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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is evidence of bilateral upper limb strength deficits in individuals with unilateral lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET)., Methods: The electronic databases Medline via Ovid, PubMed, and Scopus were searched from inception to March 2020. Included studies encompassed maximal strength outcomes of any upper limb and appendicular musculature in individuals with LET and an asymptomatic comparator. Study quality was rated using a modified version of the Epidemiological Appraisal Instrument. Hedges g effect sizes (ES) and 95% CIs were calculated for comparisons of maximal strength in the LET group and an asymptomatic control group. Meta-analysis using a random-effects model was performed when possible., Results: Fourteen studies were included. Quality appraisal resulted in a mean Epidemiological Appraisal Instrument score of 46% (SD = 10%). Meta-analysis revealed strength deficits in shoulder abduction (pooled ES = -0.37 [95% CI = -0.62 to -0.12]) and shoulder external rotation (pooled ES = -0.55 [95% CI = -0.83 to -0.28]) of the symptomatic limb compared with an asymptomatic control group. Meta-analysis also revealed maximal strength deficits in the upper trapezius (pooled ES = -0.26 [95% CI = -0.49 to -0.02]) of the asymptomatic limb compared with an asymptomatic control group. There was also consistent evidence for strength deficits in the serratus anterior, lower trapezius, and wrist extensor muscles and deficits in grip strength of the symptomatic limb as well as strength deficits in the wrist extensor muscles of the asymptomatic limb in individuals with unilateral LET., Conclusion: In individuals with LET, there were maximal strength deficits in shoulder abduction, shoulder external rotation, serratus anterior and lower trapezius muscles, and wrist extension, as well as deficits in grip strength of the symptomatic limb compared with an asymptomatic control group. In addition, there appeared to be strength deficits in the upper trapezius muscle, wrist extension, and metacarpophalangeal joint flexion and extension, as well as deficits in grip strength of the asymptomatic limb in individuals with LET compared with an asymptomatic control group. These results suggest bilateral strength deficits., Impact: These findings highlight the importance of a thorough physical examination and appropriate strengthening intervention for the upper limb with a focus on shoulder and scapular stabilizers, in addition to forearm muscles, in individuals with LET., Lay Summary: In people with tennis elbow, widespread strength deficits, including weakness of the shoulder, forearm, and wrist muscles, may exist. Interestingly, some of these weaknesses appear on both the affected and the unaffected sides in people with tennis elbow. A physical therapist can help strengthen these areas., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Physical Therapy Association. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

We present a range-wide assessment of sympatric western lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla and central chimpanzees Pan troglodytes troglodytes using the largest survey data set ever assembled for these taxa: 59 sites in five countries surveyed between 2003 and 2013, totaling 61,000 person-days of fieldwork. We used spatial modeling to investigate major drivers of great ape distribution and population trends. We predicted density across each taxon's geographic range, allowing us to estimate overall abundance: 361,900 gorillas and 128,700 chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa-substantially higher than previous estimates. These two subspecies represent close to 99% of all gorillas and one-third of all chimpanzees. Annual population decline of gorillas was estimated at 2.7%, maintaining them as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List. We quantified the threats to each taxon, of which the three greatest were poaching, disease, and habitat degradation. Gorillas and chimpanzees are found at higher densities where forest is intact, wildlife laws are enforced, human influence is low, and disease impacts have been low. Strategic use of the results of these analyses could conserve the majority of gorillas and chimpanzees. With around 80% of both subspecies occurring outside protected areas, their conservation requires reinforcement of anti-poaching efforts both inside and outside protected areas (particularly where habitat quality is high and human impact is low), diligent disease control measures (including training, advocacy, and research into Ebola virus disease), and the preservation of high-quality habitat through integrated land-use planning and implementation of best practices by the extractive and agricultural industries.

African forest elephants- taxonomically and functionally unique-are being poached at accelerating rates, but we lack range-wide information on the repercussions. Analysis of the largest survey dataset ever assembled for forest elephants (80 foot-surveys; covering 13,000 km; 91,600 person-days of fieldwork) revealed that population size declined by ca. 62% between 2002-2011, and the taxon lost 30% of its geographical range. The population is now less than 10% of its potential size, occupying less than 25% of its potential range. High human population density, hunting intensity, absence of law enforcement, poor governance, and proximity to expanding infrastructure are the strongest predictors of decline. To save the remaining African forest elephants, illegal poaching for ivory and encroachment into core elephant habitat must be stopped. In addition, the international demand for ivory, which fuels illegal trade, must be dramatically reduced.