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3. OS-092 Targeting cellular cathepsins inhibits hepatitis E virus infection

Author

Klöhn, Mara, primary, Burkard, Thomas, additional, Janzen, Juliana, additional, Schrader, Jil Alexandra, additional, Gömer, André, additional, Brown, Richard, additional, Fu, Rebecca, additional, Thi, Viet Loan Dao, additional, Kinast, Volker, additional, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, and Steinmann, Eike, additional

Published
2024
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5. Targeting cellular cathepsins inhibits hepatitis E virus entry

Author

Klöhn, Mara, primary, Burkard, Thomas, additional, Janzen, Juliana, additional, Haase, Jil Alexandra, additional, Gömer, André, additional, Fu, Rebecca, additional, Ssebyatika, George, additional, Nocke, Maximilian K., additional, Brown, Richard J. P., additional, Krey, Thomas, additional, Dao Thi, Viet Loan, additional, Kinast, Volker, additional, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, and Steinmann, Eike, additional

Published
2024
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6. Robust hepatitis E virus infection and transcriptional response in human hepatocytes

Author

Todt, Daniel, Friesland, Martina, Moeller, Nora, Praditya, Dimas, Kinast, Volker, Brüggemann, Yannick, Knegendorf, Leonard, Burkard, Thomas, Steinmann, Joerg, Burm, Rani, Verhoye, Lieven, Wahid, Avista, Meister, Toni Luise, Engelmann, Michael, Pfankuche, Vanessa M., Puff, Christina, Vondran, Florian W. R., Baumgärtner, Wolfgang, Meuleman, Philip, Behrendt, Patrick, and Steinmann, Eike

Published
2020

9. Halogenated rocaglate derivatives : pan-antiviral agents against hepatitis E virus and emerging viruses

Author

Victoria, Catherine, Schulz, Göran, Klöhn, Mara, Weber, Saskia, Holicki, Cora M., Brüggemann, Yannick, Becker, Miriam, Gerold, Gisa, Eiden, Martin, Groschup, Martin H., Steinmann, Eike, Kirschning, Andreas, Victoria, Catherine, Schulz, Göran, Klöhn, Mara, Weber, Saskia, Holicki, Cora M., Brüggemann, Yannick, Becker, Miriam, Gerold, Gisa, Eiden, Martin, Groschup, Martin H., Steinmann, Eike, and Kirschning, Andreas

Abstract

The synthesis of a library of halogenated rocaglate derivatives belonging to the flavagline class of natural products, of which silvestrol is the most prominent example, is reported. Their antiviral activity and cytotoxicity profile against a wide range of pathogenic viruses, including hepatitis E, Chikungunya, Rift Valley Fever virus and SARS-CoV-2, were determined. The incorporation of halogen substituents at positions 4′, 6 and 8 was shown to have a significant effect on the antiviral activity of rocaglates, some of which even showed enhanced activity compared to CR-31-B and silvestrol.

Published
2024
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10. Unraveling the dynamics of hepatitis C virus adaptive mutations and their impact on antiviral responses in primary human hepatocytes

Author

Frericks, Nicola, primary, Brown, Richard J. P., additional, Reinecke, Birthe M., additional, Herrmann, Maike, additional, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, Miskey, Csaba, additional, Vondran, Florian W. R., additional, Steinmann, Eike, additional, Pietschmann, Thomas, additional, and Sheldon, Julie, additional

Published
2024
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11. Halogenated Rocaglate Derivatives: Pan-antiviral Agents against Hepatitis E Virus and Emerging Viruses

Author

Victoria, Catherine, primary, Schulz, Göran, additional, Klöhn, Mara, additional, Weber, Saskia, additional, Holicki, Cora M., additional, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Becker, Miriam, additional, Gerold, Gisa, additional, Eiden, Martin, additional, Groschup, Martin H., additional, Steinmann, Eike, additional, and Kirschning, Andreas, additional

Published
2023
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13. Stability of pathogens on banknotes and coins: A narrative review.

Author

Meister, Toni Luise, Kirchhoff, Lisa, Brüggemann, Yannick, Todt, Daniel, Steinmann, Joerg, and Steinmann, Eike

Subjects
COINS, PATHOGENIC microorganisms, COMMUNICABLE diseases, SURFACE area, PREVENTIVE medicine
Abstract

For the prevention of infectious diseases, knowledge about potential transmission routes is essential. Pathogens can be transmitted directly (i.e. respiratory droplets, hand‐to‐hand contact) or indirectly via contaminated surfaces (fomites). In particular, frequently touched objects/surfaces may serve as transmission vehicles for different clinically relevant bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. Banknotes and coins offer ample surface area and are frequently exchanged between individuals. Consequently, many concerns have been raised in the recent past, that banknotes and coins could serve as vectors for the transmission of disease‐causing microorganisms. This review summarizes the latest research on the potential of paper currency and coins to serve as sources of pathogenic viral, bacterial, and fungal agents. In contrast to the current perception of banknotes and coins as important transmission vehicles, current evidence suggests, that banknotes and coins do not pose a particular risk of pathogen infection for the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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15. Halogenated Rocaglate Derivatives: Pan-antiviral Agents against Hepatitis E Virus and Emerging Viruses

Author

Victoria, Catherine, Schulz, Göran, Klöhn, Mara, Weber, Saskia, Holicki, Cora M., Brüggemann, Yannick, Becker, Miriam, Gerold, Gisa, Eiden, Martin, Groschup, Martin H., Steinmann, Eike, Kirschning, Andreas, Victoria, Catherine, Schulz, Göran, Klöhn, Mara, Weber, Saskia, Holicki, Cora M., Brüggemann, Yannick, Becker, Miriam, Gerold, Gisa, Eiden, Martin, Groschup, Martin H., Steinmann, Eike, and Kirschning, Andreas

Abstract

The synthesis of a library of halogenated rocaglate derivatives belonging to the flavagline class of natural products, of which silvestrol is the most prominent example, is reported. Their antiviral activity and cytotoxicity profile against a wide range of pathogenic viruses, including hepatitis E, Chikungunya, Rift Valley Fever virus and SARS-CoV-2, were determined. The incorporation of halogen substituents at positions 4′, 6 and 8 was shown to have a significant effect on the antiviral activity of rocaglates, some of which even showed enhanced activity compared to CR-31-B and silvestrol.

Published
2023

16. EGF receptor modulates HEV entry in human hepatocytes

Author

Schrader, Jil A., primary, Burkard, Thomas L., additional, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Gömer, André, additional, Meister, Toni L., additional, Fu, Rebecca M., additional, Mehnert, Ann-Kathrin, additional, Dao Thi, Viet L., additional, Behrendt, Patrick, additional, Durantel, David, additional, Broering, Ruth, additional, Vondran, Florian W. R., additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, Kinast, Volker, additional, and Steinmann, Eike, additional

Published
2023
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19. Infection of young foals with Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis following a fatal non-biologic case of Theiler’s disease

Author

Meister, Toni Luise, primary, Arroyo, Luis G., additional, Shanahan, Rachel, additional, Papapetrou, Maria A., additional, Reinecke, Birthe, additional, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, Stang, Alexander, additional, Hazlett, Murray, additional, Baird, John D., additional, and Steinmann, Eike, additional

Published
2022
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21. A ribavirin-induced ORF2 single-nucleotide variant produces defective hepatitis E virus particles with immune decoy function

Author

Meister, Toni Luise, primary, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Nocke, Maximilian K., additional, Ulrich, Rainer G., additional, Schuhenn, Jonas, additional, Sutter, Kathrin, additional, Gömer, André, additional, Bader, Verian, additional, Winklhofer, Konstanze F., additional, Broering, Ruth, additional, Verhoye, Lieven, additional, Meuleman, Philip, additional, Vondran, Florian W. R., additional, Camuzet, Charline, additional, Cocquerel, Laurence, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, and Steinmann, Eike, additional

Published
2022
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25. Low Risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission by Fomites: A Clinical Observational Study in Highly Infectious Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients

Author

Meister, Toni Luise, primary, Dreismeier, Marielen, additional, Blanco, Elena Vidal, additional, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Heinen, Natalie, additional, Kampf, Günter, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, additional, Steinmann, Jörg, additional, Schmidt, Wolfgang Ekkehard, additional, Steinmann, Eike, additional, Quast, Daniel Robert, additional, and Pfaender, Stephanie, additional

Published
2022
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26. Hepatitis E virus is highly resistant to alcohol-based disinfectants

Author

Behrendt, Patrick, primary, Friesland, Martina, additional, Wißmann, Jan-Erik, additional, Kinast, Volker, additional, Stahl, Yannick, additional, Praditya, Dimas, additional, Hueffner, Lucas, additional, Nörenberg, Pia Maria, additional, Bremer, Birgit, additional, Maasoumy, Benjamin, additional, Steinmann, Jochen, additional, Becker, Britta, additional, Paulmann, Dajana, additional, Brill, Florian H.H., additional, Steinmann, Joerg, additional, Ulrich, Rainer G., additional, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Wedemeyer, Heiner, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, and Steinmann, Eike, additional

Published
2022
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27. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by fomites: a clinical observational study in highly infectious COVID-19 patients

Author

Meister, Toni Luise, primary, Dreismeier, Marielen, additional, Blanco, Elena Vidal, additional, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Heinen, Natalie, additional, Kampf, Günter, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, additional, Steinmann, Jörg, additional, Schmidt, Wolfgang Ekkehard, additional, Steinmann, Eike, additional, Quast, Daniel Robert, additional, and Pfaender, Stephanie, additional

Published
2022
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28. Viral Interference of Hepatitis C and E Virus Replication in Novel Experimental Co-Infection Systems

Author

Burkard, Thomas, primary, Proske, Nora, additional, Resner, Kathrin, additional, Collignon, Laura, additional, Knegendorf, Leonard, additional, Friesland, Martina, additional, Verhoye, Lieven, additional, Sayed, Ibrahim M., additional, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Nocke, Maximilian K., additional, Behrendt, Patrick, additional, Wedemeyer, Heiner, additional, Meuleman, Philip, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, and Steinmann, Eike, additional

Published
2022
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29. A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies interactors of the autophagy pathway as conserved coronavirus targets

Author

Kratzel, Annika, primary, Kelly, Jenna N., additional, V’kovski, Philip, additional, Portmann, Jasmine, additional, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, Ebert, Nadine, additional, Shrestha, Neeta, additional, Plattet, Philippe, additional, Staab-Weijnitz, Claudia A., additional, von Brunn, Albrecht, additional, Steinmann, Eike, additional, Dijkman, Ronald, additional, Zimmer, Gert, additional, Pfaender, Stephanie, additional, and Thiel, Volker, additional

Published
2021
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31. Beyond the usual suspects

Author

Klöhn, Mara, Schrader, Jil Alexandra, Brüggemann, Yannick (Dr. rer. nat.), Todt, Daniel Matthias (Dr. rer. nat.), and Steinmann, Eike (Prof. Dr. rer. nat.)

Abstract

Hepatitis E virus infections are the leading cause of viral hepatitis in humans, contributing to an estimated 3.3 million symptomatic cases and almost 44,000 deaths annually. Recently, HEV infections have been found to result in chronic liver infection and cirrhosis in severely immunocompromised patients, suggesting the possibility of HEV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. While HEV-associated formation of HCC has rarely been reported, the expansion of HEV's clinical spectrum and the increasing evidence of chronic HEV infections raise questions about the connection between HEV and HCC. The present review summarizes current clinical evidence of the relationship between HEV and HCC and discusses mechanisms of virus-induced HCC development with regard to HEV pathogenesis. We further elucidate why the development of HEV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma has so rarely been observed and provide an outlook on possible experimental set-ups to study the relationship between HEV and HCC formation.

Published
2021

32. Clinical Course of Infection and Cross-Species Detection of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis

Author

Reinecke, Birthe, Klöhn, Mara, Brüggemann, Yannick, Kinast, Volker, Todt, Daniel, Stang, Alexander, Badenhorst, Marcha, Koeppel, Katja, Guthrie, Alan, Groner, Ursula, Puff, Christina, Roi, Madeleine de le, Baumgärtner, Wolfgang, Cavalleri, Jessika-M. V., Steinmann, Eike, and TWINCORE, Zentrum für experimentelle und klinische Infektionsforschung GmbH,Feodor-Lynen Str. 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany.

Subjects
persistent viremia, Biopsy, equine parvovirus hepatitis, phylogeny, hepatopathy, Microbiology, Article, QR1-502, Cohort Studies, Parvoviridae Infections, Parvovirus, Theiler’s disease, Liver, Hepatitis, Viral, Animal, DNA, Viral, Animals, Horse Diseases, Persistent Infection, Horses, Longitudinal Studies, Viremia, ddc:610
Abstract

Since its first discovery by Arnold Theiler in 1918, serum hepatitis also known as Theiler’s disease has been reported worldwide, causing idiopathic acute hepatitis and liver failure in horses. Recent studies have suggested a novel parvovirus, named equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H), to be associated with Theiler’s disease. Despite the severity and potential fatality of EqPV-H infection, little is known about the possibility of developing chronic infections and putative cross-species infection of equine sister species. In the present longitudinal study, we employed qPCR analysis, serology, and biochemical testing as well as pathology examination of liver biopsies and sequence analysis to investigate potential chronic EqPV-H infection in an isolated study cohort of in total 124 horses from Germany over five years (2013–2018). Importantly, our data suggest that EqPV-H viremia can become chronic in infected horses that do not show biochemical and pathological signs of liver disease. Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood model also confirms high sequence similarity and nucleotide conservation of the multidomain nuclear phosphoprotein NS1 sequences from equine serum samples collected between 2013–2018. Moreover, by examining human, zebra, and donkey sera for the presence of EqPV-H DNA and VP1 capsid protein antibodies, we found evidence for cross-species infection in donkey, but not to human and zebra. In conclusion, this study provides proof for the occurrence of persistent EqPV-H infection in asymptomatic horses and cross-species EqPV-H detection in donkeys.

Published
2021

34. Students in Dormitories Were Not Major Drivers of the Pandemic during Winter Term 2020/2021: A Cohort Study with RT-PCR and Antibody Surveillance in a German University City

Author

Torres Reyes, Christian Rafael, primary, Steinmann, Eike, additional, Timmesfeld, Nina, additional, Trampisch, Hans-Joachim, additional, Stein, Julien, additional, Schütte, Christian, additional, Skrygan, Marina, additional, Meyer, Thomas, additional, Sakinc-Güler, Türkan, additional, Schlottmann, Renate, additional, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, Walker, Andreas, additional, Lübke, Nadine, additional, Quast, Daniel Robert, additional, and Schmidt, Wolfgang Ekkehard, additional

Published
2021
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36. Persistence of pathogens on inanimate surfaces

Author

Wißmann, Jan Erik, Kirchhoff, Lisa, Brüggemann, Yannick (Dr. rer. nat.), Todt, Daniel Matthias (Dr. rer. nat.), Steinmann, Jörg Helmut (Prof. Dr. med.), and Steinmann, Eike (Prof. Dr. rer. nat.)

Subjects
ddc:610
Abstract

For the prevention of infectious diseases, knowledge about transmission routes is essential. In addition to respiratory, fecal–oral, and sexual transmission, the transfer of pathogens via surfaces plays a vital role for human pathogenic infections - especially nosocomial pathogens. Therefore, information about the survival of pathogens on surfaces can have direct implications on clinical measures, including hygiene guidelines and disinfection strategies. In this review, we reviewed the existing literature regarding viral, bacterial, and fungal persistence on inanimate surfaces. In particular, the current knowledge of the survival time and conditions of clinically relevant pathogens is summarized. While many pathogens persist only for hours, common nosocomial pathogens can survive for days to weeks under laboratory conditions and thereby potentially form a continuous source of transmission if no adequate inactivation procedures are performed

Published
2021

37. A realistic transfer method reveals low risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via contaminated euro coins and banknotes

Author

Hydrogeology, Environmental hydrogeology, Todt, Daniel, Meister, Toni Luise, Tamele, Barbora, Howes, John, Paulmann, Dajana, Becker, Britta, Brill, Florian H., Wind, Mark, Schijven, Jack, Heinen, Natalie, Kinast, Volker, Mhlekude, Baxolele, Goffinet, Christine, Krawczyk, Adalbert, Steinmann, Jörg, Pfaender, Stephanie, Brüggemann, Yannick, Steinmann, Eike, Hydrogeology, Environmental hydrogeology, Todt, Daniel, Meister, Toni Luise, Tamele, Barbora, Howes, John, Paulmann, Dajana, Becker, Britta, Brill, Florian H., Wind, Mark, Schijven, Jack, Heinen, Natalie, Kinast, Volker, Mhlekude, Baxolele, Goffinet, Christine, Krawczyk, Adalbert, Steinmann, Jörg, Pfaender, Stephanie, Brüggemann, Yannick, and Steinmann, Eike

Published
2021

39. Comparable Environmental Stability and Disinfection Profiles of the Currently Circulating SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern B.1.1.7 and B.1.351

Author

Meister, Toni Luise, primary, Fortmann, Jill, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, Heinen, Natalie, additional, Ludwig, Alfred, additional, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Elsner, Carina, additional, Dittmer, Ulf, additional, Steinmann, Joerg, additional, Pfaender, Stephanie, additional, and Steinmann, Eike, additional

Published
2021
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40. A realistic touch-transfer method reveals low risk of transmission for SARS-CoV-2 by contaminated coins and bank notes

Author

Todt, Daniel, primary, Meister, Toni Luise, additional, Tamele, Barbora, additional, Howes, John, additional, Paulmann, Dajana, additional, Becker, Britta, additional, Brill, Florian H., additional, Wind, Mark, additional, Schijven, Jack, additional, Mhlekude, Baxolele, additional, Goffinet, Christine, additional, Krawczyk, Adalbert, additional, Steinmann, Jörg, additional, Pfaender, Stephanie, additional, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, and Steinmann, Eike, additional

Published
2021
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43. Reply to Lamarca et al

Author

Meister, Toni Luise, primary, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, Pfaender, Stephanie, additional, and Steinmann, Eike, additional

Published
2020
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44. Erratum to: Virucidal Efficacy of Different Oral Rinses Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Author

Meister, Toni Luise, primary, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, Conzelmann, Carina, additional, Müller, Janis A, additional, Groß, Rüdiger, additional, Münch, Jan, additional, Krawczyk, Adalbert, additional, Steinmann, Jörg, additional, Steinmann, Jochen, additional, Pfaender, Stephanie, additional, and Steinmann, Eike, additional

Published
2020
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45. Virucidal Efficacy of Different Oral Rinses Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Author

Meister, Toni Luise, primary, Brüggemann, Yannick, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, Conzelmann, Carina, additional, Müller, Janis A, additional, Groß, Rüdiger, additional, Münch, Jan, additional, Krawczyk, Adalbert, additional, Steinmann, Jörg, additional, Steinmann, Jochen, additional, Pfaender, Stephanie, additional, and Steinmann, Eike, additional

Published
2020
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48. Characterization of Equine Parvovirus in Thoroughbred Breeding Horses from Germany

Author

Meister, Toni Luise (M. Sc.), Tegtmeyer, Birthe, Brüggemann, Yannick (Dr. rer. nat.), Sieme, Harald (Prof. Dr. med. vet.), Feige, Karsten (Prof. Dr.), Todt, Daniel Matthias (Dr. rer. nat.), Stang, Alexander (Dr. rer. nat.), Cavalleri, Jessika (Dr. med. vet.), Steinmann, Eike (Prof. Dr. rer. nat.), and TWINCORE, Zentrum für experimentelle und klinische Infektionsforschung GmbH,Feodor-Lynen Str. 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany.

Subjects
Male, equine parvovirus-hepatitis, Age Factors, lcsh:QR1-502, transmission, Breeding, Antibodies, Viral, germany, Article, lcsh:Microbiology, Parvoviridae Infections, Parvovirus, Hepatitis, Viral, Animal, Germany, Prevalence, Animals, risk factors, Female, Horse Diseases, Horses, Phylogeny
Abstract

An equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has been recently identified in association with equine serum hepatitis, also known as Theiler’s disease. The disease was first described by Arnold Theiler in 1918 and is often observed with parenteral use of blood products in equines. However, natural ways of viral circulation and potential risk factors for transmission still remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of EqPV-H infections in Thoroughbred horses in northern and western Germany and aimed to identify potential risk factors associated with viral infections. A total of 392 Thoroughbreds broodmares and stallions were evaluated cross-sectionally for the presence of anti-EqPV-H antibodies and EqPV-H DNA using a luciferase immunoprecipitation assay (LIPS) and a quantitative PCR, respectively. In addition, data regarding age, stud farm, breeding history, and international transportation history of each horse were collected and analysed. An occurrence of 7% EqPV-H DNA positive and 35% seropositive horses was observed in this study cohort. The systematic analysis of risk factors revealed that age, especially in the group of 11−15-year-old horses, and breeding history were potential risk factors that can influence the rate of EqPV-H infections. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed a high similarity on nucleotide level within the sequenced Thoroughbred samples. In conclusion, this study demonstrates circulating EqPV-H infections in Thoroughbred horses from central Europe and revealed age and breeding history as risk factors for EqPV-H infections.

Published
2019

49. Vesicular trafficking dynamics enable context-dependent regulation of ErbB receptor activity and signaling

Author

Brüggemann, Yannick, Bastiaens, Philippe, and Musacchio, Andrea

Subjects
Zelle, Erk, Context-dependency, ErbB
Abstract

The ErbB signaling network comprises a complex dynamic system, which regulates a diverse set of cellular behaviors. In this thesis, we examined how regulating the distribution of ErbB receptors between the plasma membrane and different endosomal compartments enables contextual regulation of receptor activity and signaling. In the first part of this work, we investigated how spatial regulation of EGFR controls its autocatalytic activity. We found that autonomously activated and EGF activated receptors are processed differently by the endocytic machinery. Constitutive vesicular recycling through perinuclear areas with high PTP1B phosphatase activity suppresses autonomous receptor activation in the absence of ligand, while maintaining EGFR abundance at the PM. In contrast, EGF binding enhances EGFR self-association and phosphorylation of the c-Cbl docking tyrosine Y1045, which results in receptor ubiquitination, internalization and lysosomal degradation. The coupling of EGFR self-association state, ubiquitination and vesicular dynamics thereby allows for the coexistence of a continuous safeguard cycle, while maintaining sensitivity to growth factor stimulation.In the second part of this work, we examined how ligand-specific ErbB receptor trafficking determines Erk signaling dynamics and localization. We found that EGF or heregulin (HRG) differentially modulate ErbB receptor trafficking to generate distinct spatiotemporal patterns of receptor activities, leading to the activation of Erk from different subcellular compartments (plasma membrane and endosomes). The subcellular localization of Erk activation influences its interaction with different effector proteins and thereby generates ligand-specific cellular responses. Proliferative Erk signals are transmitted to the nucleus, irrespective of their spatial origin, while the Erk dependent phosphorylation of pro-migratory effectors relies on membrane proximal Erk activity. Collectively our findings highlight how vesicular dynamics enable context dependent spatial regulation of ErbB activity and downstream signaling events.

Published
2018
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50. Potential sources, modes of transmission and effectiveness of prevention measures against SARS-CoV-2.

Author

Kampf, G., Brüggemann, Y., Kaba, H.E.J., Steinmann, J., Pfaender, S., Scheithauer, S., Steinmann, E., Kampf, Günter, Brüggemann, Yannick, Kaba, Hani E J, Steinmann, Joerg, Pfaender, Stephanie, Scheithauer, Simone, and Steinmann, Eike

Abstract

During the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic new studies are emerging daily providing novel information about sources, transmission risks and possible prevention measures. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize the current evidence on possible sources for SARS-CoV-2, including evaluation of transmission risks and effectiveness of applied prevention measures. Next to symptomatic patients, asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic carriers are a possible source with respiratory secretions as the most likely cause for viral transmission. Air and inanimate surfaces may be sources; however, viral RNA has been inconsistently detected. Similarly, even though SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected on or in personal protective equipment (PPE), blood, urine, eyes, the gastrointestinal tract and pets, these sources are currently thought to play a negligible role for transmission. Finally, various prevention measures such as handwashing, hand disinfection, face masks, gloves, surface disinfection or physical distancing for the healthcare setting and in public are analysed for their expected protective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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