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Historically, women have been subjected to the rules of patriarchal society and the unfair assignments of a sexual division of labor. A female transition from the household to join the workforce did not come with equal division of labor at home, which has been occurring recently on a small scale. In the field of Science, women have always had to face the prejudices and the misogyny of this patriarchal society. Therefore, female academic success is disproportionate to their male counterparts. Having children also plays a significant role in the declining numbers of women in advanced scientific careers and it is clear that the inequalities in the conditions of broad development of the academic career result in an overlap of weaknesses imposed specially on the career of the mother-scientists. Many scientists have had to change their routine and working relationships in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and are adapting to this new reality of remote work. Meanwhile, mother-scientists, especially with young children, are facing challenging situations. In recent years, women have been reaching collective actions to address and resolve injustices in the field of science and we cannot allow this pandemic to pull us into irreparable setbacks. Here we bring to light problems that mother-scientists are facing during the COVID-19 pandemic and call attention to the losses that will occur if we do not take an urgent action. RESUMO Historicamente, as mulheres foram submetidas às regras da sociedade patriarcal e às atribuições injustas de uma divisão sexual do trabalho. A transição feminina da esfera doméstica para ingressar na força de trabalho não ocorreu com igual divisão do trabalho em casa, o que vem ocorrendo recentemente em pequena escala. No campo da ciência, as mulheres sempre tiveram que enfrentar os preconceitos e a misoginia desta sociedade patriarcal. Portanto, o sucesso acadêmico feminino é desproporcional ao dos homens. Ter filhos também tem um papel significativo no número decrescente de mulheres em carreiras científicas avançadas e, assim, fica claro que as desigualdades nas condições de um amplo desenvolvimento da carreira acadêmica resultam em uma sobreposição de fragilidades impostas especialmente à carreira das mães-cientistas. Muitos cientistas tiveram que mudar suas rotinas e relações de trabalho em resposta à pandemia do COVID-19 e estão se adaptando a essa nova realidade de trabalho remoto. Enquanto isso, mães-cientistas, especialmente com crianças pequenas, estão enfrentando situações desafiadoras. Nos últimos anos, as mulheres vêm alcançando ações coletivas para tratar e resolver injustiças no campo da ciência e não podemos permitir que essa pandemia nos instale retrocessos irreparáveis. Aqui, trazemos à luz os problemas que as mães-cientistas estão enfrentando durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e chamamos a atenção para as perdas que ocorrerão se não tomarmos uma ação urgente.

Key to males of Thaumatocranaus species 1. Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with external row of tubercles increasing in size posteriorly, becoming slightly large and blunt (Fig. 1 A); median robust apophysis on free tergite III bifid (Fig. 1 A); metatarsus I distal half inflated (Fig. 2 A); trochanter IV with a prodorsal, acuminated, enlarged subapical tubercle pointing dorsally (Fig. 2 C).............. T. mirabilis (Ecuador) - Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with external row of tubercles increasing in size posteriorly, becoming large, conical and slightly acuminated (Figs 3 A, 5A); median robust apophysis on free tergite III single (unbranched) (Figs 3 A, 5A); metatarsus I distal half not inflated; trochanter IV with prodorsal, blunt, enlarged subapical tubercle (Figs 4 A, 6C)..................2 2. Femur III with a retroventral subapical conical, acuminated, enlarged apophysis (Fig. 6 A); femur IV retrodorsal apical spine strongly curved retrolaterally (Fig. 6 D, E)....................................... T. splendidus sp. nov. (Colombia) - Femur III ventral face unarmed (without apophyses or large tubercles); femur IV retrodorsal apical spine curved posteriorly and slightly retrolaterally (Fig. 4 B, C).......................................... T. magnificus sp. nov. (Colombia), Published as part of Hara, Marcos R., Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2017, Revision of Thaumatocranaus Roewer, 1932, with description of two new species (Opiliones: Laniatores: Gonyleptoidea), pp. 457-472 in Zootaxa 4254 (4) on page 460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/556045

Thaumatocranaus splendidus sp. nov. (Figs 5, 6, 7 F, G) Type material. COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Leticia (km 9 v. a a Taparacam, 84 m), 30.v.1992, G. Aurat leg., male holotype (ICN AO 362). Diagnosis. Thaumatocranaus splendidus sp. nov. resembles T. magnificus sp. nov. because of the median longitudinal groove of scutal area I inconspicuous, lateral margin of dorsal scutum with an external row of tubercles increasing in size posteriorly, becoming large, conical and slightly acuminated, and the robust, unbranched apophysis on free tergite III. It can be distinguished from T. magnificus sp. nov. by the femur III with a retroventral conical, acuminated, enlarged subapical apophysis and femur IV with retrodorsal apical spine strongly curved retrolaterally. Etymology. From the Latin splendeo plus idus, meaning splendid, in reference to the coloration pattern of the dorsal scutum and the remarkable retroventral subapical apophysis on femur III. Description. Male (holotype): Dorsum (Fig. 5 A���E): Measurements: DSL 3.45; DSW 3.40; LI 8.65; LII 16.10; LIII 11.35; LIV 15.10. Carapace and scutal areas I���III with tubercles sparsely distributed. Median longitudinal groove of scutal area I inconspicuous. Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with an external row of tubercles increasing in size posteriorly, becoming large, conical and slightly acuminated. Free tergite III with a robust, unbranched apophysis. Venter: Coxae I���IV tuberculate; coxae I���II with median and apical enlarged tubercles; coxa III with apical enlarged tubercles. Chelicerae (Fig. 5 A): Segment I with few dorsal tubercles on basal half of bulla; movable finger with 8���9 teeth; fixed finger with 7 teeth. Pedipalps (Fig. 5 F, G): Trochanter dorsal face with 1 tubercle; ventral face with1 pair of enlarged setiferous tubercles (prolateral largest). Femur dorsal face smooth, with 2���3 ventral tubercles. Patella���tarsus with few dorsolateral scattered setiferous tubercles. Tibial setation: prolateral II, retrolateral I. Tarsal setation: prolateral iiiI, IIi, retrolateral iII, IIi placed on distal half. Legs (Fig. 6): Coxa IV with 1 prolateral and 1 retrolateral, conical, apical apophyses, retrolateral one shortest and curved retroventrally. Trochanters I���IV with retrolateral slightly enlarged tubercles and 1 basoventral median enlarged tubercle. Trochanter IV with 1 prodorsal, enlarged, blunt subapical tubercle; retrolateral face with 1 median enlarged tubercle, and 1 apical, acuminated enlarged tubercle. Femora I���II dorsal face unarmed; ventral face with 2 rows of tubercles; ventroapical face unarmed. Femur III with 1 pair of dorsoapical spines (retrolateral largest); ventral face with 2 rows of tubercles, retrolateral one with 1���2 median slightly enlarged tubercles and 1 subapical, conical, acuminated, enlarged apophysis; ventroapical face unarmed. Femur IV slightly curved inwards (in dorsal view), with 1 pair of dorsoapical spines (retrolateral largest and curved retroventrally); ventral face with 2 rows of tubercles; ventroapical face unarmed. Patellae I���III unarmed; patella IV with 1 retrodorsal enlarged apical tubercle and 1 retroventral, acuminated, enlarged median tubercle. Tibiae I���III unarmed. Tibia IV dorso- and ventroapical faces unarmed; ventral face with 2 rows of tubercles, retrolateral one with 5 acuminated, large tubercles, far from each other. Metatarsi I, IV and tarsi III���IV normally built (not inflated); metatarsus IV almost straight. Tarsal segmentation: 6(3), 10(3), 7, 7. Penis (Fig. 7 F, G): Glans stylus sub cylindrical, subapically dorsally curved, with ventral subapical trichomes. Ventral plate with 3 pairs of long MS C (distal most pair longest and strongly curved inwards), 1 pair of MS D, 1��� 2 MS E, 1 pair of MS A and 2 pairs of MS B. Coloration: Oval, large depigmented (pale beige) pair of spots on scutal areas I���II and around the pair of spines on scutal area III. Body, subapical regions of trochanters I���III, most of trochanter IV (except for apical region), apexes of femora���tibiae I���IV, and basal to median regions of metatarsi I���IV dark brown; chelicerae, pedipalps and remaining parts of the body brown. Female: Unknown. Type locality. Colombia, Amazonas, Leticia. Geographical distribution. Known only from the type locality., Published as part of Hara, Marcos R., Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2017, Revision of Thaumatocranaus Roewer, 1932, with description of two new species (Opiliones: Laniatores: Gonyleptoidea), pp. 457-472 in Zootaxa 4254 (4) on pages 466-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/556045

Thaumatocranaus mirabilis Roewer, 1932 (Figs 1, 2, 7 A���C) Thaumatocranaus mirabilis Roewer, 1932: 308 (desc), fig. 24; Soares & Soares 1948: 619 (cat); Kury 2003: 99 (cat). Material examined. ECUADOR. Chimborazo: Alausi. Without further data of date or collector name, male holoype (SMF 1405 /16). Diagnosis. T. mirabilis can be distinguished from the other two species of the genus by: the free tergite III with robust and bifid apophysis; coxa IV with bifid retroapical apophysis; trochanter IV with a retrodorsal, acuminated, enlarged apical tubercle; metatarsus I inflated on distal third; tarsi III���IV with the three basalmost tarsomeres inflated; three pairs of MS B on penis ventral plate. Redescription. Male (holotype): Dorsum (Figs. 1 A, C���E, 2E): Measurements: DSL 3.55; DSW 3.25; LI 6.95; LII 12.30; LIII 8.40; LIV 11.90. Carapace and scutal areas I���III with tubercles sparsely distributed. Median longitudinal groove of scutal area I wide and conspicuous. Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with an external row of tubercles increasing in size posteriorly, becoming slightly large and blunt. Free tergite III with a robust, bifid median apophysis. Venter (Fig. 1 B): Coxae I���IV tuberculate; coxa I with median rows of tubercles increasing in size apically. Chelicerae (Fig. 1 A): Segment I with few dorsal tubercles; movable finger with 4���5 teeth; fixed finger with 5 teeth. Pedipalps (Fig. 1 F, G): Trochanter dorsal face smooth, unarmed; ventral face with 1���2, enlarged setiferous tubercles (prolateral largest). Femur with few, sparsely distributed dorsal tubercles, 3 ventral tubercles. Patella��� tarsus with few dorsolateral scattered setiferous tubercles. Tibial setation: prolateral I, retrolateral?i (broken). Tarsal setation: prolateral and retrolateral IIi placed on distal half. Legs (Fig. 2 A���D, F, G): Coxa IV with 1 prolateral and 1 retrolateral conical, apical apophyses, retrolateral one bifid and shortest. Trochanters I���IV with 1 basoventral median enlarged tubercle; trochanters I���III retrolateral face with 1 basal and 1 apical enlarged tubercles (apical ones acuminated on trochanters II���III). Trochanter IV with 1 prodorsal, acuminated, enlarged subapical tubercle pointing dorsally; retrolateral face with 1 median and 1 apical enlarged tubercles (apical largest). Femora I���II ventral face with 2 rows of slightly enlarged, pointed tubercles; femur I dorsal face unarmed; femur II dorsal face with 1 enlarged retroapical spine. Femur III with 1 pair of dorsoapical spines (retrolateral largest); ventral face with 1 prolateral row of tubercles increasing in size subapically, alternating high, acuminated tubercles with low ones on basal half, 1 retrolateral row of tubercles increasing in size apically, becoming acuminated; ventroapical face with 1 prolateral enlarged tubercle, 1 retrolateral spine. Femur IV roughly straight, with 1 pair of dorsoapical spines (retrolateral largest); ventral face with 2 rows of acuminated tubercles increasing in size apically, retrolateral one with enlarged tubercles; 1 pair of ventroapical tubercles (prolateral largest). Patellae I���II unarmed; patella III with 1 retrodorsal apical enlarged tubercle. Patella IV with 1 retrodorsal, acuminated, enlarged apical tubercle and few retroventral acuminated tubercles. Tibiae I���III unarmed. Tibia IV dorso- and ventroapical face unarmed, 1 retrolateral row of slightly enlarged tubercles (subapical ones largest); ventral face with 2 rows of tubercles, retrolateral one with 4���5 acuminated, large tubercles. Metatarsus I distal �� inflated; metatarsus IV basal part dorso-ventrally curved, with subapical constriction, apical part inflated. Tarsi III���IV 3 basal most tarsomeres inflated. Tarsal segmentation: 5(3), 8���9(3), 6, 6. Penis (Fig. 7 A���C): Glans stylus sub cylindrical, without trichomes. Ventral plate with 3 pairs of long, subapically curved MS C, 1 pair of short MS D, 3 pairs of short MS E (basalmost pair largest), 2 pairs of MS A and 3 pairs of MS B. Coloration: Large median pale beige spot (from distal �� of scutal area I to III) and many narrow and/or small pale beige spots of depigmented areas on dorsal scutum. Body, patellae I���IV, trochanter IV and apophyses dark brown. Remaining parts of the legs and body, brown. Female: Unknown. Type locality. Ecuador, Chimborazo, Alausi. Geographical distribution. Known only from the type locality., Published as part of Hara, Marcos R., Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2017, Revision of Thaumatocranaus Roewer, 1932, with description of two new species (Opiliones: Laniatores: Gonyleptoidea), pp. 457-472 in Zootaxa 4254 (4) on pages 460-463, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/556045, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1932) Weitere Weberknechte VII (7. Erganzung der Weberknechte der Erde, 1923). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 1 (2), 275 - 350.","Soares, B. A. M. & Soares, H. E. M. (1948) Monografia dos generos de opilioes neotropicos I. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 5 (9), 553 - 636.","Kury, A. B. (2003) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, Special Volume, Monografico n o 1, 5 - 337."]}

Thaumatocranaus Roewer, 1932 new subfamilial assignment Thaumatocranaus Roewer, 1932: 277 (key), 307 (desc); Mello-Leit��o 1935: 97 (sys); Soares & Soares 1948: 586 (key), 619 (cat, diag); Kury, 2003: 99 (cat). Type species. Thaumatocranaus mirabilis Roewer, 1932, by monotypy. Other species included. T. magnificus sp. nov. and T. splendidus sp. nov. Diagnosis. Ampycinae (see diagnosis in Villarreal M. & Kury, 2012) with a pair of enlarged tubercles on each corner of anterior margin of DS, low ocularium with a pair of enlarged tubercles, lateral margins of DS with external row of tubercles increasing in size posteriorly, becoming slightly large and blunt or large, conical and slightly acuminated. Scutal grooves I and IV conspicuous; scutal grooves II���III inconspicuous in the middle and shallow on the sides, weakly delimitating three scutal areas, scutal areas I���II with a paramedian pair of slightly enlarged pointed tubercles, scutal area III with a pair of spiniform apophyses. Only free tergite III armed with a median robust apophysis. Coxa IV with prolateral apical and retrolateral apical apophyses. Redescription. Male: Dorsum (Figs 1 A, C���E, 2E, 3A���E, 5A���E): Anterior margin of carapace with a weakly marked frontal hump, a row of tubercles on each side and 1 pair of enlarged tubercles on each corner (internal largest). Ocularium low, with tubercles sparsely distributed and 1 paramedian pair of enlarged tubercles. Dorsal scutum with well-marked lateral longitudinal grooves and scutal grooves I and IV; scutal grooves II���III inconspicuous in the middle and shallow on the sides, weakly delimitating three scutal areas. Scutal areas I���II with a paramedian pair of slightly enlarged pointed tubercles; scutal area III with a paramedian pair of spiniform apophyses. Body shape type gamma. Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with an external row of tubercles increasing in size posteriorly, becoming slightly large and blunt (T. mirabilis) or large, conical and slightly acuminated, and an internal irregular row of tubercles. Only one ozopore on each side. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum and free tergites I���III each with a row of tubercles; free tergites I���II unarmed; free tergite III with a robust bifid (T. mirabilis) or unbranched median apophysis and few sparsely distributed tubercles. Anal operculum unarmed, tuberculate. Chelicerae: Segment I with well-marked bulla; both fingers toothed (triangle- to laminar-shaped projections). Pedipalps (Figs 1 F, G, 3F, G, 5F, G): Trochanter inflated, ventral face with a pair of enlarged setiferous tubercles. Femur unarmed, with sparse tubercles and 1 ventrobasal slightly enlarged tubercle, without prolateral subapical seta. Tibia and tarsus dorso-lateral face with few tubercles, variable setation. Legs (Figs 2 A���D, F, G, 4, 6): Coxa I with 1 prolateral, 1 retrolateral apophyses; coxa II ditto, retrolateral apophysis apex fused to prolateral apophysis of coxa III; coxa III with 1 prolateral, 1 retrolateral apophyses; coxa IV tuberculate, with 1 prolateral and 1 retrolateral apical, conical apophyses. Coxa IV sides slightly visible in dorsal view, only apical region most visible (in dorsal view). Trochanters I���IV tuberculate; trochanter IV unarmed prolaterally (except T. mirabilis). Femora���tibiae I���IV with tubercles roughly organized in 6 longitudinal rows (a pro- and a retrodorsal rows, a pro- and a retrolateral rows and a pro- and a retroventral rows), tubercles on femora��� tibiae I���II smaller than those on III���IV. Femora I���III roughly straight, femur IV straight to slightly curved inwards (in dorsal view). Patellae���metatarsi I���III minute tuberculate. Metatarsi I���IV unarmed. Tarsal claws smooth. Penis (Fig. 7): Glans with sub cylindrical stylus, without dorsal or ventral process. Ventral plate conspicuous, subhexagonal shaped. Distal margin of ventral plate with a median narrow cleft, and a dorso mesal projection on its mesal apical corner (Fig. 7 C, D, F), with MS C, dorsal subdistal���median MS D, ventral subdistal���median small MS E, MS A and MS B. Female: Unknown. Geographical distribution. Central Ecuador and Southeastern Colombia (known only from the type localities of the included species)., Published as part of Hara, Marcos R., Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2017, Revision of Thaumatocranaus Roewer, 1932, with description of two new species (Opiliones: Laniatores: Gonyleptoidea), pp. 457-472 in Zootaxa 4254 (4) on page 459, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/556045, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1932) Weitere Weberknechte VII (7. Erganzung der Weberknechte der Erde, 1923). Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 1 (2), 275 - 350.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1935) Algumas notas sobre Laniatores. Archivos do Museu Nacional, 36, 89 - 116.","Soares, B. A. M. & Soares, H. E. M. (1948) Monografia dos generos de opilioes neotropicos I. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 5 (9), 553 - 636.","Kury, A. B. (2003) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, Special Volume, Monografico n o 1, 5 - 337."]}

Thaumatocranaus magnificus sp. nov. (Figs 3, 4, 7 D, E) Type material. COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Araracuara, ix.1988, M. Torres leg., male holotype (ICN AO 352). Diagnosis. Thaumatocranaus magnificus sp. nov. resembles T. splendidus sp. nov. because of the median longitudinal groove of scutal area I inconspicuous, lateral margin of dorsal scutum with an external row of tubercles increasing in size posteriorly, becoming large, conical and slightly acuminated, and the robust, unbranched apophysis on free tergite III. It can be distinguished from T. splendidus sp. nov. by the femur III unarmed on ventral face and retrodorsal apical spine on femur IV curved backwards and slightly retrolaterally. Etymology. From the Latin magnificus, meaning eminent, distinguished, in reference to the distinguished and amazing effect of the depigmented spot on the dorsal scutum. Description. Male (holotype): Dorsum (Fig. 3 A���E): Measurements: DSL 3.55; DSW 3.75; LI 8.95; LII 16.25; LIII 11.4; LIV 15.75. Carapace and scutal areas I���III with tubercles sparsely distributed. Median longitudinal groove of scutal area I inconspicuous. Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with an external row of tubercles increasing in size posteriorly, becoming large, conical and slightly acuminated. Free tergite III with a robust, unbranched apophysis. Venter: Coxae I���IV tuberculate; coxae I���II with median and apical enlarged tubercles; coxa III with apical enlarged tubercles. Chelicerae (Fig. 3 A): Segment I dorsal face smooth; movable finger with 10���11 teeth; fixed finger with 7���8 teeth. Pedipalps (Fig. 3 F, G): Trochanter dorsal face smooth, unarmed, ventral face with 1 pair of enlarged setiferous tubercles (prolateral largest). Femur dorsal face smooth, with 2 ventral tubercles. Patella���tarsus with few dorsolateral scattered setiferous tubercles. Tibial setation: prolateral II, retrolateral I. Tarsal setation: prolateral and retrolateral IIi placed on distal half. Legs (Fig. 4): Coxa IV with 1 prolateral and 1 retrolateral conical, apical apophyses (similar size). Trochanters I���IV with ventral slightly enlarged tubercles and 1 basoventral median enlarged tubercle; trochanters II���III with retrolateral enlarged tubercles. Trochanter IV with 1 prodorsal, enlarged, blunt subapical tubercle; 2 retrodorsal enlarged median tubercles (basalmost largest); retrolateral face with few slightly enlarged tubercles, 2 subbasal enlarged tubercles, and 1 apical, acuminated enlarged tubercle (this one largest). Femora I���II dorsal face unarmed; ventral face with 2 rows of tubercles; ventroapical face unarmed. Femur III with 1 pair of dorsoapical spines (retrolateral largest); ventral face with 2 rows of tubercles; ventroapical face unarmed. Femur IV slightly curved inwards (in dorsal view), with 1 pair of dorsoapical spines (similar size); ventral face with 2 rows of tubercles; ventroapical face unarmed. Patellae I���III unarmed; patella IV with 1 retrodorsal, acuminated, enlarged apical tubercle and few slightly enlarged tubercles on retrolateral face. Tibiae I���III unarmed. Tibia IV dorso- and ventroapical faces unarmed; ventral face with 2 rows of tubercles, retrolateral one with 4���5 acuminated, large tubercles, far from each other. Metatarsi I, IV and tarsi III���IV normally built (not inflated); metatarsus IV almost straight. Tarsal segmentation: 6(3), 10(3), 7, 7. Penis (Fig. 7 D, E): Glans stylus unknown (stylus broken and lost during dissection). Ventral plate with 3 pairs of long MS C (distal most pair longest and strongly curved inwards), 1 pair of MS D laterally placed, 1 pair of MS A, 2 pairs of MS B, without MS E. Coloration: Depigmented (pale beige) large spot on the median longitudinal third of dorsal scutum (from scutal grooves I���IV and as narrow stripes on carapace). Pair of spines on scutal area III dark brown. Body, trochanter IV, apexes of coxae I���IV, femora I���IV, tibiae I���IV, metatarsi I���IV and entire patellae I���IV brown. Trochanters I���III, remaining parts of the legs and body pale brown. Female: Unknown. Type locality. Colombia, Amazonas, Araracuara. Geographical distribution. Known only from the type locality., Published as part of Hara, Marcos R., Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2017, Revision of Thaumatocranaus Roewer, 1932, with description of two new species (Opiliones: Laniatores: Gonyleptoidea), pp. 457-472 in Zootaxa 4254 (4) on pages 463-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/556045

The PREDICTS project—Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)—has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity.

Holcobunus uaisoh sp.nov Fig. 5–7 Etymology. “uai sô” is a popular expression from people of Minas Gerais State of Brazil, that has English origin, meaning and pronunciation of “Why so?” Type locality. Brasil, Minas Gerais, Fervedouro, Parque Estadual Serra do Brigadeiro. Type Material. Male holotype, 4 females paratypes, 3 immatures (MZSP 69117), M.B. daSilva & G.E. Kaneto leg., III. 2006. Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Fig. 7). Diagnosis. Males with body color black (Fig. 5 A–C), females with light dorsal stripes and spots, eye mound with a pair of yellowish stripes (Fig. 5 D–F). Femur, patella and proximal half of pedipalpal tibia black, distal half of tibia and tarsus cream, chelicerae cream (Fig. 5 C and F). Eye mound armed with sharp granules. Femoral nodule formula: 2 / 5-6 / 2-3 / 2-3. Penis: Dorsal orifice of anterior shaft of penis lacking (Fig. 6 A and C). Description. Male paratype: lengths: body: 2.65 mm, carapace: 0.81 mm, chelicera: 1.22 mm, pedipalps: 2.95 mm. Femora: 10.1 / 19.2 / 9.5 / 14.2 mm. Dorsal and ventral surface body surface reticulate. Supracheliceral lamina armed distally with one or two blunt tubercles on each lobe. Eye mound armed with two rows of 10 or more sharp granules (Fig. 5 C). Lateral margins of genital operculum armed with three-pointed sharp granules, arculi genitales II unarmed. Chelicerae: ventrobasal spine of basichelicerite blunt. Pedipalps: Femur armed with a ventral row of sharp pointed tubercles. Patella, including inner apophysis, armed with dorsolateral sharp pointed tubercles, inner apical apophysis longer than wide. Tibia armed with sharp tubercles. Tarsus unarmed. Legs: Femoral nodule formula: 2 / 5-6 / 2-3 / 2-3. Penis (Fig. 6) similar to H. nigripalpis and H. dissimilis. Winglets longer than wide, narrower than shaft (Fig. 6 A–B), ventral collar present but not very marked (Fig. 6 B and D), shaft almost straight. Dorsal and ventral faces of glans not depressed, with two pairs of subapical setae (Fig. 6 C–F). Stylus bent in ventral view (Fig. 6 D). Female paratype: lengths: body: 4.12 mm, carapace: 1.15 mm, chelicera: 1.4 mm, pedipalps: 2.9 mm. As in the male, except body swollen dorsoventrally and articular membrane isolating all sclerites (Fig. 5 D–F). Membrane very evident, widely surpassing sclerites (Fig. 5 E).

Key for the species of Holcobunus 1. Eye mound armed with two anterior blunt, single-blunt pointed spines (Se Tourinho & Kury, 2001), femur of leg I shorter than body, femur of leg II with six pseudoarticular nodules, femur of leg IV with three pseudoarticular nodules...... H. bicornutus - Eye mound with two rows of more than three short granules (Fig. 3 C), femur of leg I longer than the body, femur of leg II with four, five or six pseudoarticular nodules.................................................................... 2 2. Body color black eye mound black or mound with a pair of yellowish stripes, females with light dorsal stripes and spots (Fig. 5), eye, femur of leg II with five or six pseudoarticular nodules, femur of leg IV with two or three pseudoarticular nodules................................................................................................ H. uaisoh - Body uniformly yellow (Fig. 3) or background yellow or brown with white or dark stripes or stains (Fig. 1), eye mound with 8��� 9 short granules, femur of leg II with four or five pseudoarticular nodules, femur of leg IV with two, three or four pseudoarticular nodules.......................................................................................... 3 3. Body color uniformly yellow without stripes or stains, femur of leg II with four pseudoarticular nodules, femur of leg IV with three or four pseudoarticular nodules............................................................. H. ibitirama - Body color yellow with dark stripes or stains on carapace and/or dorsal scute or background brown with a white arch and several white spots and stripes distributed on scute (Fig. 1), femur of leg II with four or five pseudoarticular nodules, femur of leg IV with two, three or four pseudoarticular nodules........................................................... 4 4. Body color yellow (when recently collected it tends to be orange), with median posterior region of dorsal scute and anterior border of coxae covered by a faint black spot in males, females with a lateral rounded spot in the dorsal scute, dorsal black faint spot lacking (See Tourinho & Kury, 2001), femur of leg II with five pseudoarticular nodules, femur of leg IV with two or three pseudoarticular nodules.................................................................. H. nigripalpis - Body color yellow, with abdomen with large dark median stripe along its full extent, or background brown with a white arch surrounding anterior prosoma and several white spots and stripes distributed on scute, eye mound darkish brown (Fig. 1), femur of leg II with four or five pseudoarticular nodules, femur of leg IV with two, three or four pseudoarticular nodules femoral....................................................................................... H. dissimilis, Published as part of Tourinho, Ana L��cia, Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo & Bragagnolo, Cibele, 2015, Taxonomic notes on Holcobunus Roewer, 1910, with descriptions of three new species, and new records for Holcobunus nigripalpis Roewer, 1910 (Opiliones: Eupnoi: Sclerosomatidae), pp. 425-436 in Zootaxa 4027 (3) on page 427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4027.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/241194, {"references":["Tourinho, A. L. & Kury, A. B. (2001) Notes on Holcobunus Roewer, 1910 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Zoologia, 461, 1 - 22."]}

Tourinho, Ana Lúcia, Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, Bragagnolo, Cibele (2015): Taxonomic notes on Holcobunus Roewer, 1910, with descriptions of three new species, and new records for Holcobunus nigripalpis Roewer, 1910 (Opiliones: Eupnoi: Sclerosomatidae). Zootaxa 4027 (3): 425-436, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4027.3.6

Holcobunus bicornutus (Mello-Leit��o, 1940) Paratamboicus bicornutus Mello-Leit��o, 1940: 97; Ringuelet, 1954: 297; Roewer, 1953: 256; Crawford, 1992: 37; Tourinho & Kury, 2001: 9, figs. 1���13. Diagnosis. Holcobunus bicornutus is know only by the juvenile holotype, although it can be separated from the other species of Holcobunus by the eye mound armed with two anterior blunt spines, longer than in other species (see Tourinho & Kury, 2001, Figs 9 and 11), and by the anterior leg I much shorter than body when compared to other species (see Tourinho & Kury, 2001, Fig. 11)., Published as part of Tourinho, Ana L��cia, Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo & Bragagnolo, Cibele, 2015, Taxonomic notes on Holcobunus Roewer, 1910, with descriptions of three new species, and new records for Holcobunus nigripalpis Roewer, 1910 (Opiliones: Eupnoi: Sclerosomatidae), pp. 425-436 in Zootaxa 4027 (3) on page 431, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4027.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/241194, {"references":["Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1940) Mais alguns novos Opilioes Sul - Americanos. Annaes da Academia brasileira de Sciencias, 12 (2), 93 - 107.","Roewer, C. F. (1953) Neotropische Gagrellinae (Opiliones, Arachnidae). (Weitere Weberknechte XVII). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin, 29 (1), 180 - 265. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19530290109","Crawford, R. L. (1992) Catalogue of the genera and type species of the harvestman superfamily Phalangioidea (Arachnida). Burke Museum Contributtions to Anthropology and Natural History, 8, 1 - 60.","Tourinho, A. L. & Kury, A. B. (2001) Notes on Holcobunus Roewer, 1910 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Zoologia, 461, 1 - 22."]}

Holcobunus ibitirama sp. nov. Fig. 3, 4, 7 Etymology. After type locality, Ibitirama, a word of the indigenous Tupi people of Brazil that means "region with many mountains." Type locality. Brazil, Esp��rito Santo, Ibitirama, Santa Marta. Type Material: Brazil, Esp��rito Santo, Ibitirama, Santa Marta, (20 o 29 ��� 52 ���S ��� 41 o 43 ��� 47 ���W) M.B.da Silva & G.E. Kaneto leg., III. 2006, MZSP 57264, male holotype and two male paratypes; 3 immatures. Distribution. only known from type locality (Fig. 7). Diagnosis. Body color orange, legs trochanter and eye mound black (Fig. 3 A���C). Femur, patella and proximal half of pedipalpal tibia brownish, distal half of tibia and tarsus cream (Fig. 3 A,C), chelicerae cream. Eye mound armed with sharp granules (Fig. 3 C). Femoral nodule formula: 2 / 4 / 2-3 / 3-4. Description. Male paratype: lengths: body: 2.55 mm, carapace: 0.71 mm, chelicera: 0.80 mm, pedipalps: 2.75 mm. Femora: 9.6 / 15.4 / 8.5 / 11.9 mm. Dorsal and ventral body surface reticulate. Supracheliceral lamina armed distally with one triangular and crenulated tubercle on each lobe. Eye mound armed with two rows of 10 or more sharp granules. Lateral margins of genital operculum armed with three-pointed, sharp granules, arculi genitales II unarmed. Chelicerae: ventrobasal spine of basichelicerite blunt. Pedipalps: femur armed with ventral row of sharp pointed tubercles. Patella, including inner apophysis, armed with dorsolateral sharp-pointed tubercles, inner apical apophysis as long as wide. Tibia armed with sharp tubercles. Tarsus unarmed. Legs: femoral nodule formula: 2 / 4 / 2- 3 / 3-4. Penis (Fig. 4): Winglets not projected laterally, longer than wide, shorter than in other species of Holcobunus (Fig. 4 A, B). Dorsal surface of glans not depressed (Fig. 4 C, D). Stylus bent in ventral view, with two pairs of lateroapical setae (Fig. 4 D)., Published as part of Tourinho, Ana L��cia, Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo & Bragagnolo, Cibele, 2015, Taxonomic notes on Holcobunus Roewer, 1910, with descriptions of three new species, and new records for Holcobunus nigripalpis Roewer, 1910 (Opiliones: Eupnoi: Sclerosomatidae), pp. 425-436 in Zootaxa 4027 (3) on page 429, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4027.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/241194

Holcobunus nigripalpis Roewer, 1910 Holcobunus nigripalpis Roewer, 1910: 163; 1923: 1070, figs. 1170���1171; Mello-Leit��o, 1932: 23; Roewer, 1953: 245; Tourinho & Kury, 2001: 9, figs. 14���38; Bragagnolo & Pinto-da-Rocha, 2009: 530; Resende et al. 2012 a: 100 ���102; 2012 b: 150, 151, 154. Tamboicus silvicola Mello-Leit��o, 1932 b:71, 1938: 337; Ringuelet, 1954: 254. Sympathica silvicola: Mello-Leit��o, 1938: 337; Ringuelet, 1953: 40. Sympathica bisignata Mello-Leit��o, 1933: 101; Roewer, 1953: 255; Ringuelet, 1954: 301. Type locality. Brazil, S��o Paulo, Santos. Diagnosis. Living specimens are darkish yellow, museum specimens are pale yellow. Males of H. nigripalpis can be separated from other species of Holcobunus by having the body yellow without a marked strong stripe; in contrast to H. dissimilis males, it does not have a dark well-marked median stripe; it has a faint black spot covering the anterior median portion of dorsal scute instead. Dorsal orifice of anterior shaft of penis present. Females are yellow but with rounded black spot on posterolateral border. Material examined (New Record). Brazil. 1 male MNRJ 4967, 1 female MNRJ 4968, Minas Gerais, Rio Preto, Santa B��rbara, Fazenda do Luluca, 29 /03/ 2002, leg. Amazonas Chagas, Alessandro Giupponi. Distribution. Brazil. Minas Gerais state. Rio Preto. Rio de Janeiro state. Guapimirim, Lumiar, Nova Friburgo, Petr��polis: Itaipava, Rezende: Serrinha do Alambari, Silva Jardim: Aldeia Velha, Teres��polis. S��o Paulo state. Santos. (Fig. 7)., Published as part of Tourinho, Ana L��cia, Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo & Bragagnolo, Cibele, 2015, Taxonomic notes on Holcobunus Roewer, 1910, with descriptions of three new species, and new records for Holcobunus nigripalpis Roewer, 1910 (Opiliones: Eupnoi: Sclerosomatidae), pp. 425-436 in Zootaxa 4027 (3) on pages 433-434, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4027.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/241194, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1910) Revision der Opiliones Plagiostethi (= Opiliones Palpatores). I. Teil: Familie der Phalangiidae. (Subfamilien: Gagrellini, Liobunini, Leptobunini.). Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, Herausgegeben von dem naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 19 (4), 1 - 294.","Roewer, C. F. (1953) Neotropische Gagrellinae (Opiliones, Arachnidae). (Weitere Weberknechte XVII). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin, 29 (1), 180 - 265. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19530290109","Tourinho, A. L. & Kury, A. B. (2001) Notes on Holcobunus Roewer, 1910 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Zoologia, 461, 1 - 22.","Bragagnolo, C. & Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (2009) Os Opilioes da Reserva Biologica de Paranapiacaba. In: Lopes, M. I. M. S., Kirizawa, M. & Melo, M. M. R. F. (Org.), Patrimonio da Reserva Biologica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba. Instituto de Botanica, Sao Paulo, pp. 525 - 536.","Resende, L. A., Pinto-da-Rocha, R. & Bragagnolo, C. (2012 a) Diversity of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) in Parque da Onca Parda, southeastern Brazil. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 102, 99 - 105.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1932 b) Pequenas notas arachnologicas: Nota sobre o genero Iheringia Keiserl. Um novo Lycosida halophilo. Dois novos opilioes. Tres novos Thomisidas. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 8 (1 / 4), 67 - 75.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1938) Palpatores Sul Americanos. Annaes da Academia brasileira de Sciencias, 10 (4), 317 - 337.","Ringuelet, R. A. (1953) Opiliones de la Argentina, Rehabilitacion de los generos Sympathica M. L. y Varinodulia C. con la descripcion de una especie nueva (Palp. Gagrellinae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica argentina, 16 (2), 37 - 41.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1933) Quatro novos Palpatores neotropicos. Annaes da Academia brasileira de Sciencias, 5 (3), 99 - 103."]}

Holcobunus Roewer, 1910 Holcobunus Roewer, 1910: 162; 1923: 1069; Mello-Leit��o, 1932 a: 22; 1938: 333; Ringuelet, 1954: 291; Roewer, 1953: 243; Crawford, 1992: 24; Cokendolpher & Lee, 1993: 8; Tourinho & Kury, 2001: 6. (type species Holcobunus nigripalpis Roewer, 1910, by original designation). Sympathica Mello-Leit��o, 1933: 101, Ringuelet, 1953: 39; Roewer, 1953: 254; Ringuelet, 1954: 301; Crawford, 1992: 44. (type species Sympathica bisignata Mello-Leit��o, by original designation). Tamboicus (part) Roewer, 1912: 157; 1923: 1073; Mello-Leit��o, 1938: 333; Roewer, 1953: 253; Ringuelet, 1954: 304; Crawford, 1992: 44. Paratamboicus Mello-Leit��o, 1940: 97, Roewer, 1953: 255 Ringuelet, 1954: 297; Crawford, 1992: 37. (type species Paratamboicus bicornutus by original designation). Emended diagnosis. Pedipalpal femur, patella and proximal half of tibia black. Eye mound dorsally armed with granules or spines with points either sharp or blunt, located on its anterior half or arranged in two parallel rows. Lateral margins of supracheliceral lamina crenulate. Dorsal scute in male trapezoidal with posterior margin convex, in female markedly pyriform. Pedipalpal tibia sinuous at base. Femoral pseudoarticular formula: 2 / 4-6 / 2-3 / 2-4. Winglets of penis uniformly narrow (longer than wide) along its length, borders undulated; anterior part in ventral view folding ventrally to form collar. Shaft strongly sinuous dorsoventrally, slightly bent without forming definite angle at glans. Glans globose, surface with simple pores and two or three pairs of asymmetric apical setae, stylus 40���70 % of glans length. Species Holcobunus are frequently misidentified as species of Jussara and Abaetetuba. This was largely discussed by Tourinho (2004), and a table and illustrations comparing characters in each genus distributed in the Atlantic Forest were provided in an attempt to avoid future misidentification (Tourinho, 2004: table 1) Distribution. South America: Brazil, Esp��rito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, S��o Paulo. Included species. H. bicornutus (Mello-Leit��o, 1940), H. nigripalpis Roewer, 1910, H. dissimilis sp. nov., H. ibitirama sp. nov., H. uaisoh sp. nov. Remark: Males of the four species of Holcobunus have very similar external morphology, although they can be separated by examining their color pattern. There are three yellow species included in Holcobunus. However only H. ibitirama sp. nov. is completely yellow without stains or stripes of other colors, while H. nigripalpis have anterior border of carapace with black spots. The median posterior region of the dorsal scute and anterior border of the coxae are covered by a faint black spot. Anterior median portion of scute and middle of second prosomatic tergite (metapeltidium) and carapace behind eye mound with longitudinal short stripe of same color. Holcobunus dissimilis sp.nov has a larger and longer black stripe extending from the anterior to the posterior dorsal scute. Females of H. nigripalpis have one lateral spot on each side of the posterior dorsal scute, while the female of H. dissimilis sp. nov. having a brown dorsal background with a white arch surrounding the anterior prosoma and several white spots and stripes distributed on the dorsal scute., Published as part of Tourinho, Ana L��cia, Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo & Bragagnolo, Cibele, 2015, Taxonomic notes on Holcobunus Roewer, 1910, with descriptions of three new species, and new records for Holcobunus nigripalpis Roewer, 1910 (Opiliones: Eupnoi: Sclerosomatidae), pp. 425-436 in Zootaxa 4027 (3) on page 426, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4027.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/241194, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1910) Revision der Opiliones Plagiostethi (= Opiliones Palpatores). I. Teil: Familie der Phalangiidae. (Subfamilien: Gagrellini, Liobunini, Leptobunini.). Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, Herausgegeben von dem naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 19 (4), 1 - 294.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1932 a) Opilioes do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 17 (2), 1 - 505.","Roewer, C. F. (1953) Neotropische Gagrellinae (Opiliones, Arachnidae). (Weitere Weberknechte XVII). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin, 29 (1), 180 - 265. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19530290109","Crawford, R. L. (1992) Catalogue of the genera and type species of the harvestman superfamily Phalangioidea (Arachnida). Burke Museum Contributtions to Anthropology and Natural History, 8, 1 - 60.","Cokendolpher, J. C. & Lee, V. F. (1993) Catalogue of the Cyphopalpatores and bibliography of the harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) of Greenland, Canada, U. S. A., and Mexico. Privately Published, Lubbock, Texas, iii + 82 pp.","Tourinho, A. L. & Kury, A. B. (2001) Notes on Holcobunus Roewer, 1910 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Zoologia, 461, 1 - 22.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1933) Quatro novos Palpatores neotropicos. Annaes da Academia brasileira de Sciencias, 5 (3), 99 - 103.","Ringuelet, R. A. (1953) Opiliones de la Argentina, Rehabilitacion de los generos Sympathica M. L. y Varinodulia C. con la descripcion de una especie nueva (Palp. Gagrellinae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica argentina, 16 (2), 37 - 41.","Roewer, C. F. (1912) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Weberknechte Kolumbiens. In: Fuhrmann, O. & Mayor, E. (Eds.), Voyage d'exploration scientifique en Colombie. Memoires de la Societ des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel, No. 5., pp. 139 - 159, pl. 7. [1090 pp., 34 pls.]","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1938) Palpatores Sul Americanos. Annaes da Academia brasileira de Sciencias, 10 (4), 317 - 337.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1940) Mais alguns novos Opilioes Sul - Americanos. Annaes da Academia brasileira de Sciencias, 12 (2), 93 - 107.","Tourinho, A. L. (2004) A new genus of Gagrellinae from Brazil, with a comparative study of some of the Southermost tropical and subtropical South American species (Eupnoi, Sclerosomatidae, Gagrellinae). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, 9, 157 - 177."]}

Holcobunus uaisoh sp.nov Fig. 5���7 Etymology. ���uai s����� is a popular expression from people of Minas Gerais State of Brazil, that has English origin, meaning and pronunciation of ���Why so?��� Type locality. Brasil, Minas Gerais, Fervedouro, Parque Estadual Serra do Brigadeiro. Type Material. Male holotype, 4 females paratypes, 3 immatures (MZSP 69117), M.B. daSilva & G.E. Kaneto leg., III. 2006. Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Fig. 7). Diagnosis. Males with body color black (Fig. 5 A���C), females with light dorsal stripes and spots, eye mound with a pair of yellowish stripes (Fig. 5 D���F). Femur, patella and proximal half of pedipalpal tibia black, distal half of tibia and tarsus cream, chelicerae cream (Fig. 5 C and F). Eye mound armed with sharp granules. Femoral nodule formula: 2 / 5-6 / 2-3 / 2-3. Penis: Dorsal orifice of anterior shaft of penis lacking (Fig. 6 A and C). Description. Male paratype: lengths: body: 2.65 mm, carapace: 0.81 mm, chelicera: 1.22 mm, pedipalps: 2.95 mm. Femora: 10.1 / 19.2 / 9.5 / 14.2 mm. Dorsal and ventral surface body surface reticulate. Supracheliceral lamina armed distally with one or two blunt tubercles on each lobe. Eye mound armed with two rows of 10 or more sharp granules (Fig. 5 C). Lateral margins of genital operculum armed with three-pointed sharp granules, arculi genitales II unarmed. Chelicerae: ventrobasal spine of basichelicerite blunt. Pedipalps: Femur armed with a ventral row of sharp pointed tubercles. Patella, including inner apophysis, armed with dorsolateral sharp pointed tubercles, inner apical apophysis longer than wide. Tibia armed with sharp tubercles. Tarsus unarmed. Legs: Femoral nodule formula: 2 / 5-6 / 2-3 / 2-3. Penis (Fig. 6) similar to H. nigripalpis and H. dissimilis. Winglets longer than wide, narrower than shaft (Fig. 6 A���B), ventral collar present but not very marked (Fig. 6 B and D), shaft almost straight. Dorsal and ventral faces of glans not depressed, with two pairs of subapical setae (Fig. 6 C���F). Stylus bent in ventral view (Fig. 6 D). Female paratype: lengths: body: 4.12 mm, carapace: 1.15 mm, chelicera: 1.4 mm, pedipalps: 2.9 mm. As in the male, except body swollen dorsoventrally and articular membrane isolating all sclerites (Fig. 5 D���F). Membrane very evident, widely surpassing sclerites (Fig. 5 E)., Published as part of Tourinho, Ana L��cia, Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo & Bragagnolo, Cibele, 2015, Taxonomic notes on Holcobunus Roewer, 1910, with descriptions of three new species, and new records for Holcobunus nigripalpis Roewer, 1910 (Opiliones: Eupnoi: Sclerosomatidae), pp. 425-436 in Zootaxa 4027 (3) on pages 430-431, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4027.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/241194

GERDESIUS ROEWER, 1952 Gerdesius Roewer, 1952: 50; Kury 2003: 170 (type species: Gerdesius peruvianus Roewer, 1952 by original designation). Huralvioides H. Soares, 1970: 333; Kury, 1995: 316; 2003: 173 (type species: Huralvioides paruensis H. Soares, 1970 by original designation) syn nov. Diagnosis Ocularium armed with one spine. Scutal area I entire or with a very shallow median longitudinal groove dividing in right and left halves (G. hoeferi), and scutal groove II complete (reaching lateral groove) or incomplete (not reaching lateral groove). Male coxa IV with prolateral apical or dorsoapical moderately elongated apophysis. Anal operculum with variable armature from a discrete elevation to a stout apophysis. Cheliceral segment I covered laterally by few tubercles on bulla; segment II not enlarged. Pedipalpal femur with weak tubercles. Penis: glans apex dorsoventrally flattened, laterally widened; ventral process of glans with a triangular shaped, laterally flattened projection (without flabellum) or with a narrow flabellum (G. paruensis); stylus apically swollen, laterally flattened or normal (not inflated) and cylindrical; ventral plate reduced (lamina parva) with very long setae organized in two rows in lateral view. Composition Gerdesius peruvianus Roewer, 1952, G. hoeferi (Kury, 1995) comb. nov., G. mapinguari sp. nov., G. paruensis (H. Soares, 1970) comb. nov. Distribution Known from the Amazonian forest in Peru (Loreto) and Brazil (Amazonas and Pará states). All species are only known from the type localities, except for G. paruensis, which has been recorded from both sides of the Amazon River in east Pará., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele, Hara, Marcos R. & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2015, A new family of Gonyleptoidea from South America (Opiliones, Laniatores), pp. 296-319 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 173 (2) on pages 306-309, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12207, http://zenodo.org/record/5333281, {"references":["Roewer CF. 1952. Neotropische Arachnida arthrogastra zumeist aus Peru. Senckenbergiana 33: 37 - 58.","Kury AB. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia esp. monografico: 5 - 337.","Soares HEM. 1970. Novas especies de opilioes da Regiao Amazonica (Opiliones, Cosmetidae, Gonyleptidae, Phalangiidae, Stygnidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 30: 323 - 338.","Kury AB. 1995. A review of Huralvioides (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae). Amazoniana 13: 315 - 323."]}

GONYCRANAUS GEN. NOV. Etymology The genus is masculine. It is a fusion of the Greek word gony (the same used in Gonyleptidae), which means joint, and Cranaus, Greek name of a king of Attica, which is also the type genus of Cranaidae (Kury & Pinto-da-Rocha 2007; Pinto-da-Rocha & Kury, 2007). The taxa placed in this genus were previously thought to be either related to Gonyleptidae or Cranaidae. Type species: Gonycranaus androgynus sp. nov. Diagnosis Ocularium unarmed.Anal operculum unarmed. Cheliceral segment I densely covered dorsally by tubercles on bulla; segment II enlarged in both sexes. Pedipalpal femur with strong dorsal and ventral tubercles. Penis: ventral process of glans with or without flabellum; stylus straight; ventral plate well developed, distal margin much narrower than base, with short to medium-sized pairs of setae disposed longitudinally. Composition Gonycranaus androgynus sp. nov. and Gonycranaus pluto sp. nov. Distribution In caves located in the Brazilian Minas Gerais State (Conceição do Mato Dentro, Morro do Pilar, and nearby municipalities)., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele, Hara, Marcos R. & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2015, A new family of Gonyleptoidea from South America (Opiliones, Laniatores), pp. 296-319 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 173 (2) on page 315, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12207, http://zenodo.org/record/5333281, {"references":["Pinto-da-Rocha R, Kury AB. 2007. Chapter 4: taxonomy: Cranaidae Roewer, 1913. In: Pinto-da-Rocha R, Machado G, Giribet G, eds. Harvestmen, the biology of Opiliones. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 185 - 188."]}

GERDESIUS HOEFERI (KURY, 1995) COMB. NOV. Huralvioides hoeferi Kury, 1995: 315, figs 1–11 (♂ and ♀ dorsal habitus, ♂ ventral, lateral views; legs I–III; chelicerae, pedipalpal tibia and tarsus; dorsal, ventral view of penis); Kury 2003: 173 [Brasil, Amazonas, Manaus, Igapó Tarumã-Mirim, 6.IV.1987, H. Höfer leg., ♂ holotype, 1 ♀ paratype (LSNK), examined]. Material examined BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus, Igapó Tarumã-Mirim, 6.IV.1987, H. Höfer leg., ♂ holotype, 1 ♀ paratype (LSNK). Diagnosis Gerdesius hoeferi differs from other members of the genus by scutal area I divided in right and left halves and free tergites II and III with cluster of setiferous tubercles on the corners. Additionally, it presents pedipalpal tarsal claw length approximately threequarters of the tarsus length; retrolateral apical apophysis of male coxa IV with a stalked trilobular dorsoventrally flattened apophysis; male tibia IV slightly sinuous with a retrolateral row of enlarged, pointed tubercles; penis stylus swollen dorsoventrally and flattened laterally. Description See Kury (1995)., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele, Hara, Marcos R. & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2015, A new family of Gonyleptoidea from South America (Opiliones, Laniatores), pp. 296-319 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 173 (2) on page 309, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12207, http://zenodo.org/record/5333281, {"references":["Kury AB. 1995. A review of Huralvioides (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae). Amazoniana 13: 315 - 323.","Kury AB. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia esp. monografico: 5 - 337."]}

Thrasychiroides ybytyra sp. nov. (Figs 1 E–F, 4 A–C; 5 J–L; 6 G–H) Type material. Holotype: ♂ from Brejo da Lapa (22 º 21 ’ 45 ”S, 44 º 44 ’06”W, 2200 m.a.s.l.), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Itamonte, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 5–6.II. 1997, A.B. Kury, R. Pinto-da-Rocha & L.A.M. Mestre leg. (MZSP 25685). Paratypes: same data as holotype, road to Vale dos Lírios (22 º 21 ’ 42 ”S, 44 º 42 ’ 24 ”W, 2400 m.a.s.l.), 4.II. 1997., 2 ♂ (MZSP 21256). Etymology. Ybytyra is a noun from the Brazilian Indian Tupy language meaning “mountain”, indicating the high altitude of the type locality. Distribution. Known from type locality. One specimen was photographed in a nearby locality Delfim Moreira, in 1.XI. 2004 by the first author. Diagnosis. Ocularium pearl-white with a darkish contour surrounding eyes and with eleven small dorsal setae. Pedipalpal claws with 19 teeth. Chelicerae massive, second segment very inflated and covered with setae, sometimes only on dorsal surface, each finger with one basal very large tooth followed by many smaller teeth. Penis with posterior portion of glans larger than anterior part, dorsal shoulders with acuminate laterals, paired and long bifid setae on dorso-lateral glans. Ventral arms slender and elongated, reaching the distal part of glans. Tips pointed and without apical modification. Stylus with apically sharp-pointed spine curved in “S” with distal third directed to penial base (Fig. 6 G–H). Description of males (holotype). Measurements: body length: 3.76; prosoma length: 1.08; prosoma width: 2.44; chelicerae: segment I length: 1.56, segment II: 3.36. Coloration (Figs 4 A–C). Dorsum coloration a variety or shades of chestnut with several pearl-like, white, large spots and stripes covering most of the lateral third of the body and small maculations spread on the carapace. Carapace with shades of chestnut, median third of dorsal scutum beige, ocularium pearl-like white with a darkish contour line (ring) surrounding eyes, basal segment of chelicerae beige, other segments with brown shades of chestnut, legs beige with cylindrical-like darker areas on subbasal and subdistal femora, patella, and tibia, trochanters with lateral chestnuts maculations. Pedipalps, ventral trochanter, femora, patella and tibia with chestnuts maculations. Coxae and genital operculum beige with darker chestnuts maculations. Free tergites varying from chestnuts and brownish with median pearl-like white spots, anal operculum pearl like white. Ventral color mostly beige. Only free sternites are chestnuts with white luminous rounded maculations. Body and appendices (Figs 1 E–F; 4 A–C). Ocularium with eleven small setae distributed dorsally. Small setae spread on dorsal and ventral surface, genital operculum, coxae, pedipalps and chelicerae. Pedipalpal claws with 19 teeth that increase in size towards tip of claw. Pedipalp tuft with setae on the inner face of the femora, a line of setae surrounding the contour of the patella. Patella and tibia with a dorsal and a lateral line lacking setae (Figs 1 E; 4 C). Chelicerae massive, second segment very inflated and covered with setae, in some specimens only on dorsal surface. Each finger with one basal very large tooth followed by many smaller teeth. Tibia of legs II with three apical pseudo-articulations in one specimen. Penis (Fig. 5 J–L). Posterior with posterior portion of glans three times larger than the anterior, base concave, shoulders with acuminate laterals forming spines, a pair of long, bifid setae on dorso-lateral glans. Ventral arms slender and elongated reaching the distal part of glans, each branch simple and pointed, without apical ornamentation. Stylus with apical spine curved in “S” with distal third directed towards the penial base (Fig. 6 G–H). Biotope. The three specimens were collected at “Brejo da Lapa” (about 22 º 21 ’S, 44 º 42 ’W) at altitudes of 2200 and 2400 m.a.s.l. in Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The vegetation is Montane Atlantic Rain Forest, which occurs from 1,100 up to 2,700 m.a.s.l (Santos 2000). The trees are shorter and the average temperature is lower than at the base of the mountain. The high-altitude forests are very humid and are frequently covered in dense mists., Published as part of Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, Bragagnolo, Cibele & Tourinho, Ana Lúcia, 2014, Three new species of Thrasychiroides Soares & Soares, 1947 from Brazilian Mountains (Opiliones, Eupnoi, Neopilionidae), pp. 469-482 in Zootaxa 3869 (4) on pages 475-477, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3869.4.9, http://zenodo.org/record/224847, {"references":["Santos, R. F. (2000) Mapeamentos Tematicos. Vegetacao, uso e ocupacao da terra. In: Santos, A. A. (Ed.) O Parque nacional do Itatiaia. Cadernos para o Desenvolvimento sustentavel. Fundacao brasileira para Desenvolvimento Sustentavel, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 40 - 48."]}

Thrasychiroides toryba sp. nov. (Fig. 1 C–D; 3 A–C; 5 G–I; 6 E–F) Type material. Holotype: ♂ from CPCN Pró-Mata (29 º 28 ' 21 "S, 50 º09' 25 "W), São Francisco de Paula, 920 m. a.s.l., State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 25.X. 2000, Ricardo Ott leg. (MCN 2065). Paratypes: same data as holotype, 2 ♂ (MCN 2066; 2067); 920 m. a.s.l., 2 ♀ (MCN 2068; 2069); ♂, 920 m. a.s.l. (MZSP 56031); ♀ (MZSP 56032); 870 m. a.s.l., ♂ (MCTP 419). Etymology. Toryba is from the Brazilian Indian Tupy language that means “happy”, a feeling the three authors shared for the chance to be united working with such a beautiful group or harvestmen. Diagnosis. Ocularium dark brown with darker contours surrounding the eyes, dorsally with more than 20 small setae. Pedipalpal claws with 15 teeth. Chelicerae massive, second segment very inflated and with few scattered setae. Penis (Fig. 5 G–I), with posterior half of glans three times larger than the anterior, shoulders much shorter than base of glans with acuminate laterals forming spines with rounded apex, a pair of short acuminate and bifid dorso-lateral setae on widest part of glans. Ventral arms slender at basal half, widening subdistally and almost reaching the distal pair of spines on glans, distal region with subapical branch falciform and shorter and distal branch with serrate apex. Apex of stylus with spine almost straight and directed to penis base (Fig. 6 E–F). Description of male (holotype). Measurements: body length: 3.01; prosoma length: 1.08; prosoma width: 2.24; chelicerae: segment I length: 1.52, segment II: 2.68. Coloration (Fig. 3 A–C). General color chestnut with stripes and maculations white and cream-colored, lateral third of carapace chestnut, median third cream-colored, ocularium chestnuts with a darkish contour surrounding the eyes. Dorsal scutum with white and chestnut paired lateral maculations, median third chestnut with several rounded white maculations on median portion. Basal segment of chelicerae cream with large dorsal chestnut maculation lined along its extension, other segments chestnut. Pedipalps, legs cream-colored with a few chestnut maculations. Coxae and genital operculum cream with darker apical chestnuts maculations. Venter cream colored. Body and appendages (Figs 1 C–D; 3 A–C). Ocularium with more than 20 small setae distributed dorsally. Small setae spread on dorsal and ventral surface, including legs, genital operculum, coxae, pedipalps and chelicerae. Pedipalpal claws with 15 teeth (increasing in size to the apex), pedipalp tuft with apical setae on the inner face of femora, patella and tibia with a dorsal and a lateral line lacking setae; anterior margin of patella without setae, trochanters with basal apophysis, coxae with a large basal conspicuous apophysis. Massive chelicerae, second segment very inflated and covered with few setae, each finger with many small teeth. Penis (Fig. 5 G–I). Posterior with posterior half of glans three times larger than the anterior, base concave, shoulders much shorter than base of glans with acuminate laterals forming spines with rounded apex, a pair of dorso-lateral acuminate and bifid setae on widest part of glans. Ventral arms slender at basal half and wider subdistally and almost reaching the distal pair of spines on glans. Distal region of arms with subapical branch falciform and shorter, distal branch with serrate apex. Apex of stylus with spine almost straight and directed to penis base (Fig. 6 E–F). Description of female (paratype). Measurements: body length: 4.36; prosoma length: 1.16; prosoma width: 2.12; chelicerae: segment I length: 0.76, segment II: 1.56. All characters as in the male except for the following characters: Body larger than male, chelicerae not expanded or massive. Ovipositor with two seminal receptacles. Biotope. All specimens were collected at "Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza Pró-Mata", Potreiro Velho, São Francisco de Paula, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (29 º 28 ' 21 "S, 50 º09' 25 "W, 870– 920 m.a.s.l.). The area is characterized mainly by mixed ombrophilous forest (known as Brazilian pine forests, "Floresta de Araucária " or Araucaria Forest, whose most conspicuous element is Araucaria angustifolia) or within the domain of Atlantic Rain Forest. Detailed descriptions of the area are provided in Bertoletti & Teixeira (1997) and Indicatti et al. (2008). Six localities, in three distinct forest habitats, under different degrees of anthropic influence, were chosen for this study: two Araucaria angustifolia primary forests, two secondary forests and two pine (Pinus spp.) silvicultures. In each locality, 10 pitfall traps with 10 cm diameter openings (filled with a 4 % formalin solution) were placed from 22.IX. 2000 to 18.V. 2002 (see Indicatti et al. 2008). Only eight individuals were obtained in the three habitats, which indicates that species may possibly be rare or may be possibly better sampled using other methods than pitfall trapping., Published as part of Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, Bragagnolo, Cibele & Tourinho, Ana Lúcia, 2014, Three new species of Thrasychiroides Soares & Soares, 1947 from Brazilian Mountains (Opiliones, Eupnoi, Neopilionidae), pp. 469-482 in Zootaxa 3869 (4) on pages 474-475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3869.4.9, http://zenodo.org/record/224847, {"references":["Bertoletti, J. J. & Teixeira, M. B. (1997) Centro de Pesquisas e Conservacao da Natureza Pro-Mata: plano de trabalho para a elaboracao do plano de manejo. Divulgacao do Museu de Ciencias e Tecnologia-UBEA / PUCRS, 3, 3 - 27. [Porto Alegre]","Indicatti, R., Lucas, S., Ott, R. & Brescovit, A. D. (2008) Litter dwelling mygalomorph spiders (Araneae: Microstigmatidae, Nemesiidae) from Araucaria forests in southern Brazil, with the description of five new species. Revista brasileira de Zoologia, 25, 529 - 543. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0101 - 81752008000300021"]}

Thrasychiroides brasilicus Soares & Soares, 1947 a (Figs 5 A–C; 6 A–B) Diagnosis. Ocularium with 20 small setae, with white patch between eyes (according to Soares & Soares 1947 a). Chelicera massive, second segment inflated and covered with setae except in lateral surface, movable finger with median large tooth followed by 13 small teeth, fixed finger with 12 small teeth on distal half. Pedipalpal claws with 14 teeth. Penis with posterior portion of glans two times larger than the anterior part, base concave, shoulders slightly narrower than the arms area, with angular laterals not bearing spines (Fig. 5 B–C). Inflated glans with a pair of dorso-lateral setae with acuminate tips (Fig. 5 A). Ventral arms long and slightly S-shaped, with swollen and knob-like tips. Distal end of stylus with hook-like spine, mostly covered by a membranous sac (Fig. 6 A–B). Material examined: Holotype: ♂ from Banhado (25 º 27 ’S, 48 º 59 ’W), 858 m. a.s.l. at train station, since exact type locality is unknown, close by hills are about 300 m. a.s.l higher, Piraquara, State of Paraná, Brasil, XI. 1945, C.N. Gofferjé leg. (MZSP 36153)., Published as part of Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, Bragagnolo, Cibele & Tourinho, Ana Lúcia, 2014, Three new species of Thrasychiroides Soares & Soares, 1947 from Brazilian Mountains (Opiliones, Eupnoi, Neopilionidae), pp. 469-482 in Zootaxa 3869 (4) on pages 477-478, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3869.4.9, http://zenodo.org/record/224847, {"references":["Soares, B. A. M. & Soares, H. E. M. (1947 a) Alotipos e formas novas de opilioes paranaenses (Opiliones - Gonyleptidae, Phalangiidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 8 (5), 63 - 84."]}

Thrasychiroides Soares & Soares, 1947 a Thrasychiroides Soares & Soares, 1947 a: 82; Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991: 133; Crawford 1992: 45. Emended diagnosis. General color variation from chestnut brown to darkish brown, with large stripes and maculations on lateral carapace and dorsal scutum, and rounded spots usually in median dorsal scutum (Figs. 2–4). Ocularium with lighter color, usually whitish pearl with a darkish contour surrounding the eyes (Figs. 2 A, 3 A, 4 A). Setae spread on the surface of the ocularium, dorsal and ventral of the body. Second segment of chelicerae of males massive, inflated and/or not expanded (Fig. 1 B, D, F), with a prolateral spine or projection on apex and near movable finger. Pedipalp tuft with apical setae on the inner face of femora, patella and tibia with a lateral line of setae on each side, and a dorsal and a lateral line lacking setae (Fig. 2 D, 3 C, 4 C). Shaft of penis with a pair of elongated sclerotized ventral movable projections resembling paired arms, connected or jointed to shaft (Fig. 5), apex of projections usually with spines or inflated, dorsal contour of glans forming a waist on the height of arms expansion and sometimes a shoulder that may have spiniform acuminate lateral sides. Glans with a terminal spine (Fig. 6). Comparisons. Thrasychiroides is similar to the other South American genus, Thrasychirus, because it exhibits a prolateral spine on the apex of cheliceral segment II that is not observed in other members of the subfamily (C. Taylor, personal communication). It differs from Thrasychirus in possessing a spine the on penial stylus (Fig. 6), longer glans without an “U”-shaped cleft on the distal margin (glans length about ¼ of penis length, with U-shaped cleft on distal margin in Thrasychirus, see Fig. 7), and a shorter shaft of about ½ penis length (about 2 / 3 in Thrasychirus). Distribution. All Brazilian species of Thrasychiroides occur in the mountains of the Atlantic Rain Forest zone from 890 up to 2,400 m.a.s.l. The genus is now recorded in a few localities from the States of Rio Grande do Sul to Minas Gerais. It seems that Thrasychiroides, like other enantiobunines, inhabit colder climate and permanently humid realms, which are only found on mountains in southeastern Brazil. The northernmost record of the family Neopilionidae was T. brasilicus in the State of Paraná (Brazil). The spatial distribution of the family is extended to the north with the records of Thrasychiroides ybytyra sp. nov. for Minas Gerais (Brazil).

Key to males of Protimesius species (Modified from Kury & Pinto-da-Rocha, 2008) Remark: Males of P. coxalis (Roewer, 1931) and P. palpalis are unknown. 1. Femur IV without tubercles.............................................................................. 2 - Femur IV tuberculate................................................................................. 3 2. Tibia IV armed with two ventroapical tubercles (Pinto-da-Rocha, 2000, fig. 3).............................. P. apiacas - Tibia IV unarmed (Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997, fig. 401)............................................... P. longipalpis 3. Trochanter IV with one dorsal, long and acute tubercle (Fig. 2 A)................................................ 4 - Trochanter IV without an acute and long tubercle............................................................ 6 4. Femur IV with ventral row of tubercles.................................................................... 5 - Femur IV without ventral row of tubercles (Fig. 3 D).............................................. P. jirau sp. nov. 5. One ventral row of similar-sized tubercles of on ventral femur IV; dorsal region smooth........................ P. cirio - Two ventral rows of tubercles on femur IV (longer tubercles on middle); dorsal region with one row (Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997, figs 392 and 393)............................................................................... P. laevis 6. Patella IV with a dorsal row of tubercles (at least four)....................................................... 7 - Patela IV without a dorsal row of tubercles................................................................ 12 7. Tibia IV with a dorsal row of acute tubercles................................................................ 8 - Tibia IV without dorsal tubercles........................................................................ 10 8. Tibia IV with ventral row of tubercles (continuous with the apical retrolateral row) (Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997, fig. 377)....... 9 - Tibia IV without ventral row of tubercles (only the apical retrolateral row) (Fig. 2 D)................... P. regalo sp. nov. 9. Tibia IV with one dorsal row of tubercles from the base almost to the apex; prosoma with medio-anterior mound (Pinto-da- Rocha, 1997, figs 371 and 376)................................................................. P. evelineae - Tibia IV with one dorsal row of tubercles on 1 / 3 basal; prosoma without medio-anterior mound (Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997, figs 371 and 376).............................................................................. P. foliadereis 10. Femur IV with ventral row of tubercles................................................................... 11 - Femur IV without ventral row of tubercles (Pinto-da-Rocha & Villareal-Manzanilla, 2009, fig. 9)............. P. bahiensis 11. Femur IV with ventral row small tubercles on 1 / 5 apex (Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997, fig. 392).................. P. amplichelis - Femur IV with one ventral retrolateral row of tubercles on 2 / 3 apical (Villareal-Manzanilla & Pinto-da-Rocha, 2006, fig. 21)............................................................................................. P. boibumba 12. Tibia IV clavate; femur IV with two small lateral rows of tubercles at base (Villareal-Manzanilla & Pinto-da-Rocha, 2006, fig. 13)........................................................................................... P. junina - Tibia IV cylindrical and femur without lateral rows of tubercles at base......................................... 13 13. Tibia IV without tubercles.............................................................................. 14 - Tibia IV tuberculate................................................................................. 16 14. Femur IV very tuberculate in all regions (Pinto-da-Rocha 1997, figs 408 and 409)...................... P. mendopticus - Femur IV only with tubercles on ventro-apical region or smooth.............................................. 15 15. Femur IV with tubercles on ventro-apical region (Villareal-Manzanilla & Pinto-da-Rocha, 2006, fig. 35)....... P. c a r n a v a l - Femur IV smooth............................................................................ P. o s v a l d o i 16. Leg IV short (30 mm) and tuberculate on all sides (Pinto-da-Rocha 1997, fig. 378)......................... P. gracilis - Leg IV long (37-41 mm) and weakly tuberculate (lateral and dorsal regions of femur and tibia smooth)................ 17 17. One white band on posterior margin of dorsal scute................................................ P. albilineatus - Two white spots on posterior margin of dorsal scute............................................. P. trocaraincola, Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele, 2013, Two new species of Protimesius from northern Brazil (Opiliones: Laniatores: Stygnidae), pp. 283-292 in Zootaxa 3620 (2) on pages 285-286, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3620.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/223123

Protimesius regalo sp. nov. (Figs. 2 A���G; 4 A���C; 5) Protimesius evelinae (part): Kury et al 2010: 567, fig. 2 d (misidentification). Remarks. Kury et al. (2010), in an expedition to State of Tocantins for the Project ���Aracn��deos e Miri��podes da Mata Atl��ntica��� (AMMA) collected several individuals of Stygnidae, identified as Protimesius evelinae Soares & Soares. I have reviewed this material and was able to confirm the misidentification. The specimens are herein designated as paratypes. Types data: Brazil, Tocantins state, Lajeado (UHE Luis Eduardo Magalh��es), IV. 2002, D. Pavan leg. 3 holotype (MZSP 30253); idem, Porto Nacional, (Luzimangue), 13.IV. 2007, A. Kury et al. leg. Paratypes (MNRJ 0 7587, 18 3 10 �� and MZSP 49298 ��). Etymology. The specific name means ���gift��� in Italian and refers to Ricardo Pinto-da-Rocha, who kindly offered me the opportunity to study the specimens herein designated as holotype. Diagnosis: The new species differs from the other species of the genus by the presence of a dorso apical tubercle on fermur IV. It is is similar to P. evelineae Soares & Soares and P. foliadereis Villarreal-Manzanilla & Pinto-da-Rocha, due to the presence of a dorsal and an apical retrolateral row of acute tubercles on male tibia IV. It differs from these species due to the absence of a ventral row of tubercles on male tibia IV, and the presence of two dorsal rows of tubercles on male patella IV. Description of male holotype (MZSP 30253): Measurements: Dorsal scute length 4.6; prosoma length 2.2; dorsal scute width 3.9; prosoma width 3.7; interocular distance 2.8. Dorsum (Fig. 2 A, B): Prosoma: anterior margin with two tubercles on each side; with low and tuberculated anterior eminence. Ocularium and lateral margin smooth. Area I longitudinally divided, with two small tubercles each side. Area II with four small tubercles. Area III with two parallel spiniform apophysis and one row of 2���3 small tubercles on each side near posterior groove. Posterior margin with a row of 11 small tubercles; free tergite I with a row of 12 small tubercles, II with 18, III with 4. Venter: Coxa I with a median row of nine tubercles, two apical; II with a median row of six tubercles; III and IV irregularly minutely tuberculated. Free sternites I���III with a row of minute granules. Anal plate covered irregularly with minute granules. Chelicera: Swollen. Segment I smooth; II with one median and three small distal teeth; III with two distal teeth. Pedipalpus (Fig. 2 F, G): Coxa with large dorso-basal apophysis and tree ventral pointed tubercles. Trochanter with one ventral and one dorsal tubercles. Femur with one ventro-basal tubercle. Patella unarmed. Tibia mesal IIiII, ectal IIiIi; Tarsus mesal IiIiii; ectal iIiiii. Legs (Fig. 2 C���E): Coxa I with two dorsal tubercles; II with one large, anterior and two posterior dorsal tubercles; III with one dorsal apical tubercle; IV dorsally minutely tuberculated. Trochanter I���II smooth, III with two dorsal tubercles; IV with one dorsal and two ventral tubercles. Femora I���III smooth; IV with one dorso-apical spiniform apophysis; one prolatero-apical row of seven tubercles; one retrolateral row of five tubercles on distal part. Patela IV with two dorsal rows of tubercles, one dorsal and one ventroapical spiniform apophysis. Tibia IV with one dorsal row of nine tubercles; one retrolateral row with four spiniform tubercles on distal 2 / 3; one large bifid retrolateral and one prolateral apical apophysis. Tarsal segmentation: 8: 23: 6: 7. Penis (Fig. 4 A���C): ventral plate with lateral and distal margin concave, with two distal pairs of long curved setae and one short pair; three basal pairs of setae; dorsal process present; stylus swollen apically. Color: In alcohol mostly yellowish brown. Female. Paratype (MZSP 49298): Measurements: Dorsal scute length 4.7; prosoma length 2.1; dorsal scute width 4.0; prosoma width 3.5; interocular distance 2.5. Similar to male, except for: chelicera not swollen; prosoma with lower anterior eminence. Pedipalpal tibia mesal IiiIi, ectal IIiIi; tarsus mesal IiIiIi, ectal Iiii. Legs finely granular; femur IV smooth; tibia IV with a small dorsal pointed apical tubercle. Distribution. State of Tocantins, Brazil. Biology. Fig. 5 shows an aggregation of Protimesius regalo sp. nov. found under the litter death leaf (P��rez- Gonz��l��z, pers. com.), in Porto Nacional, State of Tocantins, Brazil. As recorded for other arthropods (Rasa 1997), harvestmen aggregations are more commonly found during dry and cold periods or in xeric environments, such as Tocantins (central western-Brazil). In this environment, the gregarious habit could have a very important adaptive value, likely reducing evaporation among grouped individuals. Moreover, harvestmen aggregations are generally more frequently found during the day (Machado & Mac��as-Ord����ez 2007). Likewise, the individuals of Protimesius regalo sp. nov. were aggregated under the litter during the day, and during the night they dispersed for foraging. This behavior was observed also in captivity (A. P��rez-Gonz��lez pers. comm.). For Laniatores, the records of aggregations are restricted to cavities in the ground or tree trunks, inside the caves or under the rocks (see table 11.1 in Machado & Mac��as-Ord����ez 2007). The only other record of aggregation in Stygnidae is from Protimesius longipalpis (Roewer, 1943) found inside cavities of tree trunks (Machado & Mac��as-Ord����ez 2007). Thus, this is the second record of aggregation for Stygnidae and, among the Laniatores, the first record found in forest litter., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele, 2013, Two new species of Protimesius from northern Brazil (Opiliones: Laniatores: Stygnidae), pp. 283-292 in Zootaxa 3620 (2) on pages 286-288, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3620.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/223123

Bragagnolo, Cibele (2013): Two new species of Protimesius from northern Brazil (Opiliones: Laniatores: Stygnidae). Zootaxa 3620 (2): 283-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3620.2.6

Protimesius jirau sp. nov. (Figs. 3 A���I; 4 D���F) Types data: Brazil, Rondonia state, Porto Velho (Cai��ara), 27.II. 2010, M.C. Silveira leg. [3 holotype (MZSP 33199), paratypes (MZSP 33119, 2�� 23; MNRJ 0 7215, 1�� 13)]. Etymology. The specific name ��� jirau ���, a noun in apposition, originates from the Tupi language and makes reference to the ��� Jirau Hydroelectric Station���, locality where the species was collected. Diagnosis: This species is similar to P. c ir io Villareal-Manzanilla & Pinto-da-Rocha and P. laevis (Sorensen, 1932) by the presence of a large, pointed, dorso-apical apophysis on male trochanter IV. It differs from the others species of Protimesius due to the absence of a ventral row of tubercles on male femur IV���present in all species of the genus except P. longipalpis and P. a p i a c a s ��� and the presence of a ventrobasal curved apophysis on femur IV. Description of male (holotype MZSP 33199): Measurements: Dorsal scute length 4.7; prosoma length 2.1; dorsal scute width 3.85; prosoma width 3.8; interocular distance 2.3. Dorsum (Fig. 3 A, B). Prosoma: anterior margin smooth, with low anterior eminence with two tubercles. Ocularium and lateral margin smooth. Area I divided, smooth. Area II smooth. Area III with two high parallel spiniform apophysis. Posterior margin straight and smooth; free tergites I���III smooth. Venter: Coxa I with a median row of four tubercles; II with a median row of five tubercles, two apical; III and IV irregularly and minutely tuberculated. Free sternites I���III with a row of minute granules. Anal plate covered irregularly with minute granules. Chelicera: Swollen. Segments I���II smooth; III with two distal teeth. Pedipalpus (Fig. 3 H, I). Coxa with large dorso-basal apophysis and three pointed tubercles; ventral with three pointed tubercles. Trochanter with one ventral tubercle. Femur with one ventro-basal tubercle. Patella unarmed. Tibia mesal IIiIi, ectal IIiIi; Tarsus mesal IiIiIi; ectal IiiIi. Legs (Fig. 3 C���G): Coxa I with two dorsal tubercles; II with two dorsal tubercles, one anterior and one larger, posterior; III with one dorsal apical tubercle; IV dorsally minutely tuberculated. Trochanter I���III smooth, IV with two ventral tubercles and one pointed dorso-apical apophysis. Femora I���III smooth, IV with a ventro-basal curved apophysis and a basal retrolateral row of seven tubercles. Patella IV with a pointed ventro-apical apophysis. Tibia IV with one retrolateral row with nine tubercles on distal 2 / 3; one bifid prolateral and one large retrolateral apical apophysis. Tarsal segmentation: 8: 20: 7: 8. Penis (Fig. 4 D���F): ventral plate with lateral and distal margin straight, with three distal pairs of long curved setae and one intermediary short pair; six basal pairs of setae; dorsal process present; stylus serrate apically. Color: In alcohol mostly yellowish brown, apophyses of area III dark brown. Female (Paratype MZSP 33119): Measurements: Dorsal scute length 4.7; prosoma length 2.0; dorsal scute width 4.0; prosoma width 3.5; interocular distance 2.0. Similar to male, except for: Chelicera not swollen; prosoma without low anterior eminence. Pedipalpal tibia mesal IiiIi, ectal IIiIi; tarsus mesal IiIiIi, ectal Iiii. Legs finely granular; femur IV smooth. Distribution: Known only for the type-locality., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele, 2013, Two new species of Protimesius from northern Brazil (Opiliones: Laniatores: Stygnidae), pp. 283-292 in Zootaxa 3620 (2) on pages 288-289, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3620.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/223123

Promitobates weissbier sp. n. (Figs. 6 C, 8 E, 10 E, 12 C, 14 C, 19 A���C) Type material. BRAZIL. S��o Paulo: Ribeir��o Pires (Gruta da Quarta Divis��o), 20.VIII. 1992, E. Trajano & P. Gnaspini leg.; holotype 3 and 2 paratypes (1 3, 1 ��) (MZSP 17161]. Etymology. Weissbier is a kind of ale bier, made ??with wheat. Diagnosis. It ressembles P. trapista sp. n. by coloration of dorsal scutum, chelicerae, pedipalps and legs I and III dark-yellow and apex of coxa IV, trochanter IV and femur IV black. It can be distinguished by coxa IV with bifid apophysis and color of tubercles of dorsal scutum, greenish. Male description. Measurements (holotype). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 4.9; total length: 5.3; prosoma length: 2.2. Leg IV; length of external apophysis of coxa: 1.2; femur IV length: 48.8. Tarsal formula: 9; 16; 11; 10. Dorsum (Figs. 6 C, 8 E). Anterior margin of prosoma with frontal hump with one row of small tubercles. Prosoma with tubercles behind ocularium arranged in ���V���. Ocularium with two high spiniform apophyses (apex rounded) and two pairs of small tubercles behind them. Area I with two rows of tubercles up to the groove II and small scattered tubercles. Area II densely tuberculated. Area III with two high apophyses (apex rounded) and small tubercles. Area IV divided by a longitudinal groove, totally recovered by tubercles. Lateral areas with rows of tubercles which are placed from ocularium to area II. Posterior margin with two or three tubercles in the corners and one pair of median spiniform tubercles. Free tergites with one row of tubercles. Anal operculum unarmed. Chelicera. Segment I with two setiferous tubercles; II unarmed. Pedipalp. Trochanter with a small ventral spine. Femur with a small ventral basal spine and one subapical, prolateral spine. Tibia setation: mesal IiIi; ectal IiIi. Tarsus setation: mesal IIi; ectal IIi. Venter. Coxa I with median row of five setiferous tubercles, two apical tubercles and scattered granules; trochanter I with median tubercle. Coxa II with median row of six small setiferous tubercles and two apical tubercles; trochanter II with median tubercle. Coxa III with small setiferous scattered distributed tubercles, and two rows of tubercles, increasing in size distally; coxa IV with four spiniform tubercles on posterior margin. Genital area unarmed; free sternites with one row of tubercles; anal operculum with small granules. Legs (Fig. 10 E). Coxa I with anterior dorso basal apophysis; coxa II with one anterior dorso basal apophysis and one posterior; coxa III unarmed; coxa IV with few high tubercles, one internal spiniform apophysis and one external apical bifid apophysis, directed ventrally and with one basal rounded tubercle. Trochanter I���III with small scattered tubercles. Trochanter IV with one dorsal subapical apophysis, one external basal apophysis and one internal apical spiniform apophysis. Femur IV straight, long and unarmed. Coloration (in ethanol). Dorsal scutum and apophyses of area III dark-yellow. Apex of coxa IV, trochanter IV and femur IV black. Tubercles of dorsal scutum greenish. Penis (Fig. 19 A���C). Ventral plate convex, apex slightly curved and distal margin corner rounded and directed ventrally; three pairs of distal setae, three pairs of basal setae, arranged in ���V��� and one pair of small basal ventral setae. Stylus unarmed, apex straight and swollen. Ventral process almost parallel to the stylus, apex spoon-shaped, with serrate margins directed ventrally. Female description (Figs. 12 C, 14 C). Measurements (n= 1). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 5.3; total length: 5.7; prosoma length: 2.1. Femur IV length IV: 15.1. Tarsal formula: 7; 15; 10; 11. Apophyses of area III taller than male. Free tergite III with one median spiniform apophysis. External apophysis of coxa IV reduced and single-branched; internal apophysis absent. Trochanter IV unarmed. Femur IV shorter than male. Geographical distribution. (Fig. 3 B). Only known from type locality., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2012, Systematic review of Promitobates Roewer, 1913 and cladistic analysis of Mitobatinae Simon, 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 3308 on pages 39-41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280969

Promitobates difficilis (Mello-Leit��o, 1931) (Figs. 4 B, 7 B, 9 B, 11 B, 13 B, 15 A, 16 D���F) Batomites difficilis Mello-Leit��o, 1931 b: 141, fig. 11; 1935 a: 109 (cit.); [BRAZIL, Santa Catarina; 3 lectotype, 8 �� paralectoptypes, here designated, MNRJ 11395, examined]. Promitobates difficilis: B. Soares, 1945 b: 368 (cat.); Soares & Soares, 1949 b: 237 (cat.); Kury 2003: 151 (cat.; syst.). Diagnosis. Three areas on dorsal scutum; area III with a pair of apophyses tapered on apex. It can be distinguished from the other species by the dorsal scutum with tiger-like stripes and by the sulphurous yellow tubercles on dorsal scutum. Male redescription. Measurements (n= 8). Dorsal scutum maximum width 3.9���4.5 (4.3); dorsal scutum total length 3.9���4.7 (4.6); prosoma length: 1.4���1.9 (1.7); length of external apophysis of coxa IV 0.8���1.6 (1.5); femur IV length 15.5���34.3 (34.1). Tarsal formula: 7; 13���16; 8���9 (8); 8. Dorsum (Figs. 4 B, 7 B). Anterior margin of prosoma with frontal hump with scattered small tubercles and one or two tubercles at corners. Ocularium with a pair of spiniform apophyses (apex rounded) divergent and directed anteriorly. Prosoma with tubercles behind ocularium and arranged in ���V���. Area I with two median transverse rows of tubercles and small tubercles up to the posterior groove. Area II with transverse rows of tubercles up to the posterior groove. Area III with a pair of high spiniform apophyses tapered on apex, scattered tubercles on median region, and a row of tubercles up to the posterior groove. Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with a row of tubercles that is placed from ocularium to area II and 2���4 enlarged tubercles. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum with a row of tubercles increasing in size to the corners and two spiniform paramedian apophyses. Free tergites with small tubercles at corners. Anal operculum unarmed. Chelicera. Segment I with two small tubercles; II unarmed. Pedipalp. Trochanter with granulated dorsal hump and one small ventral spine. Femur with a small ventral basal spine and an enlarged prolateral subapical spine. Tibial setation: mesal IiIi; ectal IiIi/IIi. Tarsus setation: mesal IIi; ectal IiIi/IIi. Venter. Coxa I with median row of five setiferous tubercles, four apical tubercles; trochanter I with one median tubercle. Coxa II with a median row of eight small tubercles and two apical tubercles; trochanter II with one median tubercle. Coxa III with small tubercles, roughly distributed in rows, the anterior one and the posterior one with tubercles increasing in size distally; trochanter III with median tubercle. Coxa IV with scattered tubercles and one row of tubercles on posterior margin; genital area unarmed; free sternites with one row of small granules; anal operculum unarmed. Legs (Fig. 9 B). Coxa I with one posterior dorso-basal apophysis; coxa II with one anterior dorso-basal apophysis and one posterior; coxa III with an anterior dorso-basal apophysis; coxa IV densely tuberculated, with one small internal apophysis and one external apical bifid apophysis. Trochanters I���III with small scattered tubercles; IV with a dorsal subapical apophysis, an external basal apophysis, and a small internal pointed tubercle. Femur IV more than 10 times longer than dorsal scutum, straight, with minute tubercles. Coloration (Fig. 15 A). Dorsal scutum with black tiger-like stripes; sulphurous yellow tubercles on prosoma, dorsal scutum and posterior margin; black apophyses on area III and apex of coxa IV. Penis (Fig. 16 D���F). Sides of ventral plate convex, slightly curved apically, and corner of anterior margin rounded and directed ventrally; three pairs of distal setae, median smallest; three pairs of basal setae arranged in ���V��� and one pair of small ventral basal setae. Stylus unarmed, apex straight and swollen. Ventral process shorter than stylus, with spoon-shaped apex with serrate margins slightly directed ventrally. Female redescription. (Figs. 11 B, 13 B). Measurements (n= 4). dorsal scutum maximum width 3.9���4.6 (4.3); dorsal scutum total length 4.1���4.8 (4.5); prosoma length 1.3 ���2.0 (1.8). Femur IV: 11.2���15.5 (14.8). Tarsal formula: 7; 13���15; 8; 8. Body more convex than male. Apophyses of area III larger than that on male and slightly directed posteriorly. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum with one pair of median pointed apophysis; free tergites unarmed. Coxa IV with reduced external apical spiniform apophysis, internal apophysis absent. Trochanter IV with an internal spiniform tubercle; femur IV shorter than male. Geographical distribution. Northern Atlantic Rain Forest of Santa Catarina to southeastern Paran�� States (Fig. 3 A). Other material examined. BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Joinville (Serra da Dona Francisca), 12.XII. 2007, M.B. da Silva et al. leg., 2 3 & 2 �� (MZSP 27413). Paran��: Morretes (Porto de Cima), 18.VIII. 1988, M.V. Segalla & Pollati leg., 1 3 (MHNCI 6119); idem (Parque Estadual do Marumbi), 07.II. 1988, R.L.C. Baptista leg., 1 3 (MNRJ 6209); S��o Jos�� dos Pinhais (Usina de Guaricana), 7.VIII. 1988, R. Pinto-da-Rocha, M.V. Segalla & J.C. Moura- Leite leg., 1 3 (MHNCI 6130), Guaratuba (Usina de Guaricana), 04.II. 1989, R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. leg., 2 3 & 2 �� (MHNCI 6118); idem (Vila Cubat��o), 07.II. 1989, R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. leg., 1 �� (MHNCI 6116); idem (Rio Bonito), 25 �� 62 ��� 32 ������S ��� 48 �� 54 ��� 34 ������W, XII. 2005, M.B. da Silva et al. leg., 5 3 (MZSP 27397); Ponta do Paran�� (Reserva Ecol��gica da Ilha do Mel), 24.XI. 1987, V. Moraes et al. leg., 1 3 (MHNCI 6122); Limeira (Serra da Prata), 22.III. 1992, M. Pichorin leg., 1 3 (MZSP 29493); idem, 28.I.1992, 1 3 (MZSP 29445); idem, 28.I.1992, 1 3 & 1 �� (MZSP 29405)., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2012, Systematic review of Promitobates Roewer, 1913 and cladistic analysis of Mitobatinae Simon, 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 3308 on pages 16-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280969, {"references":["Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1931 b) Quatro novos opilioes. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 7 (2), 115 - 119.","Soares, B. A. M. (1945 b) Opilioes da colecao do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Archivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 4 (9), 341 - 394.","Soares, B. A. M. & Soares, H. E. M. (1949) Monografia dos generos de opilioes neotropicos II. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 7 (2), 151 - 239.","Kury, A. B. (2003) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, vol. especial monografico, 1, 1 - 337."]}

Promitobates nigripes (Mello-Leit��o, 1935) comb. n., sp. reval. (Figs. 5 A, 7 E, 9 E, 11 E, 13 E, 17 D���F) Neoancistrotus nigripes Mello-Leit��o, 1935 b: 25, fig. 18; B. Soares, 1945 b: 368 (cit.) [Brazil, S��o Paulo, Ribeira do Iguape; holotype 3, MNRJ 41814, examined]. Ancistrotellus nigripes: Soares & Soares, 1949: 228 (cat.; syst.); Kury 2003: 152 (cat.; syst.). Leonardosia nitida Mello-Leit��o, 1935 b: 28, fig. 21 (desc.). New synonymy. Promitobates nitidus: B. Soares, 1944 c: 248 (syst.); 1945 b: 368 (cit.); Soares & Soares, 1949: 238 (cat.); Kury 2003: 152 (cat.; syst.). Promitobates ornatus (part.); Mello-Leit��o, 1922: 343; Roewer, 1931: 114, fig. 4; Mello-Leit��o, 1932: 404, fig. 268. Diagnosis. Dorsal scutum with sulphurous yellow tubercles standing out from the dark-brown body. Single spiniform tubercle on free tergite III and posterior margin of dorsal scutum with a pair of spiniform tubercles. This species resembles P. hatschbachi by posterior margin of dorsal scutum and free tergite III apophyses. It can be distinguished by color of dorsal scutum. It is closely related to P. ornatus and P. intermedius, by the pattern of color, distinguished by apophysis of free tergite III. Male redescription. Measurements (n= 6). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 4.5���5.3 (4.5); total length: 4.3��� 4.9 (4.3); prosoma length: 1.8���1.9 (1.8). Leg IV; length of external apophysis of coxa: 1.0��� 1.3 (1.0); femur IV length: 38.0��� 53.1 (38.0). Tarsal formula: 6; 15���16 (15); 8���9 (8); 8. Dorsum. (Figs. 4 D, 7 D). Anterior margin of prosoma with frontal hump with small tubercles. Prosoma with tubercles behind ocularium and arranged in ���V���. Ocularium with one pair of high spiniform divergent apophyses and small tubercles behind them. Area I with pair of tubercles and rows of tubercles up to the posterior groove. Area II with median transverse rows of tubercles and small tubercles up to the posterior groove. Areas III and IV partially fused, with tubercles concentrated on median region, roughly in rows. Area III with a pair of high spiniform apophyses. Area IV with a pair of tubercles and one row of tubercles up to the posterior margin. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum with one row of tubercles, increasing in size to the corners, and one pair of spiniform median apophyses. Free tergites I and II unarmed, with a small tubercle on corner; III with one median spiniform tubercle. Chelicera. Segment I with a small tubercle; II unarmed. Pedipalp. Trochanter with a small ventral spine. Femur with a small ventro-basal spine and one enlarged, prolateral subapical spine. Tibia setation: mesal IiIi/IiiIi; ectal IiIi/IiiIi. Tarsus setation: mesal iIi; ectal IiIi. Venter. Coxa I with median row of six setiferous tubercles and three apical tubercles; trochanter I with median tubercle. Coxa II with median row of eight small setiferous tubercles, four apical tubercles; trochanter II with two median tubercles. Coxa III with setiferous tubercles, roughly distributed in rows and two rows increasing in size distally; trochanter III with median tubercle enlarged and small scattered tubercles. Coxa IV with scattered tubercles and two tubercles on posterior margin; genital area, free sternites I���III and anal operculum with small granules. Legs (Fig. 9 D). Coxa I with one anterior and one posterior dorso basal apophysis; II with one anterior and one posterior dorso basal apophysis; III with one anterior dorso basal apophysis; IV with few high tubercles, with small internal spiniform apophysis and one external apical bifid apophysis. Trochanters I���III with small scattered tubercles; IV with one dorsal subapical apophysis, one external basal apophysis, and one small internal apical spiniform apophysis. Femur IV straight with minute tubercles, more than 12 times longer than dorsal scutum length. Penis (Fig. 17 A���C). Ventral plate convex, apex straight and corner of distal margin rounded and directed ventrally; three distal setae (median smaller); three pairs of basal setae, arranged in ���V��� and one pair of basal ventral setae. Stylus unarmed, apex straight and swollen. Ventral process shorter than stylus, apex spoon-shaped, with serrate margins directed ventrally. Coloration. Dorsal scutum dark-brown, tubercles of dorsal scutum, apophyses of posterior margin and ocularium sulphurous yellow. Female redescription (Figs. 11 D, 13 D). Measurements (n= 3). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 4.8���5.1; total length: 4.6���4.8; prosoma length: 1.7���1.8. Femur IV length IV: 16���23. Tarsal formula: 6; 14���16; 8���9; 9. Body more convex than male. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum with one pair of median spiniform tubercles. Coxa IV with reduced external apical apophysis, internal apophysis absent. Trochanter IV with small internal apical spiniform apophysis; femur IV shorter than male. Geographical distribution. Costal Atlantic Rain Forest of Paran�� and S��o Paulo and Semideciduous Atlantic Rain Forest of western of Paran�� and S��o Paulo States (Fig. 3 C). Remarks. Leonardosia nitida is considered synonymous of Promitobates nigripes because of absence of row of tubercles on posterior margin of last area of dorsal scutum, and also by the presence of an apophysis of free tergite III. Other material examined. BRAZIL. S��o Paulo: Biritiba-Mirim, 29.VIII.2002, 1 3 (MZSP 29451); idem, S. Favorito leg. 15���16. II.2003, 1 �� (MZSP 29431); Pilar do Sul (Fazenda Fibrasil), Weber leg., 1945, 3 3 and 5 �� (MZSP 29460); Atibaia (Parque Florestal do Itapetinga), G. Machado leg., 10.VIII.1997, 1 3 (MZSP 29448); idem, 1 3 (MZSP 29449); idem, 1 �� (MZSP 19352); Canan��ia (road to Itapeti), M.B. da Silva et al leg., 2.II. 2006 2 3 (MZSP 27425); idem (Ilha do Cardoso), V.G. Person leg, 23.I.1990, 1 �� (MHNCI 6691); Barra do Turvo (near waterfall���V��u da Noiva), M.B. da Silva et al. leg., 31.I.2006, 3 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 27427); Miracatu (Morro do Fau), IX. 1999, 1 �� (MZSP 27412); idem (Serra do Itimirim), R. Pinto-da-Rocha R.S. B��rnils leg. 20.XII.1998, 1 3 and 2 �� (MZSP 17245); Botucatu (Fazenda Morro Vermelho), J. Jim leg, 6.IX.1968, 1 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 527); Iporanga (Gruta do Moqu��m), P. Gnaspini leg. 1992, 4 3 and 3 �� (MZSP 14595); idem (Parque Estadual do Alto do Ribeira), R. Indicatti leg, 21���22. IX.2002, 2 (IB 3098); idem, Exp. MZSP leg, 09��� 13. X.1992, 1 �� (MZSP 17101); Teodoro Sampaio (Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo), Equipe Biota leg, 07��� 27. III.2003, 1 3 (IB 5551); S��o Paulo (Parque Estadual da Cantareira), R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. leg, 01.V.2001, 2 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 22401 and 22402); idem (Parque Estadual of Jaragu��), R. Indicatti leg, 12.XI.2000, 1 �� (IB 1815); Ribeir��o Grande (Gruta do Jabaquara), N. Morachiolli leg, 02.VII.2007, 1 3 (MZSP 27408); Eldorado (Gruta Areia de Baixo), 08.IV.1966, 1 �� (MZSP 9951); idem, 1 �� (MZSP 9953); idem (Caverna do Diabo), A. Izekshon leg, 01.XI.1970, 1 �� (MZSP 506); idem, D. Camargo leg, 13.II.1965, 1 �� (MZSP 10001); Pilar do Sul (Fazenda do Linho), W. da Silva leg, XII.1946, 1 3 (MZSP 21580); Guapiara (Fazenda Intervales), P. Gnaspini leg, 24.X.1991, 1 3 (MZSP 17102); idem, R.J. Sawaya leg, XII.1997, 2 �� (MZSP 16947); Salto do Paraiba, Rabello leg, 4.II.1968, 1 �� (MZSP 9953); 1 3 (MZSP 9972). Paran��: Guaraque��aba (road to Curitiba), M.B. da Silva et al. leg. XII.2005, 3 3 and 5 �� (MZSP 31029); Guaratuba (Morro Cubat��o), R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. leg, 6.II.1989, 1 3 (MHNCI 6117); idem (rio Bonito), M.B. da Silva leg, XII.2005, 1 �� (MZSP 27426); idem (Vila Cubat��o), R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg, 7.II.1989, 1 �� (MHNCI 6116); Pontal do Paran�� (Ilha do Mel, Reserva Ecol��gica), S. Caron et al. leg, 14.XI. 1989 5 3 (MHNCI 6123); Guair�� (Ilha do Cristo), R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg, 3 3 and 5 �� (MHNCI s/n��)., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2012, Systematic review of Promitobates Roewer, 1913 and cladistic analysis of Mitobatinae Simon, 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 3308 on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280969, {"references":["Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1935 b) Alguns novos opilioes do Estado de S. Paulo e do Districto Federal. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 36, 9 - 37.","Soares, B. A. M. (1945 b) Opilioes da colecao do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Archivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 4 (9), 341 - 394.","Soares, B. A. M. & Soares, H. E. M. (1949) Monografia dos generos de opilioes neotropicos II. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 7 (2), 151 - 239.","Kury, A. B. (2003) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, vol. especial monografico, 1, 1 - 337.","Soares, B. A. M. (1944 c) Mais alguns opilioes de Boracea. Papeis Avulsos Departamento de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 4 (12), 177 - 186.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1922) On some new Brazilian Gonyleptidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 329 - 348.","Roewer, C. F. (1931) Weitere Weberknechte V. (5. Erganzung der Weberknechte der Erde, 1923). Abhandlumgen Naturwissevischaftlichen Verein Zu Bremen, 28 (2 - 3), 101 - 164.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1932) Opilioes do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista. 17 (2), 1 - 505.","Nixon, K. C. (1999) Winclada (BETA) ver. 0.9. 9. Publicado pelo autor, Ithaca, New York, USA."]}

Promitobates ale sp. n. (Figs. 6 A, 8 C, 10 C, 12 B, 14 B, 15 D, 18 D���F) Type material. BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: S��o Bento do Sul (Ano Bom), 26 �� 22 ���S ��� 49 �� 13 ���W, 3.IV. 1999, R. Pintoda-Rocha & R. B��rnils leg., 3 holotype, 3 3 and 4 �� paratypes (MZSP 18635); Paran��: S��o Jos�� dos Pinhais (Usina de Guaricana), 28.IV. 1987, R. B��rnils leg. 1 3 (MHNCI 6129); idem, 16.II. 1988, R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg., 1 �� and 1 3 (MNRJ 18796). Etymology. The epithet refers to a kind of beer of high fermentation. Diagnosis. Resembles Promitobates trapista sp. n. by the external apophysis of coxa IV single-branched. Recognized by ocularial armature (two tubercles), free tergite II with a pair of spiniform apophyses and coloration of dorsal scutum and legs, yellow with black points. Male description. Measurements (n= 10). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 3.8���4.4 (3.9); total length: 4.1��� 4.3 (4.1); prosoma length: 1.6���1.7 (1.6). Leg IV; length of external apophysis of coxa: 0.9���1.4 (1.0); femur IV length: 16.1���18.9 (16.6). Tarsal formula: 7; 15���16 (15); 8���10 (8); 9���10 (9). Dorsum (Figs. 6 A, 8 C). Anterior margin of prosoma unarmed, including frontal hump. Prosoma with two small tubercles behind ocularium. Ocularium with two rounded tubercles. Area I with two median tubercles and small tubercles up to the posterior groove. Area II with small tubercles scattered distributed. Area III and IV partially fused, III with a pair of pointed apophyses posteriorly directed. Lateral margin smooth. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum with one row of spiniform tubercles, increasing in size up to the corners and two median apophyses. Free tergites I and II and anal plate unarmed; tergite III with one pair of paramedian spiniform apophyses. Chelicera. Segment I with two setiferous tubercles; II unarmed. Pedipalp. Trochanter with a small ventral spine. Femur with a small ventro-basal spine and one, larger, prolateral apical spine. Tibia setation: mesal IiIi; ectal IiIi. Tarsus setation: mesal IIi; ectal IiIi. Venter. Coxa I with median row of five setiferous tubercles and two apical tubercles; trochanter I with median tubercle. Coxa II with median row of eight small setiferous tubercles and two apical tubercles; trochanter II with median tubercle. Coxa III with small setiferous tubercles, roughly distributed in rows, the anterior one and posterior one, increasing distally; trochanter III with median tubercle. Coxa IV with granules scattered and four tubercles on posterior margin; genital area unarmed; free sternites with one row of granules; anal operculum with small granules scattered. Legs (Fig. 10 C). Coxa I with posterior dorso basal apophysis; II with one anterior dorso basal apophysis and one posterior; coxa III unarmed; coxa IV with few tubercles, three internal apical spiniform tubercles and one external apical short apophysis, directed ventrally and one basal tubercle. Trochanter I���III with small scattered tubercles. Trochanter IV with two external apophysis, the basal rounded. Femur IV long, straight and unarmed. Penis (Fig. 18 D���F). Ventral plate convex, apex straight; three pairs of long subapical setae; three pairs of basal setae, arranged in ���V��� and one pair of ventral basal setae. Stylus unarmed, slightly curved. Ventral process almost parallel to the stylus, apex spoon-shaped, with serrate margins directed ventrally. Coloration (Fig. 15 D). Dorsal scutum yellow with black points; Chelicerae, Pedipalps, coxa and trochanter I��� III dark-yellow; apophyses of area III and apice of external apophysis of coxa IV black. Female description (Figs. 12 B, 14 B). Measurements (n= 9). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 4.1���4.8; total length: 4.1���4.7; length of prosoma: 1.5���1.7. Femur IV length IV: 10.6���12.6. Tarsal formula: 6; 13���16; 10; 8���10. Body more convex than male. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum unarmed. Free tergite II with a pair of small tubercles or unarmed; free tergite III with one pair of spiniform apophysis. Coxa IV with external apical spiniform apophysis, internal apophysis absent. Trochanter IV unarmed; femur IV shorter than male. Geographical distribution (Fig. 3 A). Atlantic rain Forest of northern Santa Catarina and southeastern of Paran�� States. Other material examined. BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Campo Alegre, 25.III. 1993, R. Sachsse & S. Potsch leg. 1 3 (MNRJ 6892); Joinville (Serra Dona Francisca), 26 �� 13 ��� 24 ������S ��� 49 ��04��� 23 ������W, 14.XII. 2005, M.B. da Silva et al. leg. 3 �� and 1 3 (MZSP 27405); idem, 13.XII. 2005, M.B. da Silva et al. leg. 2 �� and 3 3 (MZSP 27404); S��o Bento do Sul (Ano Bom), 26 �� 22 ���S ��� 49 �� 13 ���W, 3.IV. 1999, R. Pinto-da-Rocha & R. B��rnils leg. 1 3 (MZSP 18649); idem, 4 �� and 3 3 (MZSP 18635)., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2012, Systematic review of Promitobates Roewer, 1913 and cladistic analysis of Mitobatinae Simon, 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 3308 on pages 33-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280969

Promitobates trapista sp. n. (Figs. 6 B, 8 D, 10 D, 18 G, H, I) Promitobates sp.: Bragagnolo et al. 2007: 393 (cit). Type material. BRAZIL. S��o Paulo: Cotia (Reserva Morro Grande), VII. 2008, R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. leg; holotype 3 (MZSP 31197). Paratypes, same locality as holotype, 15.XII. 2002, A.A. Nogueira et al. leg. 2 3 (MZSP 27406). Etymology. Trapista is a kind of ale beer, made by Belgian Trappist monks. Diagnosis. It resembles P. a l e sp. n. by external apophysis of coxa IV short and single-branched; also resembles P. hatschbachi and P. ornatus by the pattern of tubercles on dorsal scutum. It can be distinguished form them by coloration, with dorsal scutum and legs I���III dark-yellow and apice of coxa IV, trochanter IV and femur IV black. Male description. Measurements (holotype). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 4.5; total length: 4.2; prosoma length: 1.8. Leg IV; length of external apophysis of coxa: 0.95; femur IV length: 37.6. Tarsal formula: 7; 15; 10; 8. Dorsum (Figs. 6 B, 8 D). Anterior margin of prosoma with two or three tubercles on corners. Ocularium with two high apophyses and tubercles behind apohphysis. Prosoma with tubercles behind ocularium, arranged in ���U���. Area I with a row of small tubercles up to the posterior groove and two enlarged median tubercles. Area II with a row of tubercles up to the posterior groove and small scattered tubercles. Areas III and IV fused, III with two high spiniform apophyses and tubercles on median region. Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with one row of tubercles which is placed from ocularium to area II. Posterior margin with two median spiniform tubercles and one row of rounded tubercles increasing in size to the corners. Free tergites I and II with small scattered tubercles and one enlarged pair of tubercles on the corners; III with a median spiniform tubercle. Chelicera. Segment I with three setiferous tubercles; II unarmed. Pedipalp. Trochanter with a small ventral spine. Femur with a small ventral basal spine and one subapical, prolateral spine. Tibia setation: mesal IiIi; ectal IiIi. Tarsus setation: mesal IIi; ectal IIi. Venter. Coxa I with median row of six setiferous tubercles and two apical tubercles; trochanter I with median tubercle and few granules scattered. Coxa II with median row of eight small setiferous tubercles and two apical tubercles; trochanter II with median tubercle. Coxa III with small setiferous tubercles, distributed roughly in rows, the anterior and posterior one, increasing in size distally; trochanter III with median tubercle. Coxa IV with granules scattered and three tubercles on posterior margin; genital area unarmed; free sternites with row of tubercles; anal operculum with few granules. Legs. (Fig. 10 D). Coxa I���II with one anterior dorso basal apophysis and one posterior; coxa III with anterior dorso basal apophysis; coxa IV with high tubercles, external apical apophysis directed ventrally and with one basal rounded tubercle, two small internal spiniform apophysis. Trochanters I���III with small scattered tubercles. Trochanter IV with one dorsal apical and one dorso basal rounded apophyses and one small internal apical spiniform apophysis. Femur more than 10 times longer than dorsal scutum, straight and unarmed. Coloration. Dorsal scutum, chelicerae, pedipalps and legs I���III dark-yellow. Apex of coxa IV, trochanter IV and femur IV black. Penis (Fig. 18 G���I). Ventral plate convex, apex straight and distal margin corner rounded and directed ventrally; three pairs of distal setae, one pair of median setae; three pairs of basal setae, arranged in ���V��� and one pair of ventral basal setae. Stylus unarmed, apex straight and swollen. Ventral process almost parallel to the stylus, apex spoon-shaped, with serrate margins directed ventrally. Female. Unknown. Geographical distribution (Fig. 3 B). Only known from type locality., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2012, Systematic review of Promitobates Roewer, 1913 and cladistic analysis of Mitobatinae Simon, 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 3308 on pages 38-39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280969, {"references":["Bragagnolo, C., Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Nogueira, A. A., Pardini, R. (2007) Harvestmen in an Atlantic forest fragmented landscape: Evaluating assemblage response to habitat quality and quantitty. Biological Conservation, 139, 389 - 400."]}

Promitobates lager sp. n. (Figs. 6 D, 8 F, 10 F, 12 D, 14 D, 15 E, 19 D, E, F) Type material. BRAZIL, Rio of Janeiro, Jacarepagu��; holotype 3 (MNRJ 04545). Paratypes: BRAZIL. S��o Paulo: Miracatu (Morro of Fau), 19.XII. 1999, R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. leg. 1 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 17047); Jacupiranga, 3.XI. 1973, J. Jim leg. 1 3 (HS 0507); Pariquera-A����, 1 3 (MNRJ 17.668); S��o Sebasti��o (Praia of Camburi), VI. 1995, AND.C. Capri leg., 1 3 (IBSP 757); idem (CEBIMAR), 7.I. 1992, R.L. Baptista leg., 1 3 (MNRJ 6836); idem (Baraque��aba), 5.I. 1994, R.L. Baptista leg., 2 3 (MNRJ 4863) Etymology. The epipthet refers to a kind of german beer made in low fermentation. Diagnosis. Body densely granulated, area I totally covered by tubercles. It can be distinguished from P. weissbier sp. n. by coloration with os tubercles of dorsal scutum sulphurous yellow. Male description. Measurements (n= 5). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 3.7���4.2 (4.1); total length: 3.9���4.6 (4.4); prosoma length: 1.4���1.8 (1.8). Leg IV; length of external apophysis of coxa: 0.8���1.2 (1.2); femur IV length: 21.7���38.4 (38.2). Tarsal formula: 6���8 (7); 14���16 (14); 8���9 (8); 8. Dorsum (Figs. 6 D, 8 F). Anterior margin of prosoma with frontal hump with one row of small tubercles. Prosoma with tubercles behind ocularium arranged in ���U���, one longitudinal row of tubercles next to the ocularium and scattered tubercles. Ocularium with one pair of high spiniform apophyses small tubercles behind them. Area I with one row of tubercles near grooves (Fig. 6 D) or totally covered by tubercles (Fig. 8 F). Area II denselly tuberculated. Area III with two high spiniform apophyses and tubercles concentrated on median region. Area IV with tubercles on median region one row up to the posterior goove. Lateral areas with one row of tubercles which is placed from ocularium to area II and scattered tubercles. Posterior margin with one row of tubercles, enlarged in the corners and one pair of median spiniform apophyses. Free tergites with one row of tubercles. Anal operculum unarmed. Chelicera. Segment I with two setiferous tubercles; II unarmed. Pedipalp. Trochanter with one small ventral spine. Femur with one small ventral basal spine and one subapical, prolateral spine. Tibia mesal IiIi; ectal IiIi. Tarsus mesal IIi; ectal Iii/Ii. Venter. Coxa I with median row of four setiferous tubercles and three apical tubercles; trochanter I with median tubercle. Coxa II with median row of nine small setiferous tubercles and three apical tubercles; trochanter II with two median tubercles. Coxa III with small setiferous tubercles, distributed roughly in rows, the anterior one and posterior one increasing in size distally; trochanter III with median tubercle. Coxa IV with scattered granules and four tubercles on posterior margin; genital area, free sternites I���III and anal operculum with small granules. Legs (Fig. 10 F). Coxa I with one posterior dorso basal apophysis; coxa II with one anterior dorso basal apophysis and one posterior; coxa III with anterior dorso basal apophysis; coxa IV with few and high tubercles, with small internal spiniform apophysis and one external apical bifid apophysis. Trochanters I���III with small scattered tubercles. Trochanter IV with one dorsal subapical apophysis, one external basal apophysis and one small internal apical spiniform apophysis. Femur very long, straight and unarmed. Penis (Fig. 19 D���F). Ventral plate distally with transversal median depression, lateral convex, apex straight and distal margin corner rounded and directed ventrally; three distal setae, the pair of setae median much smaller; three pairs of basal setae, ���V���-shape and a pair of small basal ventral setae. Stylus unarmed, straight and of apex swollen. Ventral process almost parallel to the stylus, apex spoon-shaped, with large serrate margins, directed ventrally. Coloration (Fig. 15 E). Dorsal scutum dark brown uniform, with tubercles and apophyses of ocularium, of area III and tubercles of dorsal scutum sulphuruous yellow. Female description (Figs. 12 D, 14 D). Measurements (n= 1). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 4.3; total length: 4.8; prosoma length: 1.8. Femur IV length IV: 14. Tarsal formula: 6; 14; 8; 9. Body more convex than male. Ocularium with a pair of spiniform apophyses a little larger than those of male, and two pairs of tubercles behind and one pair of anterior apophyses. Area II totally recovered by granules; apophyses of area III larger than male. Posterior margin with a pair of high median apophyses, posteriorly directed. Free tergite II with one small median apophysis spiniform. External apical apophysis of coxa IV reduced and single-branched; internal apophysis absent. Trochanter IV with small internal apical spiniform apophysis; femur IV unarmed and straight, length much smaller than male. Geographical distribution (Fig. 3 B). Costal Atlantic Rain Forest of S��o Paulo and southeastern of Rio of Janeiro State. Note. The type locality, Jacarepagu��, refers to the specimen deposited on MNRJ, mislabeled as ��� P. granulosissimus, holotype ���. A second label mention ��� Promitobates jacarepagua ���. There is not further data on label on year, locality, collector or identifier. The holotype of P. granulosissimus is a female not coespecific with this material., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2012, Systematic review of Promitobates Roewer, 1913 and cladistic analysis of Mitobatinae Simon, 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 3308 on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280969

Promitobates viridigranulatus (Soares & Soares, 1946) (Figs. 5 C, 8 A, B, 10 A, B, 12 A, 14 A, 15 C, 18 A���C) Ancistrotellus viridigranulatus Soares & Soares 1946: 106, fig. 3; 1947 a: 79, fig. 10 (desc.); 1947 c: 250 (cit.); 1947 d: 211 (cit.); 1947 e: 211 (cit.); 1949: 230 (cit.); Pinto-da-Rocha & Caron 1989: 1023 (cat.); [BRAZIL, Paran��, Piraquara (Banhado); holotype 3 (MHNCI 3617) examined]. Promitobates viridigranulatus: Kury 2003: 151 (cat.; syst.). Ancistrotellus hauseri Silhav��, 1979: 328, Figs. 15 ���21 (desc.); Rambla & Juberthie, 1994: 221 (cit.); Gnaspini & Trajano, 1994: 572 (cit.); Pinto-da-Rocha 1995: 81. Kury 2003 (cat.). [Brazil, S��o Paulo, Eldorado Paulista, Gruta da Tapagem = Gruta do Diabo; holotype MHNG, lost]. New synonymy. Promitobates hauseri: Kury 2003 (cat., syst.) Diagnosis. Free tergites unarmed. This species is recognized by porterior margin of dorsal scutum unarmed and by color of tubercles of dorsal scutum greenish. Male redescription. Measurements (n= 19). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 3.2���4.4 (3.8); total length: 3.6��� 4.6 (4.1); length of prosoma: 1.5���1.9 (1.7). Leg IV; length of external apophysis of coxa: 0.3���1.3 (0.4); femur IV length: 20.3���52.9 (24.5). Tarsal formula: 6���8 (6); 14���18; 7���10 (7); 7���10 (7). Dorsum (Figs. 5 C, 8 A, B). Anterior margin of prosoma with frontal hump with small tubercles and two or four tubercles on corners. Prosoma with tubercles behind ocularium arranged in ���V���. Ocularium with two high divergent apophyses and scarses small tubercles. Area I with a row of increased tubercles up to the posterior groove and small tubercles scattered. Area II with one row of tubercles (larger close to the groove III), and small tubercles scaterred. Area III with two high pointed apophyses posteriorly directed and small tubercles scattered. Area IV with tubercles concentrated on median region. Lateral area with a row of tubercles which is placed from ocularium to area III. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum with one row of tubercles, increasing in size to the corners. Free tergites with one row of tubercles increasing in size to the corners. Anal operculum unarmed. Chelicera. Segments I and II unarmed. Pedipalp. Trochanter with a small ventral spine. Femur with a small ventral basal spine and an enlarged, prolateral subapical spine. Tibia setation: mesal IiIi/IiiIi; ectal IiIi/IiiIi. Tarsus setation: mesal IIi; ectal IiIi. Venter. Coxa I with a median row of five setiferous tubercles and two apical tubercles; trochanter I with a median tubercle. Coxa II with a median row of seven setiferous tubercles and one apical tubercle; trochanter II with a median tubercle. Coxa III with small setiferous tubercles, distributed roughly em rows and two rows of tubercles, both with tubercles increasing distally; trochanter III with one median tubercle. Coxa IV with granules scattered and three tubercles on posterior margin; genital area unarmed; free sternites with one row of granules; anal operculum with small granules. Legs (Fig. 10 A, B). Coxae I���II with one anterior dorso basal apophysis and one posterior; III with anterior dorso basal apophysis; with one small internal spiniform apophysis and one external apical bifid apophysis, directed ventrally. Trochanters I���III with small scattered tubercles; IV with one dorsal subapical apophysis and one external basal apophysis. Penis (Fig. 18 A���C). Ventral plate convex, apex straight; three pairs of distal setae, one pair of median setae, three or four pairs of basal setae, arranged in ���U��� and one pair of basal ventral setae. Stylus unarmed, apex straight and swollen. Ventral process almost parallel to the stylus, truncus short, apex spoon-shaped, with long serrate margins directed ventrally. Coloration (Fig. 15 C). Dorsal scutum and apophyses of area III dark-brown. Ocularium yellow-dark. Tubercles of dorsal scutum (rows up to the grooves) greenish. Female redescription (Figs. 12 A, 14 A). Measurements (n= 10). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 3.3���4.6; total length: 3.8���4.7; length of prosoma: 1.4���2.1. Femur IV length IV: 10.3���14.9. Tarsal formula: 7���8; 15���17; 8��� 10; 7���8. Ocularium with one pair of high apophyses and one pair of tubercles behind them. Prosoma with tubercles behind ocularium arranged in ���U���. Area I and II unarmed, III with a pair of apophyses (larger than ocularium); posterior margin of dorsal scutum and free tergites unarmed. Coxa IV with small external apical spiniform apophysis; internal apophysis absent. Trochanter IV unarmed; femur IV shorter than male. Geographical distribution. Costal Atlantic Rain Forest of Paran�� and southeastern of S��o Paulo States (Fig. 3 A). Remarks. The holotype of Promitobates hauseri is considered as lost, but the good drawing and informative illustration, as well additional material from type locality (Eldorado Paulista, Gruta da Tapagem - MNRJ 18794) lead us to recognize them as cospecific. Other material examined. BRAZIL. Paran��: Piraquara (Banhado), IV. 1946, C.N. Gofferj�� leg. 2 �� and 1 3 (MNRJ 18793); idem, 9.III. 1947, Rudini leg. 4 �� and 3 3 (HS 0021); Morretes (Rio Taquaral), XI. 1945, G. Hatschbach leg. 1 3 (MHNCI 1280), 1 �� (MHNCI 1281) and 1 �� (MHNCI 1282); Marumbi, 17.III. 1946, A. Curial leg. 1 3 (MHNCI 3337); Guaratuba (Rio Bonito) 23 �� 56 ��� 32 ������S ��� 48 �� 54 ��� 34 ������W, XII. 2005, M.B. da Silva et al. leg. 3 3 (MZSP 27402); Guaratuba (Usina de Guaricana), 4.II. 1989, R. Pinto-da-Rocha & R. B��rnils leg. 2 �� and 1 3 (MHNC 6113); idem, 5.II. 1989, R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg. 2 3 (MHNCI 6112); idem, 8.III. 1999, A. Kury, R. Pintoda-Rocha & A. Giupponi leg. 3 �� (MZSP 18128); idem, III. 1999, A. Kury et al. Leg. 3 �� and 2 3 (MNRJ 5816); Limeira (Serra da Prata), 22.III. 1992, M. Pichorin & B. Reinert leg., 1 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 29468); S��o Jos�� dos Pinhais (Usina de Guaricana), 8.VIII. 1998, R. Pinto-da-Rocha & Moura Leite leg. 2 3 (MNRJ 6545); idem, 8.III. 1999, A. Kury, R. Pinto-da-Rocha & A. Giupponi leg. 3 �� and 1 3 (MNRJ 5803); Guaraque��aba (Taga��aba), 15.IV. 1989, M. Bornschein leg. 1 3 (MHNCI 6527); S��o Paulo: Canan��ia (Serra do Itapitangui, road to Ariri), 24 �� 59 ��� 18 ������S ��� 48 ��01���05������W, 2.II. 2006, M.B. da Silva et al. leg. 1 �� and 6 3 (MZSP 27401); Barra do Turvo (foot of Serra do Cadeado) 24 �� 54 ��� 49 ������S ��� 48 �� 14 ��� 45 ������W, 1.II. 2006, M.B. da Silva et al. leg. 4 �� and 4 3 (MZSP 27400); idem, 2 �� and 5 3 (MZSP 27403); Eldorado Paulista (Gruta da Tapagem = Gruta do Diabo), 18.XI. 1991, L. Trajano leg, 1 3 and 1 �� (MNRJ 18794); Iguape (Ilha do Cardoso), 19.IV. 1991, M.V. Segalla leg., 1 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 29497)., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2012, Systematic review of Promitobates Roewer, 1913 and cladistic analysis of Mitobatinae Simon, 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 3308 on pages 26-32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280969, {"references":["Soares, B. A. M. & Soares, H. E. M. (1946) Novos opilioes de Banhado (Estado do Parana). Papeis Avulsos Departamento de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 7 (8), 101 - 111.","Kury, A. B. (2003) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, vol. especial monografico, 1, 1 - 337.","Silhavy, V. (1979) Opilionids of the suborder Gonyleptomorphi from the American caves, collected by Dr. Pierre Strinati. Revue Suisse Zool o gie, 86 (2), 321 - 334.","Rambla, M. & Juberthie, C. (1994) Opiliones. In: C. Juberthie & V. Decu (eds.), Encyclopaedia Biospeologica, I, 215 - 230.","Gnaspini, P. & Trajano, E. (1994) Brazilian cave invertebrates, with a checklist of troglomorphic taxa. Revista Iberica de Entomologia, 38 (3 / 4), 549 - 584."]}

Promitobates ornatus (Mello-Leit��o, 1922) (Figs. 5 B, 7 F, 9 F, 11 F, 13 F, 15 B, 17 G���I) Neomitobates ornatus Mello-Leit��o, 1922: 343; 1923: 164, fig. 29 [Brazil, S��o Paulo, Alto of Serra; syntype MZSP 41, syntype; MZSP 479, 5 syntypes; MZSP 494; 7 syntypes, not examined, lost]. Promitobatoides ornatus: Mello-Leit��o, 1927: 22; Roewer, 1931 b: 114, fig. 4 (desc.); Mello-Leit��o, 1932: 404, fig. 268 (rdesc.). Promitobates ornatus: B. Soares, 1943: 56 (syst.); 1944 a: 248 (cit.); 1944 b: 222 (cit.); 1944 c: 177 (cit.); 1944 d: 283 (cit.); 1945 a: 238 (cit.); 1946: 511 (cit.); H. Soares, 1945: 224; Soares & Soares, 1949: 238 (cat.); Kury 2003: 152 (cat.; syst.); Bragagnolo et al 2007: 393 (cit.). Batomites spitzi Mello-Leit��o, 1931 b: 142, fig. 12 (desc.); 1935 b: 109 (syst.). [Brazil, S��o Paulo: Alto da Serra; holotype 3 MNRJ 11394, examined]. Synonymy established by B. Soares, 1943. Batomites heteracanthus Mello-Leit��o, 1935 b: 27, fig. 20 (desc.). [Brazil, S��o Paulo: S��o Paulo; 2 syntypes 3, MNRJ 41810, examined]. Synonymy established by Kury 2003. Promitobates heteracanthus: B. Soares, 1945 b: 368 (desc.); Soares & Soares, 1949: 237 (cat.). Synonymy established by Kury 2003. Promitobates decoratus Mello-Leit��o, 1932: 402, fig. 267 (desc.); 1937: 293 (cit.); Soares & Soares 1949: 237 (cat). [Brazil, S��o Paulo: S��o Sebasti��o; holotype 3 (MLPC 958 / MNRJ), not examined, lost]. New synonymy. Promitobates margaritatus Roewer, 1931: 109, fig 2 (desc.); Mello-Leit��o, 1932: 403 (cat.; syst.); Soares & Soares, 1949: 237 (cat.); Kury 2003: 152 (cat; syst.). [Brazil, Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia; holotype 3 (SMF RII 1392 / 3) examined]. New synonymy. Diagnosis. This species is closely related to P. nigripes and P. intermedius by the color of of tubercles of dorsal scutum sulphurous yellow. It can be distinguished of P. nigripes by free tergite III unarmed and of P. intermedius by absence of the row of tubercles on posterior groove of area IV. Male redescription. Measurements (n= 6). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 4.6���5.3; total length: 4.5���4.6; prosoma length: 1.7���1.9. Leg IV; length of external apophysis of coxa: 1.1���1.4; femur IV length: 42.5���47.4. Tarsal formula: 6���8; 14���16; 8; 8. Dorsum (Figs. 5 B, 7 F). Anterior margin of prosoma with frontal hump with row of small tubercles and one or two tubercles on the corners. Prosoma with tubercles behind ocularium arranged in ���V���. Ocularium with one pair of high divergent spiniform apophyses and small tubercles scaterred. Area I with one pair of tubercles and one row of small tubercles up to the posterior groove. Area II with transverse rows of tubercles up to the the posterior groove. Areas III and IV with tubercles on median region, roughly in rows. Area III with two high spiniform apophyses slightly directed posteriorly. Area IV with a pair of tubercles. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum with one row of tubercles (larger on corners) and one pair of small spiniform median apophyses. Free tergites with small tubercles on the corners and rows of three to five paramedian tubercles. Chelicera. Segment I with two setiferous tubercles; segment II unarmed. Pedipalp. Trochanter with a small ventral spine. Femur with one ventral basal and one subapical, prolateral spine. Tibia setation: mesal IiIi; ectal IiIi. Tarsus setation: mesal IIi; ectal IiIi/IIi. Venter. Coxa I with median row of six setiferous tubercles and three apical tubercles; trochanter I with median tubercle. Coxa II with median row of eight small setiferous tubercles and four apical tubercles; trochanter II with two median tubercles. Coxa III with small setiferous tubercles, distributed roughly em rows; trochanter III with median tubercle and small tubercles scattered; coxa IV with scattered tubercles and two tubercles on posterior margin; genital area, free sternites and anal operculum with small granules. Legs (Fig. 9 F). Coxa I with anterior dorso basal apophysis and a posterior apophysis; coxa II with anterior dorso basal apophysis and one posterior; coxa III with anterior dorso basal apophysis; coxa IV with few and high tubercles, with small internal spiniform apophysis and one external apical bifid apophysis. Trochantesr I���III with small scattered tubercles. Trochanter IV with one dorsal subapical apophysis, one external basal apophysis, and one internal apical spiniform apophysis. Femur IV straight with minute tubercles, more than 12 times longer than dorsal scutum. Penis (Fig. 17 G, H, I). Ventral plate convex, apex straight and distal margin corner rounded and directed ventrally; three pairs of distal setae (median smaller); three pairs of basal setae arranged in ���V��� and one pair of small basal ventral setae. Stylus unarmed, apex straight and swollen. Ventral process almost parallel to the stylus, truncus short, apex spoon-shaped, with serrate margins directed ventrally. Coloration (Fig. 15 B). Dorsal scutum dark-brown, tubercles of dorsal scutum, apophyses of posterior margin of dorsal scutum and ocularium sulphurous yellow. Female redescription (Figs. 11 F, 13 F). Measurements (n= 3). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 4.1���4.3; total length: 4.4���4.6; prosoma length: 1.7���1.8. Femur IV length IV: 14���16. Tarsal formula: 6���8; 14���15; 8; 9. Body more convex than male. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum with one pair of high apophyses, directed posteriorly. Free tergite II with median apophysis. External apical apophysis of coxa IV short and single-branched; internal apophysis absent. Trochanter IV with small internal apical spiniform apophysis; femur IV shorter than male. Geographical distribution. Costal Atlantic Rain Forest of S��o Paulo and southeastern of Rio de Janeiro States (Fig. 3 C). Remarks. Promitobates decoratus and Promitobates margaritatus are considered synonymous of Promitobates ornatus because its shows exclusive festures of this species: free tergite III unarmed, absence of row of tubercles on posterior margin of last area of dorsal scutum and posterior margin of dorsal scutum with one pair of small spiniform median apophyses. Other material examined. BRAZIL. S��o Paulo: Santo Andr�� (Esta����o Biol��gica de Paranapiacaba), R. Pinto-da-Rocha & S. Casari leg., 25.I. 1997 10 3 and 5 �� (MZSP 17659); idem, 2 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 1653); idem, 2 �� (MZSP 448); idem, 1 3 and 2 �� (MZSP 894); idem, 3 3 and 5 �� (MZSP 1702); idem, 2 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 1703); idem, C. Rheims & R. Indicatti leg. 14���16. XII.2003, 1 3 (IB 4818); idem, R. Pinto-da-Rocha & S. Casari, XII.1996, 3 3 and 5 �� (MZSP 17633); idem, R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. leg., 17.V.1998, 2 3 and 4 �� (MZSP 16428); idem, 1 �� (MZSP 19525); idem, R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. leg, 28.XII.1999, 1 3 (MZSP 23595); idem, W. Bokermann leg., X.1951, 1 3 and 2 �� (MZSP 9977); Sales��polis (Esta����o Biol��gica de Borac��ia), A.G. Mello leg. 19.XI.1991, 2 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 29447); idem, R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. leg, 18���19. V.2001, 1 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 23664); idem, 1 3 (MZSP 23662); idem, R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg, 30.X.1991, 1 �� (MZSP 14391); idem, G. Machado & V. Bonato, 2.V.1999, 1 3 (MZSP 27187); idem, Equipe Biota leg. 18���24. V.2001, 3 3 (IB 4220); idem, Rabello leg., 2.II.1967, 1 3 (MZSP 9974); idem, R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. leg. 26���28. I.1999, 4 3 and 2 �� (MZSP 17607); idem, R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. leg, 18���19. V.2001, 1 3 (MZSP 23661); idem, 1 3 (MZSP 17619); idem, P. Biasi leg., 2.IX. 1965 1 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 9986); S��o Sebasti��o (Ilhabela), C.R.M. Santos leg., 28.X.1995, 1 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 17158); idem, G. Machado leg. I.1998, 1 3 (MZSP 16678); idem, (Parque Estadual de Ilhabela), Equipe Biota leg. 09��� 15. X.2001, 1 3 (IB 3740); idem, 1 �� (IB 3760); idem (Barra do Una), K. Lenko leg, 03.VII.1961, 2 �� Bertioga (Caiubura), F.A.G. Mello leg. 28.IX.1995, 2 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 14401); idem (Guaratuba), F.A.G. Mello leg. 28.IX��� 10. XI. 1995 1 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 17153); Cubat��o (Copebr��s), C. Bragagnolo et al leg, II���IX. 2005, 20 3 and 17 �� (MZSP 27441���27460); Cotia (Reserva Morro Grande), A.A. Nogueira et al. leg. III.2003, 4 3 (MZSP 25891, 25892, 25893, 25894); idem, A.A. Nogueira et al. leg., VII.2006, 9 3 and 6 �� (MZSP 27850, 27851, 27852, 27853, 27854, 27855, 27856, 27857, 27858, 27859 and 27860); Guaruj�� (mountain at Praia de Iporanga), M.B. da Silva et al. leg., 06.III.2004, 9 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 22888); Juquitiba (S��tio Boungaville), S. Cunha leg. X. 1996, 1 3 (IB 775); Miracatu (Fazenda Iterei), Equipe Biota leg. 20���26. IX.2001, 1 3 (MZSP 27410); idem, 2 3 (MZSP 27409); idem, 1 3 (IB 3515); idem, 1 �� (IB 3562); S��o Miguel Arcanjo (Parque Estadual de Carlos Botelho), L.O.M. Mestre leg, 17.II. 1997 2 3 (MZSP 27422); Ibi��na, T.V. Santos leg, V.1991, 3 �� IB 762); Juqui��, J.L. Lima & J. Damico leg, 12.XII.1941, 1 �� and 1 3 (MZSP 0072). Rio de Janeiro: Angra dos Reis (L��dice), A.B. Kury& R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg., 01.II.1997, 2 3 (MZSP 29185)., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2012, Systematic review of Promitobates Roewer, 1913 and cladistic analysis of Mitobatinae Simon, 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 3308 on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280969, {"references":["Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1922) On some new Brazilian Gonyleptidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 329 - 348.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1927) Generos novos de Gonyleptideos (Nota previa). Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 3 (2), 137 - 142.","Roewer, C. F. (1931) Weitere Weberknechte V. (5. Erganzung der Weberknechte der Erde, 1923). Abhandlumgen Naturwissevischaftlichen Verein Zu Bremen, 28 (2 - 3), 101 - 164.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1932) Opilioes do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista. 17 (2), 1 - 505.","Soares, B. A. M. (1943) Notas sobre opilioes IV. Boletim da Industria Animal N. S., 6 (3), 53 - 58.","Soares, B. A. M. & Soares, H. E. M. (1945) Novos opilioes do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de Sao Paulo. Papeis Avulsos Departamento de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 5 (27), 251 - 270.","Soares, B. A. M. & Soares, H. E. M. (1949) Monografia dos generos de opilioes neotropicos II. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 7 (2), 151 - 239.","Kury, A. B. (2003) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, vol. especial monografico, 1, 1 - 337.","Bragagnolo, C., Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Nogueira, A. A., Pardini, R. (2007) Harvestmen in an Atlantic forest fragmented landscape: Evaluating assemblage response to habitat quality and quantitty. Biological Conservation, 139, 389 - 400.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1931 b) Quatro novos opilioes. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 7 (2), 115 - 119.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1935 b) Alguns novos opilioes do Estado de S. Paulo e do Districto Federal. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 36, 9 - 37.","Soares, B. A. M. (1945 b) Opilioes da colecao do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Archivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 4 (9), 341 - 394."]}

Promitobates bellus (B. Soares, 1945) (Figs. 4 A, 7 A, 9 A, 11 A, 13 A, 15 F, 16 A���C) Ancistrotellus bellus B. Soares 1945 c: 90, Figs. 8���9; 1949: 226 (cat.); Kury 2003: 151 (cat.; syst.). [BRAZIL, S��o Paulo, Ubatuba, Fazenda Experimental; 3 holotype, MZSP 742 and 1 �� paratype, MZSP 748, examined]. Promitobates bellus: Kury 2003: 151 (cat.; syst). Diagnosis. Distinguished from the other species of Promitobates by dorsal scutum with few tubercles, and by the sulphurous yellow spiniform apophyses of the ocularium, standing out from the rest of body, which is dark brown. Male redescription. Measurements (n= 12). dorsal scutum maximum width 3.5���4.2 (3.8); dorsal scutum total length 3.7���4.3 (4.1); prosoma length 1.4���1.7 (1.6); length of external apophysis of coxa IV 0.7���1.5 (1.1); femur IV length 21.8���42 (32.1). Tarsal formula: 7���8 (8); 14���18; 8���9 (8); 7���8 (8). Dorsum (Figs. 4 A, 7 A). anterior margin of prosoma with frontal hump with 2���4 small lateral tubercles. Prosoma unarmed, with two rows of tubercles behind the ocularium. Ocularium with two pointed apophyses slightly directed anteriorly and small tubercles next to them. Abdominal scutum with four areas. Areas I and II with few small scattered tubercles. Area III with two high spiniform apophyses slightly directed posteriorly. Areas III and IV with small tubercles on median region. Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with a row of tubercles placed from ocularium to area IV apophyses, and small scattered tubercles. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum with one row of tubercles, usually with one pair of slightly higher tubercles. Free tergites and anal operculum unarmed. Chelicera. Segment I with small scattered tubercles; II unarmed. Pedipalp. Trochanter with a small ventral spine. Femur with one small ventrobasal spine and one large prolateral subapical, spine. Tibial setation: mesal IiIi/IiiIi; ectal IiIi/IiiIi. Tarsus setation: mesal iIi; ectal IiIi. Venter. Coxa I with one median row of five setiferous tubercles and four apical tubercles; trochanter I with two median tubercles. Coxa II with median row of 10 small setiferous tubercles and three apical tubercles; trochanter II with a high median tubercle and scattered small tubercles. Coxa III with small tubercles, roughly arranged in rows; trochanter III with median high tubercle and scattered small tubercles. Coxa IV with minute scattered tubercles; genital area with small scattered tubercles; free sternites each with one row of granules; anal operculum unarmed. Legs (Fig. 9 A). Coxa I with one posterior bifid tubercle; coxa II with one anterior and one posterior tubercle; III with one anterior tubercle; IV with few scattered tubercles, external apical bifid apophysis, slightly directed ventrally, with a small internal spiniform tubercle. Trochanters I���III with small scattered tubercles; IV with two dorsal tubercles, basal one rounded and apical one spiniform; one small internal apical spiniform apophysis. Femur IV more than 10 times longer than dorsal scutum length, straight with minute tubercles. Coloration (in ethanol, Fig. 15 F). Dorsal scutum, apophyses of area III and legs dark brown; ocularium, grooves and tubercles of dorsal scutum yellowish. Penis (Fig. 16 A���C). Ventral plate concave, apex slightly curved, corner of distal margin rounded and directed dorsally; three pairs of distal setae, median one smallest; three pairs of long basal setae arranged in ���V��� and one pair of small setae placed more ventrally. Stylus unarmed and straight. Ventral process almost parallel to the stylus in lateral view, short shaft, spoon-shaped apex, with serrated margins directed ventrally. Female redescription (Figs. 11 A, 13 A). Measurements (n= 12): dorsal scutum maximum width: 3.6���4.3; dorsal scutum total length: 3.7���4.5; prosoma length: 1.4���1.7. Femur IV length: 10.7���15.1. Tarsal formula: 6���7; 14���17; 8; 8. Body more convex than male. Ocularium with one pair of apophyses higher than that on male and anteriorly directed. Area III with one pair of apophyses higher than those on male, posteriorly directed. External apophysis of coxa IV short and single-branched, internal apophysis absent. Trochanter IV unarmed; femur IV shorter than male. Geographical distribution.: Northeastern Coastal Atlantic Rain Forest of S��o Paulo to southeastern Rio de Janeiro States (Fig. 3 B). Other material examined. BRAZIL. S��o Paulo: Ubatuba, (Fazenda Experimental), 1943, A. Zoppei leg., 1 3 (MZSP 749); idem, 13.X. 1985, R.L.C. Baptista leg., 1 3 (MNRJ 6107); idem (Fazenda Capric��rnio), 1.X. 2004, G. Machado leg., 1 3 (MZSP 29499); idem, (Moinho Comunit��rio, Rio da Fazenda), 7.IX. 1989, A.B. Kury & R. Baptista leg., 1 3 & 2 �� (MNRJ 6513); idem, (Picinguaba), 13���16.X. 1994, F.A.G. Mello & N. Carneiro leg., 1 �� (MZSP 17164); idem, 02.IX. 2004, without collector name, 2 3 (MZSP 29420); idem, 22.IV. 1995, M. Vogt & M. Baptista leg., 23 & 1 �� (MNRJ 6921); idem, 14.IV. 1999, V. Bonato leg., 1 3 & 1 �� (MZSP 29409); idem, (Picinguaba, Morro do Cuscuzeiro), 22.VII. 1995, G. Machado leg., 1 3 (MNRJ 5646); idem (Picinguaba), XII. 1995, G. Machado leg., 1 3 & 1 �� (MNRJ 6988); idem (Praia das Toninhas), 06���08.III. 2000, A.D. Brescovit leg., 3 3 & 6 �� (IB 1736); idem, (Fazenda Angelim), 23 �� 23 ���S ��� 45 ��03���W, 23���30.VII. 2001, Equipe Biota leg., 1 3 (IB 3306) & 1 �� (IB 3343); S��o Luiz do Paraitinga (N��cleo Santa Virg��nia), 2.XI. 1996, L.S. Rocha leg., 1 �� (MZSP 15824); Bananal (Serra da Bocaina), 26���27. X.1963, 1 �� (HS 0526); Rio de Janeiro: Parati (Ponta da Joatinga), 16.IV. 1997, F.H. Santos leg., 1 3 (MZSP 19509); idem, 01.VI. 1985, R.L.C. Baptista leg., 1 �� (MNRJ 6093); idem, (Estrada Parati��� Cunha), 23 �� 10 ��� 37 ������S ��� 44 �� 49 ��� 54 ������W, XI. 2005, M.B. da Silva & H.Y. Yamaguti leg., 1 3 & 1 �� (MZSP 29418). Angra dos Reis (near rio Mambucaba), 22 �� 56 ��� 14 ������S ��� 44 �� 36 ��� 51 ������W, XI. 2005, M.B. da Silva & H. Y. Yamaguti leg., 2 3 (MZSP 27396)., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2012, Systematic review of Promitobates Roewer, 1913 and cladistic analysis of Mitobatinae Simon, 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 3308 on pages 13-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280969, {"references":["Soares, B. A. M. & Soares, H. E. M. (1945) Novos opilioes do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de Sao Paulo. Papeis Avulsos Departamento de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 5 (27), 251 - 270.","Soares, B. A. M. (1945 c) Opilioes de Ubatuba coligidos pelo sr. Alfredo Zoppei. Boletim da Industria Animal, New Serie, 7 (1 - 2), 85 - 96.","Kury, A. B. (2003) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, vol. especial monografico, 1, 1 - 337."]}

Key to males of Promitobates species 1 External apical apophysis of coxa IV single-branched (Fig. 11 A,B).............................................. 2 - External apical apophysis of coxa IV with two dorsal branches (Figs. 4, 5)........................................ 3 2 Ocularium armed with a pair of low tubercles (Fig. 8 C).............................................. P. a l e sp. n. - Ocularium armed with a pair of high spiniform apophysis (Fig. 8 D).................................. P. trapista sp. n. 3 Posterior margin of dorsal scutum armed with a pair of tubercles or with median spiniform apophysis (Figs. 4; 5 A,B)...... 4 - Posterior margin of dorsal scutum with a row of tubercles of the same size (Fig. 5 C,D)................ P. viridigranulatus 4 Apex of coxa and trochanter IV and base of femur IV black, standing out from the rest of body coloration; area IV of dorsal scutum totally covered by tubercles (without unarmed region) (Fig. 6 C)............................ P. weissbier sp. n. - Apex of coxa and trochanter IV and base of femur IV of similar coloration to the rest of leg segments, or slightly blackish, but never standing out from the rest of body coloration; area IV with unarmed region, not entirely covered by tubercles (Figs. 4, 5, 6 A,B,D)............................................................................................. 5 5 Area I of dorsal scutum with few tubercles (less than 10), scattered; ocularium sulphurous yellow, standing out from the rest of body (Fig. 4 A, 17 F)............................................................................. P. bellus - Area I of dorsal scutum densely tuberculated or with tubercles along the groove II (roughly in rows); ocularium coloration not standing out from the rest of body (of same color or slightly yellowish) (Figs. 4 B–D, 5; 6)........................... 6 6 Areas III and IV of dorsal scutum densely tuberculated, except around apophyses; prosoma with longitudinal row of tubercles at sides of ocularium (Fig. 6 D)................................................................. P. lager sp. n. - Areas III and IV with tubercles concentrated on median region (between the apophyses) and/or on the grooves III–V; prosoma without longitudinal row of tubercles at sides of ocularium (Fig. 4 C, D).......................................... 7 7 Areas III and IV with a row of tubercles up to the posterior groove; tubercles of dorsal scutum yellowish, with circular patches of same color around them (Fig. 4 C)........................................................... P. hatschbachi - Areas III and IV with tubercles concentrated on median region; tubercles of dorsal scutum sulphurous yellow, without circular patches around them (Figs. 4 D, 15 B)..................................................................... 8 8 Dorsal scutum black tiger-like stripes; coxa IV densely tuberculated, and the tubercles as tall as wide (Figs. 4 B, 15 A).................................................................................................. P. difficilis - Dorsal scutum not black tiger-like stripes; coxa IV with few tubercles (less than ten), the tubercles taller than wide (Figs. 4 D, 5 A,B)............................................................................................... 9 9 Free tergite III with median spiniform tubercle (Fig. 5 A).............................................. P. nigripes - Free tergite III unarmed on median region (Fig. 5 B)......................................................... 10 10 Area IV of dorsal scutum with transverse row of tubercles up to groove V (Fig. 4 D)..................... P. intermedius - Area IV of dorsal scutum without transverse row of tubercles up to groove V (Fig. 5 B)...................... P. o r n a t u s

Promitobates hatschbachi H. Soares, 1945 (Figs. 4 C, 7 C, 9 C, 11 C, 13 C, 16 G, H, I) Promitobates hatschbachi H. Soares, 1945: 219, Figs. 4���6; Soares & Soares, 1947 a: 66; 1947 b: 211 (cit.); 1947 c: 241 (cit.), 250 (cit.); 1949: 237 (cat.); H. Soares, 1966: 90 (cit.); Pinto-da-Rocha & Caron, 1989: 1023 (cat.); Pinto-da-Rocha, 1993: 235 (cit.); 1995: 82 (cit.); Kury 2003: 151 (cat.; syst.). [Brazil, Paran��, Piraquara, Banhado; 3 holotype, MNHCI 164, �� paratype MNHCI 163, examined]. Promitobates mendax H. Soares 1945: 222, Figs. 7���9; Soares & Soares 1945: 368 (cit.); 1947 a: 66 (cit.); 1949: 238 (cat.); Pinto-da-Rocha & Caron: 1989 (cat.); Kury 2003: 151 (cat.). [Brazil, Paran��, Barigui; 3 holotype (MNHCI 160), 13 & 1 �� paratypes, MNHCI 156, 159 and 161, examined]. New synonymy. Diagnosis. Four areas on dorsal scutum. Posterior margin with one pair of median spiniform apophyses, smaller than the ocularium. Free tergite III with one pair of small spiniform apophysis or unarmed. It is closely related to P. ornatus and P. difficilis, distinguished by tubercles and granules of dorsal scutum yellowish, with circular patches of same color around them. Male redescription. Measurements (n= 6). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 3.6���4.5 (3.6); total length: 3.5��� 4.8 (3.5); prosoma length: 1.5���1.9 (1.5). Leg IV; length of external apophysis of coxa: 0.9���1.6 (1.0); femur IV length: 25.5���46.4 (32.1). Tarsal formula: 8; 13���16 (13); 8���9 (8); 8. Dorsum (Figs. 4 C, 7 C). Anterior margin of prosoma with frontal hump with scattered small tubercles and with one pair of tubercles on lateral margins. Ocularium with two high rounded apophyses, divergent and directed anteriorly, and small tubercles next to them. Prosoma with tubercles behind ocularium and arranged in ���V���. Area I with two median tubercles and one row of small tubercles up to the posterior groove. Area II with scattered tubercles. Areas III with a pair of spiniform apophyses (apex rounded) and one row of tubercles up to the posterior groove. Area IV with two enlarged median tubercles, and one row of small tubercles. Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with few tubercles which are placed from ocularium to area III���IV. Posterior margin with one row of tubercles increasing in size to the corners and two median spiniform apophyses. Free tergites I and II unarmed with small scattered tubercles. Free tergite III unarmed or with median spiniform apophysis. Anal operculum unarmed. Chelicera. Segment I with two small tubercles; II unarmed. Pedipalp. Trochanter with a small ventral spine. Femur with a small ventro-basal spine and one enlarged, subapical, prolateral spine. Tibia setation: mesal IiIi; ectal IiIi. Tarsal setation: mesal IIi; ectal IiIi. Venter. Coxa I with one median row of five tubercles, three apical tubercles and small scattered granules; trochanter I with one median and one apical tubercles. Coxa II with median row of nine small tubercles and two apical tubercles; trochanter II with median tubercle. Coxa III with small tubercles, roughly distributed in rows and one posterior row of tubercles; trochanter III with one median tubercle. Coxa IV with small scattered tubercles and four tubercles on posterior margin; genital area and anal operculum with small scattered granules; free sternites I���III with a row of granules. Legs (Fig. 9 C). Coxa I with a posterior dorso basal apophysis; II with one anterior dorso basal and one posterior; IV with few high tubercles, with two or three small internal spiniform apophysis and one external apical bifid apophysis. Trochanters I���III with small scattered tubercles; IV with a dorsal subapical apophysis, an external basal apophysis, and a small internal spinform apophysis. Femur IV straight with minute tubercles, more than 12 times longer than dorsal scutum length. Penis (Fig. 16 G, H, I). Ventral plate with a dorsal median transversal depression, lateral convex, apex straight and distal margin corner rounded and directed ventrally; three pairs of long distal setae; three pairs of basal setae arranged in ���V��� and one pair of basalmost small ventral setae. Stylus unarmed, apex straight and swollen. Ventral process almost parallel to the stylus in lateral view, truncus short, spoon-shaped apex, with long serrate margins directed ventrally. Coloration (in ethanol). Dorsal scutum, chelicerae and pedipalps dark brow; tubercles and granules yellowish with a circular patch on of same color around them. Apophyses of ocularium, area III and tubercles of posterior margin of dorsal scutum yellowish. Apophyses of area III and apex of external apophysis of coxa IV blackish. Female redescription (Figs. 11 C, 13 C). Measurements (n= 8). Dorsal scutum; maximum width: 4.2���4.7; total length: 3.8���4.9; prosoma length: 1.4���1.8. Femur IV length IV: 10.2���14.1. Tarsal formula: 5���7; 12���15; 8���9; 8���9. Apophyses of area III larger than those on males. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum with one pair of high median pointed apophyses, directed posteriorly. Free tergites II and III with one median spiniform apophysis. External apical apophysis of coxa IV strongly reduced and single-branched, internal absent. Trochanter IV unarmed or with small internal apical spiniform apophysis; femur IV shorter than male. Geographical distribution (Fig. 3 A). East of Paran�� and southeastern of S��o Paulo States. Remarks. The specimens studied of Promitobates hatschbachi show a wide variation in number of tubercles on dorsal scutum, even in same locality. The study of a large sample of this species (79 specimens) lead us to conclude P. mendax is within this variation, justifying its synonymy. Remarkable intraspecific variation has been observed in some species of gonyleptids (see Kury 1990 a; Bragagnolo & Pinto da Rocha 2009; Hara & Pinto-da-Rocha 2010). Other material examined. BRAZIL. Paran��: Piraquara (Banhado), VI. 1944, G. Hatschbach leg., 1 �� (MZSP 1695); idem, 1 �� (MZSP 1694); idem, 1 3 (MHNCI 3303); idem, V. 1946, C.N. Gofferj�� leg. 2 3 and 2 �� (HS 0146); idem, 1 3 and 5 �� (MZSP 1019); idem, 13.I. 1991, R.Pinto-da-Rocha leg. 1 �� (MHNCI 6173); Ipiranga, G. Hatschbach leg. XII.1944, 1 3 (MZSP 1080); Morretes (rio M��e Catira), W.B. Wosiacki leg, 26.IX.1988, 1 �� (MHNCI 6121); idem (Porto de Cima), XI. 1948, Gengnagel leg. 1 �� (MNRJ 18798); idem, 29.X. 1988, R. Pintoda-Rocha leg., 1 3 (MHNCI 6120); idem (Parque Estadual Marumbi), 6���9.IV. 1999, R. Pinto-da-Rocha & A. Chagas leg. 1 3 (MZSP 18766); idem, P. Labiak leg, 4.X.1998, 1 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 17984); idem (Serra da Prata), M. Bornschein leg, 31.X.1990, 1 �� (MHNCI 6809); idem, XII. 1945, S. Imaguirei, 1 �� (MHNCI 026); idem (V��u da Noiva), 8.IV. 1999. R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg. 1 �� (MZSP 18811); idem (Rio Taquaral), IX. 1945, G. Hatschbach leg. 1 3 and 1 �� (MHNCI 1283); S��o Jos�� dos Pinhais (Usina de Guaricana), R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. leg., 7.VIII.1988, 1 3 and 1 �� (MHNCI 6114); idem, R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. leg, 08.III.1999, 1 �� (MNRJ 5802); idem, 4.II. 1989, R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg., 1 3 and 1 �� (MNRJ 18799); idem, 7.VIII. 1988, R. Pinto-da-Rocha, M.V. Segalla & J.C. Moura-Leite leg. 1 �� and 1 3 (MHNCI 6114); Barigui, X. 1944, B. Lange leg. 3 �� and 2 3 (MZSP 943); idem, VIII. 1944, F. Lange leg. 1 3 (MZSP 1697); Curitiba, 1948, Gengnagel leg. 1 �� (HS 0222); idem, XI. 1948, Gengnagel leg. 1 �� (MNRJ 18797); Curitiba, XI. 1948, Gengnagel leg. 1 �� (MNRJ 18797); idem, VIII. 1945, C.N. Gofferj�� leg. 1 3 and 1 �� (MZSP 970); (Boicininga), 19.V.1989, 2 3 and 2 �� (MHNCI 6526); Ponta Grossa, (Vila Velha), 5.I. 1991, R. Pinto-da-Rocha, M.M. Argel-de-Oliveira leg. 1 3 (MHNCI 6827); Dr. Ulisses (Gruta do Varze��o), R. Pinto-da-Rocha et al. leg. 13���14. X.2000, 1 �� (MZSP 18776); Adrian��polis (Rio Ribeira), S. Morato leg. 19.VIII.1989, 2 3 (MHNCI 6603); Almirante Tamandar�� (Morro Azul), 17.V. 1987, R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg. 1 3 (MHNCI 6127); Quatro Barras (Alto da Serra), 12.VIII. 1989, R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg. 1 3 (MHNCI 6609); Campina Grande do Sul (Fazenda Capivari), 1.XI. 1990, R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg. 1 3 and 2 �� (MHNCI 6802); Rio Branco do Sul (Gruta do Pinheirinho), R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg., 07.IX.1988, 1 3 (MHNCI 6128); Serra da Graciosa, 10.X. 1997, R. Mermudes leg., 1 3 (MZSP 29496); Limeira (Serra da Prata���Guaratuba), 22.III. 1992, M. Pichori & B. Reinert leg., 1 3 (MZSP 29461); S��o Jos�� dos Pinhais, I. IV. 2000, M.A. Rosloski leg., 1 �� (MZSP 679); Tunas do Paran�� (near Gruta dos Jesu��tas), 9���11.VIII. 2002, R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg., 1 3 (MZSP 29462); (Parque Estadual Campinhos), 02.XI. 1989, R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg. 1 3 (MHNCI 6666). S��o Paulo: Iporanga (Parque Estadual de Intervales), B. Buzzato & B. Requena leg. X.2003, 7 3 (MZSP 29450); idem, F. Osses leg. VI.2003, 1 3 (MZSP 29452); Apia�� (Fazenda Victoria), A. Masalli leg. 25.XII. 1952., 2 �� (MZSP 29421); idem (Minas de Chumbo), O. Schubart leg., 27.XII.1952, 4 3 and 2 �� (MZSP 29440)., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2012, Systematic review of Promitobates Roewer, 1913 and cladistic analysis of Mitobatinae Simon, 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 3308 on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280969, {"references":["Soares, B. A. M. & Soares, H. E. M. (1945) Novos opilioes do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de Sao Paulo. Papeis Avulsos Departamento de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 5 (27), 251 - 270.","Soares, B. A. M. & Soares, H. E. M. (1947 a) Alotipos e novas formas de opilioes Paranaenses. Papeis Avulsos Departamento de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 8 (5), 63 - 84.","Soares, H. E. M. (1966) Opilioes da colecao Gofferje (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae, Phalangodidae). Papeis Avulsos Departamento de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 18 (10), 87 - 102.","Kury, A. B. (2003) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, vol. especial monografico, 1, 1 - 337.","Kury, A. B. (1990 a) Synonymic notes on Mitobates Sund. With redescription of the type species M. conspersus (Perty) (Opiliones: Gonyleptide). Bulletim of the British American Arachnological Society, 8 (6) 194 - 200.","Hara, M. R. & Pinto-da-Rocha, R (2010) Systematic review and cladistic analysis of the genus Eusarcus Perty 1833 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae). Zootaxa, 2698, 1 - 136."]}

Promitobates Roewer, 1913 Promitobates Roewer, 1913: 285; 1923 (rdesc.): 510; Mello-Leit��o, 1923: 163 (rdesc.); 1926: 358 (cit.); 1931 a: 141 (cit.); Roewer, 1931: 108 (cit.); Mello-Leit��o, 1932: 400 (cat.; syst.); 1935 a: 109; 1937: 293; B. Soares, 1943: 57; 1944 a: 248 (cit.); H. Soares, 1945: 221 (cit.); Soares & Soares, 1949: 236 (cat.); Kury 2003: 151 (cat.). Neomitobates [part.]: Mello-Leit��o, 1922: 343 (desc.); Kury 2003: 151 (cat.). Promitobatoides Mello-Leit��o, 1927: 21 (desc.); Roewer, 1931: 114 (syst.); Mello-Leit��o, 1931 a: 141; 1932: 403 (cat.); 1935 a: 109; Kury 2003: 151 (cat.). (Type species Neomitobates ornatus Mello-Leit��o 1922, by original designation). Synonymy established by B. Soares (1943). Batomites Mello-Leit��o, 1931 b: 140 (desc.); 1935 a: 27 (syst.); 1935 b: 409 (syst.); 1940: 29 (syst.); Kury 2003: 151 (cat). (Type species Batomites difficilis Mello-Leit��o, 1931, by original designation). Synonymy established by B. Soares (1943). Leonardosia Mello-Leit��o, 1935 a: 28 (desc.); Kury 2003: 151 (cat.). (Type species Leonardosia nitida Mello-Leit��o, by monotypy). Synonymy established by B. Soares (1944 e). Type species. Promitobates hexacanthus Kollar in Koch 1939, by monotypy. Diagnosis. Promitobates can be distinguished from the remaining genera of Mitobatinae by: the posterior margin of dorsal scutum armed with large tubercles or apophyses; male trochanter IV with three apophyses, these being one dorsal apical, one retrolateral basal and one small prolateral apical spiniform; male coxa IV with a small internal spiniform apophysis and an external bifid apophysis. Femur IV of male more than four times longer than the length of the dorsal scutum, and trochanter IV of male longer than wide. Penis with ventral process of glans shorter than the stylus, apex of ventral process with distal spoon-shaped projection and truncus surpassing basal part of the ventral plate in lateral view. Geographical distribution. BRAZIL. North of Santa Catarina, Paran��, S��o Paulo States, and south of Rio de Janeiro State (Fig. 3 A���C)., Published as part of Bragagnolo, Cibele & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2012, Systematic review of Promitobates Roewer, 1913 and cladistic analysis of Mitobatinae Simon, 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 3308 on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280969, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1913) Die Familie der Gonyleptiden der Opiliones-Laniatores. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 79 A (4), 1 - 472.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1923) Opilioes Laniatores do Brasil. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 24, 107 - 197.","Roewer, C. F. (1931) Weitere Weberknechte V. (5. Erganzung der Weberknechte der Erde, 1923). Abhandlumgen Naturwissevischaftlichen Verein Zu Bremen, 28 (2 - 3), 101 - 164.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1932) Opilioes do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista. 17 (2), 1 - 505.","Soares, B. A. M. (1943) Notas sobre opilioes IV. Boletim da Industria Animal N. S., 6 (3), 53 - 58.","Soares, B. A. M. & Soares, H. E. M. (1945) Novos opilioes do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de Sao Paulo. Papeis Avulsos Departamento de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 5 (27), 251 - 270.","Soares, B. A. M. & Soares, H. E. M. (1949) Monografia dos generos de opilioes neotropicos II. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 7 (2), 151 - 239.","Kury, A. B. (2003) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, vol. especial monografico, 1, 1 - 337.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1922) On some new Brazilian Gonyleptidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 329 - 348.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1927) Generos novos de Gonyleptideos (Nota previa). Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 3 (2), 137 - 142.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1931 a) Opilioes colligidos por E. Moraes Mello em Pinheiro (Rio de Janeiro). Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 7 (2), 93 - 96.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1931 b) Quatro novos opilioes. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 7 (2), 115 - 119.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1935 a) A proposito de alguns opilioes novos. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 9, 369 - 411.","Soares, B. A. M. (1944 e) Notas sobre opilioes V - XIII. Papeis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 4 (17), 243 - 276."]}