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5. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems

Author

Hindell, Mark A, Reisinger, Ryan R, Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A, Trathan, Philip N, Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L, Costa, Daniel P, Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G, Van de Putte, Anton P, Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N, Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert JM, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, PJ Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Michael E, Goetz, Kimberly T, Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T, Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R, Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L, Kovacs, Kit M, Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D, Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B, Makhado, Azwianewi B, Márquez, Maria EI, McDonald, Birgitte I, McMahon, Clive R, Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W, Nordøy, Erling S, Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A, Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G, Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C, Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D, and Raymond, Ben

Subjects
Life Below Water, Climate Action, Animal Identification Systems, Animals, Antarctic Regions, Aquatic Organisms, Biodiversity, Birds, Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Fishes, Food Chain, Ice Cover, Mammals, Oceans and Seas, Population Dynamics, Predatory Behavior, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change1,2. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40°S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.

Published
2020

6. The retrospective analysis of Antarctic tracking data project.

Author

Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P, Reisinger, Ryan R, Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P, Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A, Jonsen, Ian D, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G, Trathan, Philip N, Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G, Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N, Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert JM, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, PJ, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T, Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T, Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R, Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L, Kovacs, Kit M, Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D, Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B, Makhado, Azwianewi B, Márquez, Maria EI, McDonald, Birgitte I, McMahon, Clive R, Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W, Nordøy, Erling S, Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A, Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G, Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C, Raymond, Ben, and Hindell, Mark A

Abstract

The Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) is a Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research project led jointly by the Expert Groups on Birds and Marine Mammals and Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics, and endorsed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. RAATD consolidated tracking data for multiple species of Antarctic meso- and top-predators to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These datasets and accompanying syntheses provide a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, support modelling of predator distributions under future climate scenarios and create inputs that can be incorporated into decision making processes by management authorities. In this data paper, we present the compiled tracking data from research groups that have worked in the Antarctic since the 1990s. The data are publicly available through biodiversity.aq and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. The archive includes tracking data from over 70 contributors across 12 national Antarctic programs, and includes data from 17 predator species, 4060 individual animals, and over 2.9 million observed locations.

Published
2020

9. Genomic insights into the secondary aquatic transition of penguins

Author

Cole, Theresa L., Zhou, Chengran, Fang, Miaoquan, Pan, Hailin, Ksepka, Daniel T., Fiddaman, Steven R., Emerling, Christopher A., Thomas, Daniel B., Bi, Xupeng, Fang, Qi, Ellegaard, Martin R., Feng, Shaohong, Smith, Adrian L., Heath, Tracy A., Tennyson, Alan J. D., Borboroglu, Pablo García, Wood, Jamie R., Hadden, Peter W., Grosser, Stefanie, Bost, Charles-André, Cherel, Yves, Mattern, Thomas, Hart, Tom, Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S., Shepherd, Lara D., Phillips, Richard A., Quillfeldt, Petra, Masello, Juan F., Bouzat, Juan L., Ryan, Peter G., Thompson, David R., Ellenberg, Ursula, Dann, Peter, Miller, Gary, Dee Boersma, P., Zhao, Ruoping, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Yang, Huanming, Zhang, De-Xing, and Zhang, Guojie

Published
2022
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11. The emperor penguin - Vulnerable to projected rates of warming and sea ice loss

Author

Trathan, Philip N., Wienecke, Barbara, Barbraud, Christophe, Jenouvrier, Stéphanie, Kooyman, Gerald, Le Bohec, Céline, Ainley, David G., Ancel, André, Zitterbart, Daniel P., Chown, Steven L., LaRue, Michelle, Cristofari, Robin, Younger, Jane, Clucas, Gemma, Bost, Charles-André, Brown, Jennifer A., Gillett, Harriet J., and Fretwell, Peter T.

Published
2020
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21. King Penguins adjust foraging effort rather than diet when faced with poor foraging conditions.

Author

Brisson‐Curadeau, Émile, Bost, Charles‐André, Cherel, Yves, and Elliott, Kyle

Subjects
PENGUINS, DIET, PREY availability, ISOTOPIC signatures
Abstract

The links between foraging success, foraging effort and diet in a myctophid specialist seabird, the King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus, were investigated during seven breeding seasons using tracking and isotopic data. Despite the variable foraging conditions encountered by the birds, isotopic signatures (a proxy for diet) were invariable throughout the study. On the other hand, penguins stayed longer at sea when the foraging success indices (i.e. prey capture attempts per day and mass gained per day) were low. Although King Penguins can compensate for low prey capture rates by increasing foraging effort, their specialist diet during reproduction makes the species particularly sensitive to prey availability, with its conservation tightly linked to its main prey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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24. Potential for redistribution of post‐moult habitat for Eudyptes penguins in the Southern Ocean under future climate conditions

Author

Green, Cara‐Paige, Green, David B., Ratcliffe, Norman, Thompson, David, Lea, Mary‐Anne, Baylis, Alastair M. M., Bond, Alexander L., Bost, Charles‐André, Crofts, Sarah, Cuthbert, Richard J., González‐Solís, Jacob, Morrison, Kyle W., Poisblau, Maud, Pütz, Klemens, Rey, Andrea Raya, Ryan, Peter G., Sagar, Paul M., Steinfurth, Antje, Thiebot, Jean‐Baptiste, Tierney, Megan, Whitehead, T. Otto, Wotherspoon, Simon, Hindell, Mark A., Green, Cara‐Paige, Green, David B., Ratcliffe, Norman, Thompson, David, Lea, Mary‐Anne, Baylis, Alastair M. M., Bond, Alexander L., Bost, Charles‐André, Crofts, Sarah, Cuthbert, Richard J., González‐Solís, Jacob, Morrison, Kyle W., Poisblau, Maud, Pütz, Klemens, Rey, Andrea Raya, Ryan, Peter G., Sagar, Paul M., Steinfurth, Antje, Thiebot, Jean‐Baptiste, Tierney, Megan, Whitehead, T. Otto, Wotherspoon, Simon, and Hindell, Mark A.

Abstract

Anthropogenic climate change is resulting in spatial redistributions of many species. We assessed the potential effects of climate change on an abundant and widely distributed group of diving birds, Eudyptes penguins, which are the main avian consumers in the Southern Ocean in terms of biomass consumption. Despite their abundance, several of these species have undergone population declines over the past century, potentially due to changing oceanography and prey availability over the important winter months. We used light-based geolocation tracking data for 485 individuals deployed between 2006 – 2020 across 10 of the major breeding locations for five taxa of Eudyptes penguins. We used Boosted Regression Tree modelling to quantify post-moult habitat preference for southern rockhopper (E. chrysocome), eastern rockhopper (E. filholi), northern rockhopper (E. moseleyi) and macaroni/royal (E. chrysolophus and E. schlegeli) penguins. We then modelled their redistribution under two climate change scenarios, Representative Concentration Pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (for the end of the century, 2071 – 2100). As climate forcings differ regionally, we quantified redistribution in the Atlantic, Central Indian, East Indian, West Pacific, and East Pacific regions. We found sea surface temperature and sea surface height to be the most important predictors of current habitat for these penguins; physical features that are changing rapidly in the Southern Ocean. Our results indicated that the less severe RCP4.5 would lead to less habitat loss than the more severe RCP8.5. The five taxa of penguin may experience a general poleward redistribution of their preferred habitat, but with contrasting effects in the i) change in total area of preferred habitat under climate change ii) according to geographic region and iii) the species (macaroni/royal vs rockhopper populations). Our results provide further understanding on the regional impacts and vulnerability of species to climate change.

Published
2023

29. Potential for redistribution of post‐moult habitat for Eudyptes penguins in the Southern Ocean under future climate conditions

Author

Green, Cara‐Paige, primary, Green, David B., additional, Ratcliffe, Norman, additional, Thompson, David, additional, Lea, Mary‐Anne, additional, Baylis, Alastair M. M., additional, Bond, Alexander L., additional, Bost, Charles‐André, additional, Crofts, Sarah, additional, Cuthbert, Richard J., additional, González‐Solís, Jacob, additional, Morrison, Kyle W., additional, Poisbleau, Maud, additional, Pütz, Klemens, additional, Rey, Andrea Raya, additional, Ryan, Peter G., additional, Sagar, Paul M., additional, Steinfurth, Antje, additional, Thiebot, Jean‐Baptiste, additional, Tierney, Megan, additional, Whitehead, Thomas Otto, additional, Wotherspoon, Simon, additional, and Hindell, Mark A., additional

Published
2022
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35. Rapid radiation of Southern Ocean shags in response to receding sea ice

Author

Rawlence, Nicolas J., Salis, Alexander T., Spencer, Hamish G., Waters, Jonathan M., Scarsbrook, Lachie, Mitchell, Kieren J., Phillips, Richard A., Calderón, Luciano, Cook, Timothée R., Bost, Charles‐André, Dutoit, Ludovic, King, Tania M., Masello, Juan F., Nupen, Lisa J., Quillfeldt, Petra, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Till, Charlotte E., Kennedy, Martyn, Rawlence, Nicolas J., Salis, Alexander T., Spencer, Hamish G., Waters, Jonathan M., Scarsbrook, Lachie, Mitchell, Kieren J., Phillips, Richard A., Calderón, Luciano, Cook, Timothée R., Bost, Charles‐André, Dutoit, Ludovic, King, Tania M., Masello, Juan F., Nupen, Lisa J., Quillfeldt, Petra, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Till, Charlotte E., and Kennedy, Martyn

Abstract

Understanding how natural populations respond to climatic shifts is a fundamental goal of biological research in a fast-changing world. The Southern Ocean represents a fascinating system for assessing large-scale climate-driven biological change, as it contains extremely isolated island groups within a predominantly westerly, circumpolar wind and current system. Blue-eyed shags represent a paradoxical seabird radiation—a circumpolar distribution implies strong dispersal capacity yet their species-rich nature suggests local adaptation and isolation. Here we attempt to resolve this paradox in light of the history of repeated cycles of climate change in the Southern Ocean.

Published
2022

36. At-sea behavioural ecology of the endangered MacGillivray’s prion from Saint Paul Island: combining tracking and stable isotopes

Author

Delord, Karine, Cherel, Yves, Roy, Amédée, Bustamante, Paco, Swadling, Kerrie M., Weimerskirch, Henri, Bost, Charles-andré, Barbraud, Christophe, Delord, Karine, Cherel, Yves, Roy, Amédée, Bustamante, Paco, Swadling, Kerrie M., Weimerskirch, Henri, Bost, Charles-andré, and Barbraud, Christophe

Abstract

Seabirds play important roles as marine ecosystem sentinels. Studying their at-sea ecology is essential for understanding how environmental variability affects their populations. However, the at-sea ecology of small-sized temperate seabirds remains poorly studied. We explored the at-sea ecology of the Critically Endangered MacGillivray’s prion Pachyptila macgillivrayi breeding on the subtropical Saint Paul Island. Using global location sensor loggers and stable isotope analysis, we investigated movements, migratory strategies, at-sea activity and moulting period, and characterized the isotopic niche of tracked individuals. During incubation, MacGillivray’s prions remained in temperate waters north of the Subtropical Front, possibly feeding on prey caught in cold eddies. During the inter-breeding period, individuals wintered almost equally to the north and south of the Subtropical Front in 2 distinct sectors (Tasman Sea and Southwest Indian Ridge). Daily activity varied seasonally, and individuals overwintering in the Tasman Sea spent more time flying at night when moonlight intensity was high. Moulting occurred after the breeding period and lasted longer compared to other prion species. Isotopic data suggest a higher dietary proportion of low trophic-level prey for MacGillivray’s prions than for Antarctic and slender-billed prions, highlighting trophic segregation in relation to bill width. Our study provides new evidence to understand the suite of adaptations allowing the abundant prion species to coexist by feeding on prey of different sizes. Contrary to the majority of seabird species, MacGillivray’s prions from Saint Paul Island exhibited 2 migratory tactics with associated differences in at-sea activity, leading to questions about the origin of these differences.

Published
2022
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37. Potential for redistribution of post‐moult habitat for Eudyptes penguins in the Southern Ocean under future climate conditions

Author

Green, Cara‐Paige, Green, David B, Ratcliffe, Norman, Thompson, David, Lea, Mary‐Anne, Baylis, Alastair MM, Bond, AL, Bost, Charles‐André, Crofts, Sarah, Cuthbert, Richard J, González‐Solís, Jacob, Morrison, Kyle W, Poisbleau, Maud, Pütz, Klemens, Rey, Andrea Raya, Ryan, Peter G, Sagar, Paul M, Steinfurth, Antje, Thiebot, Jean‐Baptiste, Tierney, Megan, Whitehead, Thomas Otto, Wotherspoon, Simon, Hindell, Mark A, Green, Cara‐Paige, Green, David B, Ratcliffe, Norman, Thompson, David, Lea, Mary‐Anne, Baylis, Alastair MM, Bond, AL, Bost, Charles‐André, Crofts, Sarah, Cuthbert, Richard J, González‐Solís, Jacob, Morrison, Kyle W, Poisbleau, Maud, Pütz, Klemens, Rey, Andrea Raya, Ryan, Peter G, Sagar, Paul M, Steinfurth, Antje, Thiebot, Jean‐Baptiste, Tierney, Megan, Whitehead, Thomas Otto, Wotherspoon, Simon, and Hindell, Mark A

Abstract

Anthropogenic climate change is resulting in spatial redistributions of many species. We assessed the potential effects of climate change on an abundant and widely distributed group of diving birds, Eudyptes penguins, which are the main avian consumers in the Southern Ocean in terms of biomass consumption. Despite their abundance, several of these species have undergone population declines over the past century, potentially due to changing oceanography and prey availability over the important winter months. We used light-based geolocation tracking data for 485 individuals deployed between 2006 and 2020 across 10 of the major breeding locations for five taxa of Eudyptes penguins. We used boosted regression tree modelling to quantify post-moult habitat preference for southern rockhopper (E. chrysocome), eastern rockhopper (E. filholi), northern rockhopper (E. moseleyi) and macaroni/royal (E. chrysolophus and E. schlegeli) penguins. We then modelled their redistribution under two climate change scenarios, representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (for the end of the century, 2071-2100). As climate forcings differ regionally, we quantified redistribution in the Atlantic, Central Indian, East Indian, West Pacific and East Pacific regions. We found sea surface temperature and sea surface height to be the most important predictors of current habitat for these penguins; physical features that are changing rapidly in the Southern Ocean. Our results indicated that the less severe RCP4.5 would lead to less habitat loss than the more severe RCP8.5. The five taxa of penguin may experience a general poleward redistribution of their preferred habitat, but with contrasting effects in the (i) change in total area of preferred habitat under climate change (ii) according to geographic region and (iii) the species (macaroni/royal vs. rockhopper populations). Our results provide further understanding on the regional impacts and vulnerability of species to climate change.

Published
2022

41. Rapid radiation of Southern Ocean shags in response to receding sea ice

Author

Rawlence, Nicolas J., primary, Salis, Alexander T., additional, Spencer, Hamish G., additional, Waters, Jonathan M., additional, Scarsbrook, Lachie, additional, Mitchell, Kieren J., additional, Phillips, Richard A., additional, Calderón, Luciano, additional, Cook, Timothée R., additional, Bost, Charles‐André, additional, Dutoit, Ludovic, additional, King, Tania M., additional, Masello, Juan F., additional, Nupen, Lisa J., additional, Quillfeldt, Petra, additional, Ratcliffe, Norman, additional, Ryan, Peter G., additional, Till, Charlotte E., additional, and Kennedy, Martyn, additional

Published
2022
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48. Contrasting bottom-up effects of warming ocean on two king penguin populations.

Author

Brisson-Curadeau, Émile, Elliott, Kyle, and Bost, Charles-André

Subjects
CONTRAST effect, PENGUINS, FORAGING behavior, GLOBAL warming, OCEAN, WINTER, PREDATION
Abstract

Breeding success is often correlated with climate, but the underlying bottom-up mechanisms remain elusive—particularly in marine environments. Consequently, conservation plans of many species often consider climate change as a unilateral threat, ignoring that even nearby populations can show contradicting trends with climate. Better understanding the relationship between climate and environment at different scales can help us interpret local differences in population trends, ultimately providing better tools to evaluate the global response of a species to threats such as global warming. We studied a growing king penguin population nesting at Kerguelen island (Southern Indian Ocean), hosting one of the largest colonies in the world. We used a unique dataset of foraging, breeding success, and climate data spanning over 25 years to examine the links between climate, marine environment, and breeding success at this colony. The results were then compared to the neighboring population of Crozet, which experienced the steepest decline for this species over the past few decades. At Crozet, penguins experienced lower breeding success in warmer years due to productive currents shifting away from the colony, affecting foraging behavior during chick rearing. At Kerguelen, while chick mass and survival experienced extreme variation from year to year, the annual variation was not associated with the position of the currents, which varied very little compared to the situation in Crozet. Rather than being affected by prey distribution shifts, we found evidence that chick provisioning in Kerguelen might be influenced by prey abundance, which seem to rather increase in warmer conditions. Furthermore, warmer air temperature in winter increased chick survival rate, likely due to reduced thermoregulation cost. Investigating the mechanisms between climate and fitness allowed us to predict two different fates for these populations regarding ongoing global warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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