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24 results on '"Bradley, Michael T."'

1. Craving/Carving a sacred space : a study of religion on Stone Mountain

Author

Bradley, Michael T.

Subjects
263, BR Christianity
Abstract

Drawing upon the tools of spatial analysis, this study examines varieties of sacred space crafted at Stone Mountain Park, near Atlanta, Georgia. The focus on spatial aspects of religious practices at Stone Mountain grounds three over-arching methodological objectives of the thesis. The first is to further develop and extend spatial analysis within the academic study of religion. The second objective is to illustrate the need to expand the parameters of the contested term religion and its correlate sacred space to reflect the variety of social practices that fall outside the domains of traditionally conceived religious or sacred structures and locations. The third objective is to explore connecting threads between spatial analysis of religious practices and religious identity formation. Taken together, these three objectives provide an interpretative framework for five case studies examining the spatial history of the location, the emplacement of the Lost cause mythology at the site, differences between the decades old Easter sunrise service, and a more recent Via Crucis pilgrimage on Good Friday, the emergence of contemporary New Age spiritual practices on the monadnock, and the cultivation of a corporate religion during an extended Christmas holiday season marketed at the park. The project concludes with an exploration of areas of convergence between spatial analysis in religious studies and consideration of the relevance of place to religious identity formation.

Published
2018

2. Interpreting Effect Size Estimates through Graphic Analysis of Raw Data Distributions

Author

Bradley, Michael T., Brand, Andrew, MacNeill, A. Luke, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Goebel, Randy, editor, Siekmann, Jörg, editor, Wahlster, Wolfgang, editor, Cox, Philip, editor, Plimmer, Beryl, editor, and Rodgers, Peter, editor

Published
2012
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3. Accuracy of effect size estimates from published psychological research

Author

Brand, Andrew, Bradley, Michael T., Best, Lisa A., and George, Stoica

Subjects
Monte Carlo method -- Usage, Effect size -- Analysis, Psychological research -- Analysis, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

A Monte-Carlo simulation was used to model the biasing of effect sizes in published studies. The findings from the simulation indicate that, when a predominant bias to publish studies with statistically significant results is coupled with inadequate statistical power, there will be an overestimation of effect sizes. The consequences such an effect size overestimation will then have on meta-analyses and power analyses are highlighted and discussed along with measures which can be taken to reduce the problem.

Published
2008

5. Craving / Carving a sacred space : a study of religion on Stone Mountain.

Author

Bradley, Michael T. and Bradley, Michael T.

Abstract

Drawing upon the tools of spatial analysis, this study examines varieties of sacred space crafted at Stone Mountain Park, near Atlanta, Georgia. The focus on spatial aspects of religious practices at Stone Mountain grounds three over-arching methodological objectives of the thesis. The first is to further develop and extend spatial analysis within the academic study of religion. The second objective is to illustrate the need to expand the parameters of the contested term religion and its correlate sacred space to reflect the variety of social practices that fall outside the domains of traditionally conceived religious or sacred structures and locations. The third objective is to explore connecting threads between spatial analysis of religious practices and religious identity formation. Taken together, these three objectives provide an interpretative framework for five case studies examining the spatial history of the location, the emplacement of the Lost cause mythology at the site, differences between the decades old Easter sunrise service, and a more recent Via Crucis pilgrimage on Good Friday, the emergence of contemporary New Age spiritual practices on the monadnock, and the cultivation of a corporate religion during an extended Christmas holiday season marketed at the park. The project concludes with an exploration of areas of convergence between spatial analysis in religious studies and consideration of the relevance of place to religious identity formation.

Published
2018

6. Manipulating the alpha level cannot cure significance testing

Author

Trafimow, David, Amrhein, Valentin, Areshenkoff, Corson N., Barrera-Causil, Carlos J., Beh, Eric J., Bilgiç, Yusuf K., Bono Cabré, Roser, Bradley, Michael T., Briggs, William M., Cepeda-Freyre, Héctor A., Chaigneau, Sergio E., Ciocca, Daniel R., Correa, Juan Carlos, de Boer, Michiel R., Dhar, Subhra Sankar, Dolgov, Igor, Gómez Benito, Juana, Grendar, Marian, Grice, James W., Guerrero Giménez, Martín E., Gutiérrez, Andrés, Huedo-Medina, Tania B., Jaffe, Klaus, Janyan, Armina, Karimnezhad, Ali, Korner-Nievergelt, Fränzi, Kosugi, Koji, Lachmair, Martin, Ledesma, Rubén D., Limongi, Roberto, Liuzza, Marco Tullio, Lombardo, Rosaria, Marks, Michael, Meinlschmidt, Gunther, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, Nguyen, Hung T., Ospina, Raydonal, Pérez-González, José D., Pfister, Roland, Rahona, Juan José, and Cousineau, Denis

Subjects
Statistical hypothesis testing, Tests d'hipòtesi (Estadística)
Abstract

We argue that depending on p-values to reject null hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level for statistical significance from .05 to .005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science. Given that blanket and variable criterion levels both are problematic, it is sensible to dispense with significance testing altogether. There are alternatives that address study design and determining sample sizes much more directly than significance testing does; but none of the statistical tools should replace significance testing as the new magic method giving clear-cut mechanical answers. Inference should not be based on single studies at all, but on cumulative evidence from multiple independent studies. When evaluating the strength of the evidence, we should consider, for example, auxiliary assumptions, the strength of the experimental design, or implications for applications. To boil all this down to a binary decision based on a p-value threshold of .05, .01, .005, or anything else, is not acceptable.

Published
2017

7. Manipulating the alpha level cannot cure significance testing

Author

Trafimow, David, primary, Amrhein, Valentin, additional, Areshenkoff, Corson N., additional, Barrera-Causil, Carlos, additional, Beh, Eric J., additional, Bilgiç, Yusuf, additional, Bono, Roser, additional, Bradley, Michael T., additional, Briggs, William M., additional, Cepeda-Freyre, Héctor A., additional, Chaigneau, Sergio E., additional, Ciocca, Daniel R., additional, Carlos Correa, Juan, additional, Cousineau, Denis, additional, de Boer, Michiel R., additional, Dhar, Subhra Sankar, additional, Dolgov, Igor, additional, Gómez-Benito, Juana, additional, Grendar, Marian, additional, Grice, James, additional, Guerrero-Gimenez, Martin E., additional, Gutiérrez, Andrés, additional, Huedo-Medina, Tania B., additional, Jaffe, Klaus, additional, Janyan, Armina, additional, Karimnezhad, Ali, additional, Korner-Nievergelt, Fränzi, additional, Kosugi, Koji, additional, Lachmair, Martin, additional, Ledesma, Rubén, additional, Limongi, Roberto, additional, Liuzza, Marco Tullio, additional, Lombardo, Rosaria, additional, Marks, Michael, additional, Meinlschmidt, Gunther, additional, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, additional, Nguyen, Hung T., additional, Ospina, Raydonal, additional, Perezgonzalez, Jose D., additional, Pfister, Roland, additional, Rahona, Juan José, additional, Rodríguez-Medina, David A., additional, Romão, Xavier, additional, Ruiz-Fernández, Susana, additional, Suarez, Isabel, additional, Tegethoff, Marion, additional, Tejo, Mauricio, additional, van de Schoot, Rens, additional, Vankov, Ivan, additional, Velasco-Forero, Santiago, additional, Wang, Tonghui, additional, Yamada, Yuki, additional, Zoppino, Felipe C., additional, and Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando, additional

Published
2018
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8. Manipulating the alpha level cannot cure significance testing – comments on "Redefine statistical significance"

Author

Trafimow, David, primary, Amrhein, Valentin, additional, Areshenkoff, Corson N., additional, Barrera-Causil, Carlos, additional, Beh, Eric J., additional, Bilgiç, Yusuf, additional, Bono, Roser, additional, Bradley, Michael T., additional, Briggs, William M., additional, Cepeda-Freyre, Héctor A., additional, Chaigneau, Sergio E., additional, Ciocca, Daniel R., additional, Carlos Correa, Juan, additional, Cousineau, Denis, additional, de Boer, Michiel R., additional, Dhar, Subhra Sankar, additional, Dolgov, Igor, additional, Gómez-Benito, Juana, additional, Grendar, Marian, additional, Grice, James, additional, Guerrero-Gimenez, Martin E., additional, Gutiérrez, Andrés, additional, Huedo-Medina, Tania B., additional, Jaffe, Klaus, additional, Janyan, Armina, additional, Karimnezhad, Ali, additional, Korner-Nievergelt, Fränzi, additional, Kosugi, Koji, additional, Lachmair, Martin, additional, Ledesma, Rubén, additional, Limongi, Roberto, additional, Liuzza, Marco Tullio, additional, Lombardo, Rosaria, additional, Marks, Michael, additional, Meinlschmidt, Gunther, additional, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, additional, Nguyen, Hung T., additional, Ospina, Raydonal, additional, Perezgonzalez, Jose D., additional, Pfister, Roland, additional, Rahona, Juan José, additional, Rodríguez-Medina, David A., additional, Romão, Xavier, additional, Ruiz-Fernández, Susana, additional, Suarez, Isabel, additional, Tegethoff, Marion, additional, Tejo, Mauricio, additional, van de Schoot, Rens, additional, Vankov, Ivan, additional, Velasco-Forero, Santiago, additional, Wang, Tonghui, additional, Yamada, Yuki, additional, Zoppino, Felipe C., additional, and Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando, additional

Published
2017
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14. Manipulating the Alpha Level Cannot Cure Significance Testing.

Author

Trafimow, David, Amrhein, Valentin, Areshenkoff, Corson N., Barrera-Causil, Carlos J., Beh, Eric J., Bilgiç, Yusuf K., Bono, Roser, Bradley, Michael T., Briggs, William M., Cepeda-Freyre, Héctor A., Chaigneau, Sergio E., Ciocca, Daniel R., Correa, Juan C., Cousineau, Denis, de Boer, Michiel R., Dhar, Subhra S., Dolgov, Igor, Gómez-Benito, Juana, Grendar, Marian, and Grice, James W.

Subjects
STATISTICAL hypothesis testing, P-value (Statistics), DECISION making & psychology, INFERENTIAL statistics, EXPERIMENTAL psychology
Published
2018
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20. Control Question Tests by Police and Laboratory Polygraph Operators on a Mock Crime and Real Events.

Author

NEW BRUNSWICK UNIV ST JOHN, Bradley, Michael T., Cullen, M. C., Carle, S. B., NEW BRUNSWICK UNIV ST JOHN, Bradley, Michael T., Cullen, M. C., and Carle, S. B.

Abstract

Males and females, truthful or deceptive, about a real life embarrassing story or a laboratory mock crime were examined with Control Question detection of deception tests. Exams were conducted either by a police or a laboratory trained polygraph operator. Subjects were more reactive to event relevant questions when deceptive than when truthful. Police scored subject records more towards innocence whereas laboratory investigators scored them more towards guilt. This was especially pronounced with skin resistance response (SRR) measurement on embarrassing stories. Such a result could mean that laboratory investigators, when mistaken, would have a tendency to classify innocent people as guilty when dealing with real events, whereas the police when wrong, would tend to classify the guilty as innocent.

Published
1993

21. Assessing the Effects of Technical Variance on the Statistical Outcomes of Web Experiments Measuring Response Times.

Author

Brand, Andrew and Bradley, Michael T.

Subjects
*REACTION time, *SIMULATION methods & models, *STATISTICAL power analysis, *EFFECT sizes (Statistics), *ESTIMATION theory, *ANALYSIS of variance, *WEB analytics
Abstract

A simulation was conducted to assess the effect of technical variance on the statistical power of web experiments measuring response times. The results of the simulation showed that technical variance reduced the statistical power and the accuracy of the effect size estimate by a negligible magnitude. This finding therefore suggests that researchers’ preconceptions concerning the unsuitability of web experiments for conducting research using response time as a dependent measure are misguided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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22. Niebuhr, Reinhold

Author

Bradley, Michael, T., Jr.

Subjects
General interest
Abstract

(b Wright City, Mo, 21 June 1892; d Stockbridge, Mass, 1 June 1971). Christian social ethicist. The son of a minister in the Evangelical Synod of North America, Niebuhr studied [...]

Published
2005

23. Manipulating the alpha level cannot cure significance testing

Author

David Trafimow, Valentin Amrhein, Corson N. Areshenkoff, Carlos J. Barrera-Causil, Eric J. Beh, Yusuf K. Bilgiç, Roser Bono, Michael T. Bradley, William M. Briggs, Héctor A. Cepeda-Freyre, Sergio E. Chaigneau, Daniel R. Ciocca, Juan C. Correa, Denis Cousineau, Michiel R. de Boer, Subhra S. Dhar, Igor Dolgov, Juana Gómez-Benito, Marian Grendar, James W. Grice, Martin E. Guerrero-Gimenez, Andrés Gutiérrez, Tania B. Huedo-Medina, Klaus Jaffe, Armina Janyan, Ali Karimnezhad, Fränzi Korner-Nievergelt, Koji Kosugi, Martin Lachmair, Rubén D. Ledesma, Roberto Limongi, Marco T. Liuzza, Rosaria Lombardo, Michael J. Marks, Gunther Meinlschmidt, Ladislas Nalborczyk, Hung T. Nguyen, Raydonal Ospina, Jose D. Perezgonzalez, Roland Pfister, Juan J. Rahona, David A. Rodríguez-Medina, Xavier Romão, Susana Ruiz-Fernández, Isabel Suarez, Marion Tegethoff, Mauricio Tejo, Rens van de Schoot, Ivan I. Vankov, Santiago Velasco-Forero, Tonghui Wang, Yuki Yamada, Felipe C. M. Zoppino, Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos, Trafimow, David, Amrhein, Valentin, Areshenkoff, Corson N, Barrera-Causil, Carlos J, Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando, New Mexico State University, University of Basel (Unibas), Swiss Ornithological Institute, Queen's University [Kingston, Canada], Metropolitan Technological Institute, University of Newcastle [Australia] (UoN), State University of New York at Geneseo (SUNY Geneseo), State University of New York (SUNY), University of Barcelona, University of New Brunswick (UNB), Chercheur indépendant, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez [Santiago], Science and Technology Center [Mendoza, Argentina] (CCT), Universidad Nacional de Colombia [Bogotà] (UNAL), Laboratoire d'informatique de l'École polytechnique [Palaiseau] (LIX), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur), Comenius University in Bratislava, Oklahoma State University [Stillwater], Universidad Santo Tomas [Bogota], University of Connecticut (UCONN), Universidad Simon Bolivar (USB), New Bulgarian University, University of Ottawa [Ottawa], Senshu University, Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien [Tübingen], Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata [Mar del Plata] (UNMdP), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Università degli Studi 'Magna Graecia' di Catanzaro [Catanzaro, Italie] (UMG), Università degli studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', University Hospital Basel [Basel], Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Spatio-Temporal Activity Recognition Systems (STARS), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] (UFPE), Massey University, University of Würzburg = Universität Würzburg, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana [Mexico] (UAM), Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa, Universidade do Porto, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Utrecht University [Utrecht], North-West University [Vaal Triangle Campus, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa] (NWU), Centre de Morphologie Mathématique (CMM), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Kyushu University [Fukuoka], University of Adelaide, Universitat de Barcelona, Areshenkoff, Corson N., Barrera-Causil, Carlos J., Beh, Eric J., Bilgiç, Yusuf K., Bono, Roser, Bradley, Michael T., Briggs, William M., Cepeda-Freyre, Héctor A., Chaigneau, Sergio E., Ciocca, Daniel R., Correa, Juan C., Cousineau, Deni, de Boer, Michiel R., Dhar, Subhra S., Dolgov, Igor, Gómez-Benito, Juana, Grendar, Marian, Grice, James W., Guerrero-Gimenez, Martin E., Gutiérrez, André, Huedo-Medina, Tania B., Jaffe, Klau, Janyan, Armina, Karimnezhad, Ali, Korner-Nievergelt, Fränzi, Kosugi, Koji, Lachmair, Martin, Ledesma, Rubén D., Limongi, Roberto, Liuzza, Marco T., Lombardo, Rosaria, Marks, Michael J., Meinlschmidt, Gunther, Nalborczyk, Ladisla, Nguyen, Hung T., Ospina, Raydonal, Perezgonzalez, Jose D., Pfister, Roland, Rahona, Juan J., Rodríguez-Medina, David A., Romão, Xavier, Ruiz-Fernández, Susana, Suarez, Isabel, Tegethoff, Marion, Tejo, Mauricio, van de Schoot, Ren, Vankov, Ivan I., Velasco-Forero, Santiago, Wang, Tonghui, Yamada, Yuki, Zoppino and Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos, Felipe C. M., Methodology and Applied Biostatistics, APH - Methodology, University of Newcastle [Callaghan, Australia] (UoN), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Oklahoma State University [Stillwater] (OSU), Università degli Studi 'Magna Graecia' di Catanzaro = University of Catanzaro (UMG), Università degli studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli' = University of the Study of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), and Kyushu University

Subjects
P-VALUE, NULL HYPOTHESIS TESTING, Inference, [INFO.INFO-DM]Computer Science [cs]/Discrete Mathematics [cs.DM], [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], 0302 clinical medicine, ddc:150, [STAT.ML]Statistics [stat]/Machine Learning [stat.ML], Econometrics, Psychology, Conceptual Analysis, Psychology(all), General Psychology, purl.org/becyt/ford/5.1 [https], [STAT.AP]Statistics [stat]/Applications [stat.AP], purl.org/becyt/ford/5 [https], 05 social sciences, 050301 education, Bayes factor, Statistical significance, Justice and Strong Institutions, Variable (computer science), Alpha (programming language), [INFO.INFO-TI]Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV], Significance testing, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Null hypothesis testing, SDG 16 - Peace, SIGNIFICANCE TESTING, lcsh:BF1-990, Presa de decisions (Estadística), Statistical decision, 050105 experimental psychology, Tests d'hipòtesi (Estadística), CIENCIAS SOCIALES, Statistical hypothesis testing, 03 medical and health sciences, 0502 economics and business, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, p-value, STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE, DECISION MAKING, Binary decision diagram, SDG 16 - Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, Magic (programming), Psicología, P-value, lcsh:Psychology, Sample size determination, 0503 education, Decision making, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 050203 business & management
Abstract

We argue that making accept/reject decisions on scientific hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level from p = 0.05 to p = 0.005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science. Given that blanket and variable alpha levels both are problematic, it is sensible to dispense with significance testing altogether. There are alternatives that address study design and sample size much more directly than significance testing does; but none of the statistical tools should be taken as the new magic method giving clear-cut mechanical answers. Inference should not be based on single studies at all, but on cumulative evidence from multiple independent studies. When evaluating the strength of the evidence, we should consider, for example, auxiliary assumptions, the strength of the experimental design, and implications for applications. To boil all this down to a binary decision based on a p-value threshold of 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, or anything else, is not acceptable. Fil: Trafimow, David. New Mexico State University Las Cruces; Fil: Amrhein, Valentin. Universitat Basel, Zoologisches Institut; Fil: Areshenkoff, Corson N.. Queen's University, Kingston; Canadá Fil: Barrera-Causil, Carlos J.. Metropolitan Institute Of Technology;; Colombia Fil: Beh, Eric J.. Universidad de Newcastle; Australia Fil: Bilgiç, Yusuf K.. State University Of New York Geneseo; Estados Unidos Fil: Bono, Roser. Universidad de Barcelona;; España Fil: Bradley, Michael T.. University Of New Brunswick; Canadá Fil: Briggs, William M.. University Of New Brunswick; Canadá Fil: Cepeda-Freyre, Héctor A.. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; México Fil: Chaigneau, Sergio E.. Universidad Adolfo Ibañez; Chile Fil: Ciocca, Daniel Ramon. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; Argentina Fil: Correa, Juan C.. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Colombia Fil: Cousineau, Denis. University of Ottawa; Canadá Fil: de Boer, Michiel R.. Amsterdam Public Health; Países Bajos Fil: Dhar, Subhra S.. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Fil: Dolgov, Igor. New Mexico State University Las Cruces; Estados Unidos Fil: Gómez-Benito, Juana. Universidad de Barcelona;; España Fil: Grendar, Marian. Slovenskej Akadémie Vied Ústav Merania Je Vedeckou Inštitúciou; República Checa Fil: Grice, James W.. Oklahoma State University - Stillwater; Estados Unidos Fil: Guerrero-Gimenez, Martin E.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; Argentina Fil: Gutiérrez, Andrés. Saint Thomas University; Colombia Fil: Huedo-Medina, Tania B.. University of Connecticut;Estados Unidos ; Estados Unidos Fil: Jaffe, Klaus. Universidad Simón Bolívar; Venezuela Fil: Janyan, Armina. New Bulgarian University; Bulgaria Fil: Karimnezhad, Ali. University of Ottawa; Canadá Fil: Korner-Nievergelt, Fränzi. Swiss Ornithological Institute; Suiza Fil: Kosugi, Koji. Senshu University; Japón Fil: Lachmair, Martin. Leibniz-institut Für Wissensmedien; Alemania Fil: Ledesma, Ruben Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Published
2018
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24. Multiple trials may yield exaggerated effect size estimates.

Author

Brand A, Bradley MT, Best LA, and Stoica G

Subjects
Bias, Event-Related Potentials, P300 physiology, Humans, Psychological Tests statistics & numerical data, Psychometrics statistics & numerical data, Regression Analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Statistics as Topic, Data Collection statistics & numerical data, Monte Carlo Method, Psychology statistics & numerical data
Abstract

Published psychological research attempting to support the existence of small and medium effect sizes may not have enough participants to do so accurately, and thus, repeated trials or the use of multiple items may be used in an attempt to obtain significance. Through a series of Monte-Carlo simulations, this article describes the results of multiple trials or items on effect size estimates when the averages and aggregates of a dependent measure are analyzed. The simulations revealed a large increase in observed effect size estimates when the numbers of trials or items in an experiment were increased. Overestimation effects are mitigated by correlations between trials or items, but remain substantial in some cases. Some concepts, such as a P300 wave or a test score, are best defined as a composite of measures. Troubles may arise in more exploratory research where the interrelations among trials or items may not be well described.

Published
2011
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