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1. The influence of amplicon length on real-time PCR results

Author

Debode, F., Marien, A., Janssen, E., Bragard, C., and Berben, G.

Subjects
GMO, real-time PCR, SYBR® Green, probes, primers, amplicon size, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

Description of the subject. This paper discusses the influence of amplicon length on real-time PCR results. Objectives. The aim of the experiments was to show that amplicon size has an influence on detection. Method. Tests were performed on genomic and plasmid DNA. Double-dye probes and SYBR® Green were used for detection by real-time PCR. Primers were selected in order to produce fragments with increasing sizes. Experiments dealt with two targets: an endogenous target for soybean (part of the lectin gene) and a transgenic target (junction P35S-CTP of the MON40-3-2 soybean). Results. The results show that the kinetics of amplification curves evolve as a function of amplicon length, and smaller amplicons yield a higher level of fluorescence for the plateau phase. DNA degradation within the sample as well as the principles of fluorescence acquisition as a function of the chemistry used can also be factors. Conclusions. It was experimentally shown that the observed effect is linked to the suboptimal elongation temperature used in real-time PCR. Detection using SYBR® Green is less impacted as the loss of efficiency is partially compensated by the greater integration of SYBR® Green molecules in the larger fragments.

Published
2017

2. Cassava Mosaic Disease Yield Loss Assessment under Various Altitude Agroecosystems in the Sud Kivu Region, Democratic Republic of Congo

Author

Bisimwa, E., Walangululu, J., and Bragard, C.

Subjects
Cassava genotypes, Distribution, Begomovirus, South Kivu, Whitefly Species, DRC, Agriculture
Abstract

Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is reported as the most important constraint on cassava production in Sub­Saharan Africa. Yield losses of 25­95% are reported. The use of resistant genotypes is one of the components for its integrated management. However its impact on genotype behavior depends on infection period, age of the infected plants, environment and virus species or strain. This study was carried out to assess its impact in farmers' fields and the behavior of 14 genotypes under high epidemic pressure in the Sud­Kivu province, in the East of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Early infections have induced 77.5% to 97.3% of yield losses whereas 44.9 to 80% were recorded for cassava plants infected during thirteenth to twenty­fourth weeks after planting. The highest yield losses were recorded in low altitude where more EACMV­UG and dual infections were reported. Improved resistant genotypes MM96/002, MM96/0157 and MM96/1920 allowed harvesting more than 30 T/ha and didn't show any symptoms whereas MM96/6967 and Mvuama have developed symptoms at harvest. Local landraces were susceptible to CMD and developed symptoms during the whole season until harvest. However two of them, Pharmakina and Cizinduka yielded more than 50 T/ha of tubers and associated symptoms were moderate. Two improved and two local cassava genotypes are recommended in this area always making sure to use healthy cuttings.

Published
2015

3. Impact of African Cassava Mosaic Disease on the Production of Fourteen Cultivars of Cassava in Yangambi, Democratic Republic of Congo

Author

Monde, G., Bolonge, P., Bolamba, F., Walangululu, J., Winter, S., and Bragard, C.

Subjects
Cassava Mosaic Disease, Resistance, Tolerance Cultivars, Production, Democratic Republic of Congo, Agriculture
Abstract

The effects of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) on growth and yield components were systematically determined on 14 different cassava genotypes in Yangambi. The results show that the tested cultivars differed significantly in terms of severity of the virus, harvest index and tuber production (P< 0.05). CMD had a variable depressive effect on vegetative development. Stem dimensions were hardly reduced, while the height of cultivars Ponjo (38%) and Mboloko (29%) and Ponjo, Lofiongi, Bangi as the leaf area of cultivar Mboloko were significantly lower. The impact of CMD on yield components was generally greater on local cultivars and insignificant on resistant varieties. The cultivars Mvuazi (TMS I 95/0528), Mahungu (TMS 92/297), 96/1089A and Disanka (TMS I 95/0211) were not affected by mosaic disease, which confirms their field immunity. Ponjo, Lofiongi and Mboloko cultivars were sensitive. This study underlines that Mvuazi (TMS I 95/0528, Mahungu (TMS 92/297), 96/1089A, Mvuama (TMS 83/138), Disanka (TMS I 95/0211), Lueki (TMS 91/377) and Zizila (MV 99/0038) and local cultivars, such as Timolo, Yauma, Ngonga and Bangi, showed resistance to CMD.

Published
2013

7. Data collection on antibiotics for control of plant pathogenic bacteria.

Author

Verhaegen, M., Mahillon, J., Caulier, S., Mingeot‐Leclercq, M.‐P., and Bragard, C.

Subjects
PHYTOPATHOGENIC bacteria, PLANT protection, DRUG resistance in bacteria
Abstract

There are neither guidance nor methodology proposed to systematically collect data on antibiotics used as plant protection products, antimicrobial resistance of plant pathogenic bacteria or alternative and innovative treatments for the control of phytopathogenic bacteria, at the worldwide scale level. This is the final report of the project on data collection on antibiotics for control of plant pathogenic bacteria, with the view of reducing risk assessment uncertainties. The project collected and reviewed scientific, grey and patent literature information. This analysis highlighted the lack of publicly easily accessible data on antibiotics as plant protection products. On a worldwide scale, up to 39 countries have been found using antibiotics such as kasugamycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline, validamycin or zhongshengmycin. This analysis also pointed out i) the change of use over time and scale, dependent on practice and legislation changes and ii) the question about the risk for animal and human health lying with antibiotics used in plant production and the possibility to select for complex antibiotic resistance gene vectors. Streptomycin is the antibiotic to which plant pathogenic bacteria are the most often reported as resistant, via several ways of counteracting the effect of this antibiotic. Streptomycin resistance in plant pathogenic bacteria was reported in 18 countries. Globally antibiotic resistance reports arose mainly from the USA, South America and Asia. The report also highlighted alternative control measures, with a few already commercially available and sometimes providing efficient control of the plant pathogenic bacteria, but mostly with a lot under research and development. Data gaps, uncertainties and research needs to improve antibiotic use and resistance risk assessment were also highlighted. Finally, the project stressed the need to raise awareness on the risk of improper use of antibiotics as plant protection products, with an emphasis on capacity building and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Coniella granati

Author

539 BRAGARD, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., DI SERIO, F., Gonthier, P., JAQUES MIRET, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Macleod, A., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., NAVAS-CORTES, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., VAN DER WERF, W., VICENT CIVERA, A., Yuen, J., Zappala, L., Migheli, Q., Vloutoglou, I., Maiorano, A., and Streissl, F.

Published
2023

10. Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Solenopsis invicta

Author

547 BRAGARD, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., DI SERIO, F., Gonthier, P., JAQUES MIRET, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., NAVAS-CORTES, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., VAN DER WERF, W., VICENT CIVERA, A., Yuen, J., Zappala, L., Gregoire, J. -C., Malumphy, C., Kertesz, V., Maiorano, A., and Macleod, A.

Published
2023

11. Scientific Opinion on the pest risk assessment of Elasmopalpus lignosellus for the European Union

Author

551 BRAGARD, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., DI SERIO, F., Gonthier, P., JAQUES MIRET, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Macleod, A., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., NAVAS-CORTES, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., VICENT CIVERA, A., Yuen, J., Zappala, L., Mally, R., Czwienczek, E., Maiorano, A., MOSBACH-SCHULZ, O., Pautasso, M., Stancanelli, G., ` TRAMONTINI, S., and VAN DER WERF, W.

Published
2023

17. Pest categorisation of Toumeyella parvicornis

Author

Bragard, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jaques Miret, J. A., Fejer Justesen, A., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas-Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., Van der Werf, W., Vicent Civera, A., Yuen, J., Zappala, L., Gregoire, J. -C., Malumphy, C., Kertesz, V., Maiorano, A., and Macleod, A.

Subjects
pest risk, Veterinary (miscellaneous), quarantine, Plant Science, Coccidae, Hemiptera, pine tortoise scale, Pinus, plant health, plant pest, Microbiology, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Food Science
Published
2022

18. Commodity risk assessment of bonsai plants from China consisting of Pinus parviflora grafted on Pinus thunbergii

Author

Bragard, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., Di Serio, F., Jaques Miret, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Macleod, A., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas-Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., Van der Werf, W., Vicent Civera, A., Yuen, J., Zappala, L., Battisti, A., Mas, H., Rigling, D., Faccoli, M., Iacopetti, G., Mikulova, A., Mosbach-Schulz, O., Stergulc, F., and Gonthier, P.

Subjects
Veterinary (miscellaneous), quarantine, Plant Science, Microbiology, plant pest, dwarfed plants, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, commodity risk assessment, European Union, plant health, Food Science
Published
2022

19. Pest categorisation of Aulacaspis tubercularis

Author

Bragard, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jaques Miret, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas-Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., Van der Werf, W., Civera, A. V., Yuen, J., Zappala, Lucia, Gregoire, J. -C., Malumphy, C., Antonatos, S., Kertesz, V., Maiorano, A., Papachristos, D., and Macleod, A.

Subjects
Hemiptera, mango scale insect, plant pest, pest risk, quarantine, Diaspididae, plant health
Published
2022

20. Commodity risk assessment of Ligustrum delavayanum topiary plants grafted on Ligustrum japonicum from the UK

Author

Bragard, C, Baptista, P, Chatzivassiliou, E, Di Serio, F, Miret, Jaj, Justesen, Af, Macleod, A, Magnusson, Cs, Milonas, P, Navas-Cortes, Ja, Parnell, S, Potting, R, Reignault, Pl, Stefani, E, Thulke, Hh, Van der Werf, W, Civera, Av, Yuen, J, Zappala, L, Battisti, A, Mas, H, Rigling, D, Faccoli, M, Iacopetti, G, Mikulova, A, Mosbach-Schulz, O, Stancanelli, G, Stergulc, F, and Gonthier, P

Subjects
plant pest, Ligustrum, privet, European Union, plant health, commodity risk assessment
Published
2022

21. Pest categorisation of Sirex nitobei

Author

Bragard, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jaques Miret, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas-Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., Van der Werf, W., Vicent Civera, A., Yuen, J., Zappala, Lucia, Gregoire, J. -C., Malumphy, C., Kertesz, V., Maiorano, A., and Macleod, A.

Subjects
plant pest, pest risk, nitobe horntail, conifers, plant health, quarantine, Veterinary (miscellaneous), Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Plant Science, Microbiology, Food Science
Published
2022

22. Pest categorisation of Oligonychus perseae

Author

Bragard, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jaques Miret, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas-Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., Van der Werf, W., Vicent Civera, A., Yuen, J., Zappala, Lucia, Gregoire, J. -C., Malumphy, C., Kertesz, V., Maiorano, A., and Macleod, A.

Subjects
plant pest, pest risk, persea mite, Avocado, invasive species, plant health, quarantine
Published
2022

23. Pest categorisation of Dendrolimus superans

Author

Bragard, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jaques Miret, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas-Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., Van der Werf, W., Vicent Civera, A., Yuen, J., Zappala, L., Gregoire, J. -C., Malumphy, C., Kertesz, V., Maiorano, A., and Macleod, A.

Subjects
plant pest, pest risk, quarantine, Conifer, Larch caterpillar, plant health
Published
2022

24. Pest categorisation of Colletotrichum aenigma, C. alienum, C. perseae, C. siamense and C. theobromicola

Author

Bragard, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jaques Miret, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Macleod, A., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas-Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., Van der Werf, W., Vicent Civera, A., Yuen, J., Zappala, L., Migheli, Q., Vloutoglou, I., Czwienczek, E., Maiorano, A., and Streissl, F.

Subjects
plant pest, anthracnose, pest risk, quarantine, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, plant health
Published
2022

25. Pest categorisation of Aonidiella orientalis

Author

Bragard, C, Baptista, P, Chatzivassiliou, E, Di Serio, F, Gonthier, P, Miret, Jaj, Justesen, Af, Magnusson, Cs, Milonas, P, Navas-Cortes, Ja, Parnell, S, Potting, R, Reignault, Pl, Stefani, E, Thulke, Hh, Van der Werf, W, Civera, Av, Yuen, J, Zappala, L, Gregoire, Jc, Malumphy, C, Antonatos, S, Kertesz, V, Maiorano, A, Papachristos, D, and Macleod, A

Subjects
Hemiptera, plant pest, pest risk, oriental scale, Diaspididae, plant health, quarantine
Published
2022

26. Pest categorisation of Zaprionus indianus

Author

Bragard, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jaques Miret, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas-Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., Van der Werf, W., Vicent Civera, A., Yuen, J., Zappala, Lucia, Gregoire, J. -C., Malumphy, C., Kertesz, V., Maiorano, A., and Macleod, A.

Subjects
plant pest, pest risk, African fig fly, Veterinary (miscellaneous), quarantine, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Drosophilidae, Plant Science, plant health, Microbiology, Food Science
Published
2022

27. Pest categorisation of Plicosepalus acaciae

Author

Bragard, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jaques Miret, J. A., Fejer Justesen, A., Macleod, A., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas-Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., Van der Werf, W., Vicent Civera, A., Yuen, J., Zappala, Lucia, Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Migheli, Q., Vloutoglou, I., Maiorano, A., Streissl, F., and Reignault, P. L.

Subjects
pest risk, Veterinary (miscellaneous), quarantine, Plant Science, Acacia Strap Flower, Microbiology, hemiparasitic plant, mistletoes, plant health, plant pest, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Food Science
Published
2022

28. Pest categorisation of Amathynetoides nitidiventris

Author

Bragard, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jaques Miret, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas-Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., Van der Werf, W., Vicent Civera, A., Yuen, J., Zappala, L., Gregoire, J. -C., Malumphy, C., Kertesz, V., Maiorano, A., and Macleod, A.

Subjects
plant pest, pest risk, ulluco weevil, ulluco, quarantine, plant health
Published
2022

29. Pest categorisation of Pulvinaria psidii

Author

Bragard, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jaques Miret, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas-Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., Van der Werf, W., Vicent Civera, A., Yuen, J., Zappala, Lucia, Gregoire, J. -C., Malumphy, C., Akrivou, A., Kertesz, V., Maiorano, A., Papachristos, D., and Macleod, A.

Subjects
Hemiptera, plant pest, pest risk, Coccidae, green shield scale, plant health, quarantine
Published
2022

30. Pest categorisation of Atalodera andina

Author

Bragard, C., Baptista, P., Chatzivassiliou, E., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jaques Miret, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Macleod, A., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas-Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Stefani, E., Thulke, H. -H., Van der Werf, W., Civera, A. V., Yuen, J., Zappala, Lucia, Migheli, Q., Vloutoglou, I., Maiorano, A., Streissl, F., and Reignault, P. L.

Subjects
plant pest, round cystoid nematode, potato, quarantine
Published
2022

33. Commodity risk assessment of Juglans regia plants from Moldova

Author

EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Bragard, C., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Di Serio, F., Jacques, M.-A., Miret, J.A.J., Justesen, A.F., MacLeod, A., Magnusson, C.S., Milonas, P., Navas‐Cortes, J.A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P.L., Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Van der Werf, W., Civera, A.V., Yuen, J., Zappalà, L., Battisti, A., Mas, H., Rigling, D., Mosbach-Schulz, O., Gonthier, P., EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Bragard, C., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Di Serio, F., Jacques, M.-A., Miret, J.A.J., Justesen, A.F., MacLeod, A., Magnusson, C.S., Milonas, P., Navas‐Cortes, J.A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P.L., Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Van der Werf, W., Civera, A.V., Yuen, J., Zappalà, L., Battisti, A., Mas, H., Rigling, D., Mosbach-Schulz, O., and Gonthier, P.

Abstract

The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as ‘High risk plants, plant products and other objects’. Taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the applicant country, this Scientific Opinion covers the plant health risks posed by the following commodities: dormant, free of leaves grafted plants and rootstocks of Juglans regia imported from Moldova. A list of pests potentially associated with the commodities was compiled. The relevance of any pest was assessed based on evidence following defined criteria. None of the pests in the list fulfilled all relevant criteria and therefore none were selected for further evaluation. As a result, risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Moldova were listed, but not further evaluated.

Published
2021

34. Commodity risk assessment of Corylus avellana and Corylus colurna plants from Serbia

Author

EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Bragard, C., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Di Serio, F., Jacques, M.-A., Miret, J.A.J., Justesen, A.F., MacLeod, A., Magnusson, C.S., Milonas, P., Navas‐Cortes, J.A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P.L., Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Van der Werf, W., Civera, A.V., Yuen, J., Zappalà, L., Battisti, A., Mas, H., Rigling, D., Mosbach-Schulz, O., Gonthier, P., EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Bragard, C., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Di Serio, F., Jacques, M.-A., Miret, J.A.J., Justesen, A.F., MacLeod, A., Magnusson, C.S., Milonas, P., Navas‐Cortes, J.A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P.L., Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Van der Werf, W., Civera, A.V., Yuen, J., Zappalà, L., Battisti, A., Mas, H., Rigling, D., Mosbach-Schulz, O., and Gonthier, P.

Abstract

The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as ‘High risk plants, plant products and other objects’. This Scientific Opinion covers the plant health risks posed by the two following hazelnut commodities to be imported from Serbia. 1. Bare rooted plants: 1‐ to 3‐year‐old plants of Corylus avellana or C. avellana grafted on C. colurna, without leaves. 2. Plants in pots: 2‐year‐old plants of C. avellana, without leaves. The assessment was performed by taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Serbia. The relevance of any pest for this Opinion was based on evidence following defined criteria. One EU quarantine pest, i.e. Flavescence dorée phytoplasma, fulfilled all relevant criteria and was selected for further evaluation. For this pathogen, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the Technical Dossier from Serbia were evaluated separately for bare rooted plants and for plants in pots, taking into account the possible limiting factors. For the selected pathogen, an expert judgement was given on the likelihood of pest freedom of plants for planting, for both commodities taken together, considering the risk mitigation measures, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,837 and 10,000 bare rooted plants and plants in pots per 10,000 would be free of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma.

Published
2021

35. Commodity risk assessment of Robinia pseudoacacia plants from Turkey

Author

EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Bragard, C., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jacques, M.-A., Miret, J.A.J., Justesen, A.F., MacLeod, A., Magnusson, C.S., Milonas, P., Navas‐Cortes, J.A., Parnell, S., Reignault, P.L., Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Van der Werf, W., Civera, A.V., Yuen, J., Zappalà, L., Chatzivassiliou, E., Debode, J., Manceau, C., Gardi, C., Mosbach-Schulz, O., Potting, R., EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Bragard, C., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jacques, M.-A., Miret, J.A.J., Justesen, A.F., MacLeod, A., Magnusson, C.S., Milonas, P., Navas‐Cortes, J.A., Parnell, S., Reignault, P.L., Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Van der Werf, W., Civera, A.V., Yuen, J., Zappalà, L., Chatzivassiliou, E., Debode, J., Manceau, C., Gardi, C., Mosbach-Schulz, O., and Potting, R.

Abstract

The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation EU/2018/2019 as ‘High risk plants, plant products and other objects’. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by bare rooted and potted plants of Robinia pseudoacacia that are imported from Turkey, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the Turkish NPPO. The relevance of any pest for this opinion was based on evidence following defined criteria. Three species, the EU‐quarantine pests Anoplophora chinensis and Lopholeucapsis japonica, and the EU non‐regulated pest Phocazia shantungensis fulfilled all relevant criteria and were selected for further evaluation. For these pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Turkey were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For these pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The estimated degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with L. japonica being the pest most frequently expected on the imported plants. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,521 and 10,000 plants per 10,000 would be free of L. japonica.

Published
2021

36. Commodity risk assessment of Nerium oleander plants from Turkey

Author

EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Bragard, C., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jacques, M.-A., Miret, J.A.J., Justesen, A.F., MacLeod, A., Magnusson, C.S., Milonas, P., Navas‐Cortes, J.A., Parnell, S., Reignault, P.L., Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Van der Werf, W., Civera, A.V., Yuen, J., Zappalà, L., Chatzivassiliou, E., Debode, J., Manceau, C., Gardi, C., Mosbach-Schulz, O., Potting, R., EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Bragard, C., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jacques, M.-A., Miret, J.A.J., Justesen, A.F., MacLeod, A., Magnusson, C.S., Milonas, P., Navas‐Cortes, J.A., Parnell, S., Reignault, P.L., Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Van der Werf, W., Civera, A.V., Yuen, J., Zappalà, L., Chatzivassiliou, E., Debode, J., Manceau, C., Gardi, C., Mosbach-Schulz, O., and Potting, R.

Abstract

The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation EU/2018/2019 as ‘High risk plants, plant products and other objects’. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by bare rooted and potted plants of Nerium oleander that are imported from Turkey, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the Turkish NPPO. The relevance of any pest for this opinion was based on evidence following defined criteria. One species, the EU non‐regulated pest Phenacoccus solenopsis, fulfilled all relevant criteria and was selected for further evaluation. For this pest, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Turkey were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For this pest, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,719 and 10,000 plants per 10,000 would be free of P. solenopsis.

Published
2021

39. Scientific Opinion on the commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Serbia

Author

Bragard, C, Dehnen-Schmutz, K, Di Serio, F, Gonthier, P, Jacques, M-A, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen, Af, Macleod, A, Magnusson, Cs, Milonas, P, Navas-Cortes, Ja, Parnell, S, Potting, R, Reignault, Pl, Thulke, H-H, Van der Werf, W, Civera, Av, Zappalà, L, Urek, G, Gómez, P, Lucchi, A, Gardi, C, and E and Yuen J, de la Pena

Subjects
phytosanitary import requirements, apple trees, Malus domestica, Erwinia amylovora, fireblight, European Union, Malus domestica, apple trees, Serbia, European Union, commodity risk assessment, plant health, phytosanitary import requirements, bacteria, Erwinia amylovora, fireblight, bacteria, plant health, commodity risk assessment, Serbia
Published
2020

40. Pest categorisation of non-EU viruses of Rubus L

Author

EFSA Panel on Plant Health, Bragard C., Dehnen-Schmutz K., Gonthier P., Jaques M.A., Jaques Miret J.A., Fejer Justesen A., MacLeod A., Magnusson C.S., Milonas P., Navas-Cortes J.A., Parnell S., Potting R., Reignault P.L., Thulke H.-H., Van der Werf W., Civera A.V., Yuen J., Zappalà L., Candresse T., Chatzivassiliou E., Finelli F., Winter S., Bosco D., Chiumenti M., Di Serio F., Ferilli F., Kaluski T., Minafra A., and Rubino L.

Subjects
plant pest, pest risk, viruses, fungi, quarantine, food and beverages, blackberry virus, raspberry virus, European Union, plant health
Abstract

The Panel on Plant Health of EFSA conducted a pest categorisation of 17 viruses of Rubus L. that were previously classified as either non-EU or of undetermined standing in a previous opinion. These infectious agents belong to different genera and are heterogeneous in their biology. Blackberry virus X, blackberry virus Z and wineberry latent virus were not categorised because of lack of information while grapevine red blotch virus was excluded because it does not infect Rubus. All 17 viruses are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation, with plants for planting representing the major pathway for entry and spread. For some viruses, additional pathway(s) are Rubus seeds, pollen and/or vector(s). Most of the viruses categorised here infect only one or few plant genera, but some of them have a wide host range, thus extending the possible entry pathways. Cherry rasp leaf virus, raspberry latent virus, raspberry leaf curl virus, strawberry necrotic shock virus, tobacco ringspot virus and tomato ringspot virus meet all the criteria to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests (QPs). With the exception of impact in the EU territory, on which the Panel was unable to conclude, blackberry chlorotic ringspot virus, blackberry leaf mottle-associated virus, blackberry vein banding-associated virus, blackberry virus E, blackberry virus F, blackberry virus S, blackberry virus Y and blackberry yellow vein-associated virus satisfy all the other criteria to be considered as potential QPs. Black raspberry cryptic virus, blackberry calico virus and Rubus canadensis virus 1 do not meet the criterion of having a potential negative impact in the EU. For several viruses, the categorisation is associated with high uncertainties, mainly because of the absence of data on biology, distribution and impact. Since the opinion addresses non-EU viruses, they do not meet the criteria to qualify as potential Union regulated non-quarantine pests.

Published
2020

42. Pecluvirus

Author

Reddy, D.V.R., primary, Bragard, C., additional, Sreenivasulu, P., additional, and Delfosse, P., additional

Published
2008
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44. A single cellobiosidase is required for barley hydathode and xylem colonization by Xanthomonas translucens

Author

Cerutti, Aude, Jauneau, Alain, Auriac, Marie-Christine, Butchacas, J., Gluck-Thaler, E., Slot, J., Quintero, A. L. Perez, Koebnik, R., Bragard, C., NOEL, Laurent, Jacobs, J. M., Laboratoire des interactions plantes micro-organismes (LIPM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), UMR - Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (UMR IPME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), and International Society for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (IS-MPMI). INT.

Subjects
[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2019

45. Ebb and flow of vascular pathogenesis through repeated gain and loss of a molecular switch

Author

Gluck-Thaler, E., Cerutti, Aude, Quintero, A. L. Perez, Pesce, C., Jauneau, Alain, Vancheva, T., Lang, J. M., Allen, C., Verdier-Michel, V. V., Gagnevin, Lionel, Szurek, B., Cunnac, S., Bragard, C., Leach, J. E., NOEL, Laurent, Slot, J., Koebnik, R., Jacobs, J. M., Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Laboratoire des interactions plantes micro-organismes (LIPM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), University of New Hampshire (UNH), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and International Society for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (IS-MPMI). INT.

Subjects
[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2019

46. Pest categorisation of groups of viruses and viroids: the EFSA approach

Author

Di Serio F., Candresse T., Chatzivassiliou E., Chiumenti M., Finelli F., Kaluski T., Minafra M., Oplaat C., Roenhorst JW., Rubino L., Schenk M., Stancanelli G., Winter S., and Bragard C.

Subjects
viruses, fungi, food and beverages, no key words
Abstract

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has been requested by the European Commission to prepare the pest categorisation for two large groups of non-EU viruses and virus-like organisms, i) those infecting the genera Cydonia, Fragaria, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Ribes, Rubus and Vitis (fruit plants) and ii) those infecting potatoes. To accomplish these tasks, the EFSA Scientific Panel on Plant Health has established two Working Groups (WGs), which are respectively supported by two Framework Partnership Agreements, with the Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-CNR, Italy (for the pest categorisation of viruses and viroids of fruit plants) and the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (for the viruses and viroids of potatoes). The methodology adopted by both WGs to perform a pest categorization of these two large groups of pathogens includes the following steps: i) extensive literature searches to list the viruses and viroids infecting one or more of the host genera under consideration and to collect evidence on their geographic distribution; ii) identification of the viruses/viroids not known to occur in the European Union (EU) or occurring only in restricted areas of the EU (non-EU viruses) and of the viruses/viroids associated with inconclusive information to support their inclusion in the list of non-EU viruses (viruses with undetermined standing), iii) consultation with EU Member States to amend, if needed, the lists of viruses/viroids; iv) further categorization of viruses and viroids determined to be non-EU or with undetermined standing to evaluate whether they meet the requirements to potentially qualify as European Union quarantine pests. In the first step of this process, about 200 and 80 viruses/viroids infecting fruit plants and potatoes were identified, respectively. The lists of non-EU viruses/viroids and of viruses/viroids with undetermined standing for fruit plants and potatoes will be presented and an example for the pest categorisation of those of Cydonia, Malus and Pyrus will be discussed in more details. The most critical uncertainties in the pest categorization process regard information on distribution, host range, transmission, impact, and intraspecific diversity, particularly for those viruses recently discovered by high-throughput sequencing. The importance of these data for the pest categorization process will be discussed.

Published
2019

47. The pest categorisation of non-EU viruses and viroids of Cydonia, Fragaria, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Rubus, Ribes and Vitis performed by EFSA

Author

Di Serio F., Candresse T., Chatzivassiliou E., Chiumenti M., Finelli F., Kaluski T., Minafra A., Rubino L., Stancanelli G., Winter S., and Bragard C.

Subjects
viruses, food and beverages, no key words
Abstract

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has been requested by the European Commission (EC) to prepare a pest categorization of the large group of non-EU viruses and virus-like organisms infecting the genera Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. (fruit plants). A Framework Partnership Agreements has been signed between EFSA and the Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-CNR (Italy) to jointly perform the pest categorization of this large group of pathogens. To this aim, a specific strategy has been developed including the following: a preliminary step, in which a list of viruses/viroids that must be categorized was generated; such a list includes viruses/viroids that infect the reported plant genera and that are not known to occur in the EU or known to occur only in restricted areas of the EU, and those associated with inconclusive information on their presence in the EU. After a consultation phase with EU Member States, the categorization of viruses of interest started. The pest categorization of these viruses will be presented in several EFSA scientific opinions addressing the non-EU viruses infecting the reported host genera. The state of the art and the most critical uncertainties in the pest categorization process will be briefly presented.

Published
2019

50. Pest categorisation of Clavibacter sepedonicus

Author

Bragard, C., Dehnen-Schmutz, Katharina, Di Serio, Francesco, Gonthier, Paolo, Miret, Josep Anton Jaques, Fejer Justesen, Annemarie, MacLeod, A., Magnusson, C., Milonas, Panagiotis, Navas-Cortes, Juan A., Parnell, Stephen, Potting, R., Reignault, Lucien, Thulke, H.H., van der Werf, W., Civera, Antonio Vicent, Yuen, Jonathan, Zappalà, Lucia, van der Wolf, J.M., Kaluski, Tomasz, Pautasso, Marco, Jacques, Marie-Agnès, Bragard, C., Dehnen-Schmutz, Katharina, Di Serio, Francesco, Gonthier, Paolo, Miret, Josep Anton Jaques, Fejer Justesen, Annemarie, MacLeod, A., Magnusson, C., Milonas, Panagiotis, Navas-Cortes, Juan A., Parnell, Stephen, Potting, R., Reignault, Lucien, Thulke, H.H., van der Werf, W., Civera, Antonio Vicent, Yuen, Jonathan, Zappalà, Lucia, van der Wolf, J.M., Kaluski, Tomasz, Pautasso, Marco, and Jacques, Marie-Agnès

Abstract

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Clavibacter sepedonicus, a well-defined and distinguishable bacterial plant pathogen of the family Microbacteriaceae. C. sepedonicus causes bacterial ring rot of potato and is reported from North America, Asia and Europe. The bacterium is mostly tuber transmitted, but it can also enter host plants through wounds or via contaminated equipment. C. sepedonicus is regulated in Council Directive2000/29/EC (Annex IAII, as Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus) as a harmful organism whose introduction into the EU is banned. In addition, Council Directive 1993/85/EEC concerns the measures to be taken within EU Member States (MS) against C. sepedonicus to (a) detect it and determine its distribution, (b) prevent its occurrence and spread, and (c) control it with the aim of eradication. The pest is present in several EU MS, but in all cases with a restricted distribution and under official control. C. sepedonicus could enter the EU and spread primarily via host plants for planting (i.e. potato tubers).The pest could establish in the EU, as the main host (potato) is commonly grown and climatic conditions are favourable. Direct potato losses following infection by C. sepedonicus can be substantial and are due to the destruction of the vascular tissue, wilting of the plant and rotting of the tubers. Infected hosts canremain asymptomatic. The main knowledge gaps are the geographic distribution of the pest and the host range. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration of C. sepedonicus as a potential quarantine pest are met, while, for regulated non-quarantine pests, the criterion on the widespread presence in the EU is not met.

Published
2019

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