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This article reviews the geographical distribution, ethnomedicinal applications, and phytochemistry of the genus Monanthotaxis Baill, tribe Uvariae of the family Annonaceae. The reviewed works of literature were collected from various electronic databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, The International Plant Names Index (IPNI), and Research Gate. During this review, ninety-eight species of the genus Monanthotaxis were found to be widely distributed in tropical Africa. Some of those species are used in folkloric medicine by various communities to manage diseases and disease conditions such as fever, vomiting, headache, stomach-ache, malaria, helminthiasis, and hysteria. In the past 44 years (1979 to 2023), one hundred and nineteen secondary metabolites with different biomedical potentials have been reported from this genus. The reported compounds are categorised into flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, polyoxygenated cyclohexane, and cyclohexene derivatives, benzyl derivatives, cinnamic acid derivatives, and stilbenoids. Most of the reported compounds showed an array of bioactivities corroborating the use of some members of the genus in folkloric medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Musculoskeletal system disorders (MSD) are prevalent around the world affecting the health of people, especially farmers who work hard in the field. Karen farmers use many medicinal plants to treat MSD. Objective: this study collects traditional plant-based remedies used by the skaw Karen to treat MSD and evaluates their active phytochemical compounds. Materials and methods: the ethnobotanical study was conducted in six Karen villages in chiang Mai province using semi-structured interviews were of 120 informants. the data were analyzed using ethnobotanical indices including use values (UV), choice value (CV), and informant consensus factor (ICF). consequently, the 20 most important species, according to the indices, were selected for phytochemical analysis using LC--MS/MS. Results: a total of 3731 use reports were obtained for 139 species used in MSD treatment. the most common ailments treated with those plants were muscular pain. a total of 172 high-potential active compounds for MsD treatment were identified. Most of them were flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and steroids. the prevalent phytochemical compounds related to treat MSD were 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone, dihydrovaltrate, morroniside, isoacteoside, lithocholic acid, pomiferin, cucurbitacin e, leonuriside a, liriodendrin, and physalin e. Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume (Adoxaceae), Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don (Betulaceae), Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. (asteraceae), Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) and Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. (Salicaceae) all had high ethnobotanical index values and many active compounds. Discussion and conclusions: this study provides valuable information, demonstrating low-cost medicine plants that are locally available. it is a choice of treatment for people living in remote areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main sources of novel chemicals with possible medical use is medicinal plants. Multiple diseases have been treated with them in traditional medicine. The purpose of this study was to explore the phytochemical characteristics, antioxidant effects, and antibacterial activities of several extracts of Ziziphus lotus fruits (ZLF). Phytochemical analysis of ZLF extracts revealed the presence of several bioactive molecules such as phenolic compounds and alkaloids. Water, methanol 50%, methanol 80%, methanol, ethanol, and hexane are the 6 different solvents which were used in order to evaluate the phytochemical profile as well as the biological activities of ZLF, and whose aqueous extract showed the best results. The aqueous extract had the highest yield, followed by methanol, ethanol, and lastly hexane (p < 0.05). The aqueous extract showed the highest total contents of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins (77.13 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g DM, 33.36 ± 0.51 mg QE/g DM, and 03.72 ± 0.16 mg CE/g DM respectively), while the Hexane extract revealed the lowest contents (12.36 ± 0.26 mg GAE/g DM, 06.20 ± 0.23 mg QE/g DM, and 01.20 ± 0.10 mg CE/g DM respectively). By using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods, and for the aqueous extract, ZLF extracts demonstrated considerable antioxidant capacities, with the values IC50 = 37 ± 0.27, IC50 = 67 ± 0.18 and IC0.5 = 31 ± 0.22 respectively. All of the ZLF extracts, with the exception of the hexanic extract on Staphylococcus aureus, showed antibacterial efficacy against the bacterial strains of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results obtained reveal that ZLF exhibit significant biochemical composition and considerable biological activities encouraging its nutritional and therapeutic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of the dynamics of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L) is essential in the production of essential oils (EOs) in Morocco, considering the country is one of the main producers of rosemary EO. In this study, the authors aimed to examine the influence of harvesting period and environmental factors on the dynamics of rosemary EO, mainly its composition. Samples were collected from four sites in northeastern Morocco on a monthly basis between July 2021 and June 2022. Subsequently, quantitative and qualitative analyses by hydrodistillation and gas chromatography were performed to determine the yield and composition of EOs. On average, EO yields ranged from 2.3 to 3% across the four sites; they were highest in summer and lowest in autumn. A moderate negative correlation (r = -0.59, p < 0.05) was observed between precipitation and EO yield, while temperature had a moderately positive influence. A total of 17 chemical compounds, representing 88.9-99.1% of the EO extracts, were identified and consisted mainly of 1,8-cineole (44.2-46.6%), camphor (14.8-16.8%), borneol (7.5-9.1%), and a-pinene (5.2-5.9%). Harvesting period strongly influenced EO composition, with the highest concentrations of 1,8-cineole and a-pinene were recorded during the summer period (July and August), while the concentrations of borneol, camphor, and terpineol were highest in winter (December and January) and late spring. The findings of the study highlight the importance of monitoring the factors that influence the chemical composition of rosemary EO, thus providing a knowledge base that would help improve the quality and economic value of rosemary EO production in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygalae radix (PR) is the dried root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. and Polygala sibirica L. and enjoys the reputation as the "key medicine for nourishing life." In this study, information about " Polygala tenuifolia Willd.," " Polygala sibirica L.," and "Yuanzhi" was retrieved from scientific databases, including Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI, and Wan Fang Data. Information from Chinese herbal medicine classics, Yaozhi Data, and the Gaide Chemical Network was also collected. Information related to botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, industrial applications, and processing is summarized in this paper to tap its potentialities and promote its further development and clinical application. More than 320 metabolites have been isolated from PR; saponins, xanthones, and oligosaccharide esters are the main functional metabolites. Pharmacological research shows that its pharmacological action mainly focuses on resisting nervous system diseases, and it also has the functions of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, anti-pathogenic microorganisms and others. The gastrointestinal irritation of its saponins impeded its application, but this irritation can be reduced by controlling the dosage, compatibility with other herbs, or processing. The future progress of PR faces opportunities and challenges. More attention should be paid to the traditional application and processing methods of PR recorded in ancient books. The lack of safety and clinical studies has limited its application and transformation of achievements. Moreover, it is one-sided to take the content of only a few metabolites as the index of processing optimization and quality control, which cannot reflect the full pharmacological and toxicological activities of PR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Microplastic pollution has emerged as a significant global change factor, with the potential to alter the biological, physicochemical properties of soil and to subsequently affect plant growth. Despite growing recognition of the impacts of microplastic pollution, the mechanisms by which microplastics modify plant leaf chemistry and influence allelopathic interactions among co-existing plant species remain unclear. Methods: We used the native perennial forb Achyranthes bidentata and the invasive annual forb Amaranthus spinosus as focal species. We grew the two species with and without competition with each other. This setup was further combined with a treatment involving the addition of polyethylene (PE). We then testd the effects of aqueous extract on seed germination and seedling growth for five invasive and five native species. Subsequently, metabolomic analysis was conducted on the aqueous extracts, in which significant allelopathic effects were observed on test species. Results and discussion: The presence of PE microplastics enhanced the biomass of both Achyranthes and Amaranthus under competitive and non-competitive growth conditions. Furthermore, PE microplastics were found to induce a negative allelopathic effect for the native plant Achyranthes on co-occurring plants, which appeared to be mediated through changes in leaf chemistry. Bisdemethoxycurcumin, ethylparaben, salicin 6'-sulfate and 5-hydroxy-3',4',7-trimethoxyflavone glucoside were proven important compounds for allelopathic enhancement. Overall, these results suggest that microplastic pollution has the capability to influence the co-existence of invasive and native plants by altering their allelopathic potential. This insight into the interactions between microplastics and plant allelopathy provides a novel perspective on how microplastic pollution could modify plant species interactions and ecosystem dynamics. Future studies could aim to answer how microplastics might affect plant root exudates and whether this process would mediate biological invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The genus Haplopappus Cass. [Asteraceae] comprises a large number of species distributed mainly in Chile and with various traditional medicinal uses. Purpose: The present review addresses the botany, traditional uses, chemistry, biological and pharmacological activities of the genus, aiming to further potentiate the associated research and applications. Study design and Methods: Literature data on the chemistry and bioactivity of the genus Haplopappus were mainly retrieved from digital databases such as SciFinder®, PubMed®, and Google Scholar®, as well as from the scientific journal publishers' platforms linked with these databases. Results and discussion: Although the majority of the botanical taxa of the genus Haplopappus has been understudied, available information is promising regarding its phytochemistry and bioactivity. A total of more than 400 compounds are present in different Haplopappus species, mostly terpenoids and phenolic compounds. Scientific literature supports various health promoting effects of Haplopappus extracts and isolated compounds, principally their effect against human pathogenic bacteria and their high antioxidant capacity. The existing limitations highlighted hereby are mainly associated to the lack of modern investigation regarding a wider number of Haplopappus species and chemical compounds, as well as to the absence of in vivo bioactivity results and clinical trials. Conclusion: Scientific literature supports the ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and bioactive potential of the genus Haplopappus , however the aforementioned limitations need to be addressed in order to further promote and broaden both scientific research and future applications and uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Synergistic Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of the Essential Oil of Dimetia hedyotidea" published in the Chemistry of Natural Compounds journal explores the essential oil extracted from Dimetia hedyotidea, a plant traditionally used in Chinese medicine. The essential oil was found to contain various compounds, with hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, linalool, and (E)-β-ionone being the major constituents. The oil exhibited antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and showed synergistic effects with antibiotics. Additionally, the essential oil displayed cytotoxic activities on human cancer cell lines. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms and safety of using Dimetia hedyotidea essential oil for therapeutic purposes. [Extracted from the article]

Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. (= Caesalpinia pulcherrima f. flava (O. Deg.) H. St. John, Caesalpinia pulcherrima var. flava Bailey & Rehder) is an ornamental plant with medicinal values belonging to the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) and the genus Caesalpinia. The plant is a native of tropical America and is extensively cultivated in gardens globally for its beautiful flowers. The plant is well-mentioned in the ethnomedicine that led the researchers to use modern pharmacological methods to discover the diverse phytochemicals in different parts of C. pulcherrima with bioactive potential. The current review discusses on the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects of C. pulcherrima along with a brief note on the biosynthesis of major classes of phytochemicals in this plant. Altogether 70 articles published between 2007 and 2023 that are related to the phytochemicals in C. pulcherrima and their biosyntheisis were collected from online scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ACS and Google Scholar. The isolated phytochemicals from C. pulcherrima were tested for various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antidiabetic and insecticidal activities discussed in the current review will pave the way for the discovery of new drugs. [Display omitted] • One hundred and twenty-six phytochemicals were reported in Caesalpinia pulcherrima till 2023. • Antimicrobial activity of the Caesalpinia pulcherrima phytochemicals is the most studied pharmacological activity. • Pharmacological studies confirm the ethnomedicinal claims on Caesalpinia pulcherrima. • Non-toxic effect of Caesalpinia pulcherrima phytochemicals was proven with limited in vivo studies. • Detailed studies on the mechanism of action of isolated phytochemicals to exhibit pharmacological effects is neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Capparis (Capparidaceae) comprises more than 250 species. C. spinosa L. is found in Mediterranean regions (Iran, Turkey, Italy, Algeria and Morocco). It is a medicinal herb due to the presence of several chemical compound in its roots, leaves, buds, fruits and seed. In folk medicine it is used as anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-hypertensive and antimicrobial, hence, traditionally used in diet. This is overview of botanical, chemical, pharmacological as well as genetic aspects of C. spinosa L. and explains the scientific basis and pharmacological uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dewatisari WF, To'bungan N. 2024. Review: Phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology of Dracaena trifasciata. Nusantara Bioscience 16: 169-184. Dracaena trifasciata (Prain) Mabb. (syn. Sansevieria trifasciata Prain.) or mother-in-law's tongue, is a species belonging to the genus Dracaena, widely cultivated and used by various communities. This plant is recognized as an ornamental, pollutant-absorbing, and textile material. Its leaves and roots have also been used as traditional remedies across Asia and Africa for cough, flu, respiratory tract inflammation, diarrhea, wound healing, and snakebites. Bioactive compounds found in the roots and leaves include alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, phenols, methyl glucuronate acid, glycosides, cardenolides, polyphenols, carbohydrates, and abamagenin. Therefore, this review aims to provide insights into the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological potential of D. trifasciata. It also explores its use in traditional medicine and prospects for further advancement to promote the broader application. Comprehensive literature studies showed that the attributes of D. trifasciata can be applied as an antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer agent, having a promising source of natural compounds for novel drug development. Further investigations are needed to assess the long-term and short-term toxicity associated with the use of this plant material, thereby making it a potential source for the development of modern drugs from natural sources. Considering the extensive application of D. trifasciata as a natural remedy, further investigations are crucial to assess the pharmacological potential and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya is one of the most consumed fruits around the world, which possesses low energy and is very suitable for those trying to reduce weight. Papaya is packed with a bunch of vitamins, minerals, as well as phenolic compounds. Phytochemicals have beneficial effects on the human body, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-dengue activities. Numerous studies have estimated nutritional and medicinal properties. The study of the bioaccessibility of papaya chemicals is important for both the food and medicine industries. This review summarizes the nutritional value and phytochemical content of different parts of papaya. Influencing factors like pre- and post-harvest on phytochemical content also have been reviewed. Further, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of phytochemicals as well as the medicinal properties, based on the in vitro and in vivo studies are deeply reviewed. Finally, the research progress, gaps and interesting future aspects of papaya phytochemicals have been discussed. These phytochemical compounds are influenced by numerous factors, such as pre- and post-harvest, as well as extraction conditions. Many factors may affect the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of these phytochemicals, but there is limited information. Therefore, further studies like in vitro and in vivo experiments should be conducted to authenticate the efficiency of the papaya plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global factors are compromising the security of the food supply. Many of us in our community might be unsure about how to help with our seemingly inapplicable expertise. In this piece, I describe how materials chemistry and materials chemists will be essential in addressing this problem, but not only in the way we might think. There is a gigantic and largely unexplored opportunity for real societal impact if we accept a broader view of what academic materials chemistry can be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are able to produce various types of crystals through metabolic processes, serving functions ranging from herbivore deterrence to photosynthetic efficiency. However, the structural analysis of these crystals has remained challenging due to their small and often imperfect nature, which renders traditional X-ray diffraction techniques unsuitable. This study explores the use of Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (microED) as a novel method for the structural analysis of plant-derived microcrystals, focusing on Armeria maritima (Milld.), a halophytic plant known for its biomineralisation capabilities. In this study, A. maritima plants were cultivated under controlled laboratory conditions with exposure to cadmium and thallium to induce the formation of crystalline deposits on their leaf surfaces. These deposits were analysed using microED, revealing the presence of sodium chloride (halite), sodium sulphate (thénardite), and calcium sulphate dihydrate (gypsum). Our findings highlight the potential of microED as a versatile tool in plant science, capable of providing detailed structural insights into biomineralisation processes, even from minimal and imperfect crystalline samples. The application of microED in this context not only advances the present understanding of A. maritima's adaptation to saline environments but also opens new avenues for exploring the structural chemistry of biomineralisation in other plant species. Our study advocates for the broader adoption of microED in botanical research, especially when dealing with challenging crystallographic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemodiversity, the diversity of specialised (secondary) metabolites, plays a crucial role in mediating interactions between plants and animals, including insect herbivores and mutualists. Chemodiversity can be observed at both the individual and the population level. However, the impacts of chemodiversity at these two levels on interactions between plants and floral visitors, mainly pollinators and floral herbivores (florivores), are only poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of chemodiversity at both individual (chemotype) and plot level on pollinators and florivores, examining their mutual interactions. To investigate these questions, we used individuals of the perennial Tanacetum vulgare differing in their terpenoid composition, representing different chemotypes. We planted individuals of five distinct chemotypes in a common garden design with homogeneous (five plants of the same chemotype) and heterogeneous (five different chemotypes) plots and observed flower visits in dependence of individual chemotype and plot type. Seeds were collected from a subset of plants and germination rates determined. Our findings revealed that chemodiversity at the plot level significantly influenced pollinator visitation, with more visits on plants of heterogeneous plots. We also observed marginally more pollinators on one of the chemotypes grown in homogeneous plots. In contrast, chemotype but not plot type had a significant effect on florivore visits. Pollinator and florivore species richness did not vary with plot type. Furthermore, a negative correlation was observed between pollinator and florivore visits in 1 year. Germination rates were positively correlated with pollinator visits and affected by chemotype but not by florivore visits or plot type. Synthesis. Our study emphasises the significance of the spatial level at which plant chemistry is perceived by flower visitors, potentially influencing the germination success of plants. Exploring the ecology of these visitors and the varying selection pressures they exert on floral chemistry can help to elucidate the evolutionary processes that maintain chemodiversity in natural environments. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENT\nHIGHLIGHTSThe effects of Paenibacillus favisporus CHP14 inoculation on selenium (Se) accumulation and Se tolerance of Pakchoi were studied by a pot experiment conducted in greenhouse. The results revealed that the growth traits such as plant height, root length, and biomass were significantly elevated during CHP14 treatment at 0 ∼ 8.0 mg·kg−1 Se(IV) levels. CHP14-inoculated plants accumulated more Se in root and shoot, which were 24.1%∼57.3% and 7.5%∼50.9% higher than those of non-inoculated plants. The contents of leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe), as well as the ratio of indoleacetic acid and abscisic acid contents (IAA/ABA) were increased by CHP14 inoculation, and positively associated with photosynthetic pigment contents (p < 0.05). At ≥ 4.0 mg·kg−1 Se(IV) levels, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase activities of Pakchoi roots were increased with CHP14 inoculation, by 9.9%∼17.1%, 28.4%∼40.7%, and 7.4%∼15.3%, respectively. Moreover, CHP14 inoculation enhanced ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) metabolism in roots by upregulating the related enzymes activities and antioxidant contents under excess Se(IV) stress. These findings suggest that CHP14 is beneficial to improve plant growth and enhance Se(IV) resistance of Pakchoi, and can be exploited as potential inoculants for phytoremediation process in Se contaminated soil.This work assesses the effects of plant growth-promoting bacterium (PGPB) on physiology and biochemistry of Pakchoi plant under different exogenous selenite levels. P. favisporus CHP14 inoculation was found to be a positive way for promoting plant growth, improving Se accumulation and reducing Se toxicity in plant. It also provides the first evidence that PGPB improves plant Se tolerance by influencing ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle.Both Se deficiency and Se pollution cause a serious threat to the ecological environment and human health. The absorption of Se from soil by plant is not only a desirable way to supplement this micro-nutrient in human body, but also an effective method for Se remediation. However, the range between the beneficial and toxic doses of Se to plants is extremely narrow. The Se application slightly exceeding the required dose would significantly inhibit growth and Se accumulation in plants, since most of them have a very limited tolerance to Se. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPBs) are drawing much attention due to their important benefits for improving resistance of plant to various biotic or abiotic stresses. Recent evidences have suggested that PGPBs may become the potential enhancers for Se biofortification. Therefore, the study on plant-bacteria interaction in Se-rich conditions should be strengthened. The significance of our research is in revealing the effect of endophyte inoculation on Se accumulation and Se tolerance of Pakchoi and in providing a microorganism material with potential application values for Se biofortification and improving Se tolerance of Pakchoi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the dawn of time, people have used herbal medications to both prevent and treat a variety of illnesses. Numerous illnesses, including diabetes, skin conditions, and most seriously cancer, have been claimed to be successfully treated by Acacia Arabica. According to Indian traditional medicine, the fresh sections of Acacia Arabica have beneficial nutritional properties as well as astringent, demulcent, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, antibacterial, and antidiarrheal properties. The ethnobotanical and therapeutic benefits of Acacia Arabica are briefly reviewed in this article along with information about the plants. This is an attempt to gather and record data regarding many facets of Acacia Arabica and its prospective applications. Before using Acacia Arabica's therapeutic potential, more research is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Diospyros has gained significant attention in the scientific community owing to its diverse bioactivities ascribed to specific bioactive constituents present in different species of this plant. Phytochemicals like flavonoids, terpenoids, and xanthones have been reported to be present in other Diospyros species responsible for their pharmacological properties. These compounds are well known for their diverse potent therapeutic potentials, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This review enlightens the details of the Genus Diospyros, ranging from an overview of its species to an in‐depth analysis of phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, and their potential as anticancer agents. Different species, including Diospyros lotus, Diospyros kaki, Diospyros maritima, Diospyros mespiliformis, and Diospyros tricolor, presented with an enormous range of anticancer activities against human cancer cell cultures. Moreover, this review highlights the results of various in vitro (antiproliferative, cytotoxic effects against), in vivo (inhibition of tumor, apoptosis), and in silico (GLU234, GLU278, and LYS158 protein residues) studies, elucidating its preclinical anticancer potential. The anticancer potential displays inhibition of cellular proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and mitigation of angiogenesis. Furthermore, this review may elaborate the use of traditional knowledge, modern research, and potential therapeutic applications in the field of anticancer ethnopharmacology. As the modern‐day research approaches novel alternatives to combat diseases like cancer, the Genus Diospyros may emerge as a promising avenue with the potential to yield innovative and effective therapeutic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Plants synthesize natural products via lineage‐specific offshoots of their core metabolic pathways, including fatty acid synthesis. Recent studies have shed light on new fatty acid‐derived natural products and their biosynthetic pathways in disparate plant species. Inspired by this progress, we set out to develop tools for exploring the evolution of fatty‐acid derived products. We sampled multiple species from all major clades of euphyllophytes, including ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (monocots and eudicots), and we show that the compositional profiles (though not necessarily the total amounts) of fatty‐acid derived surface waxes from preserved plant specimens are consistent with those obtained from freshly collected tissue in a semi‐quantitative and sometimes quantitative manner. We then sampled herbarium specimens representing 57 monocot species to assess the phylogenetic distribution and evolution, of two fatty acid‐derived natural products found in that clade: beta‐diketones and alkylresorcinols. These chemical data, combined with analyses of 26 monocot genomes, revealed a co‐occurrence (though not necessarily a causal relationship) between whole genome duplication and the evolution of diketone synthases from an ancestral alkylresorcinol synthase‐like polyketide synthase. Limitations of using herbarium specimen wax profiles as proxies for those of fresh tissue seem likely to include effects from loss of epicuticular wax crystals, effects from preservation techniques, and variation in wax chemical profiles due to genotype or environment. Nevertheless, this work reinforces the widespread utility of herbarium specimens for studying leaf surface waxes (and possibly other chemical classes) and reveals some of the evolutionary history of fatty acid‐derived natural products within monocots. Significance Statement: Plant chemicals are key components in our food and medicine, and advances in genomic technologies are accelerating plant chemical research. However, access to tissue from specific plant species can still be rate limiting, especially for species that are difficult to cultivate, endangered, or inaccessible. Here, we demonstrate that herbarium specimens provide a semiquantitative proxy for the cuticular wax composition of their fresh counterparts, thus reducing the need to collect fresh tissue for studies of wax chemicals and suggesting the same may also be true of other plant chemical classes. We also demonstrate the utility of combining herbarium‐based plant chemical profiling with genomic analyses to understand the evolution of plant natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Diversification of plant chemical phenotypes is typically associated with spatially and temporally variable plant–insect interactions. Floral scent is often assumed to be the target of pollinator‐mediated selection, whereas foliar compounds are considered targets of antagonist‐mediated selection. However, floral and vegetative phytochemicals can be biosynthetically linked and may thus evolve as integrated phenotypes.Utilizing a common garden of 28 populations of the perennial herb Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae), we investigated integration within and among floral scent compounds and foliar defense compounds (both volatile compounds and tissue‐bound glucosinolates).Within floral scent volatiles, foliar volatile compounds, and glucosinolates, phytochemicals were often positively correlated, and correlations were stronger within these groups than between them. Thus, we found no evidence of integration between compound groups indicating that these are free to evolve independently. Relative to self‐compatible populations, self‐incompatible populations experienced stronger correlations between floral scent compounds, and a trend toward lower integration between floral scent and foliar volatiles.Our study serves as a rare test of integration of multiple, physiologically related plant traits that each are potential targets of insect‐mediated selection. Our results suggest that independent evolutionary forces are likely to diversify different axes of plant chemistry without major constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer gradually continues to cause increasing numbers of deaths each year globally. In addition, the persistence and aggressiveness of multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells make this disease a serious public health problem. However, scientists are making considerable efforts to understand the mechanisms of action of cell proliferation and to discover new cytotoxic agents capable of combating drug sensitive as well as MDR cancer cells; and the exploration of medicinal and phytochemical plants is a considerable avenue. This chapter reports on the contribution of the potential of Hypericum roeperianum and its constituents as a source of anticancer drugs. Scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar were used to retrieve publications related to the cytotoxic and antiproliferative properties of H. roeperianum. The reported data were analyzed to highlight the cytotoxicity and the modes of action of botanicals and phytochemical from H. roeperianum. The results show that H. roeperianum and its constituents have beneficial cytotoxic properties and could be exploited in alternative medicine for the management of cancer including the recalcitrant phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present review, the ethnomedicinal uses, the phytochemistry, and the pharmacological effects of established cytotoxic plants of the flora of Africa have been reported. The best botanical source of potential anticancer agents, as well as the best cytotoxic phytochemicals, were also identified and highlighted. The relationship between various health conditions in association with cancer was also given. It was shown that few evidenced cytotoxic are used to treat cancer as well as diseases with cancer-related symptoms, such as inflammatory diseases, parasitic infections, microbial and viral infections, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system disorders, diabetes, and digestive system disorders. A total of 111 cytotoxic African medicinal plants belonging to 46 families are reported. Up to 50 potent African medicinal plants were identified as potentially suitable to fight at least one type of cancer. A total of 20 plants were identified to be suitable to fight the drug resistance of at least one type of cancer. One hundred and eight phytochemicals from African medicinal plants were identified as potentially suitable to fight at least one type of cancer. Phytochemicals identified as potent cytotoxic agents included 48 phenolics, 28 terpenoids, 26 alkaloids, 4 carbohydrates, and 2 fatty acids. A total of 42 phytoconstituents were identified to be suitable to fight the drug resistance of at least one type of cancer. This review constitutes a good collection for scientists, especially since it identifies new botanicals and phytochemicals that could undergo further in-depth studies to discover novel and powerful anti-cancer drugs. It also identifies the best classes of plant cytotoxic molecules, which could better guide scientists in the search for new anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refractory cancers account for therapeutic failures and tremendous financial burdens due to malignancies. The discovery of new chemotherapeutic agents preventing the growth of both drug sensitive and multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cell lines is an imperative necessity. This has been a research approach of several research teams in various parts of the world. In this work, we have highlighted the cytotoxic effects of a potent African plant, Vepris soyauxii, and its constituents. The geographic distribution of the plant, as well as its ethnomedicinal uses, were also provided. Twenty-seven phytochemicals were isolated from various parts of the plant, including 16 alkaloids, 7 terpenoids, and 4 phenolics. The interesting cytotoxic potential of botanicals from V. soyauxii and its constituents was reported in several human cancer cell lines, including drug-sensitive and MDR phenotypes of leukemia, breast, colon, and brain cancers. Kihadanin B (18) and soyauxinium chloride (14) were identified as the most active principle of the plant. Scientists are strongly encouraged to intensify preclinical and clinical studies on the botanicals and phytochemicals from V. soyauxii to produce novel cytotoxic drugs to combat cancers including their refractory phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants of the genus Erythrina have a significant history of medicinal use for the treatment of various ailments. Previous reports have shown the occurrence of various phytochemicals in Erythrina species with a wide range of biological activities. This book chapter reviews the information on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and antiproliferative potential of the genus Erythrina. The information on Erythrina species was compiled from electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, SciFinder, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Springer Link as well as books, and Ph.D. dissertations. Phytochemical studies of Erythrina species showed that alkaloids and flavonoids are their main secondary metabolites. Triterpenes, sterols, stilbenes, coumarins, and phenolic acids are also reported in the genus. Pharmacological investigations with crude extracts and isolated compounds from Erythrina species revealed a broad range of antiproliferative activity against several drug sensitive and multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cell lines. Among the isolated compounds, phenolic compounds mainly flavonoids (Abyssinoflavanones I, II, and VII, sigmoidin I, eryvarin B, erythraddison II-IV, warangalone, 5,4′-dihydroxy-2′-methoxy-8-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-2″,2″-dimethylpyrano [5,6:6,7]isoflavone, erymildbraedin A and B, echrenone b10, phaseollidin, erybraedin A, isoneorautenol, phaseollin, cristacarpin, and erystagallin A), terpenoids (oleanolic acid and maniladiol), and a phenolic derivative (excelsaperoxide) displayed potent antiproliferative activities. Globally, the reviewed data herein would be a valuable reference tool for future researchers seeking to explore the potential application of plants of the genus Erythrina for the development of anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter reports the ethnomedicinal uses, the phytochemistry, and the antiproliferative potential of Raphia vinifera Palisot de Beauvois (Arecaceae). It is a perennial plant found in several countries of West and Central Africa. Its different parts are used in traditional or folk medicine for the realization of protection rituals for children or against witchcraft. In addition, the decoction of its fruit is consumed for the treatment of gonococcal and other urinary tract infections. The extracts obtained from this part of R. vinifera are rich in several phytoconstituents including alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and glycosides. Several products belonging to these classes of secondary metabolites have been isolated from extracts of the mesocarp of its fruit. These are mainly (25R)-spirost-5-ene-3β, 22β-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1⟶2)-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1), raphvinin 3 (4), diosgenin (5), deltonin (7) and progenin III (8), mostly belonging to the saponin class. The methanol extract of this plant and its derived compounds showed interesting antiproliferative activities, both on drug sensitive human and animal cancer cell lines and on those with multidrug-resistant phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms. (Araliaceae) is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of various types of illness including infectious diseases and cancers. The present chapter aimed at compiling the ethnopharmacological uses, the phytochemistry, and the cytotoxicity of this plant. P. fulva has many pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antivenereal, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. Botanicals from this plant had cytotoxic effects on several human cancer cell lines, including multidrug-resistant phenotypes such as P-glycoprotein overexpressing CEM/ADR5000 leukemia cells, breast cancer resistance protein-transfected (BCRP) MDA-MB-231-BCRP breast cancer cells, Tumor suppressor p53 knockout cells (HCT116 p53-/-) colon cancer cells, and mutation-activated epidermal growth factor receptor-transfected U87MG. ΔEGFR glioblastoma cells. P. fulva selectively showed antiproliferative effects against breast, prostate, colon, lung, stomach, and ovarian cancer, and hematological cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic phytochemicals identified in this plant include oleanolic acid, alpha-hederin, quercetin, β-sitosterol, and β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside. Finally, P. fulva as well as its constituents may be useful in the development of novel drugs to fight cancer including the refractory phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this chapter, the traditional uses, the phytochemistry, and the cytotoxic potential of Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) (Fabaceae) have been provided. The plant is traditionally used to treat sexually transmitted infections, gastrointestinal tract disorders, headaches, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, respiratory disorders, injuries, pain, and female fertility problems. Several pharmacological studies have demonstrated the activity of botanicals from different parts of this plant against human cancer cell lines. Phytochemical studies of the plant revealed 26 compounds belonging to terpenoids, phenolics, and alkaloids. Their cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines has been reported. Botanicals and phytochemicals from A. adianthifolia are potential sources of cytotoxic drugs to fight cancers including the refractory phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygalae radix (PR) is the dried root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. and Polygala sibirica L. and enjoys the reputation as the "key medicine for nourishing life." In this study, information about "Polygala tenuifolia Willd.," "Polygala sibirica L.," and "Yuanzhi" was retrieved from scientific databases, including Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI, and Wan Fang Data. Information from Chinese herbal medicine classics, Yaozhi Data, and the Gaide Chemical Network was also collected. Information related to botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, industrial applications, and processing is summarized in this paper to tap its potentialities and promote its further development and clinical application. More than 320 metabolites have been isolated from PR; saponins, xanthones, and oligosaccharide esters are the main functional metabolites. Pharmacological research shows that its pharmacological action mainly focuses on resisting nervous system diseases, and it also has the functions of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, anti-pathogenic microorganisms and others. The gastrointestinal irritation of its saponins impeded its application, but this irritation can be reduced by controlling the dosage, compatibility with other herbs, or processing. The future progress of PR faces opportunities and challenges. More attention should be paid to the traditional application and processing methods of PR recorded in ancient books. The lack of safety and clinical studies has limited its application and transformation of achievements. Moreover, it is one-sided to take the content of only a few metabolites as the index of processing optimization and quality control, which cannot reflect the full pharmacological and toxicological activities of PR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, through increased aridity, threatens ecosystems, including Morocco's endemic Argania Spinosa L. Skeels. This study assesses the impact of aridity on argan trees by analyzing morphological, ecophysiological, and biochemical parameters across various regions and comparing them with historical data. Significant variations were observed in leaf area, leaf length, chlorophyll content, relative water content, polyphenols, flavonoids, soluble sugars, and antioxidant activity, while leaf width ratio and chlorophyll ratio remained stable. Tioughza exhibited the largest leaf area (136.07 mm2), the highest chlorophyll content (436.76 mg/m2), and superior water retention (52.27%). Conversely, Ezzaouite showed the smallest leaf area (85.76 mm2) and lowest water content (37.68%). Increased aridity has intensified these differences, revealing the argan tree's vulnerability to climate change. The findings underscore the need for targeted conservation efforts, including reforestation, strengthened legislation, and enhanced genetic research, to sustain this vital species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the phytotherapeutic potential of Acorus calamus through phytochemical analysis, biological activity evaluation and molecular docking studies. The analysis identified key bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, quinones, steroids, terpenoids and alkaloids, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The extract showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity, with 62.37 ± 2.79% inhibition of egg albumin denaturation at 1000 µg/mL and significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition of 75.53 ± 2.21% with an IC50 of 603.37 ± 2.50 µg/mL. These results suggest potential for maintaining acetylcholine levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Molecular docking of a-asarone, a major component of Acorus calamus, showed favorable interactions with 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) and AChE, with binding energies of -6.1 kcal/mol and -7.6 kcal/mol, respectively, indicating dual anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Overall, Acorus calamus shows promise as a natural therapeutic for AD, warranting further research to optimize its active compounds for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native to Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, Stevia rebaudiana is a plant used as a sweetener and member of the Asteraceae family. In addition to having the potential to be a sweetener, stevia is a source of several nutrients that have a positive impact on human nutrition. The leaves of stevia include the chemical, rebaudioside, steviolbioside, and isosteviol and sweeter than sucrose with 0 calories. These steviol glycosides are valued commercially worldwide for their ability to replace sugar in food, drink, and nutraceuticals. They are also thought to have a sweet flavour. An overview of various extraction techniques, phytochemistry and commercial stevia applications is given in this article. a variety of goods, including drinks, bread goods, dairy products, and confections. Numerous researches demonstrate the potential health advantages of stevia against a range of illnesses, including the antimicrobial, anti-obesity, cancer prevention, anti-oxidant, anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic qualities investigated in this work. According to clinical research, steviol glycosides--an important stevia phytochemical--are safe for ingestion by humans and do not cause either acute or serious toxic effects. This work potentially give an alternative perspective of stevia for the management of human ailments and contribute in creative stevia-based goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toussaintia orientalis Verdc. (Annonaceae) is a medicinal plant species endemic to Tanzania. It is classified under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as an extremely endangered species threatened with extinction. The review covers the phytochemistry of this plant species and the pharmacological properties of the compounds obtained therefrom. The chemistry of this plant species entails natural products with different structures including uncommon cinnamoyl tetraketide derivatives, aristolactam alkaloids, and flavonoids. The review identifies 27 compounds belonging to different subclasses of natural products obtained from this species for the past fourteen years (2010–2024). These compounds are discussed along with other 13 related natural products. T. orientalis derived compounds exhibit varied potential pharmacological applications as antibacterial, anticancer, anti‐inflammatory, antiviral, and neuroprotective agents. Some of the reported compounds displayed pharmacological properties corroborating the use of this plant species in traditional medicine. This review provides baseline data as one comprehensive compilation that will ignite interest and guide future research and development of therapeutic agents inspired by the chemodiversity presented by this plant species while at the same time attracting the attention of plant conservationists to initiate efforts to conserve this highly endangered biomedical treasure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juncus decipiens is a member of the Juncaceae family and has culinary, medicinal, and decorative properties. It is also used in traditional Chinese Medicines for many years that promotes diuresis for strangury and clears out heart fire. This species has recently gained medicinal attention as a source of phenanthrenes, phenolic compounds, glycerides, flavonoids, and cycloartane triterpenes. This plant was also shown to be active, and researchers explored its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antialgal, antibacterial, and psychological behaviour-boosting properties. Preliminary research suggests that this species might be used for skin protection and brain disorders if proper clinical trials are conducted. The ethnomedicinal, phytochemistry, biological potencies, dangers, and scopes of Juncus decipiens have been examined in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Oxytropis DC is a perennial plant of Fabaceae family, which is widely distributed in the northern temperate zone. It is known as "locoweed" because of its toxic component swainsonine. However, it is widely used in Tibetan medicine and Mongolian medicine, mainly for the treatment of heat-clearing and detoxifying, pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory, hemostasis, and other diseases. To provide a basis for the further development and utilization of Oxytropis DC, the pieces of literature about the application, phytochemistry, pharmacological action, and toxicity of Oxytropis DC were reviewed and analyzed. Key findings: A total of 373 chemical constituents were found from Oxytropis DC, including flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and others. Pharmacological actions mainly include antitumor, antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antifibrosis, and other pharmacological actions, among them, the antitumor effect is particularly prominent. Summary: At present, studies on its pharmacological effects are mainly concentrated on the extracts, some flavonoids, and alkaloids. In the follow-up studies, research on the pharmacological activities of the other chemical constituents in Oxytropis should be strengthened. It has the potential to pave the way for research and development of novel Oxytropis medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orchids are one of the largest and globally distributed plant families. Indonesia has the most types of orchids, estimated around 20% from the total species across the world. Mainly orchids used as an ornamental plant. This research aimed to elucidate another potential of orchids as possibly for herbal medicine plant. The potential of orchids as herbal medicine has been known for a long time, but there is lack of well-documented research. The research method used in this research is exploration on predetermined research sites that were conducted in Mount Tilu, West Java on 2022. Observation data of orchids were collected on the sites and the analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive approach by describing the data from the research results and comparisons were made through a literature review. Based on the research results, we found about 31 species from 28 genera consisting of 24 epiphytic orchids and 7 terrestrial orchids in the Mount Tilu Kuningan area, West Java. There are 4 endemic species categorised in Java; Chilochista javanica, Crepidium koordesii, Crepidium junghuhnii, and Taeniophyllum biocellatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argemone ochroleuca Sweet is an alien invasive weed dominating most cultivated lands, however, the phytochemicals present in this plant and the effects of these on the germination and growth of economically important crops such as maize are not well-documented. The objective of the study was to characterize the phytochemistry of the shoots and roots of A. ochroleuca and determine whether the extracts could inhibit the germination of maize seeds. The shoots and roots of A. ochroleuca were extracted in water, hexane, and acetone. Ten maize seeds were used in the germination bioassay. A phytochemical analysis was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of the A. ochroleuca water, hexane, or acetone extracts on maize seed germination were concentration and plant-part dependent. The highest reduction was recorded from the water extract with 82%. Identified compounds with high percentages in A. ochroleuca were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-. The present study indicated that A. ochroleuca extracts suppress the germination of maize seeds, likely due to the presence of both the identified and potentially unidentified phytochemicals that were not detected by the selected method. There is, however, a need to establish the relationship between the phytochemical compounds and the enzymes responsible for germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taraxaci herba, as a traditional Chinese medicine, is the name of the Taraxacum genus in the Asteraceae family. Documented in the Tang Herbal Medicine (Tang Dynasty, AD 657–659), its medicinal properties cover a wide range of applications such as acute mastitis, lung abscess, conjunctival congestion, sore throat, damp-heat jaundice, and vision improvement. In the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Edition 2020), more than 40 kinds of China-patented drugs containing Taraxaci herba were recorded. This review explores the evolving scientific understanding of Taraxaci herba, covering facets of ethnopharmacology, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, artificial cultivation, and quality control. In particular, the chemical constituents and pharmacological research are reviewed. Taraxaci herba has been certified as a traditional medicine plant, and its flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids have been identified and separated, which include Chicoric acid, taraxasterol, Taraxasteryl acetate, Chlorogenic acid, isorhamnetin, and luteolin; they are responsible for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-tumor, and anti-cancer activities. These findings validate the traditional uses of Taraxaci herba and lay the groundwork for further scientific exploration. The sources used in this study include Web of Science, Pubmed, the CNKI site, classic monographs, the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the Chinese Medicine Dictionary, and doctoral and master's theses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant pigments are natural organic compounds found in plant cells. They impart vibrant colors to plants and play essential roles in processes such as photosynthesis and other physiological reactions. This article provides an overview of the classification and chemical molecular structures of plant pigments, as well as an introduction to their basic coloration mechanisms. It guides individuals in understanding the colorful world at the molecular level and emphasizes the intrinsic connection between organic chemistry and plant physiological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associational effects, whereby plants influence the biotic interactions of their neighbors, are an important component of plant–insect interactions. Plant chemistry has been hypothesized to mediate these interactions. The role of chemistry in associational effects, however, has been unclear in part because the diversity of plant chemistry makes it difficult to tease apart the importance and roles of particular classes of compounds. We examined the chemical ecology of associational effects using backcross‐bred plants of the Solanum pennellii introgression lines. We used eight genotypes from the introgression line system to establish 14 unique neighborhood treatments that maximized differences in acyl sugars, proteinase inhibitor, and terpene chemical diversity. We found that the chemical traits of the neighboring plant, rather than simply the number of introgression lines within a neighborhood, influenced insect abundance on focal plants. Furthermore, within‐chemical class diversity had contrasting effects on herbivore and predator abundances, and depended on the frequency of neighboring plant chemotypes. Notably, we found insect mobility—flying versus crawling—played a key role in insect response to phytochemistry. We highlight that the frequency and chemical phenotype of plant neighbors underlie associational effects and suggest this may be an important mechanism in maintaining intraspecific phytochemical variation within plant populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with the psyllid-vectored phloem-limited bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is a disease threat to all citrus production worldwide. Currently, there are no sustainable curative or prophylactic treatments available. In this study, we utilized mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics in combination with 3D molecular mapping to visualize complex chemistries within plant tissues to explore how these chemistries change in vivo in HLB-infected trees. We demonstrate how spatial information from molecular maps of branches and single leaves yields insight into the biology not accessible otherwise. In particular, we found evidence that flavonoid biosynthesis is disrupted in HLB-infected trees, and an increase in the polyamine, feruloylputrescine, is highly correlated with an increase in disease severity. Based on mechanistic details revealed by these molecular maps, followed by metabolic modeling, we formulated and tested the hypothesis that CLas infection either directly or indirectly converts the precursor compound, ferulic acid, to feruloylputrescine to suppress the antimicrobial effects of ferulic acid and biosynthetically downstream flavonoids. Using in vitro bioassays, we demonstrated that ferulic acid and bioflavonoids are indeed highly bactericidal to CLas, with the activity on par with a reference antibiotic, oxytetracycline, recently approved for HLB management. We propose these compounds should be evaluated as therapeutics alternatives to the antibiotics for HLB treatment. Overall, the utilized 3D metabolic mapping approach provides a promising methodological framework to identify pathogen-specific inhibitory compounds in planta for potential prophylactic or therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the seed germination potential and seedling growth rates play a pivotal role in increasing overall crop productivity. Seed germination and early vegetative (seedling) growth are critical developmental stages in plants. High-power microwave (HPM) technology has facilitated both the emergence of novel applications and improvements to existing in agriculture. The implications of pulsed HPM on agriculture remain unexplored. In this study, we have investigated the effects of pulsed HPM exposure on barley germination and seedling growth, elucidating the plausible underlying mechanisms. Barley seeds underwent direct HPM irradiation, with 60 pulses by 2.04 mJ/pulse, across three distinct irradiation settings: dry, submerged in deionized (DI) water, and submerged in DI water one day before exposure. Seed germination significantly increased in all HPM-treated groups, where the HPM-dry group exhibited a notable increase, with a 2.48-fold rise at day 2 and a 1.9-fold increment at day 3. Similarly, all HPM-treated groups displayed significant enhancements in water uptake, and seedling growth (weight and length), as well as elevated levels of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and total soluble protein content. The obtained results indicate that when comparing three irradiation setting, HPM-dry showed the most promising effects. Condition HPM seed treatment increases the level of reactive species within the barley seedlings, thereby modulating plant biochemistry, physiology, and different cellular signaling cascades via induced enzymatic activities. Notably, the markers associated with plant growth are upregulated and growth inhibitory markers are downregulated post-HPM exposure. Under optimal HPM-dry treatment, auxin (IAA) levels increased threefold, while ABA levels decreased by up to 65 %. These molecular findings illuminate the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing phenotypic changes in barley seedlings subjected to HPM treatment. The results of this study might play a key role to understand molecular mechanisms after pulsed-HPM irradiation of seeds, contributing significantly to address the global need of sustainable crop yield. [Display omitted] • Pulsed high power microwaves (HPM) generated with main frequency 3.5 GHz. • Seed germination significantly increased in all HPM-treated groups. • HPM-treated groups displayed enhancements in water uptake and seedlings growth. • Growth markers upregulated and growth inhibitory markers downregulated by HPM. • Auxin (IAA) levels 3-fold increase, while ABA levels decreased up to 65 % by HPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies are being conducted to develop strategies to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress. In the present study, it was aimed to determine the interactive effects of salinity stress with biochar on plant growth-the physiological and biochemical attributes of forage peas (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.). Salt applications were carried out with irrigation water at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three applications [control: 0 (B0), 2.5% biochar (B1), and 5% biochar (B2)], five salt doses [0 (S0), 25 (S1), 50 (S2), 75 (S3), and 100 (S4) mM NaCl], and three replications, arranged in a 3 × 5 factorial arrangement. In the salt-stressed environment, the highest plant height (18.75 cm) and stem diameter (1.71 mm) in forage pea seedlings were obtained with the application of B1. The root fresh (0.59 g/plant) and dry weight (0.36 g/plant) were determined to be the highest in the B1 application, both in non-saline and saline environments. A decrease in plant chlorophyll content in forage pea plants was observed parallel to the increasing salt levels. Specifically, lower H2O2, MDA, and proline content were determined at all salt levels with biochar applications, while in the B0 application these values were recorded at the highest levels. Furthermore, in the study, it was observed that the CAT, POD, and SOD enzyme activities were at their lowest levels at all salt levels with the biochar application, while in the B0 application, these values were determined to be at the highest levels. There was a significant decrease in plant mineral content, excluding Cl and Na, parallel to the increasing salt levels. The findings of the study indicate that biochar amendment can enhance forage peas' growth by modulating the plant physiology and biochemistry under salt stress. Considering the plant growth parameters, no significant difference was detected between 2.5% and 5% biochar application. Therefore, application of 2.5 biochar may be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chelidonium majus L. (C. majus), commonly known as "Bai Qu Cai" in China, belongs to the genus Chelidonium of the Papaveraceae family. It has rich medicinal value, such as alleviating coughs, asthma, spasms and pain. Recent studies have demonstrated that C. majus is abundant in various alkaloids, which are the primary components of C. majus and have a range of pharmacological effects, including anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-tumor effects. So far, 94 alkaloids have been isolated from C. majus, including benzophenanthridine, protoberberine, aporphine, protopine and other types of alkaloids. This paper aims to review the research progress in phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of C. majus alkaloids, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the application of C. majus in the field of medicinal chemistry and to afford reference for further research and development efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize is highly susceptible to drought, which affects growth and yield. This study investigated how bacterial volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) affect maize drought tolerance. Drought reduced shoot size but increased root length, an adaptation for accessing deeper soil moisture. BVOCs from strain D12 significantly increased root length and shoot growth under drought conditions. Drought also altered root biochemistry, decreasing enzyme activity, and increased osmolyte levels. BVOCs from strains F11 and FS4-14 further increased osmolyte levels but did not protect membranes from oxidative damage, while BVOCs from strains D12 and D7 strains reduced osmolyte levels and cell damage. In shoots, drought increased the levels of osmolytes and oxidative stress markers. BVOCs from FS4-14 had minimal effects on shoot biochemistry. BVOCs from D12 and F11 partially restored metabolic activity but did not reduce cell damage. BVOCs from D7 reduced metabolic activity and cell damage. These results suggest that BVOCs can modulate the biochemical response of maize to drought, with some strains evidencing the potential to enhance drought tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coldenia procumbens L. (family Boraginaceae, genus Coldenia) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various ailments. It has been indicated in the indigenous system of medicine for treating rheumatic swellings, boils, pains, immature abscesses, wounds, menorrhagia, and snake bites. This study aims to summarize up-to-date botany, traditional uses, phytochemical compounds, pharmacological activities, and toxicology. The relevant information about the C. procumbens plant, such as ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology, was collected via several scientific databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PubMed) and online databases of botanicals (Plants of the World Online, Flora of China, eFlora of India, Biodiversity in India, World Flora Online, Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora). Modern pharmacological studies have revealed that C. procumbens exerts antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, analgesic, anti-cancer, anti-hyperlipidemic, and hepatoprotective activities. More than 100 phytoconstituents have been discovered, including terpenes, sterols, coumestan, nitrile/cyano glucosides, fatty acids, and other compounds. This study has attempted to comprehensively describe C. procumbens in terms of ethnobotany, phytochemical profile, and pharmacological effect. These specific and valuable suggestions warrant further investigation to utilize their inherent potential for novel product development and immense utilization in medicine, cosmetics, and health supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Alangium Lam. belongs to the Alangiaceae family and contains over 30 species. Researchers have identified over 300 phytochemicals from these species, including alkaloids, glycosides, terpenes, lignans, flavonoids, and steroids. However, there is no review of the antitumor properties of the Alangium genus, and the subsequent information on the mechanism of its antitumor action is not comprehensive enough. Methods: This article reviews previous studies on the Alangium obtained from various sources, including the CNKI, PubMed, Google Scholar, Connected Paper, and the chemical abstracts service (CAS). Results: Among these compounds, 85 have been found to possess anti-tumor properties, mainly belongs to alkaloids, glycosides, and terpenes. This will provide new insights and a broader perspective for future research on the effects of anti-tumor chemicals and their mechanisms of action within this plant genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The genus Glochidion (the family Phyllanthaceae) is used for various medicinal purposes, such as dysentery, diarrhea, cough, and skin protection. A review of phytochemical and pharmacological aspects for this remains unavailable. The current study tends to sum up a detailed list of phytochemicals, and their role in biological examinations. Methods: References in English were obtained by an extensive search across various electronic data sources, encompassing Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. The "Sci-Finder" was also utilized to find references and revise chemical structures. Referenced documents have been gathered from the 1960s to date. It also noted that Glochidion, phytochemistry, and pharmacology are likely the keywords to seek for references. Results: Over 240 naturally occurring phytochemicals were isolated and identified from various Glochidion tissues, including terpenoids, sterols, saponins, lignans, flavonoids, mono -phenols, megastigmanes, butenolides, glycosides, alkaloids, cyanogens, tocopherols, fatty acids, and others. Three naturally occurring triterpenoids glochidonol, glochidiol, and glochidone are the likely characteristic metabolites, being isolated frequently. Glochidion crude extracts and their isolated compounds have been demonstrated as potential agents in various pharmacological targets, such as cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antiinflammation, and neuron and liver protection. Conclusion: Several isolates acted as promising agents in pharmacological assays. The anticancer mechanisms of various triterpenoids and saponins, especially new and potential compounds, are expected. Pharmacological advancements to enhance the efficacies of Glochidion constituents, such as synergistic combinations and nano-drug formulations, are encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abutilon theophrasti Medic.((A. theophrasti, Malvaceae) has been recognized for its ethnopharmacological values for a long time. Various studies of A. theophrasti have demonstrated that different extracts from this species exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory analgesia activities. Until now, more than 100 kinds of phytochemical compounds have been isolated and identified in various parts of A. theophrasti including flavonoids, fatty acid, essential oil, and others. In the present review, we have been trying to summarize an up-to-date research on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics of A. theophrasti. Consequently, a significant and broad overview on the current knowledge of A. theophrasti is provided to explore its clinical therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Childhood precocious puberty (CPP) is a common pediatric endocrine disorder with significant associated risks. Zhibai Dihuang pill (ZBDHP), a classic recipe of the Qing dynasty with its efficacy of nourishing yin and clearing heat, can downregulate the expression of ESR1 in the uterus and ovaries, thereby inhibiting CPP. However, as of now, the main active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms of ZBDHP remain unclear. Methods: A comprehensive approach was proposed using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‐Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐Q‐Exactive Orbitrap‐MS) and network pharmacology to explore the potentially active constituents of ZBDHP and reveal the underlying mechanisms against CPP. Molecular docking was used to verify the possible mechanisms. Results: A total of 214 constituents derived were identified via UHPLC‐Q‐Exactive Orbitrap‐MS, and 12 of them were definitely characterized using reference standards. Subsequently, compounds tetrahydropalmatine, alisol C, 25‐anhydroalisol A 11‐acetate, hispidone, cavidine, alisol E, melianone, neogitogenin, denudatin B, and 16β‐hydroperoxyalisol B with related targets PIK3CA, HSD11B1, CYP19A1, AR, PTGS2, CDK2, NR3C1, MMP2, MMP1, and MAPK1 were regarded as key components and targets for ZBDHP treating CPP using the compound–target–pathway network. Besides, the results revealed that the pathways conduced obviously to therapeutic efficacy, including pathways in cancer, neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate（cAMP） signaling pathways. Molecular docking indicated that PIK3CA, HSD11B1, and CYP19A1 exhibited high affinities to corresponding compounds. Overall, the study determined the multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway mechanisms of ZBDHP against CPP. Conclusions: This study provided a new method for exploring the chemical constituents and pharmacology mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dried root and rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance (A. officinarum) have been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to alleviate pain, promote digestion, warm the stomach, and disperse cold. This review aims to comprehensively and in-depth summarize the most recent research on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacology of A. officinarum. By searching various databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Springer, ScienceDirect, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for literature on "A. officinarum Hance," as well as relevant textbooks and digital documents, an overall and critical review of the subject was conducted. The traditional uses of A. officinarum were summarized, and 337 compounds from A. officinarum were summarized, including flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, volatile oils, and other compounds. Studies have found that the crude extract of A. officinarum and its compounds has a wide range of biological activities, such as improving gastrointestinal function, anti-inflammatory properties, anti-tumor activity, antibacterial properties, memory enhancement, and analgesic effects. Modern pharmacological studies have provided strong evidence and explanations for the traditional medicinal uses of A. officinarum, which brings a broad prospect for its medicinal use. However, more research is needed to explore the structure-activity relationship and potential mechanisms of action of its bioactive chemicals. Furthermore, it is essential to conduct more clinical trials in order to accelerate research and development of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]