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15. A Flexible Cloud-Based HIL Testing of Batteries for Various Electrified Vehicles

Author

German, Ronan, Kalogiannis, Theodoros, Bouscayrol, Alain, He, Jiacheng, Tournez, Florian, Berecibar, Maitane, Husar, Calin, Ciocan, Marius, Costa, Sergio, Genic, Adrien, and Lemaire-Semail, Betty

Abstract

Power Hardware-In-the-loop (HIL) testing is increasing in the automotive industry for testing subsystems for new vehicles. Usually, the test is located in a unique place (stand-alone (local) HIL). The key-points for a vehicle manufacturer and subsystems suppliers are time and confidentiality. Using the cloud is a way to satisfy the both. Cloud model sharing is developed to spare time and cloud-based real-time simulation limits the access to the models to only certain variables. In this article, a cloud-based power HIL testing is proposed using a cloud of vehicle models. The Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) formalism is used to organize all the models. It facilitates the interconnections between the simulated and power tested subsystems. Two new batteries are experimentally tested, one for an electric vehicle, the other one for a plug-in hybrid vehicle. The same cloud is used and the power test facilities are located in two different locations. This shows the flexibility of the method.

Published
2024
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16. Impact of the User Charging Practice on the Battery Aging in an Electric Vehicle

Author

Ndiaye, Alla, German, Ronan, Bouscayrol, Alain, Gaetani-Liseo, Margot, Venet, Pascal, and Castex, Elodie

Abstract

This paper studies how the user charging practice affects battery degradation over time. To achieve this objective, a system oriented simplified aging model based on the literature is proposed. The differential calculation of the capacity loss is used for infinitesimal variations. The model inputs are the battery state of charge, the battery temperature and the cumulative number of full equivalent cycles. The output is the battery state of health. This model is identified and validated with experimental aging tests from the Renault Zoe 41 kWh battery manufacturer. The battery model (electro-thermal and aging) interconnects with the vehicle traction model complete the system model. The battery electro-thermal and traction models are also validated with measurements on the studied vehicle. The Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) formalism organizes in a unified way the interconnections of all the sub-system models. The impact of the charging interval and SoC on the battery aging is then studied. Five charging scenarios are studied by simulation while keeping the driving phases and the charging current the same. In these conditions, the average SoC is the main contributor for the battery aging. Compared to daily charge of the EV, a charge every 4 days extends the time to reach 80% of state of health by 36% due to lower average SoC. The daily driving distance is fixed for every studied scenario.

Published
2024
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21. Carbon care action of a European research project on electrified vehicles

Author

Lepoutre, Amandine, primary, Bouscayrol, Alain, additional, Irimia, Cristi, additional, Husar, Calin, additional, Kalogiannis, Theodoros, additional, Ahmed, Mariam, additional, Martis, Claudia, additional, Zuber, Dragan, additional, Maisel, Sven, additional, Gao, Fei, additional, Balen, Wieteke Van, additional, Birtas, Adrian, additional, and Lecoutere, Johan, additional

Published
2022
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26. Comparisons of GHG emissions of on-site working and teleworking:case study of a research group

Author

Bouscayrol, Alain, Lepoutre, Amandine, Castex, Elodie, Université de Lille, Centrale Lille, Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, Junia HEI, Laboratoire d’Électrotechnique et d’Électronique de Puissance - ULR 2697 [L2EP], Territoires, Villes, Environnement & Société - ULR 4477 [TVES], Laboratoire d’Électrotechnique et d’Électronique de Puissance - ULR 2697 (L2EP), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Territoires, Villes, Environnement & Société - ULR 4477 (TVES), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille, and European Project: 824256,H2020,H2020-LC-GV-2018,PANDA(2019)

Subjects
[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Teleworking, co mmuting trips, Green House Gases emissions
Abstract

International audience; The commuting home-work trips is an important contributor of the Greenhouses Gases (GHG) emissions of cities. In the campus “cité scientifique” of University of Lille, the commuting trips represent more than 50% of the total GHG emission. But during the pandemic, working at home change lead to significantly reduce these daily trips. At first sight, teleworking seems a valuable mean to cut these emissions by working at home and avoiding home-work trips. However, it requires new tools, such as videoconference, which also lead to indirect GHG emissions. In this paper, the GHG of a small research group on electro-mobility has been analyzed before and during the lockdown. From this case study, the GHG benefit depends on the daily commuting distance and the transport mean. For example, a person with 10-km daily trip using subway will increase its GHG emission by teleworking.

Published
2021

35. Calculation of the GHG emissions of a European research project on electrified vehicles

Author

Lepoutre, Amandine, primary, Bouscayrol, Alain, additional, Irimia, Cristi, additional, Husar, Calin, additional, Kalogiannis, Theodoros, additional, Ahmed, Mariam, additional, Martis, Claudia, additional, Zuber, Dragan, additional, Phetsinorath, Damien, additional, Gao, Fei, additional, Van Balen, Wieteke, additional, Birtas, Adrian, additional, and Lecoutere, Johan, additional

Published
2021
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40. Annual Variation in Energy Consumption of an Electric Vehicle Used for Commuting

Author

DESREVEAUX, Anatole, BOUSCAYROL, Alain, Castex, Elodie, Trigui, Rochdi, Hittinger, Eric, Sirbu, Gabriel-Mihai, L2EP - Équipe Commande, Laboratoire d’Électrotechnique et d’Électronique de Puissance - ULR 2697 (L2EP), Centrale Lille-Haute Etude d'Ingénieurs-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Centrale Lille-Haute Etude d'Ingénieurs-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Territoires, Villes, Environnement & Société - ULR 4477 (TVES), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille, Equipe Eco-gestion des systèmes énergétiques pour les transports (AME-Eco7 ), Université Gustave Eiffel, Rochester Institute of Technology, Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, European Project: 824256,H2020,H2020-LC-GV-2018,PANDA(2019), and Université de Lille-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)

Subjects
heating ventilation air conditioning, [SHS.ARCHI]Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management, traction, energetic macroscopic representation, lcsh:T, energy consumption, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, electric vehicle, simulation, lcsh:Technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience; The energy consumption of an electric vehicle is primarily due to the traction subsystem and the comfort subsystem. For a regular trip, the traction energy can be relatively constant but the comfort energy has variation depending on seasonal temperatures. In order to plan the annual charging operation of an eco-campus, a simulation tool is developed for an accurate determination of the consumption of an electric vehicle throughout year. The developed model has been validated by comparison with experimental measurement of a real vehicle on a real driving cycle. Different commuting trips are analyzed over a complete year. For the considered city in France (Lille), the comfort energy consumption has an overconsumption up to 33% in winter due to heating, and only 15% in summer due to air conditioning. The urban commuting driving cycle is more affected by the comfort subsystem than extra-urban trips.

Published
2020

41. Energy Management of a Multi-Source Vehicle by λ-Control

Author

Castaings, Ali, Lhomme, Walter, Trigui, Rochdi, and Bouscayrol, Alain

Subjects
energy management, lcsh:T, lcsh:Technology, super capacitor, lcsh:QC1-999, fuel cell, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:Biology (General), lcsh:QD1-999, Hardware_GENERAL, lcsh:TA1-2040, battery, lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), optimization, lcsh:QH301-705.5, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

This paper deals with the real-time energy management of a fuel cell/battery/supercapacitors energy storage system for electric vehicles. The association of the battery and the supercapacitors with the fuel cell aims to reduce the hydrogen consumption while limiting the constraints on the fuel cell and the battery. In this paper, a real-time optimization-based energy management strategy by &lambda, control is proposed. Simulation results on a standard driving cycle show that the hydrogen consumption is reduced by 7% in comparison with a fuel-cell-based electric vehicle without any secondary energy storage source. Moreover, the energy management strategy ensures the system safety while preserving the fuel cell and the battery. Experimental results show that the developed energy management strategy is well-suited for the real-time requirements, applicability, and safety.

Published
2020

43. Switched causal modeling of transmission with clutch in hybrid electric vehicles

Author

Lhomme, Walter, Trigui, Rochdi, Delarue, Philippe, Jeanneret, Bruno, Bouscayrol, Alain, and Badin, Francois

Subjects
Hybrid vehicles -- Equipment and supplies, Computer-generated environments -- Usage, Computer simulation -- Usage, Automobiles -- Clutches, Automobiles -- Design and construction, Automatic transmission/transaxle - Automatic transmission - Clutches, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries, Transportation industry
Abstract

Certain difficulties arise when attempting to model a clutch in a power train transmission due to its nonlinear behavior. Two different states have to be taken into account--the first being when the clutch is locked and the second being when the clutch is slipping. In this paper, a clutch model is developed using the Energetic Macroscopic Representation, which is, in turn, used in the modeling of complete hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Two different models are used, and a specific condition defining the commutation between both models with respect to the physical energy flow is proposed. A Petri net is employed to activate one of the models, depending on the clutch state (locked or slipping). This model allows us to implement without difficulty a simulation of the clutch with a relatively short computation time. Index Terms--Causal modeling, clutch, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), multimodel.

Published
2008

46. Energy Management of a Multi-Source Vehicle by ?-Control

Author

CASTAINGS, Ali, LHOMME, Walter, TRIGUI, Rochdi, BOUSCAYROL, Alain, Equipe Eco-gestion des systèmes énergétiques pour les transports (AME-Eco7 ), Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire d’Électrotechnique et d’Électronique de Puissance - ULR 2697 (L2EP), Centrale Lille-Haute Etude d'Ingénieurs-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), L2EP - Équipe Commande, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Centrale Lille-Haute Etude d'Ingénieurs-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), and Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies

Subjects
PILE A COMBUSTIBLE, SUPER CAPACITOR, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, EXPERIMENTATION, ENERGY MANAGEMENT, BATTERIE, BATTERY, OPTIMIZATION, FUEL CELL, VEHICULE ELECTRIQUE, GESTION ENERGETIQUE
Abstract

This paper deals with the real-time energy management of a fuel cell/battery/supercapacitors energy storage system for electric vehicles. The association of the battery and the supercapacitors with the fuel cell aims to reduce the hydrogen consumption while limiting the constraints on the fuel cell and the battery. In this paper, a real-time optimization-based energy management strategy by ?-control is proposed. Simulation results on a standard driving cycle show that the hydrogen consumption is reduced by 7% in comparison with a fuel-cell-based electric vehicle without any secondary energy storage source. Moreover, the energy management strategy ensures the system safety while preserving the fuel cell and the battery. Experimental results show that the developed energy management strategy is well-suited for the real-time requirements, applicability, and safety.

Published
2020

47. Digital Twin Real-Time FPGA implementation for light electric vehicle propulsion system using EMR organization

Author

Ruba, Mircea, DESREVEAUX, Anatole, Nemes, Raul Octavian, Ciornei, Sorina, Martis, Claudia, BOUSCAYROL, Alain, Hedesiu, Horia, Laboratoire d’Électrotechnique et d’Électronique de Puissance - ULR 2697 (L2EP), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), H2020 PANDA, GA #824256, IEEE, European Project: 824256,H2020,H2020-LC-GV-2018,PANDA(2019), Centrale Lille-Haute Etude d'Ingénieurs-Université de Lille-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)

Subjects
Digital Twin, Horizon 2020, EMR, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, European Union (EU), Real-Time, FPGA
Abstract

International audience; The paper focuses on implementation of several different concepts of wise analysis of light electric vehicle propulsion unit testing facility. Firstly, the concept of "digital twin" that represents a simulated replica of a complete testing facility is presented. More, instead of using an off-line simulation environment, the digital twin (DT) is programmed to run using two field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), hence it becomes an online real-time simulation. The second concept is the distribution of the digital twin. The actual unit controller is programed into one FPGA and the machine under test, its load and the power inverter are implemented into a second FPGA. The communication between the two is handled using analog and digital lines, just like the controller would be connected to the real test-bench. The third concept involves the organization of each of the two FPGA programs, based on Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) that facilitates transparency, ease of implementation and minimizes the error in coding the actual test-bench replica and then its controller. Combining all the above mentioned concept into one single lucrative tool, experimentally validated by actual measurements, proves that the concept of using a DT implemented in real-time, without doubt can be used for testing prototypes and their controls regardless of the actual test-bench. Hence, on one hand it is eco-friendly, precise and save testing method and on the other hand, the same DT can be used by researchers and testers in facilities that do not have a test-bench at their disposal.

Published
2019

50. Weighted control of traction drives with parallel-connected AC machines

Author

Bouscayrol, Alain, Pietrzak-David, Maria, Delarue, Phillipe, Pena-Eguiluz, Rosendo, Vidal, Paul-Etienne, and Kestelyn, Xavier

Subjects
Alternating current electric motors -- Research, Control systems -- Research, Railroads -- Research, Business, Computers, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

AC machines supplied in parallel by a common voltage source inverter are sometimes used in industrial drives and railway traction applications. This reduction of power and control electronics leads to a reduction of cost, weight, and dimensions that is very useful for on-board systems. But this common supply imposes common voltages to all machines and the possibilities of independent behavior are reduced. In this paper, a graphical modeling is suggested to model such parallel drives for a railway application. A weighted control is then systematically deduced from this modeling and different possibilities of control are highlighted. Experimental results are provided to compare two of the deduced controls. Index Terms--AC motor drives, control systems, railways, traction motor drives, variable-speed drives.

Published
2006

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