for the importance of the OT role in the management of PCA, though few resources exist to inform practice in this area. Overview: A brief review of the clinical features and subsequent safety concerns of PCA will be provided, as well as the limited options for pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacologic therapy management. The OT role and general intervention strategies for patients with PCA will be presented, including a recently developed set of recommendations for OT intervention for use with patients experiencing AD-related visual dysfunction. The process of developing an OT specific resource for clinicians providing direct and consultative services for patients with AD-related visual dysfunction will be discussed. The interprofessional context of the tool and the tool itself will be reviewed with recommendations for its use, including practical visual aid interventions and adaptations that address 7 main areas of concern in relation to visual dysfunction in dementia. A brief description of an early stage, international systematic study looking at the effectiveness of visual compensatory strategies for this population will be discussed. Conclusion: While prevalence and incidence of PCA are currently unknown, with the rapidly expanding older population and forecasted increase in dementia in the coming decades, it is evident that the incidence of PCA will expand and subsequently the demand for OT services to optimize the independence and safety of this population at home. Occupational therapists who are experts in the analysis of function that are aware of the issues regarding PCA play a vital role in the management of this patient population for which no other management currently exists. While there is considerable research demonstrating the impact of visual impairment on ADL and IADL performance in the older adult population and the research examining the effect of OT in this area is growing, further research is required to measure the unique contributions of OT, especially for people with PCA, for which no research current exists., Introduction: Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is a progressive, neurodegenerative condition typified by asymmetric motor symptoms (dystonia, rigidity, akinesia, myoclonus) in the setting of cortical sensory impairment, apraxia, and in prototypic cases, alien limb phenomenon. A diversity of pathologies including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Lewy body disease (LBD), and cerebrovascular disease have been associated with CBS. Similarly, AD is itself associated with significant phenotypic variation and may result from an array of genetic mutations, in particular in presenilin-1 (PS1), presenilin-2, and amyloid precursor protein, all producing a highly aggressive, early-onset phenotype. PS1 in particular has been described in association with a heterogeneous phenotypic array, although not as CBS. Here we describe the first known association between a novel PS1 mutation and CBS in two brothers, one with right-predominant CBS, and the other with left-predominant CBS. These cases illustrate not only remarkable phenotypic mimicry, with an AD gene resulting in CBS, but also the phenotypic heterogeneity that may result even when the same causative mutation is present. Methods: Two brothers were assessed at the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada between October 2008 and June 2010 (Brother RP: follow-up 11 months with 3 visits; Brother LP: 19 months with 4 visits). Both underwent detailed neurologic assessment including physical examination, screening blood work, detailed conventional neuropsychological testing, MRI (1.5 T), and SPECT (T99 ECD). Both brothers consented to and underwent post-mortem pathologic assessment, as well as genetic analysis by deep gene sequencing for PSEN1 mutations. Case Descriptions— Case 1: Right Predominant (Brother RP). RP was a 55 y.o. dentist with right arm myoclonus, dystonia, and mild rigidity for about 1 year prior to initial presentation. His wife also noticed word-finding difficulties, poor comprehension, and empty speech for 2 years, with significant apathy and depression emerging more recently. On initial examination he had impaired stereognosis and graphesthesia, subsequently developing significant apraxia. Based on these findings RP met criteria for probable CBS2. Post-mortem confirmed Braak stage VI/VI Alzheimer’s pathology. Genetic analysis demonstrated a PSEN1 mutation of phenylalanine to leucine at codon 283 (F283L). Case 2: Left Predominant (LP). LP was a 56 y.o. urban planner with left arm myoclonus and apraxia at initial presentation and left predominant akinesia and rigidity emerging 1 year later. Initial examination demonstrated impaired stereognosis and graphesthesia on the left. At last follow-up, he additionally had left arm and leg weakness, left facial droop, and left tongue fasciculations. Mood or behaviour was normal. LP’s speech was slowed at onset, eventually becoming nonsensical. Based on these findings, RP met criteria for probable CBS2. Post-mortem confirmed Braak stage VI/VI Alzheimer’s pathology. As with PR, LP demonstrated the same F283L mutation of PSEN1. Position-specific independent counts (PSIC) analysis yielded a score of 2.5, suggesting good likelihood of protein dysfunction resulting from this mutation. Conclusions: This is, to our knowledge, the first description of an autosomal dominant case of AD resulting in the CBS phenotype, caused by a novel F283L mutation in PSEN1. Further, these cases, presenting on opposite sides of the body, illustrate how phenotypic heterogeneity can occur despite identical genotype., Background: Elderly nursing home residents often have multiple medical co-morbidities and are prescribed numerous medications. With the use of more medications comes the risk of adverse drug reactions due to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes, as well as drug interactions. Previous studies have found a relation between polypharmacy and a higher number of care problems (falls, pain, or constipation). There are various criteria regarding medications that are potentially inappropriate in the geriatric population, such as the Beers criteria; however, there seems to be less known about the use of medications and nutritional supplements which are generally not considered harmful, but may no longer be providing benefit, and which may be worsening quality of life, particularly in late dementia. Method: After appropriate ethics approval, we conducted a chart review on nursing home residents with advanced dementia (Fast Stage 7) living on dementia units at 4 nursing homes. De-identified data were sent to a clinical advisory team consisting of a pharmacist, a specialist in the use of nutrient supplements, a family physician with expertise in the care of the elderly, and a geriatric psychiatrist. The advisory team members completed standardized questionnaires regarding the appropriateness and potential problems with each medication and nutritional supplement, taking into consideration a clinical summary (prepared by the first author) on each study participant. A follow-up meeting with the advisory team reviewed and debated the results of the questionnaires and attempted to come to consensus decisions about the use of each medication based on the clinical context of each patient. Results were summarized by the first author. Results: Consensus was achieved on many, but not all, of the individual medications prescribed, with differences related to the clinical experiences and specialty of the advisory team member. Many vitamins were prescribed at excessive doses, while other recommended vitamins were not prescribed at adequate doses, or frequency. Reasons for administration of PRN medications were often not specified, contributing to the risk of prescribing of those medications for inappropriate reasons (such as using antihistamines for sleep or behavioural problems). Medications with a long time to benefit and significant adverse effects (such as statins) were prescribed in some patients, even those with short anticipated life expectancy and challenges with oral medication administration. Conclusions: In end-stage dementia there are many factors to consider when determining which medications may or may not be appropriate. Determining medication appropriateness is simpler when a particular medication is known to have significant adverse effects with little benefit. Choosing appropriate medications is more complicated when the medication has few or mild side effects, but a long time to benefit. Many of these patients have swallowing difficulties and medications can contribute to overall burden of illness., Background: Reaction to a diagnosis of dementia among patients and caregivers varies. Factors predicting reaction to such a diagnosis in a clinical setting are, however, not well characterized. Understanding of the contribution of such factors, possibly including psychiatric and other co-morbidities, knowledge of dementia, and degree of social support, may help guide individualized approach to disclosure. Methods: A comprehensive search of articles investigating reaction to a diagnosis of dementia was conducted. Results: The majority of research is largely qualitative consisting of semi-structured interview and limited to small numbers of patients. Many earlier studies revolved around the decision to disclose a diagnosis of dementia. Only one study, of absent or mild dementia, used a validated scale administered prospectively. Conclusions: Evidence outlining the factors contributing to reaction to a diagnosis of dementia is lacking. Only one study administered a validated scale, an unlikely component of routine interview and an uncertain outcome measure of reaction to diagnosis. There is a need to quantitatively explore the contribution of variables, (e.g., co-morbidity and educational level), including those gleaned on interview such as life reflection and strength of social support.

The opinions expressed in the abstracts are those of the authors and are not to be construed as the opinion of the publisher (Canadian Geriatrics Society) or the organizers of the 32nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Canadian Geriatrics Society. Although the publisher (Canadian Geriatrics Society) has made every effort to accurately reproduce the abstracts, the Canadian Geriatrics Society and the 32nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Canadian Geriatrics Society assumes no responsibility and/or liability for any errors and/or omissions in any abstract as published., Objectives: To identify current practices and care gaps for elderly patients admitted following a hip fracture, and to characterize patients’ patterns of functional recovery over 1-year. Relevance Increased awareness of existing gaps and improving our understanding of patients’ recovery can help optimize patients’ outcomes. Methods: Forty community-dwelling participants with an osteoporotic hip fracture (≥ 65 years) were recruited and followed over 1 year. Patients were divided according to their pre-fracture mobility: low, medium, and high. Recovery was defined in two ways: “traditional definition” based on return to pre-fracture mobility, and “acceptable” based on ability to do stairs. Statistical analysis: Single-subject design approach for analyzing small samples was used to identify sources of variability in recovery over time. Results: Some gaps in services received during hospitalization and at the time of discharge were: (i) 63% had a surgical delay > 48 hours; (ii) > 75% had inadequate osteoporosis management; and (iii) only 35% had a home visit within 1 week of returning home. Using the traditional definition for recovery: 80%, 52%, 33% recovered from the low, medium, and high baseline groups, respectively; 40%, 43%, 33% maintained this recovery up to 1 year. Using the definition for acceptable recovery, 20%, 43%, 71% recovered, respectively, and 10%, 38%, 57% maintained the recovery. Patients generally lost functional improvement between 6–12 months, following waning of rehabilitation services. Conclusion: Despite the plethora of guidelines specifically for osteoporosis management following hip fracture, gaps exist in care practices across the continuum. The extent of recovery depended on the definition however, after initial improvement, the majority of patients deteriorated after 6-months. A booster rehabilitation program is indicated., The language of aging is burdened with history. In this presentation, I consider “the grey tsunami”: a charged metaphor that has been urgently deployed over the past decade to describe the socio-economic threats posed by population aging. As a research associate in geriatric medicine and a PhD candidate in English Literature, I apply methods of literary analysis to interpret “the grey tsunami” as a timely example of interdisciplinarity’s darker side: specifically, how the overlapping language and textual practices of popular journalism, health policy, and literature co-operate to engender an ideologically-loaded, ageist metaphor masquerading as self-evident fact. My paper presents a concise and synthetic overview of the veiled meanings implied by “the grey tsunami” by conducting close readings of this term as recently employed by influential health agencies and organizations (e.g., CIHR, Alzheimer Society of Canada). I propose that the implications of this contemporary metaphor can be traced back to the mid-nineteenth century, when Western medical advances first made possible the reality of an aging population. I show that the deepest anxieties about population aging actually took shape in numerous poems and novels of that period—by esteemed authors including Matthew Arnold, Alfred Tennyson, Charles Dickens, and Anthony Trollope—which depicted society as morbidly “burdened” by an unprecedented, overwhelming, elderly mass. By charting the as-yet unexamined conceptual history of “the grey tsunami”, I aim to demonstrate how literature and the humanities—often viewed as a preventive measure against societal ageism—can also serve to legitimize prejudice toward older persons., Background: Frailty is characterized by increased vulnerability for falls, fractures, institutionalization, and death. Several models for identifying frailty have been developed, including Fried’s widely accepted Frailty Phenotype Index (FPI). However, the FPI can be time-consuming and difficult to apply in clinical practice due to the requirement of hand grip and gait measurements. Alternatively, a nine-category Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), ranging from 1 (“Very fit”) to 9 (“Severely Frail”), has been proposed based on clinical information and physical exam. The CFS, to date, has not been validated against the FPI. We aimed to test the agreement between the FPI and CFS in identifying seniors with frailty in the community. Methods: 109 community-dwelling seniors, aged ≥ 75, were classified as “not frail”, “pre-frail” or “frail” using the FPI. Subsequently, two clinicians, blinded from the first assessment, determined frailty status in each participant using the CFS and differences in scoring were resolved by consensus. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using kappa statistics. Gamma Correlation coefficients compared CFS frailty status to FPI components in individuals. Results: Analysis of kappa statistics showed a substantial agreement among raters in applying the CFS (κ = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.68, 0.84). The CFS was positively correlated with an increasing number of FPI frailty components., Objectives: The Vitamin D in Osteoporosis (ViDOS) study is a knowledge translation intervention to increase best practices for osteoporosis and fracture prevention in long-term care (LTC), particularly widespread use of vitamin D supplementation. Methods: ViDOS is a cluster randomized controlled trial underway in 40 LTC homes (n = 19 intervention, n = 21 control) across Ontario, Canada. Using baseline data on demographic, medications, and disease conditions collected from the pharmacy database, we evaluated vitamin D and calcium use for all residents in the study, and bisphosphonate use in high-risk residents (documented osteoporosis and/or a prior hip fracture). Results: 5,409 residents (71% women, mean age = 82.8 [SD 10.8]) were included. 87.5% of the homes are for-profit. The mean number of beds in the homes is 142 (range 43–378) with an average of six treating physicians per home. At baseline, 40% of all residents were taking Vitamin D (≥ 800 IU/day) and 33% were taking calcium (≥ 500 mg/day). Of 760 (14%) residents with documented osteoporosis, 62% were taking vitamin D and 51% were on a bisphosphonate. Of 351 (6.5%) residents with documented hip fracture, 58% were taking vitamin D ≥ 800 IU/day and 35% a bisphosphonate. Conclusions: At baseline, 60% of residents were not taking adequate amounts of vitamin D. Vitamin D and bisphosphonate use was higher in high-risk residents but was still sub-optimal. Identification of osteoporosis and fractures is essential to initiating appropriate treatment and preventing future fractures. Our analysis revealed a care gap in the recognition of residents with osteoporosis and prevalent hip fracture., Background: Aging is often associated with a gain in fat mass and loss of lean tissue, mainly muscle, which has been related to insulin resistance. Dietary protein intake is considered an easy approach to combat loss of muscle mass, but contrarily to plant source of proteins, animal proteins may increase the risk of insulin resistance. Objective: To elucidate the complex interrelationships of dietary protein intake, muscle mass, and insulin resistance. Methods: 441 non-diabetic, 68- to 82-year-old men and women of the Quebec Longitudinal Study NuAge with complete datasets. Muscle mass index (MMI; kg/height in m2) and percent body fat were derived from DXA and BIA. Insulin resistance was based on the HOMA-IR, physical activity on the PASE questionnaire, and protein intake and sources on three non-consecutive 24-h food recalls. Path analysis of a proposed model including age, sex, number of chronic diseases, and smoking served to identify if our theoretical causal pathway fitted with the data. Through several fit statistical indices, we attained a final model. Results: Significant, direct positive associations were observed for HOMA-IR with MMI (β = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.24; 0.6) and % body fat (β = 0.094; 95% CI: 0.07; 0.11), and for physical activity with muscle mass (β = 0.0028; 95% CI: 0.001; 0.004), but not for animal protein intake with MMI (β = 0.019; 95% CI: −0.006; 0.044) or HOMA-IR (β = 0.092; 95% CI: −0.03; 0.048). Significant, direct negative associations were observed for plant protein intake with MMI only (β = −0.068; 95% CI: −0.13; −0.003), and for physical activity with fat mass (β = −0.01; 95% CI: −0.021; 0.0). Significant, indirect associations were observed negatively for plant protein (xb = - 0.07; 95% CI: - 0.1; 0.0), and positively for animal protein (β = 0.0321; 95% CI: 0.01; 0.05) with HOMAIR mediated through MMI and fat mass. Our final model fitted with our data (Chi-Square = 4.83). Conclusions: Interestingly and contrarily to expectations, muscle mass and HOMA-IR were positively associated in these elderly participants. Results suggest that plant protein is beneficial for reducing insulin resistance but at the expense of muscle mass loss, whereas the reverse stands for animal protein. Physical activity has significant beneficial effects in body composition. These findings can shed some light on the directions to promote healthy aging through optimalization of protein diet and physical activity. (Supported by CIHR), Introduction: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a heterogeneous condition affecting up to 40% of seniors. Almost a third with MCI will progress to dementia. Similarly, gait abnormalities, depressive symptoms, and executive dysfunction are commonly found in seniors, and this “triad” has been linked with brain ischemic lesions. To date, the presence of such a “triad” and its relationship with vascular risk factors (VRF) has not been described in MCI. We hypothesized that seniors with MCI who have high VRFs will be more likely to exhibit the “triad” of gait abnormalities, depressive symptoms, and executive dysfunction. Methods: Baseline data from 62 participants of the “Gait and Brain Study”, an ongoing prospective cohort of seniors with MCI at London, Ontario, was used for this project. Biannual assessments include executive function test (Clock Drawing and TMT B), quantitative gait analysis (velocity), and depression ratings (Geriatric Depression Scale), among other evaluations. VRFs were assessed at baseline using a modified Vascular Risk Factor Index which ranges from 1 to 7. Results: Forty-four percent of the participants had at least one VRF. There was a significant association between the number of VRFs and the presence of the triad (MANOVA, F(3,36) = 3.41, p = .025, controlled for age and sex). Conclusions: VRF were prevalent in our MCI cohort. VRFs were associated with the specified triad. A future prospective analysis of this cohort should elucidate causal mechanisms for this relationship. VRFs may play an important role in the development of cognitive, mobility, and mood dysfunction in people with MCI., Background & Objectives: Various explicit criteria exist for determining potentially inappropriate medications in older adults such as the Beers criteria. Our objective was to determine the nature and frequency of potentially inappropriate medications for patients admitted to Acute Care for Elders (ACE) units using modified Beers criteria, and the association with adverse outcomes with respects to patient mortality, readmission within 30 days, and length of stay. Methods: We prospectively studied consecutive patients 70 years or older admitted to the Acute Care for Elders (ACE) units at Vancouver General Hospital over two months. Detailed medication histories were obtained and outcomes data were tracked for each patient longitudinally. Results: A total of 168 consecutive patients were screened and 67 provided informed consent. An average of 6.2 prescription medications was used per patient. Of the total number of medications, 18 (7.4%) were deemed potentially inappropriate by modified Beers criteria, with 12 of 18 being considered to be of high severity for potential harm. For patients with Beers criteria medications, the median length of hospital stay was 15 days compared with 12 days in patients without Beers medications, despite similar frailty and co-morbidity indices. The mortality rate during hospitalization was 18.7% (3/16) among patients with Beer’s medications versus 9.8% (11/51) among those without. Conclusion: Inappropriate medications were used commonly in our cohort. Despite similar co-morbidity indices between groups, there was an association with a longer length of stay and increased mortality in patients with Beers criteria medications. Further outcomes-related studies are warranted to confirm the association we found., Introduction: The management of delirium includes a search for underlying acute medical illnesses, which may include urinary cultures. However, guidelines recommend only treating bacteriuria in the elderly if accompanied by urinary symptoms. This is based on RCTs showing no benefit in morbidity, mortality, or chronic urinary incontinence with routine screening or treatment of asymptomatic bactueruria, even in cognitively impaired individuals. The objectives of this study were to: (i) review the literature citing an association between urinary tract infections (UTIs) and delirium, and (ii) to look at the prevalence of treating asymptomatic UTI in a delirious medical in-patient population Methods: A MEDLINE search was conducted using the MeSH terms ‘urinary tract infection’, ‘bacteruria’ or ‘asymptomatic bacteruria’ AND either ‘delirium’, ‘confusion’ or ‘altered mental status’. Inclusion criteria included English articles, age > 65, and not undergoing a urological procedure. Data were used from a previously conducted prospective observational study of CAM-diagnosed delirium in consecutive medical in-patients. Data on signs and symptoms of infection, urinary symptoms, and whether a UTI was treated were collected from participants’ medical charts. Results: Studies (n = 65) relaying an association between delirium and UTIs were observational and lacked control groups. Preliminary results showed out of 315 delirious patients, 44% were treated for UTI but only 26% of treated patients had symptoms of a UTI or signs of an infection. Conclusions: Asymptomatic UTIs are often treated in delirious in-patients, despite a lack of good studies. This warrants further study., Introduction: TAVI decreases mortality and morbidity in older patients who are deemed inoperable or at high risk for surgical aortic valve replacement. Premorbid functional status and rates of geriatric-specific postoperative complications have not been well described. This study aimed to clarify these issues. Methods: Data collection occurred through the Division of Cardiology at St. Paul’s Hospital in Vancouver, Canada. Information on activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), clinical frailty score (CFS), timed up and go (TUG), and a mini-mental state examination were collected prospectively by a study nurse. Patient charts were reviewed for medical co-morbidities, cardiac-specific metrics, pre-specified delirium criteria, complications, and discharge disposition. Results: Twenty-six cases were reviewed. The average patient age was 80 years and average Charlson Co-morbidity Index score was 3.5. Despite the advanced age and presence of significant co-morbidities, the incidence of delirium was low at 8% (2/26), with only 15.5% (4/26) receiving psychotropic medications during the hospitalization. All patients with available functional data were independent for ADLs at baseline (18/18), with 89% (16/18) requiring assistance with 2 IADLs or less. The mean scores on the CFS, TUG, and MMSE were 4, 12.8 seconds, and 27.9, respectively. Ninety-two percent (16/18) of patients were discharged home, with two patients going to a rehabilitation institution and eventually being discharged home. Conclusion: Appropriately selected older adults, with the functional and cognitive attributes noted above, appear to tolerate this procedure very well from a geriatrics point of view. Studies involving larger patient populations are warranted., Introduction: Socio-economic status is related to health both at the individual and country level. The health status of the older population of each country can be monitored by measuring its frailty status. Objectives: To examine the relationship between the Frailty Index (FI) and national economic indicators. Methods: 30,025 participants aged 50+ years (13,700 men, 16,325 women) from 12 countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland) which participated in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe comprised the study sample. Following a standard procedure, an FI was constructed from 71 items. The economic indicators used for cross-country comparison were: gross domestic product (GDP), gross national income (GNI), health expenditure, and an inequality measure. Results: Across countries, the mean FI increased with age and was higher in women. Between countries, the mean FI ranged from 0.11 (Switzerland) to 0.21 (Israel). GDP, GNI, and health expenditure were negatively correlated with both the mean (r = GDP −0.85; GNI −0.86; health expenditure −0.86)., Introduction : Des travaux réalisés dans différents milieux de soins suggèrent que les personnes âgées qui sont atteintes de troubles cognitifs reçoivent des soins de moins bonne qualité. À partir d’une étude primaire évaluant la qualité des processus de soins offerts dans les UCDG du Québec, nous avons voulu vérifier si celle-ci était influencée par le statut cognitif. Matériel et méthode : Les dossiers médicaux de patients (n = 765) a dmis e n U CDG (n = 44) p our u ne c hute a vec traumatisme ont été étudiés. Le statut cognitif des patients (sans atteinte, n = 276; atteint, n = 489) a été déterminé par un gériatre. Deux dimensions de la qualité des soins, soit la globalité et la continuité informationnelle, ont été évaluées en mesurant l’écart entre les activités retrouvées au dossier et celles inclues dans deux grilles standardisées reflétant une prise en charge de qualité selon des données probantes et le jugement clinique multidisciplinaire consensuel. Des analyses de régression multiniveaux ont été effectuées afin de déterminer l’impact du statut cognitif sur la qualité des soins. Résultats : Les résultats pour la globalité des soins et la continuité informationnelle sont plus élevés chez les patients atteints (respectivement 4% (p < .001) et 2% (p = .054)). Ces dimensions de la qualité étant corrélées (Pearson, r = 0,391; p = .01), l’effet indépendant du statut cognitif sur la continuité n’est pas significatif. Conclusion : Les professionnels de la santé oeuvrant dans les UCDG dispensent un processus de soins de qualité égale ou même supérieure aux patients présentant des troubles cognitifs., Background: In response to challenges to recruiting older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) into a longitudinal study of on-road driving performance, we explored barriers and facilitators to their participation in driving studies. Methods: We conducted two focus group discussions with eight individuals with MCI. All participants held valid driver licenses and identified themselves as current drivers. The focus group discussions were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed according to standard qualitative coding techniques. Predominant themes were identified. Results: Primary barriers to driving research participation included the potential for punitive outcomes associated with poor performance on study on-road driving tests (e.g., mandatory reporting to participants’ physicians potentially leading to driver license removal), inherent biases associated with the on-road driving evaluation (e.g., inclusion of driving situations that the participant avoids), and a perceived lack of direct personal benefits. Research designs that offer participants with MCI the opportunity to receive training to improve their cognition, detailed feedback about their driving ability, and remediation for poor driving skills with an opportunity for an on-road re-test post-remediation were described as being facilitators of driving research participation. Conclusions: Driving study research designs that include on-road driving assessments that can result in negative outcomes such as potential license loss will likely fail in terms of recruitment of participants if they do not incorporate important elements that facilitate participation. These include offering driving remediation and follow-up on-road assessments to monitor progress. Participant recruitment can be maximized when the possibility of perceived biased and/or punitive outcomes are removed altogether., Background: The aging population challenges medical schools to improve geriatrics education to better prepare medical students for future practice. A fourth-ear geriatrics selective was planned as part of developing a comprehensive four-year undergraduate geriatric curriculum based on the Canadian Geriatric Society (CGS) competencies. Objectives: This survey aimed to identify medical students’ preferred methods of learning and content, in order to design an optimum geriatrics selective. Methods: All U of T medical students were invited to participate in an online survey consisting of 10 questions exploring preferred methods of teaching and content based on CGS competencies. Results: The response rate was 14.2% (n = 134). Most responders were female (73%), and were first, second, and third year students (33.3%, 31.1%, 24.2%); 46.7% were interested in geriatric medicine; 66% expressed interest in taking this selective due to demographic imperative; 56.6% preferred a two-week selective. Students showed interest in learning from staff physicians (93%), residents (87%), and interdisciplinary teams (76%). Preference was for bedside clinical education (94%), while less interest was shown in seminars (44%) or a manual (52%); in contrast, students favoured online resources (76%). Content areas preferred by students were biology of aging (97.1%), cognitive impairment (94.3%), health-care planning (93.4%), and medication management (88.7%). Least interest was shown in urinary incontinence (72.8%), adverse events of medications (76%), and transitions of care (80.2%). Conclusions: This survey provided insight into students’ preferences regarding a geriatrics selective. Students preferred clinical bedside experiences, taught by experienced clinicians, supported by online resources, with identified preferences for certain key content areas., Objective: Cognitive deficits are among the strongest predictors of function in younger adults with schizophrenia. The objective of this study is to assess the extent to which cognition also predicts functional abilities in older adults with schizophrenia. Methods: Community-dwelling individuals over the age of 50 who met DSM-IV TR criteria for a current diagnosis of schizophrenia (n = 76) and controls who did not meet criteria for a mental disorder (n = 34) were assessed with clinical interviews, neuropsychological tests, and functional measures. Cognitive ability was assessed using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Functional competence was measured using the University of San Diego Performance Skills Assessment (UPSA), the Medication Management Ability Assessment (MMAA), the Performance Assessment of Self-Care Skills (PASS), and the Function and Disability Instrument (FDI). The schizophrenia and control groups were compared. Results: Demographic and baseline clinical, cognitive, and functional characteristics are reported for participants with schizophrenia and controls. The mean number of years of education was lower in the schizophrenia group than the control group. Participants with schizophrenia scored higher than controls on all clinical measures: the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G), Simpson Angus Scale (SAS), and Subjective Well-Being on Neuroleptic Medications (SWN). Participants with schizophrenia also scored lower on all cognitive and functional measures. Conclusion: In future, analyses will be conducted to investigate relationships between cognitive and functional measures. Clinical measures will be controlled for as confounders to isolate the effect of cognition on real-life functional ability., Background: Since 1991, the Canadian Geriatrics Society has sponsored the biennial Summer Institute in Geriatrics (SIG) for Canadian medical students with the aim to improve awareness and encourage careers in geriatric medicine. However, the effectiveness of this program has not been evaluated. With recent fiscal constraints, it has been questioned whether there is ongoing merit in continuing the SIG. The objective of this study was to determine whether the SIG influences medical students to pursue careers in geriatric medicine, geriatric psychiatry, or care of the elderly and, if so, to what extent? Method: Past SIG participants were contacted by mail and invited to complete a survey containing questions about participant demographics, motivation for attending the Institute, residency training, influence of the SIG on career choice, ultimate career choice, and its perceived overall value. Results: Eighty-one physicians (54.4%) responded. Nineteen percent had current or planned careers in geriatrics disciplines, while 48% spent more than 50% of their time with adults over the age of 65. Seven participants are currently working as geriatricians, two as geriatric psychiatrists, and two as family doctors with care of the elderly training. Fifty-three percent were motivated to enroll in electives following the Institute, while 43% believed that the Institute influenced their career choice. All participants felt that the SIG improved their knowledge of geriatrics. Conclusions: Participants of the SIG do go on to have careers in geriatric disciplines. Those that do not still gain valuable knowledge that may be applied to the care of older adults in other disciplines. Participants provided several suggestions for how the Institute could be more effective at influencing career choice., There are urgent calls for care models that address the unique needs of geriatric patients, who are typically managed with several medications. Multiple-medication treatment regimens present many challenges for health professionals and patients. For health professionals, these challenges include those of reconciling the list of medications generated by multiple prescribers with the patient and often their caregiver(s) to ensure accuracy and completeness. For older patients, the challenges of understanding how to take multiple medications and the treatment burden imposed by complex medication regimens may result in poor adherence and poor health outcomes. Our objectives are to develop and assess new approaches to medication regimen reconciliation, consolidation, and simplification. Here, we present an interprofessional approach to medication reconciliation piloted in Project IMPACT (Interprofessional Model of Practice for Aging and Complex Treatments) for community-dwelling patients 65 years of age or older, with three or more chronic diseases and five or more long-term medications. A measure of medication regimen complexity (MRC), as the number of rules in the consolidated medication script, was also developed and validated in this study population. We present the protocol we developed for consolidating a medication list and reducing MRC, along with novel findings regarding the characteristics of medication regimens and associated issues for these older patients with multiple chronic conditions. These new approaches to medication management may be particularly useful in the person-centered care of the elderly., Transitions between health care settings are a high-risk period for care quality and threatened patient safety. This is especially significant for older persons with complex care needs, such as those with hip fracture or other musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders, as they often require care from multiple health professionals within and between care settings. To gain a better understanding of transitional care, we recruited older hip fracture patients from acute care and followed them as they moved through the health-care system. Participants were purposively sampled. At each transition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the patients (N = 6) and members of their care network (N = 22). Transitions between hospital-based acute care and inpatient rehabilitation, as well as community-based home care and retirement living, were captured. Data were gathered and analyzed using a focused ethnographic approach. Facilitators and barriers of transitional care were identified from the perspective of patients, as well as their formal and informal caregivers. Important areas of interest that emerged included: continuity of care surrounding shift work and team-based care, insufficient time on behalf of the health-care providers to adequately communicate with their patients and each other, the impact of cultural competency on interactions within the care network, proactive strategies utilized by informal caregivers, and using health records to facilitate communication. A number of practical strategies for promoting successful transitions were also recommended by the participants., Delirium is an acute confusional state characterized by inattention, disorganized thinking, and perceptual disturbances. Previous research has shown that hospitalized elderly patients on a general medicine ward were more likely to develop incident delirium if they had baseline cognitive impairment, vision impairment, dehydration, and/or severe illness. Environmental factors likely play a role in delirium development. The primary study objective was to determine if room changes are associated with an increased incidence of delirium per patient days in elderly patients on a general medicine ward after controlling for baseline risk factors. Secondary objectives were (1) to determine if room changes increase the length of delirium in patients who had delirium at admission, (2) to determine if room changes increase length of hospital stay, and (3) to determine if bed-spacing and room characteristics affect these outcomes. Our study sample consists of patients 70 years of age or older who were admitted to the general medicine service at St. Michael’s Hospital between October 2009 and September 2010. A total of 1,384 patients met these criteria. A validated chart abstract abstraction technique was used to identify patients with delirium, and Decision Support data was used to identify room changes and bed spacing. So far, 1,354 patient charts have been abstracted. A total of 388 patients (28.7%) had delirium at admission, and 140 (14.5%) of the remaining patients developed delirium during their first week of hospital stay. We are expecting to complete data abstraction and analysis by the end of February 2012., Background: Women comprise the majority of the older population and have a greater burden of illness compared to men. This is evident in the home-care setting, where necessary services are provided to community-dwelling older adults. Whether the quality of these services differs between genders has not been examined. Objective: To determine if there are gender differences in home-care quality received by older individuals in Ontario and whether variations exist across planning regions. Methods: Retrospective cohort study using data from the Home Care Reporting System database using the RAI-HC Instrument. Study population: 119,795 Ontario home-care clients 65+ years receiving government-funded services from April 2009—March 2010. Home-care quality was assessed using validated indicators and risk-adjusted models developed by interRAI for decline in activities of daily living (ADL), cognitive decline, depressive symptoms, and pain control. For each indicator, unadjusted and risk-adjusted rates were calculated and stratified by gender. Results: All unadjusted quality indicators suggested gender differences. After risk-adjustment, 45.7% of women and 44% of men reported decline in ADLs; 50.8% of women and 50.5% of men reported cognitive decline; 11.9% of women and 11% of men reported depressive symptoms; 21.2% of women and 21.6% of men reported inadequate pain control. Rates varied 1.3- to 3.0-fold across planning regions after risk-adjustment. Conclusions: After risk-adjustment, no important gender differences exist in home-care quality. Differences in unadjusted rates between genders illustrate differences in health status and care needs. Regional variations in care quality across planning regions illustrate opportunities for improvement., Background: In Canada, 93% of older adults live at home and a substantial proportion of this population has complex and inter-related health and social problems. This sometimes renders them frail and homebound and poorly-served by predominantly office-based primary care delivery models. Several comprehensive and ongoing home-based primary care models have emerged internationally in order to address access-to-care deficiencies, postpone adverse health trajectories, and reduce overall costs for homebound elders. Objective: To identify the successful operational components of home-based primary care programs. Methods: We completed a systematic review of studies investigating home-based primary care programs for community-dwelling older adults that measured at least one of: hospitalizations, emergency department visits or long-term care admissions as an outcome of their intervention. Using the Cochrane, PubMed, and MEDLINE databases, 322 articles were identified and seven met our criteria for review. Results: The seven reviewed interventions were all based in the United States, with four emerging from the Veteran Affairs System. All seven programs demonstrated substantial effect on at least one of our inclusion outcomes, with four programs effecting two outcomes. All interventions were characterized by three common design principles: 1) house calls are made by the ongoing primary care provider, 2) the primary care provider leads an interprofessional care team, and 3) the program provides after-hours support. Conclusion: Specifically designed home-based primary care programs can substantially affect patient, caregiver, and systems outcomes. Adherence to the core design principles identified in this review could help guide the development and spread of these programs in Canada., Introduction: In Canada, 42% of cancer incidence and 59% of cancer mortality occur in persons aged ≥ 70 years. It has been reported that cancer is often under-treated in older patients due to co-morbidities, impaired functional status, and treatment toxicity. Objectives: The purpose of this ongoing study is to: 1) describe the health and functional status of the patient population referred to our Geriatric Oncology clinic, and 2) explore the reasons for referral and recommendations made. Methods: A chart review was conducted of 107 randomly selected patients who were seen in our clinic between 2006 and 2011. Data pertaining to demographic information, health, and functional status from the first visit were collected in a SPSS database. Health and functional status were assessed according to our Comprehensive Geriatric Oncology assessment consisting of co-morbidities, medications, functional status (ADLs, IADLs, ECOG), social support, cognition (MMSE Folstein, Montreal Cognitive Assessment test-MOCA), mood (Geriatric Depression Scale), mobility, nutritional status, and strength (grip strength by dynamometer). Descriptive techniques such as frequencies, means, and proportions were used for the statistical analysis. Results: In our sample of patients, lung, breast, and gynecological malignancies were the most common tumour sites. Average age of patients seen was 79 years old, and the majority of patients were referred for cognitive impairment (50.5%) and opinion on treatment plan (34.6%). As a result of our evaluations, we have uncovered and addressed previously undetected problems, such as mild cognitive impairment, dementia, polypharmacy, and mood disorders., Background: Given the growing proportion of older people, the prevention of cognitive decline is an important issue for patients, clinicians, and policy makers. There is significant interest in finding the “magic bullet” which will keep us cognitively intact for as long as possible. Objective: To complete a systematic review of the literature to determine the effectiveness of pharmacological therapies for preventing cognitive decline in healthy older adults and in those older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Methods: We searched Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from date of onset to August 2011. No restrictions were placed on date of publication. Publications were excluded if they were not randomized control trials or systematic reviews, were not examining older adults (age > 65) with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment, if they did not list adverse outcomes of their interventions, or if they were published in a language other than English. Two investigators independently completed study selection, quality assessment, and data abstraction. Quality assessment of articles was conducted using Cochrane Risk of Bias. Our initial search yielded 3,882 potential articles. An abstract review by two independent reviewers narrowed search results to 226 articles that met inclusion criteria. Further assessment of full-text articles resulted in 45 articles for data abstraction and analysis. Data synthesis is underway and will be completed by April 2012. Conclusions: While final results of the systematic review are currently pending, it is evident from our preliminary results that there are very few high-quality studies that demonstrate any successful interventions to prevent cognitive decline in older adults., Purpose: Few data are available regarding the utilisation of radiation therapy in patients aged 90 years and over. This study examines the utilisation of radiotherapy in this population. Methods: The clinical records of every nonagenarian referred at the Department of Radiation Oncology, CHUQ - L\’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, between April 1, 2010 and March 31, were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Twenty-five nonagenarian patients with median age of 92 were seen in consultation. The majority had skin or rectal cancer. The tumors were early stage in seven patients, locoregionally advanced in five, recurrent in two and systemic in eleven. Six patients received radiation at more than one sites. 92% had their cancer pathologically proven and most of them in the same year as their referral in radiation oncology. Nine patients had a previous oncological surgery and none received chemotherapy. The intent of radiation treatment was definitive in six patients. Five treatments were not completed as planned. Polypharmacy, comorbidities, and dependance level for ADL and IADL were usually mentionned in the consultation report. Other geriatrics syndroms such as history of fall, cognitive impairments, depression or delirium were less frequently mentionned. Half of patients had a follow-up visit. Five patients had a complete response and nine had a partial response. Only five patients had toxicity; low grade dermatitis or diarrhea. Nine deaths occured, at a median time of two months. Conclusions: The current review showed that radiation therapy can be feasible and tolerable in nonagenerians. When applicable, definitive radiation therapy should also be considered., Background: Despite a looming demographic imperative, clinical rotations in geriatrics are not mandatory in North American undergraduate medical training. This is based on the rationing premise that, given curriculum time pressures, medical students can acquire geriatric competencies in clinical rotations with a significant number of older patients. We explored the clinical and teaching discussions regarding older patients on one such unit, the Internal Medicine Clinical Teaching Unit (CTU). Methods: Focusing on the admission case review and discharge summary, we asked: 1) What medical issues are emphasized when the CTU team cares for older patients? and 2) What geriatric core competencies are addressed? Using a multiple case study approach, over two separate 8-week periods we collected 19 cases of patients admitted to one of three CTUs. Case materials included transcripts of audio-recorded case reviews and de-identified patient discharge summaries. Results: 15 of the 19 patients were aged >65; these underwent inductive analysis for issues emphasized during review, and deductive analysis for geriatric content that could have been discussed according to Canadian undergraduate geriatric core competencies. Discussions focused narrowly on the patient’s chief complaint and the interpretation/correction of abnormal lab values. References to geriatric core competencies were infrequent, as was teaching regarding geriatric issues. Conclusion: While trainees regularly encounter patients with geriatric issues on CTU, these issues are rarely emphasized during case review. Similar findings are likely on other rotations where older patients are cared for, calling into question the suitability of current curricular rationing decisions pertaining to geriatrics teaching., Our health care system exists in “silos” of functions and services carefully marking out turfs. Patient safety, quality of experience, and consistent positive clinical outcomes will remain challenged in this fragmented system. Communication between the various system segments is often poor and creates confusion leading to mistakes and threatens consistency of care, especially for the most complex and vulnerable – our seniors. The North Perth Family Health Team, Listowel, Ontario serving a population of approximately 17,000 has created a model to support seniors and families with navigation and transition from sector to sector. A Nurse Practitioner, with specialized geriatric education, works closely with primary care physicians, consulting geriatrician, hospital, community agencies, and retirement homes by providing assessments where the senior is located. Regular visits are made to the local retirement homes every two weeks, the hospital weekly, a geriatric clinic with the consulting geriatrician monthly, and office and home visits as needed. Education is provided concurrently with these services, as part of chronic disease management. The patients’ electronic health record can be accessed in all of these settings to ensure that information is not duplicated and that documentation and communication can occur efficiently. This model of providing Complex Geriatric Care can be easily replicated in small Rural communities for enhanced efficiencies and concerted patient care., Background: Gait velocity is a strong identifier of physical frailty. However, it has been postulated that gait variability can be more sensitive to subtle impairments and may help in early frailty detection. Gait variability measures gait regulation, and high variability predicts falls, fractures, and cognitive decline even when gait velocity failed to do so. Thus, high gait variability may reflect an increased vulnerability in early stages before frailty is complete manifested. Associations of gait variability with frailty models which do not use gait velocity as a frailty component, have yet to be determined. Methods: Our sample included 106 community-dwelling older adults, aged ≥75. Frailty status was assessed using the 9-category Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), a validated model which does not include the gait velocity criterion in identifying frailty. Quantitative gait variables were assessed under “usual” and “fast” pace using an electronic walkway. Linear regression analysis evaluated association between CFS levels and gait variability. Results: Frailty status ranged from 1 (“Very Fit”) through 6 (“Moderately Frail”). Increased frailty status was significantly associated with higher variability in stride length (p=0.023), stride width (p=0.015) at usual pace; and, higher variability in stride time (p=0.001), stride length (p=0.017) and stride width (p=0.019) at fast pace. Conclusion: High gait variability in several gait parameters is associated with frailty, even at early stages. Our findings help to explain the high vulnerability and risk of falls and fractures in community seniors with pre-frail and frailty status., Background: Disadvantaged seniors living in non-family situations in Toronto are more likely than seniors living in family situations to have less economic security, less social support, and less choice in housing. Seniors who live in poverty, and are precariously housed, are more likely to be chronically ill, to live with multiple illnesses, to have poor nutrition, high stress and loneliness, all of which are strongly associated with the determinant of health social exclusion. Methods: To understand how support services for income, housing, food security, social support, and health care mitigate the effects of social exclusion, we interviewed 15 male seniors at the Good Neighbours Club in downtown Toronto. The semi-structured interview is designed to assess barriers to, utility of, and perceived impact of support services available to disadvantaged seniors living in the central core of Southeast Toronto. Conclusion: Results suggest support services play a vital role in not only mitigating the effects of social exclusion, support services reduce the level of social isolation experienced by these seniors., Background: Considering the psychosocial factors at play, the management of elderly patients requires an interdisciplinary approach centered on the patient and his/her caregivers. An effective communication between the professionals is nevertheless an important asset in the client’s management. The Individualized Interdisciplinary Intervention Plan (IIIP) is a tool aimed at documenting and communicating information discussed during team meetings. Optimization of the IIIP is necessary to facilitate access to its information, to respect confidentiality and to integrate with existing computerized system. Objectives: To devise a computerized IIIP intent on optimizing quality of care and access to patient information. Methods: Modification of the pre-existing IIIP was done based on literature review, integration of the geriatric vital signs (AINÉES), the OPTIMAH (OPTIMisation des soins aux personnes Âgées à l’Hôpital) approach, and training in Project management using the Interprofessional Collaborative Approach. A demo session with team members of the two geriatric assessment units was organized prior to conducting a 6-month trial. A survey was created in order to gather feedback from users in both units. Results: An updated version of the IIIP was developed. Analysis of the survey is underway and the tool will be modified accordingly. Conclusions: The updated version of the computerized IIIP assures optimal management of elderly hospitalized patients and their caregivers. Not only is the IIIP accessible and easily integrated in existing computerized system, but it also respects the confidentiality code of conduct. It allows effective communication between interprofessional team members during current or future hospital stays, which is at the core of quality care., Objective: To study the long-term effects of glucocorticoids (GC) on fracture risk. Design: CaMos is an ongoing 10 year prospective cohort study. Population: Age and sex matched Canadian population who are non-institutionalized individuals and reside in nine CaMos study centers. Methods: Data from 2819 men and 6444 women were classified as current GC users and non-users. New fractures based on self-reports from an annually completed questionnaire included vertebral, hip, other (excluding hip, vertebral, toes, fingers, skull fractures) and any fracture (excluding toes, fingers, skull fractures). Multivariable survival analyses were conducted to examine the association between the time to new fracture and GC use. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results: The mean age, femoral neck T-score (standard deviation) and GC use at baseline of the cohort was 62.0 (13.3), −1.07 (1.03), and 128 (1. 4%), respectively. During the 10-year period, 130 (1.4%), 157 (1.7%), 869 (9.7%) and 1102 (11.9%) individuals developed a new osteoporotic vertebral, hip, other and any fracture. Ever taking GC for a minimum of one month in both men and women had a hazard ratio of 1.4 (95% CI: 1.0 −1.8), 1.9 (95% CI: 1.0–3.6), 0.97 (95% CI: 0.4–2.2),1.2 (95% CI: 0.9–1.6) for developing a new non-spine, hip, spine and any fracture as compared to those who never took GC, respectively. Conclusions: CaMos is the first prospective long-term study with data over 10 years showing that GC use is associated with higher incident fragility fractures., Introduction: Vitamin D is important in the management of osteoporosis and falls. Current Canadian guidelines recommend empiric supplementation (≥800 IU/day) for older adults. Before guideline publication, it was our practice to measure serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Vitamin D levels) on the first visit to our specialized falls clinic, serving adults aged ≥65 years. The extent to which this population would be undertreated by following the guidelines and delaying testing for 3–4 months after supplementation is currently not known. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we determined the clinical benefit of a strategy of pre-emptive measurement of vitamin D levels. Chart reviews were conducted for 121 patients seen in the St. Paul’s Hospital Falls Clinic between January 2009 to November 2011. Baseline data, including fall risk, medications & supplements, laboratory testing and performance measures, were recorded. Results: 43 patients (35.2%) were taking ≥800IU of daily Vitamin D at their initial visit. Of the 94 patients who had Vitamin D levels measured, the average level was 80.4 nmol/L. Only 42 patients (44.7%) had sufficient Vitamin D levels (>75 nmol/L). Testing led to recommendations for dose adjustment for insufficient levels among 13 patients (13.8%), 5 of whom were previously on guideline-based supplementation doses. Conclusions: Many falls clinic patients are not taking adequate doses of Vitamin D and less than half of these patients have sufficient vitamin D levels. Preemptive testing led to correcting vitamin D insufficiency among a nearly 15% of patients in this high-risk population., Purpose: We present 2 case reports suggesting a possible association between delirium and swallowing deficits (or dysphagia) in older hospitalized adults. Method(s): Patient 1, a 96-year-old man, was previously highly functional without cognitive problems. He was admitted with pneumonia and developed delirium and new-onset dysphagia. Despite treatment of the patient’s pneumonia, the delirium was slow to recover, as was his dysphagia. Patient 2, a 78-year-old man with a history of dementia (likely alcohol related), was admitted with a fall and fractured humerus. The patient developed delirium and dysphagia while in hospital. Despite the patient’s persistent cognitive problems due to dementia, both his delirium and dysphagia resolved. Results: Both cases describe older adults with acute and chronic medical issues, delirium and dysphagia. In one case, persistence of delirium occurred concurrently with persistence of dysphagia, and, in the second case, improvement of dysphagia was associated with improved delirium symptoms. Conclusion: Delirium is a frequent problem for older hospitalized adults and is associated with a number of adverse outcomes as well as rising health-care expenditures. A potential association between delirium and dysphagia may be a very important consideration in the assessment, treatment, and prognoses of dysphagia. Although prior studies have reported associations between impaired ability to do activities of daily living and persistent delirium, a possible association between delirium and functional swallowing has not previously been reported. Further research into the relationship between delirium and swallowing deficits is necessary., Background: Slower gait is an early sign of cognitive decline in older adults. No studies have examined yet the brain morphometric substrate for slower gait in MCI. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether gait speed was associated with lateral cerebral ventricle volume (LCVV), a measure of brain atrophy, and white matter lesions (WML) among older adults with MCI. Methods: Twenty community-dwellers with MCI, free of hydrocephalus, aged 76years [69/80] (median[25th/75th percentile]) (35% female) from the ‘Gait & Brain cohort study’ were included in this analysis. Gait speed was measured at usual pace with a 6 m electronic portable walkway (GAITRite). LCVV was quantified using semi-automated software from three-dimensional T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance Images. WML were visually rated on a 10-point scale from 0 to 9 (worst), and coded severe if grade was ≥2. LCVV, severe WML and age were used as covariables. Results: Median gait speed was 118.7 cm/s [104.4/131.3], and LCVV 39.9 mL [30.0/46.6] with no difference between right and left ventricles (p=0.052). Thirteen subjects (65%) had severe WML. Severe WML was associated with decreased gait speed (adjusted β=-17.94[95CI:-35.71;-0.16], p=0.048). LCVV was also inversely linearly associated with gait speed (adjusted β=-0.62 [95CI:-1.21;-0.03], p=0.041). More specifically, the enlargement of the left ventricle, unlike the right one, inversely correlated with decreased gait speed (p=0.002 and p=0.068, respectively). Conclusions: This study shows for the first time slower gait speed is associated with severe WML burden and left lateral ventricle enlargement in MCI, suggesting involvement of impaired sequential thinking in slowing gait during the early stages of dementia., Background: The predictive significance of hip fracture risk factors has been variably reported. This may at least in part be due to the effects of age. Objective: To determine the prevalence of validated risk factors for hip fracture in a relatively younger (60–80 years) and older (over 80 years) female age cohorts. Methods: Consecutive admissions of Caucasian females aged over 60 years presenting with the 1st osteoporotic hip fracture during a 24-month period were prospectively assessed. A group comparison was undertaken for the clinical risk factors used in the FRAX calculator, falls within 12 months, use of gait aid, dementia, neuromuscular disorders, usual residence, serum 25 (OH) D, current use of benzodiazepine and other baseline descriptive characteristics. Results: There were 83 and 90 patients in the ‘younger’ and ‘older’ age cohorts, respectively. Patients >80 yrs were more likely to have suffered a fall (57%, p=0.001), to use a gait aid (59%, p=0.001) and live in a hostel (28%, p=0.01). The prevalence of secondary causes of osteoporosis was greater (19%, p=0.048%) in the younger age cohort. There were no group differences for other risk factors. However, over 50% in each age cohort had a prior history of fracture and the mean 25 (OH) D in the younger and older age cohorts were 38+16.6 nmols/l and 34+18.6 nmols/l, respectively. Conclusion: The findings may have implications for the validity of fracture risk assessment tools that do not incorporate falls and/or other age associated hip fracture risk factors for stratifying hip fracture risk in the very old., Background: Although the principle goal of hip fracture management is a return to pre-event functional level, most survivors fail to regain their former autonomy. One of the most effective strategies to mitigate the fracture’s consequences is exercise. Purpose: To review the reported effect of an extended exercise rehabilitation program offered beyond the regular rehabilitation period on improving physical functioning for patients with hip fractures. Methods: Sources: The Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group, the Cochrane Central, PubMed, CINAHL, PEDro, EMBASE, and reference lists of articles were searched from inception to October, 2010. Study Selection: Included were all randomized controlled trials comparing extended exercise programs to usual care for community dwelling after hip fracture. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Two reviewers conducted each step independently. The data from included studies were summarized and then pooled estimates were calculated for nine functional outcomes. Results: Ten articles were included in the review and eight in the meta-analysis. The extended exercise program showed small–modest effect sizes which reached significance for knee-extension strength for affected and non-affected sides 0.46 (CI 95%: 0.2–0.6) and 0.45 (CI 95%: 0.16–0.74), respectively, balance 0.29 (CI 95%: 0.7–0.51), fast gait speed 0.52 (CI 95%: 0.18–0.85 p=0.002), and physical performance-based tests 0.53 (CI 95%: 0.27–0.78). Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first meta-analysis to provide evidence that an extended exercise rehabilitation program for patients with hip fractures has a significant impact on various functional abilities. The focus of future research should go beyond just effectiveness and study cost-effectiveness of extended programs., Background: Sedentary behavior has been proposed as an independent cardiometabolic risk factor even in adults who are otherwise physically active through leisure-time recreational activities. Because little is known about the metabolic effects of sedentary behavior in seniors, we examined the relationship between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic risk in physically active older adults. Methods: Enrollment is underway with 19/50 projected subjects currently included (mean age 73.1 years). Subjects were in good health and free of known diabetes. Activity levels were recorded with accelerometers worn continuously for 7 days. Blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, lipids, HgbA1C and 2hr glucose tolerance were measured. Results: Time engaged in sedentary behavior was strongly positively correlated with triglycerides and BMI. Average amount of steps taken per day was strongly positively and negatively correlated to HDL and BMI respectively. All subjects met Canada Health guidelines for an active “fit” adult. Conclusion: Sedentary behavior is associated with adverse metabolic parameters in older adults, even those who are otherwise physically active and meet Canada Health guidelines for an active “fit” adult. Emphasizing activities that accumulate steps (eg: walking, light housework) may be a practical recommendation to reduce sedentary behavior in older adults., Background: Despite the importance of self-care, evidence suggests that people with heart failure (HF) do not consistently engage in such behaviours. One possible reason for poor self-care may be the presence of underlying and undetected mild cognitive deficits (MCD) Objective: This study is prospectively evaluating whether MCD measured with the MoCA in HF patients aged ≥60 years at hospital discharge is associated with impaired ability to self-care (measured with the Self-Care Heart Failure Index (SCHFI – 3 subscales: self-maintenance, self-management, self-confidence). Methods: Exclusion criteria: no caregiver, not English speaking, living in a long term care (LTC) facility, documented cognitive impairment, visual or hearing impairment, or life expectancy., Background: Failure to thrive (FTT) does not have an universally agreed definition in adults but is often used to describe a syndrome of global decline that occurs as an aggregate of frailty, cognitive impairment, and functional disability. The aim of this project was to better understand this population in an attempt to improve diagnosis and management. Objective: To explore characteristics and medical investigations commonly conducted among older adults with a diagnosis of FTT. Methods: Part 1: We searched Medline (Pubmed), Embase, and Cochrane databases from 1948 until 2011. Two investigators independently reviewed citations and then full-text articles. Inclusion criteria included published in English, population aged 65 or over, contained primary data, not a case report or case series. A summary of data was created and meta-analysis determined inappropriate. Part 2: Data from the local acute care electronic medical record for patients 65 years or older admitted with a diagnosis of FTT from January 2010 to January 2011 were reviewed. Several variables were analyzed that explored investigations in hospital. Results: The systematic review identified 62 citations. 46 full text articles were reviewed. 6 articles met inclusion criteria. All the 6 articles were cohort studies of small size. The local data revealed a cohort of 603 patients ranging in age from 65 to 104 years. The length of hospital stay varied from 0 to 106 days. Extensive investigations were ordered including CT, Echo and Ultrasound. A variety of medical specialists and allied health professionals were consulted during the patients’ hospitalizations., Objectives: Falls are well recognized to be associated with adverse health outcomes, especially when complicated by fracture. Falls are also more common in people who are frail and readily related to several items in the frailty phenotype. Less is known about the relationship between falls and frailty defined as deficits accumulation. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between falls, fractures, and frailty based on deficit accumulation. Methods: Design: Representative elderly cohort study with over 8 years of follow-up on mortality, recurrence falls and fractures. Setting: The Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Participants: 3257 Chinese people aged 55+ years at baseline. Measurements: A frailty index (FI) based on the accumulation of health deficits was constructed using 33 deficits, excluding falls and fractures. The rates of falls, fractures and death as a function of age and the level of FI were analyzed. Multivariable models evaluated the relationships between frailty and the risk of recurrent falls, fractures, and mortality adjusting for age, sex, and education. Self or informant reported fall and fracture data were verified against participants’ health records. Results: Of 3,257 participants at baseline (1992), 360 (11.1%) people reported a history of falls, and 238 (7.3%) people reported a history of fractures. 1155 people died over the eight-year follow-up. The FI was associated with an increased risk of recurrence falls (OR=1.54; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.34–1.76), fractures (OR=1.07; 95% CI=0.94–1.22), and death (OR=1.50, 95% CI=1.41–1.60). The FI showed a significant effect on the proportional hazards in a multivariate Cox regression model (HR=1.29, 95% CI=1.25–1.33). When adjusted for the FI, neither falls nor fractures were associated with mortality. Conclusion: Falls and fractures were common in older Chinese adults, and associated with frailty. Only frailty was independently associated with death., Purpose: The primary purpose of this pilot study is to prospectively gather and evaluate patient characteristics, surgical outcomes and quality of life (QOL) outcomes of women with endometrial cancer undergoing robotic-assisted surgery. Methods: An unselected cohort of endometrial cancer patients, medically competent from the Jewish General Hospital were approached and offered robotic surgery. The da Vinci® Surgical System was used for the surgery. Results: From December 2007 to December 2009, 109 women underwent robotic-assisted surgery for their endometrial cancer. 68 women were under 70 years old and 41 were 70 years or older. 45 (69.2%) women under 70 experienced a post-operative pain level of 1 on a 7-point scale at one week post-surgery compared to 19 (48.7%) women 70 and older, p=0.037. At 3 weeks this trend persisted 47 (71.2%) compared to 20 (50.0%), p=0.028 respectively. 30 (46.2%) women under 70 experienced unusual urinary symptoms post-operatively compared to only 10 (25.6%) women 70 and older, χ2(1)=4.33, p=0.037. There was a significant effect of age on number of days required to resume typical activities. Older women resumed more rapidly to regular activities (8.4) than younger women (12.9), F (1, 87)=4.78, p=0.031. Conclusions: Elderly women undergoing robotic-assisted surgery for endometrial cancer experience less post-operative pain, less urinary symptoms and resume to their typical activities faster than younger women., Introduction : Les personnes âgées constituent une part toujours croissante de la population ayant recours aux hôpitaux. Haut lieu de technicité, le système hospitalier n’a pas été conçu en ayant en perspective les besoins spécifiques de cette clientèle. Les données s’accumulent pour démontrer que l’hôpital contribue souvent à une détérioration de leur état de santé par des modes de pratique mal adaptés. Les modèles de processus de soins efficaces existent mais ne sont pas appliqués. Objectif : Présenter le contenu du document : Cadre de référence sur l’Approche adaptée à la personne âgée en milieu hospitalier. Cet ouvrage sensibilise, guide et outille le personnel clinique et administratif des centres hospitaliers dans une démarche rigoureuse visant à prévenir le déclin fonctionnel iatrogène par des actions de prévention systématiques, individualisées et hiérarchisées. Méthodes : Une équipe de professionnels expérimentés s’est penchée sur cette problématique et propose des façons d’améliorer la qualité du séjour et des soins offerts aux personnes âgées en milieu hospitalier. Résultats : Le sujet est traité sous l’angle de la prévention et d’une meilleure gestion du delirium et du syndrome d’immobilisation. Un algorithme de soins cliniques est proposé dès l’arrivée, selon des interventions en paliers, déterminées par la condition physique initiale et la vulnérabilité face au système hospitalier. On propose des principes directeurs pour les organisations, des outils cliniques et d’implantation ainsi que des indicateurs de résultat. Conclusion : Le réseau hospitalier doit revoir en profondeur son fonctionnement afin de répondre adéquatement et sans délai aux besoins diversifiés des personnes âgées., Introduction : Le cadre de référence « Approche adaptée à la personne âgée en milieu hospitalier » est assorti d’outils cliniques pour faciliter son application. Ces fiches cliniques opérationnalisent la démarche clinique structurée et hiérarchisée de l’approche adaptée. Objectif : Présenter le contenu des 10 fiches théoriques et pratiques organisées selon trois paliers d’évaluation et d’interventions : systématiques et préventives, spécifiques et spécialisées, et traité sous trois angles : physique, psychosocial, environnement. Méthodes : Les fiches ont été rédigées par des cliniciens praticiens et enseignants d’expérience. Des experts de contenu ont été associés à la révision des fiches de même qu’une équipe d’infirmières oeuvrant elles-mêmes auprès des personnes âgées hospitalisées. Résultats : Chaque fiche théorique est organisée de la façon suivante: • présentation et définition de la dimension clinique ciblée; • éléments d’évaluation et d’intervention appropriés aux paliers systématique, spécifique et spécialisé; • bibliographie exhaustive suggérée; • annexes contenant des outils cliniques validés ou des suggestions du type trucs du métier. • fiche pratique-synthèse d’une page qui reprend avec concision les données stratégiques. Elle se présente sous forme de carnet et peut être gardée sur soi par l’intervenant et servir de ressourcement dans son travail au quotidien. Finalement, une fiche synthèse extrêmement concise résume les interventions essentielles systématiques pour les intervenants des urgences. Conclusion : Ces outils s’avèrent précieux pour soutenir les intervenants dans leurs actions quotidiennes auprès de la personne âgée hospitalisée., Introduction : Les soins aux personnes âgées sont une priorité inscrit dans la planification stratégique du MSSS du Québec. Le MSSS considère essentiel d’implanter l’AAPA et a mis sur pied une structure provinciale afin de soutenir les établissements du réseau dans ce changement important de pratiques. Objectif : Présenter la structure provinciale et les outils de reddition de compte qui accompagnent l’implantation de l’approche adaptée dans tous les établissements de courte durée du Québec. Méthode : Une coordination provinciale et régionale a été mise en place pour veiller à l’implantation de l’approche adaptée. Des éléments de l’approche sont intégrés dans les ententes de gestion des établissements qui doivent rendre compte de leurs progrès. Résultats : La structure est organisée comme suit: - Coordination provinciale par le MSSS: travail étroit avec les instituts de gériatrie de Montréal et Sherbrooke; conférences téléphoniques mensuelles avec les répondants régionaux; suivi personnalisé à l’occasion. - Coordination régionale: Répondant régional désigné; soutien aux établissements de sa région via des rencontres ou des suivis personnalisés. - Répondant local: organisation du déploiement dans son hôpital; planification des sessions de formation (avec les coaches); Des outils de reddition de compte (ententes de gestion, préalables, composantes), sont suivis rigoureusement. Conclusion : Cette structure et ces outils ont été mis en place dans toute la province afin de réussir l’adaptation du réseau hospitalier aux besoins de la personne âgée, Introduction : Afin de se donner des conditions gagnantes pour implanter l’approche adaptée, dans tous les hôpitaux du Québec, un programme de formation a été mis sur pied pour les intervenants du réseau de la santé. Il soutiendra l’instauration de nouvelles pratiques pour mieux répondre aux besoins des personnes âgées hospitalisées. Objectifs : Présenter le programme de formation qui s’adresse à tous les membres du personnel ainsi qu’aux gestionnaires des hôpitaux. Il comprend six modules de formation accompagnés d’activités de coaching qui permettent d’optimiser l’intégration des connaissances. Méthodes : Le programme de formation, basé sur l’Approche adaptée, est offert en ligne. Il a été créé par des experts cliniques et techno pédagogiques . Un comité d’experts a ensuite révisé les contenus qui ont été validés par des professionnels des établissements de santé avant d’être rendus disponibles à l’ensemble du réseau. Résultats : Les modules de formation touchent les thèmes suivants : introduction à l’approche adaptée à la personne âgée en milieu hospitalier, vieillissement normal et pathologique, adapter l’environnement, opérationnalisation de l’approche adaptée, le syndrome d’immobilisation, le delirium. Chaque module est accompagné d’un guide pour les coaches et de suggestions d’activités de coaching. Conclusion : Les modules de formation sont des outils polyvalents et conviviaux. Ils favorisent l’intégration de nouvelles connaissances et leur application au quotidien., Introduction : En centre de soins de longue durée, le maintien d’un état nutritionnel optimal peut s’avérer difficile. L’Hôpital Sainte-Anne (n=400 résidents et âge moyen= 90 ans; Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Québec) est un des rares établissements canadiens ayant choisi la pesée mensuelle et le suivi de l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC=Poids/Taille2) pour en faire une évaluation systématique et pratiquer une approche préventive. Cette initiative a été reconnue comme une pratique exemplaire par Agrément Canada (2011). L’IMC permet d’estimer le risque associé à un poids inadéquat. Un taux de mortalité plus faible est associé à un IMC >25 kg/m² chez les résidents institutionnalisés. Un IMC de 24 kg/m2 a été sélectionné comme norme optimale à l’Hôpital Sainte-Anne. Objectifs : 1) Utiliser l’IMC moyen de l’ensemble des résidents et des résidents dysphagiques comme indicateur de performance des interventions nutritionnelles pour les divers programmes d’intervention clinique; 2) Évaluer systématiquement l’efficacité des interventions nutritionnelles selon un protocole de pesée pré-établi. Méthodologie : Les résidents sont pesés mensuellement. Les changements de poids significatifs sont identifiés. Le résident et l’équipe de soins sont avisés de l’évolution de l’état nutritionnel, des problématiques associées et des changements au plan de soins nutritionnels. Les IMC individuels et moyens sont calculés. La conformité du protocole de pesée et la calibration de nos appareils sont évaluées régulièrement. Résultats : L’IMC global moyen et l’IMC des résidents dysphagiques sont 24.5 kg/m2 et 24.3 kg/m2, respectivement. Conclusion : Comme activité de dépistage, cette pratique permet de prendre rapidement en charge les états nutritionnels problématiques et aide à prévenir ou retarder l’apparition des conséquences fâcheuses de la dénutrition., Purpose: To assess the responsiveness of a variety of quality of life (QOL) measures in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: We recruited 272 community-living AD patients and their caregivers. Patients with MMSE scores greater than 10 rated their QOL using the EQ-5D, Quality of Well-Being scale, a visual analogue scale and the QOL in AD (QOL-AD) instrument. Caregivers rated patient\’s QOL using these measures as well as the Health Utilities Index (HUI) and Short-Form-36. QOL and patients’ cognition, function and neuropsychiatric symptoms were assessed at baseline, 6, 12 and 24 months. We evaluated internal responsiveness using the standardized effect size and response mean and external responsiveness using ROC curves for the QOL measures based on a decline or no decline in a composite score based on the first principal component of the core dementia symptoms. Results: At baseline, patients’ mean age was 82.8, 50.2% were female and mean MMSE was 20.2. For patient self-ratings, the QOL measures did not exhibit meaningful responsiveness over time. For caregiver ratings of patient QOL: the internal responsiveness of the QOL measures at 12 and 24 months was small (0.12 to 0.28) and small to moderate (0.22 to 0.59), respectively; the external responsiveness at 12 and 24 months was greatest for the EQ-5D, QOL-AD and HUI, with areas under the ROC curves of 0.67 to 0.77. Conclusions: Over 24 months of follow-up, patient self-ratings of QOL did not exhibit meaningful responsiveness, while caregiver ratings of patient QOL with the QOL-AD, HUI and EQ-5D exhibited moderate responsiveness., Increasing incidence and prevalence of dementia and staff time constraints have created the need for an improved and streamlined system of care for dementia patients in primary care. The objective of this study was to develop a collaborative model of dementia care in partnership with and endorsed by staff members and stakeholders at a Primary Care Network (PCN) in Alberta. Phase 1 involved a retrospective chart review with Phase 2 involving focus groups and structured questionnaires that were distributed to staff members to assess their perspectives on dementia care. Phase 3 involved the creation of a preliminary care model for patients with dementia, followed by feedback on the model from staff members using consensus based methodology. Phase 4 of the project will focus on the implementation of the model in the PCN, with process and formative evaluation of the model planned. In this presentation, we provide a comprehensive overview of our model, components of the model, and resources that are foundational to successful implementation., Background: Falls are a common condition that had important impacts in elderly patients. Previous study suggested that falls lead to limitation of activities due to fear. Purpose: To report impacts of falls, expectations on Thai health-care system and fall events in falling elderly patients with chronic disease. Designs & Methods: Qualitative in-depth interviews, using an interview guide, were conducted with 18 participants who were referred from primary care clinic, geriatrics clinic and home health care unit. Content analysis was performed for analysis. Results: Falls were not found to be related to chronic disease in elderly patients. The most common reaction was fear, particularly fear of being dependent and burden to family members. Chronic pain was the most common illness developed after fall. Patients tended to be more careful, walking slowly, decrease activities, decrease traveling, and use gait aid more regularly. Most patients eventually told family member’s about their falls. Family’s reaction to patient’s fall included concern of patient’s condition, distrust, sarcastic comments. Doctors did not take falls into account by not asking patients about their falls. In addition, patient did not mention their falls events to doctors particularly, specialist doctors. Patients focused more on results of falls compared to causes of falls. Accident was the most common cause in fall event. Conclusion: Falls affected patients not only physical aspect, but also psychological status, behavior and their families. Health care providers should pay more attention to elicit causes of falls in elders., Background: Arthritis is largest contributor to disability in both Canada and the United States of America. Primary clinical features include pain and dysfunction. The effect of physical inactivity as a modifiable risk factor of arthritis is not clearly understood. Purpose: To elucidate the association between physical activity and arthritis in the Canadian population. Methods: Physical activity was evaluated in respondents with and without arthritis using a national health survey, the Canadian Community Health Survey 2007–2008 which consists of over 108,000 community-dwelling respondents 18 years or older. Respondents were asked a series of questions pertaining to physical activity over the past 3 months. Estimates of physical activity are obtained in terms of metabolic equivalent of task (METs). Logistic regression model was developed using demographic (age, gender, education, marital status) and behavioural (smoking, drinking, obesity) characteristics along with physical activity as potential risk factors for arthritis. Results: The prevalence of arthritis was 16.0%. The mean age for respondents with arthritis was 60.0 (SD=0.15) years with 40% being male. Mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 27.0 (SD=0.06) Kg/m2 for respondents arthritis and 26.0 (SD=0.03) Kg/m2 for respondents without arthritis. The proportion of moderate and vigorous activities were significantly associated with having arthritis than those without arthritis (Moderate: OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.66–0.80; Vigorous: OR 0.80 95% CI 0.72–0.88). Conclusion: People with active lifestyle had a reduced likelihood of having arthritis; however, factors such as age and smoking can reduce the significance of physical activity in explaining arthritis., Background: Elder abuse is a growing problem in Canada that is underdiagnosed and overlooked by healthcare services with devastating consequences for older persons, such as increased morbidity and mortality, poor quality of life and loss of property and security. Objective: Examine the accuracy and precision of existing elder abuse screening tools to facilitate the introduction of more valid detection strategies for healthcare practitioners. Data Sources: We searched MEDLINE (1960–July 15, 2011), EMBASE (1980–July 15, 2011), PsycINFO (1984¬–July 15, 2011) and CINAHL (1982–July 15, 2011), plus gray literature, reference lists and review articles. Study Selection: Studies that included original data focusing on the accuracy and precision of instruments for screening of elder abuse, in which instruments were compared with a reference standard that included assessment by at least one expert. The subject of the screening assessment could be the patient, family member, caregiver, cohabitant and/or friend. Data Extraction: Study design, patient populations and settings, methods of assessment, and outcome measures were extracted, and a modified- QUADAS tool was applied to evaluate study quality. Two investigators independently completed each level of screening and data abstraction. Results: The literature search identified 5769 citations. Review of abstracts led to the retrieval of 83 full-text articles for assessment; 24 articles met inclusion criteria. Data synthesis is underway. Conclusion: Few studies provide data on screening tools that accurately and precisely identify elder abuse. Further research is needed to increase evidence-based knowledge on which healthcare practitioners may rely to improve identification of elder abuse., While much knowledge is gained from quantitative health research, illness itself is subjective. By appreciating the experience of failing health and its impact on outcomes for individual patients, it is hoped that healthcare providers will be able to practice more humanely and effectively. Falls are a common and serious health problem experienced by older persons. How they perceive and interpret the experience of falling can influence the long-term consequences of the event. Other than work done with fear of falling, to date this has not been rigorously studied. Our primary objective in this pilot study was to explore whether there was additional value in obtaining a patient’s narrative as part of the assessment of older persons who had fallen. We interviewed a convenience sample of 5 patients referred to the Calgary Fall Prevention Clinic (CFPC) using the Narrative Interview technique proposed by Jovchelovitch and Bauer. These narratives and the CFPC assessments underwent separate analyses for themes and patterns. Phenomena generated from narratives were determined through several readings of the transcript, using original audio recordings and field notes to help provide context. A comparison between phenomena found in the narrative analyses and the CFPC assessments was performed to highlight commonalities and gaps. Our findings will be presented to a focus group consisting of members of the CFPC who will discuss the potential usefulness of narratives in care planning for these patients. These deliberations will inform further research on the use of narratives in the assessment of patients referred to the CFPC., Purpose: Determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment in older cancer patients referred to a Geriatric Oncology clinic. Identify the type of cognitive impairment (dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), cognitive changes related to cancer or its treatment). Methods: Ongoing study on data collected since 2006 for each patient visit in the Consultation service for senior oncology patient clinic at the Jewish general Hospital. A comprehensive assessment including data on demographics, comorbidities, functional status mood, mobility, nutritional status and level of energy is available. Cognition is evaluated with Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment test (MoCA) and neuropsychology in selected cases. Brain imaging is used when indicated. Descriptive techniques were used to analyze demographic data and diagnoses of cognitive impairment. Results: Preliminary analysis from November 1, 2006 to November 30, 2010 reveals a mean age of 79 years old (range 46–104) for a total of 240 referrals. 35% of these referrals were for cognitive impairment, our evaluations uncovered and addressed nearly 60% of cognitive impairments (dementia, MCI, cancer or cancer treated related cognitive changes) revealing a growing number of older patients with this issue. Conclusion: Findings from this study provide insight into the usefulness of having a formal cognitive screening evaluation pre and post cancer treatment of older cancer patients referred to an outpatient Geriatric Oncology clinic. Additional research is required to understand, prevent and treat cognitive impairement in older cancer patients, early recognition and identification is paramount., In preparation for the 2012 Canadian Consensus Conference on Dementia, background papers are being written on 8 topics in order to make recommendations for clinical practice. Rapidly Progressive Dementia (RPD) is an uncommon condition with numerous possible causes, for which there is no universally accepted definition. We conducted a systematic review to make recommendations about [1] definitions for RPD in (a) dementia developing in previously healthy individuals, and (b) individuals with an existing dementia who experience unusually rapid cognitive decline; [2] a logical diagnostic approach based upon the prevalence of conditions which cause RPD. The initial search identified over 900 articles. Each abstract was assessed for relevance (to [1] and [2] above) by two independent reviewers. If either reviewer deemed an article relevant or possibly relevant, it was fully reviewed for quality against pre-agreed criteria; if assessed of good quality, data were extracted. In the example of a report of a case series, a good article described patient population (and referral bias if any), diagnostic criteria for dementia, and definition of RPD. We describe the process of conducting the review, proposing criteria for standard definitions, and the iterative process leading to a recommended diagnostic approach., Background: Various methods are being used to ensure geriatric core competencies are being taught throughout Canadian medical schools. In 2011, the University of Saskatchewan (U of S) became the first Canadian medical school to incorporate a geriatric skills day (GSD) into the curriculum. The GSDs were based on the successful program created by the U of S’s Geriatric Interest Group. Methods: A full day GSD was held twice in Saskatoon and once in Regina, Saskatchewan. Interdisciplinary team members from both health regions facilitated interactive sessions on various geriatric competencies. The GSDs, accounting for 25% of the overall course mark, coordinated with the didactic geriatric lectures. In addition, an OSCE station, worth 20%, examined one of the skills taught. Student evaluations included rating their satisfaction with each session on a 5-point scale as well as pre- and post-assessments of students’ self-rated ability to perform 24 specific skills (on a 10-point scale). Results: 84 (98%) of the third-year medical students participated. The session evaluations (n=403) rated very high with a median rating of 5.0 on all questions. Student’s self-rated assessments of their ability to perform geriatric skills improved from median scores between 3–7/10 before to 8–9/10 after the GSD. Students also performed well on the OSCE station several weeks after the GSD. Conclusions: The geriatric skills day was well received by the medical students. The synergy created by combining didactic lectures with a skills day improved medical students confidence with their ability to perform specific geriatric skills., Introduction: The training of Specialist Geriatricians (SpGrtn) within Canada has not kept pace with the aging of the population over the last 15 years. The anticipated retirement of existing SpGrtns in Canada will exacerbate the shortfall for specialized geriatric services (SGS) across the country. Objectives: 1. To document the existing number of SpGrtns and practicing Care of the Elderly (CofE) trained Family Physicians practicing in SGS. 2. To project the anticipated number of SpGrtns that will retire over the next 15 and 30 years. 3. To calculate the ideal number of Geriatricians in Canada, based on published ratios.1,2 Methods: Using the ratio of 1.25 SpGrtns: 10,000 people 65+1 or 1 SpGrtns: 4,000 people 75+2 and 2006 Canadian Census data (low, med. and high pop. projections 65+ or 75+) over the next 30 years, the need for SpGrtns was identified. The anticipated retirement of present Canadian SpGrtns 40 years beyond their medical degree (MD) was determined. Results: In 2011, there were 256 SpGrtns in Canada and 93 CofE physicians. The calculated need in 2011 is 613 SpGrtns (1.25:10,000 65+) or 688 (1:4,000 75+). The calculated need for SpGrtns in 2026 is 969 (±27 (1.25:10,000 65+). Across Canada, 10 SpGrtns are trained annually (150 in 15 years). Over the next 15 years, 105 of the existing SpGrtns will have practiced 40 years beyond the date of their MD. Conclusions: In 2026 there will be 301 SpGrtns (256- 105+150) resulting in a shortfall of 668 SpGrtns (969–301) in Canada., Introduction: ‘Sitters’ have been used for some time for delirium. However, the specifics surrounding their use and involvement in patient care combined with their impact on delirium outcome is not known. Associated cost expenditure is considerable when compared to that for special care aides whom have considerably more training and experience, thus concerns have been raised about these sitters thus the reason for performing this chart review. Objective: The two objectives for this chart review are to review the current use of sitters in one of the local acute care hospitals, and the second was to assess the impact sitter use has on delirium outcomes. Method: A retrospective chart review was performed from the years April 1st 2009 to December 2010. 1252 charts in total were initially identified and reviewed, with 32 charts being included in the final analysis. Results: 32 charts documented the use of sitters. Two charts had client attendant forms completed. Sitters were hired for delirious and agitated patients. No information was provided about shift number, duration, activities performed or number of patients sitters were responsible for. The clinical impact sitter use had on delirium was assessed by looking at the complication rate (i.e., number of falls) and requirement for certain interventions (i.e., intravenous fluid (IVF)). Complication rate revealed 11 patients fell and 14 had a reduction in functional capacity. The intervention rate revealed 12 patients required IVF, three patients required artificial nutrition, 25 patients experienced sleep deprivation, 19 patient’s required pharmacological therapy and 11 patients required restraints., Background: There is increased mortality in older people following cold. This has been attributed to cardiovascular disease but others argue that cold alone is responsible. The effect of environmental cold on mortality for those in a protected environment remains unknown. This study examined whether elderly nursing home (NH) residents are protected from excess cold related mortality. Method: Weekly deaths of people >65 years old in Edmonton from 2000–2009 were obtained from Vital Statistics Canada. Corresponding weekly mean temperatures were obtained from the Weather Channel. Data were dichotomized into “NH” and “community” deaths. Results: There were 72629 deaths, 54516 of those >65 years old. Deaths in NH increased annually. Excess death related to cold was observed only for NH residents. Conclusions : The difference between deaths at the highest and lowest temperature deciles was statistically significant., Background Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) can result in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Early, accurate diagnosis may reduce pain and complications. Objective: To systematically review the evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of office-based tests for BPH with BOO in males with LUTS. Methods: Search of MEDLINE and EMBASE (1950 to August 12, 2010), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials via Ovid, and references of retrieved articles. Data selection: Prospective studies comparing at least one diagnostic test, feasible in a clinical setting and readily available to non-specialist clinicians, to the gold standard reference test, invasive urodynamics. Results: There were 6692 unique citations identified with 9 prospectively conducted studies (N=1217 patients) meeting inclusion criteria and describing use of 2 symptom questionnaires as well as individual symptom(s). The best constellation of symptoms suggesting BPH with BOO was ‘poor stream and frequency and/or nocturia’ (positive LR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.17–2.64). The most useful symptom for which the absence made a diagnosis of BPH with BOO less likely, was nocturia (negative LR, 0.19, 95% CI, CI 0.05–0.79). The best symptom questionnaire to support or rule out a diagnosis of BPH with BOO was the International Prostatic Symptom Score (I-PSS) at a cut-off of 8 (summary positive LR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.06–1.70; summary negative LR, 0.28, 95% CI, CI 0.12–0.70). Conclusions: Although urodynamic testing is the gold standard for diagnosis of BPH with BOO, symptoms obtained through history may be useful. The best evidence supports asking about nocturia, stream and frequency., “An Exploration of the Care of Older Adults in Acute NHS Trusts”, also focussed on nutrition, an area scrutinised by the media. The Council of Europe produced a “Resolution” – 10 characteristics of good nutritional care, from which the Nutritional Team of Southend Hospital created the Southend Universal Nutritional Screening (SUNS) Tool as a simple alternative to MUST (Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool), and introduced measures to improve patient nutrition. 3-part survey on inpatients (total = 83) across 4 wards:- two geriatric wards – one with a special interest in nutrition; an acute medical ward; a surgical ward where measures were not in place. Using the European guidelines, ward facilities were assessed, patient notes were audited, and patients provided their perspective. All wards had multiple dietary options. Not all implemented protected mealtimes. All patients were screened within 24 hours in Medicine, but only 63% of surgical patients. Many had a nutritional plan, although often not comprehensive, and few were re-screened within 1 week. Patients were satisfied with meals and nutritional services, but did not feel they had 24-hour access to food, or informed enough about nutritional care. There was no standardised screening across departments, although back-up pathways allowed unscreened patients to access nutritional services. Some low-risk patients (as identified by SUNS) developed complications so the tool requires adaptation to better identify at-risk patients. Weekly re-assessments need improving. These results reflect that a simple pathway for all departments across all hospitals would provide better patient care by moving the NHS towards national standardisation., Introduction : Puisque la prévalence de l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) augmente avec l’âge, le fardeau de l’IC augmentera considérablement dans les prochaines années. L’objectif de la présente étude est de décrire les caractéristiques socio-démographiques et d’utilisation de soins de santé et de médicaments selon les groupes d’âge chez les individus âgés de 65 ans ou plus ayant eu un premier diagnostic d’IC entre 2000 et 2009 au Québec. Méthode : À partir des données de la Régie d’assurance médicaments du Québec (RAMQ), nous avons effectué une étude de cohorte incluant les individus âgés de 65 ans et plus recevant un diagnostic d’IC entre les années 2000 et 2009. Les caractéristiques étudiées sont celles se rapportant à l’utilisation des services de santé, de l’usage des médicaments et les caractéristiques socio-démographiques. Les analyses statistiques effectuées sont des moyennes, des médianes et des proportions. Résultats : Cette étude permet de comprendre les caractéristiques des individus âgés de 65 ans et plus souffrant d’IC afin de pouvoir appliquer les considérations soulevées par les lignes directrices., Background: By 2050, the proportion of seniors is estimated to increase to 27% from 14% currently. In 2011, there were only 238 Canadian specialists certified in Geriatric Medicine. Beyond the expansion of geriatric specialists, an improvement in physicians’ attitudes, knowledge and skills in geriatrics is important regardless of the specialty. Objectives: This study aimed to identify changes in attitudes of preclerkship University of Toronto (UofT) medical students towards geriatric care after participating in an interdisciplinary Geriatric Clinical Skills Day (GCSD) organized by UofT’s Geriatrics Interest Group.Methods. This was a before and after study. First and second year UofT medical students registered for the GCSD participated in this study. Method: A questionnaire, including the validated UCLA Geriatrics Attitudes Scale, was administered before and after the GCSD. Both a one-sample t-test and the signed rank non-parametric test were used to determine any changes in attitudes. Results: Of 19 study participants, four students did not complete the post-test questionnaire. 42.1% indicated an interest in Geriatric Medicine, 26.3% in Geriatric Psychiatry, and 63.2% in working with elderly patients. Both pre- and postmean scores were greater than 3 (neutral), indicating a positive attitude before and after the intervention (p0.11). Conclusions: There is an overall positive attitude towards geriatrics among study participants. However, a one day GCSD did not alter attitudes towards geriatric care. This small study warrants further investigation in a larger multicentred trial., Canada’s population is aging and research has shown that primary care physicians find it difficult to care for elderly patients. Canadian family physicians have appreciated need for geriatrics continuing medical education (CME) and based on the expert opinions of experienced care of the elderly family physicians, geriatric knowledge and skills felt necessary for a family physician caring for the elderly, were put into a curriculum based on the 5 weekend program style. The University of Toronto Department of Family & Community Medicine developed a 5 weekend leadership program in the mid 1990’s and this format allowed community physicians to train without giving up regular clinical time. The Five Weekend Care of the Elderly Certificate Course used discussion in small groups of four as per Malcolm Knowles’ theory of andragogy and adult learning. These discussions were directed carefully as per Dave Davis’ research on effective CME. Donald Schon’s theory of reflective practice shaped the course homework assignments. These homework assignments were created to allow immediate «reflection in action» with real life patient experiences and «reflection on action» later during presentation of their written essays to the entire class. Participants were asked to complete a survey regarding their self rated knowledge of curriculum topics before and after the course. The results showed improved family physician self-reported knowledge of the curriculum topics. Favourable response to small group discussion and debriefing of assignments showed that there is interest amongst family physicians to these types of interactive learning., Background: Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) is a common cause of fainting and falls in older adults and is diagnosed by carotid sinus massage (CSM). Previous work has suggested that age-related stiffening of blood vessels reduces afferent input from the carotid sinus leading to central upregulation of the overall arterial baroreflex response. A potential intevention to reduce carotid sinus hypersensitivity is aerobic training. Objective: We examined whether aerobic exercise could reverse carotid sinus hypersensitivity in older adults with Type 2 diabetes complicated by co-morbid hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Methods: 15 older adults (mean age 72.2±0.7) with diet-controlled or oral hypoglycemic-controlled Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were recruited. Subjects were randomized to each of 2 groups: an aerobic group (AT, 3 months vigorous aerobic exercise), and a nonaerobic (NA, no aerobic exercise) group. Exercise sessions were supervised by a certified exercise trainer 3 times per week, and utilized a combination of cycle ergometers and treadmills. Arterial stiffness was measured using the Complior device. Results: Although aerobic exercise significantly increased arterial compliance as measured by both radial (p=0.005) and femoral (p=0.015) pulse wave velocity, there was no training effect on either the bradycardic (p=0.251) or vasodepressive (p=0.523) response to CSM. Conclusions: Although aerobic training can reverse arterial stiffness, there is no evidence for a corresponding reduction in carotid sinus hypersensitivity in older adults with diabetes., Background: Providing geriatric education to health science students becomes increasingly important as Canada’s population ages. The University of Saskatchewan’s Geriatric Interest Group (GIG) developed Geriatric Skills Days (GSD) to provide students additional opportunities to improve skills and knowledge in geriatric core competencies (GCCs). Methods: The GSDs, facilitated by the Geriatric Evaluation and Management Program’s interdisciplinary team, covered GCCs including comprehensive geriatric assessment, falls, polypharmacy, cognitive assessment, and functional assessment. Students rated satisfaction with each session (on a 5-point scale). In 2011, students also completed pre-post ratings (on a 10-point scale) of perceived ability to perform 11 skills. Results: Eighty health science students from seven different colleges attended GSDs. In the 2010 cohort, students felt the sessions had clear objectives, met those objectives, met their objectives as learners, provided enough time for discussion, and were well organized (all Mdn=5.0, N=151). We received 148 session evaluations from the 2011 cohort. Students agreed the sessions had clear objectives (Mdn=4.0) and met those objectives (Mdn=5.0); met their own objectives as learners (Mdn=5.0), provided enough time for discussion (Mdn=4.0), and were well organized (Mdn=5.0). Also in 2011, students’ (N=18) median self-rated ability to perform each skill ranged between 2 and 6 before the GSD (eight skills received scores of 2 or 3). Post-participation ratings increased markedly, with medians ranging between 7 and 9 (N=24). Conclusions: Participant responses were very positive to the GIG initiated GSD. This positive experience influenced the decision to incorporate a GSD into the College of Medicine’s 2011–2012 third-year curriculum., The Canadian Consensus Conference on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia in 2006 dealt with a wide range of topics in considerable depth. Many of those recommendations retain their relevance today. Since that time remarkable advances have occurred in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, including cerebral amyloid imaging and CSF studies of Abeta 42, and phosphorylated tau. Recent publications have attempted to redefine Alzheimer’s disease as a pathological entity which can now, perhaps, be identified by biomarkers ahead of any cognitive changes. However serious ethical dilemmas surround findings such as abnormal accumulations of cerebral amyloid, in normal or minimally symptomatic people. Should these promising but as yet unproven technologies be restricted to the research arena? How can we prevent premature “bleeding” into clinical practice before their benefits and risks can be adequately assessed? These and other dilemmas constitute the reasons for a new CCCD. The steering committee members are listed above. Background papers will be produced and posted to a website, where CCCD members can comment. Recommendations will be submitted for consensus prior to the Conference in Montreal in May. Dissemination will be actively managed through the Dementia Knowledge Translation Network. The CCCD will address the following topics: • Definitions (critique of recently published revised U.S. definitions) • Fluid biomarkers • Neuroimaging • Diagnostic approach to rapidly progressive dementia • Management of early onset dementia • Update on pharmacological treatment., Objectives: 1. To determine if frailty is associated with lower life satisfaction (LS); 2. To determine which domains of LS are influenced by frailty. Methods: Analysis of 1751 community-dwelling older adults (65+ years) from the Manitoba Study of Health and Aging. Measures: LS was measured using the Terrible-Delightful Scale. One item measures overall LS and was scored on a 7 point Likert-type scale. Satisfaction was also measured with individual domains: health, finances, family relations, friendships, housing, recreation activity, religion, self-esteem, and transportation. Satisfaction with employment and living partner were not considered because there were many missing responses. Frailty was determined by the Canadian Study of Health and Aging definition of frailty, and was categorized as no frailty; incontinence only; mild frailty; and moderate/severe frailty. Age, gender, education, marital status, and living arrangement were self-reported. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression scale. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression models were conducted. Results and Conclusions: Most older adults, including frail older adults, were satisfied with life overall, and with most aspects of their lives. In bivariate analyses, frailty was associated with lower levels of LS overall (5.3 versus 4.9)., Purpose: To present the inspiring case of Ms. P who is a 103 year old lady we followed in our Geriatric Oncology clinic. Description: Ms. P. was 100 years old when she first walked into the clinic using her cane. She lived at home with her 105 year old sister, had a private caregiver for assistance with ADLs and IADLs and was not demented. She was diagnosed with left breast cancer in 1993, treated by local excision and hormonal therapy only. She was also known for bilateral hip surgery, one episode of pulmonary edema, osteoporosis and hypothyroidism. She presented in 2008 with local progression of disease over the left breast (painless red nodules and infiltration of the skin with minimal exudate). Investigations revealed no evidence of distant metastasis. In May 2009, she received radiotherapy for ulcerated skin nodules covering 70% of the breast and purulent discharge. She responded very well to treatment with complete resolution of the open wounds. However, the skin lesions recurred a few months later. In an attempt to control the disease while minimizing toxicity, she received a total of 4 monthly doses of Faslodex intramuscularly; this was discontinued because of side effects of anorexia and fatigue with arthralgias. In January 2011, she received a second course of palliative radiotherapy with good response. She passed away at home in October 2011. Our comprehensive evaluation and personalized interventions proved beneficial for this patient, who otherwise would not have received further treatment because of her advanced age., Background: Smoking is common in China, where the population is aging rapidly. This study evaluates the relationship between smoking and frailty and their joint impact on survival in older Chinese adults. Methods: Data come from the Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging. Community-dwelling people (n=3257) aged 55+ years at baseline were followed between 1992–2007, during which time 51% died. A frailty index (FI) was constructed from 27 self-reported health deficits. Results and Conclusions: Nearly half (45.6%) of the participants reported smoking (66.8% men, 25.3% women). On average, male smokers were frailer (FI=0.18±0.15) than male nonsmokers (FI =0.14±0.10; p=0.030) and had an increased risk of death (risk ratio=1.66 age and education adjusted, 95% CI=1.46–1.88., Introduction : En 2003, quatre Réseaux Universitaire Intégrés de Santé (RUIS), établis autour des facultés de médecine et de leurs établissements de santé affiliés, ont été institués. Ils doivent mieux répondre aux enjeux socio-sanitaires actuels et futurs. À l’initiative de l’Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (IUGM), le RUIS de l’Université de Montréal a créé (2009), un comité de gériatrie. Objectifs : Favoriser les meilleures pratiques cliniques; proposer la mise en place de corridors de services pour les soins plus spécialisés; favoriser la concertation et complémentarité en recherche, enseignement, évaluation des technologies et prévention /promotion de la santé; être un leader auprès des instances universitaires et gouvernementales sur l’organisation des services de santé aux personnes âgées. Méthodologie : Processus de révision des services gériatriques spécialisés; inventaire du temps de formation universitaire consacré aux soins aux personnes âgées; inventaire des activités de prévention/promotion de la santé; élaboration d’un projet pilote de télépsychogériatrie auprès des partenaires de l’IUGM. Résultats : Une typologie des services gériatriques spécialisés a été définie. Le temps de formation obligatoire varie par discipline entre 0 % (service social) et 17% (médecine - psychiatrie), tandis que le travail auprès de la clientèle varie de 12% (orthophonie) à 61% (physiothérapie). Le répertoire en prévention/promotion a été complété ainsi que le projet pilote de télépsychogériatrie. Conclusion : Pour une meilleure coordination et intégration de ses composantes avec le réseau de première instance, le MSSS a instauré une table de gériatrie dans chacun des RUIS, fédérées au niveau national, Introduction : Le rôle des unités de courte durée gériatriques (UCDG) est d’offrir des soins spécialisés dans le continuum des soins et services de santé offerts à la personne âgée. Les professionnels de ces programmes doivent maintenir leurs compétences cliniques, et les gestionnaires mettre en place des processus organisationnels efficaces. Un besoin d’échange et d’actions spécifiques au niveau national a été exprimé par la majorité des responsables d’UCDG. Objectifs : Améliorer de façon continue la qualité des soins dans les services hospitaliers de gériatrie, généraliser de hauts standards de pratique afin d’y traiter des patients aux situations cliniques complexes et agir comme milieu de référence. Méthodes : 1) Création d’un comité exécutif composé de médecins et gestionnaires provenant des diverses régions du Québec; 2) Embauche d’une coordonnatrice; 3) Développement d’un site internet (www.rushgq.org) pour dépôt de documents et d’échanges via un forum de discussion. Résultats : 60% des centres hospitaliers ont adhéré au RUSGHQ. Les activités en cours sont : 1) Circonscrire la population cible des UCDG; 2) Harmoniser les mécanismes d’évaluation et d’intervention cliniques sur la base des meilleures pratiques; 3) Mettre à la disposition des membres une « boîte à outils » clinique et de gestion pertinente; 4) Établir les ratios de ressources professionnelles nécessaires à un fonctionnement optimal; 5) Offrir des activités de développement professionnel continu. Conclusion : Une communauté de pratique en gériatrie a été mise sur pied facilitant réflexions et apprentissages collectifs des professionnels de la santé et des gestionnaires travaillant en milieu hospitalier., Introduction: The Effective Management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) By Treating pAtients and relieving Caregivers with Exelon* Patch (EMBRACE) is a prospective, observational, single-cohort, open-label, multicentre study with an 18-month treatment period. Study objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of rivastigmine patch in patients with mild to moderate AD as measured by changes in cognition, daily function and behavior from baseline. Secondary outcome measure included the evaluation of the caregiver-reported compliance and treatment satisfaction. Results: A cohort of 1204 Canadian AD patients participated in this trial. Following results are for all evaluable patients (n=969) at the end of the study. The majority of patients were outpatients (80.5%) and treatment-naïve or “de novo” (69.4%). Mean baseline MMSE was 21.8 (95% CI: 21.5, 22.1). Mean change in MMSE from baseline to 18 months was −0.4 (95% CI: −0.7, −0.1). For subjects previously treated with oral cholinesterase inhibitor therapies, approximately 88% (122/139) of their caregivers preferred rivastigmine patch, citing ease of use and patient preference over previous medication as the two most common reasons. The most commonly reported category of adverse event in the safety population n=1204) was “Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders” (9.3%) the most reported event being pruritus (4%). Conclusion: Final results of this registry demonstrate the effectiveness and good tolerability of rivastigmine patch in patients with AD. Cognitive function, as measured by MMSE, showed a relative stabilization over an 18 month time period. The benefit of rivastigmine patch treatment is further supported by the caregiver preference results.

Loss-of-function mutations in the genes associated with primary microcephaly (MCPH) reduce human brain size by about two-thirds, without producing gross abnormalities in brain organization or physiology and leaving other organs largely unaffected [Woods CG, et al. (2005) Am J Hum Genet 76:717–728]. There is also evidence suggesting that MCPH genes have evolved rapidly in primates and humans and have been subjected to selection in recent human evolution [Vallender EJ, et al. (2008) Trends Neurosci 31:637–644]. Here, we show that common variants of MCPH genes account for some of the common variation in brain structure in humans, independently of disease status. We investigated the correlations of SNPs from four MCPH genes with brain morphometry phenotypes obtained with MRI. We found significant, sex-specific associations between common, nonexonic, SNPs of the genes CDK5RAP2 , MCPH1 , and ASPM , with brain volume or cortical surface area in an ethnically homogenous Norwegian discovery sample ( n = 287), including patients with mental illness. The most strongly associated SNP findings were replicated in an independent North American sample ( n = 656), which included patients with dementia. These results are consistent with the view that common variation in brain structure is associated with genetic variants located in nonexonic, presumably regulatory, regions.

Visual cortical surface area varies two- to threefold between human individuals, is highly heritable, and has been correlated with visual acuity and visual perception. However, it is still largely unknown what specific genetic and environmental factors contribute to normal variation in the area of visual cortex. To identify SNPs associated with the proportional surface area of visual cortex, we performed a genome-wide association study followed by replication in two independent cohorts. We identified one SNP (rs6116869) that replicated in both cohorts and had genome-wide significant association ( P combined = 3.2 × 10 −8 ). Furthermore, a metaanalysis of imputed SNPs in this genomic region identified a more significantly associated SNP (rs238295; P = 6.5 × 10 −9 ) that was in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs6116869. These SNPs are located within 4 kb of the 5′ UTR of GPCPD1 , glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase GDE1 homolog ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ), which in humans, is more highly expressed in occipital cortex compared with the remainder of cortex than 99.9% of genes genome-wide. Based on these findings, we conclude that this common genetic variation contributes to the proportional area of human visual cortex. We suggest that identifying genes that contribute to normal cortical architecture provides a first step to understanding genetic mechanisms that underlie visual perception.