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Types of plastic waste in different aquatic environments were assessed to obtain a global framework of plastic waste transport and accumulation, relevant for plastic pollution mitigation strategies in aquatic environments. Packaging and consumer products were the most encountered product categories in rivers, while fishery items dominated in the oceanic environment. Plastics from electronics, building and construction, and transport were barely observed. For polymers, polyethylene and polypropylene contributed most to pollution in all environments. The highest diversity in polymer composition was found in oceanic and freshwater sediments. It is therefore argued that a large fraction of plastic waste accumulates here. This confirms that plastic waste transport and accumulation patterns were most affected by the density, surface area, and size of plastics. Only thick-walled, larger plastic debris from low-density polymers are transported through currents from rivers to ocean, while the larger fraction of plastic litter is likely retained in sediments or beaches. • Plastic polymer composition varies in different aquatic environments. • Not all plastic product categories end up in the environment. • It is likely that plastic waste accumulates in riverine sediments and beaches. • Thick-walled, low density and larger plastics are transported from rivers to ocean. • Plastic polymer, size and shape are required for modeling environmental transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Comparison between uncommon yeast species (UYS)- and Candida albicans -related fungaemia can uncover specific predisposing factors with potential impact on treatment strategies. Methods Clinical data (including follow-up) and isolates responsible for fungaemia were collected prospectively from 27 hospitals (Paris, France ; 01/10/2002-31/12/2014). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to compare UYS with C. albicans fungaemia. Findings We analysed 339 episodes of UYS fungaemia. Of the 35 different UYS (27 ascomycetes, 8 basidiomycetes), 11 had caspofungin MIC50 > = 0.5 mg/L (CAS-R), and 15 had fluconazole MIC50 > = 8 mg/L (FCZ-R, EUCAST method). The incidence of UYS fungaemia was stable over time. When comparing with 1997 single episodes of C. albicans fungaemia, haematological malignancies (OR = 2.42[1.82–3.22]) and prior exposure to antifungal drugs (OR = 1.86[1.29–2.67]) were independent predisposing factors for UYS upon multivariate analysis. However, when considering the species/genera level, only infections due to species related to C. kefyr (OR = 3.95[2.40–6.53]) and to Trichosporon spp. (OR = 5.42[1.73–16.96]) remained associated with haematological malignancies, those due to Geotrichum spp. with acute leukaemia (OR = 52.61[17.64–156.88]), and the later two with prior exposure to caspofungin (OR = 15.6[3.6–67.4] and OR = 12.0[3.2–45.3], respectively) but not to fluconazole. The global mortality at day 30 of the CAS-R and FCZ-R species was not different compared with C. albicans , (40%, 40%, and 35% respectively), but very divergent results were observed according to the species. Interpretation UYS encompass a huge diversity of species, each with its own behaviour and predisposing factors. This underlines the need for rapid identification of isolate at the species level in order to optimize antifungal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]