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2. Experimental demonstration of a crossed cubes nuller for coronagraphy and interferometry

Author

Alain Spang, Brahim Arezki, Guillaume Bourdarot, and François Hénault

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Exoplanet, law.invention, 010309 optics, Telescope, Interferometry, Optics, law, Achromatic lens, 0103 physical sciences, Astronomical interferometer, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Coronagraph, Beam splitter, Nuller, Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

In this communication we present the first experimental results obtained on the Crossed-cubes nuller (CCN), that is a new type of Achromatic phase shifter (APS) based on a pair of crossed beamsplitter cubes. We review the general principle of the CCN, now restricted to two interferometric outputs for achieving better performance, and describe the experimental apparatus developed in our laboratory. It is cheap, compact, and easy to align. The results demonstrate a high extinction rate in monochromatic light and confirm that the device is insensitive to its polarization state. Finally, the first lessons from the experiment are summarized and discussed in view of future space missions searching for extra-solar planets located in the habitable zone, either based on a coronagraphic telescope or a sparse-aperture nulling interferometer, 12 pages

Published
2016
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3. Advances in the Development of Mid-Infrared Integrated Devices for Interferometric Arrays

Author

Norman C. Anheier, Lucas Labadie, Robert R. Thomson, Bruce E. Bernacki, Guillermo Martin, Ajoy K. Kar, Pierre Kern, Hong A. Qiao, Airan Rodenas, and Brahim Arezki

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Chalcogenide, Mid infrared, Chalcogenide glass, FOS: Physical sciences, Laser, law.invention, Integrated devices, Interferometry, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, law, Optoelectronics, Integrated optics, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics - Optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

This article reports the advances on the development of mid-infrared integrated optics for stellar interferometry. The devices are fabricated by laser writing techniques on chalcogenide glasses. Laboratory characterizaton is reported and analyzed., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation

Published
2012
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4. First fringes with an integrated-optics beam combiner at 10 um - A new step towards instrument miniaturization for mid-infrared interferometry

Author

Bruce E. Bernacki, Pierre Kern, Brahim Arezki, Hong A. Qiao, Guillermo Martin, Lucas Labadie, and Norman C. Anheier

Subjects
Infrared, Computer science, business.industry, Aperture, Chalcogenide, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, chemistry.chemical_compound, Wavelength, Interferometry, Optics, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, Miniaturization, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Throughput (business), Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), High dynamic range, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Observations at mas-resolution scales and high dynamic range hold a central place in achieving, for instance, the spectroscopic characterization of exo-Earths or the detailed mapping of their protoplanetary disc birthplace. Ground or space-based multi-aperture infrared interferometry is a promising technique to tackle these goals. But significant efforts still need to be undertaken to achieve a simplification of these instruments if we want to combine the light from a large number of telescopes. Integrated-optics appears as an alternative to the current conventional designs, especially if its use can be extended to a higher number of astronomical bands. This article reports for the first time the experimental demonstration of the feasibility of an integrated-optics approach to mid-infrared beam combination for single-mode stellar interferometry. We have fabricated a 2-telescope beam combiner prototype integrated on a substrate of chalcogenide glasses, a material transparent from 1 to 14 um. We have developed laboratory tools to characterize the modal properties and the interferometric capabilities of our device. We obtain fringes at 10 um and measure a mean contrast V=0.981 \pm 0.001 with high repeatability over one week and high stability over 5h. We show experimentally - as well as on the basis of modeling considerations - that the component has a single-mode behavior at this wavelength, which is essential to achieve high-accuracy interferometry. From previous studies, the propagation losses are estimated to 0.5 dB/cm for such components. We also discuss possible issues that may impact the interferometric contrast. The IO beam combiner performs well at 10. We also anticipate the requirement of a better matching between the numerical apertures of the component and the (de)coupling optics to optimize the total throughput. The next step foreseen is the achievement of wide-band interferograms., Comment: Accepted in A&A; 7 pages; 7 figures

Published
2011
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5. Three-dimensional mid-infrared photonic circuits in chalcogenide glass

Author

Robert R. Thomson, Pierre Kern, Gin Jose, Airan Rodenas, Brahim Arezki, Animesh Jha, Nicholas D. Psaila, Guillermo Martin, Lucas Labadie, and Ajoy K. Kar

Subjects
Fabrication, Materials science, Chalcogenide, Infrared Rays, Chalcogenide glass, FOS: Physical sciences, Sulfides, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, law, Photons, business.industry, Single-mode optical fiber, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 3. Good health, Interferometry, chemistry, Optoelectronics, Chalcogens, Monochromatic color, Glass, Photonics, business, Physics - Optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

We report the fabrication of single mode buried channel waveguides for the whole mid-infrared transparency range of chalcogenide sulphide glasses by means of direct laser writing. We have explored the potential of this technology by fabricating a prototype three-dimensional three-beam combiner for future application in stellar interferometry, which delivers a monochromatic interference visibility of 99.89% at 10.6 \mum, and an ultrahigh bandwidth (3-11 \mum) interference visibility of 21.3%. These results demonstrate that it is possible to harness the whole transparency range offered by chalcogenide glasses on a single on-chip instrument by means of direct laser writing, a finding that may be of key significance in future technologies such as astrophotonics and biochemical sensing., Comment: 3 pages, 4 figures, article submitted to Optics Letters on the 14th of November 2011

Published
2011
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6. Comparative study of mid-infrared fibers for modal filtering

Author

Abraham Katzir, Tomer Lewi, P. Kern, Romain Grille, Guillermo Martin, Brahim Arezki, and Olga Caballero-Calero

Subjects
Optical fiber, Materials science, business.industry, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Single-mode optical fiber, Physics::Optics, Polarization-maintaining optical fiber, Long-period fiber grating, Cladding (fiber optics), Graded-index fiber, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, law.invention, Optics, Zero-dispersion wavelength, law, Business and International Management, business, Photonic-crystal fiber
Abstract

We compare the filtering capabilities of two infrared fibers developed to achieve a high rejection ratio of the higher order modes in order to obtain compact modal filters devoted to stellar interferometry. Two types of double-clad fibers are studied: a fiber with a second thin absorbing cladding and a fiber with a second thick absorbing cladding closer to the fiber core; both are single mode around the CO(2) band (10.6 μm). We present the single-mode spectral domain and the nulling capabilities of both fibers for different fiber lengths, comparing simulations with experimental results. We show that the filtering capabilities are improved when the absorbing clad is closer to the fiber core, as the propagation distance needed to filter out these modes is shorter. Thus, to obtain high rejection ratios in compact devices, an absorbing cladding close to the core of the fiber is compulsory in order to suppress cladding modes that could eventually recouple into the waveguide. We present an empirical model that allows determining the minimum filter length, considering only one effective leaky mode with low attenuation, which considerably simplifies the theoretical studies.

Published
2010

7. Single-mode mid-infrared waveguides for spectro-interferometry applications

Author

Guillermo Martin, Abraham Katzir, Hong A. Qiao, Romain Grille, Tomer Lewi, Bruce E. Bernacki, L. Labadie, Brahim Arezki, Norman C. Anheier, Pierre Kern, Olga Caballero-Calero, and Javier R. Vázquez de Aldana

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Chalcogenide, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Single-mode optical fiber, Context (language use), Interferometry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Planar, Optics, chemistry, Interference (communication), Optoelectronics, Photonics, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

In the astrophysical context of the search for Earth-like extrasolar planets, an important research effort has been done for the realization of single-mode integrated optics devices for mid-infrared space-based interferometry. Preparatory projects like FKSI [3], where rejection of high order modes is required to a level better than 40dB, will need photonic devices that achieve modal filtering and beam combination in the mid-IR band. In this context, we present results on midinfrared planar integrated optic beam combiners characterized at LAOG using chalcogenide and silver halide materials. We show results on FTS measurements, allowing to determine the single mode spectral domain, as well as interference fringes obtained from Y-junctions realized on these materials.

Published
2010
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8. Single mode mid-infrared silver halide asymmetric flat waveguide obtained from crystal extrusion

Author

Abraham Katzir, Guillermo Martin, Brahim Arezki, L. Labadie, Romain Grille, Tomer Lewi, A. Tsun, P. Kern, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Silver halide, business.industry, Single-mode optical fiber, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010309 optics, Crystal, Wavelength, chemistry.chemical_compound, Optics, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Astronomical interferometer, Waveguide (acoustics), Radiation mode, 0210 nano-technology, business, Refractive index, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

A flat waveguide for the middle infrared was made by co-extrusion of two silver halide crystals of different chemical compositions. The transmission of the waveguide and its modal behavior was studied using a Fourier Transform Spectrometer and a dedicated optical bench. Analyzing this spectrum, we were able to obtain the cut-off wavelength of the waveguide. We observed a single mode behavior for wavelengths longer than 8.83mum, in good agreement with the theoretically expected values. This novel procedure is ideal for tailoring the properties of the waveguide for specific applications, in particular the spectral range where it exhibits a single-mode behavior. It can thus be applied to achieve modal filtering for mid-IR astronomical interferometers (e.g. beam combiners, nullers, etc.).

Published
2009
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9. An mid-infrared Fourier-transform spectrometer applied to modal characterization of silver halide fiber

Author

Abraham Katzir, Guillermmo Martin, Brahim Arezki, Tomer Lewi, Romain Grille, and Pierre Kern

Subjects
Materials science, Silver halide, Spectrometer, business.industry, Polarization-maintaining optical fiber, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Characterization (materials science), law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Modal, Optics, chemistry, law, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Optoelectronics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Fiber, business, Spectroscopy, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Beam splitter
Abstract

An IR Fourier-transform spectrometer was designed and built in order to characterize the spectral response of IR waveguides in the 3-14 µm range. It contains a specific signature related to the transmitted modes.

Published
2009
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10. Characterization of silver halide fiber for modal filtering on mid-infrared: imaging, nulling, and spectral transmission

Author

Guillermo Martin, Lucas Labadie, Romain Grille, P. Kern, and Brahim Arezki

Subjects
Optical fiber, Materials science, Spectrometer, Silver halide, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Single-mode optical fiber, Breadboard, law.invention, Characterization (materials science), Interferometry, symbols.namesake, chemistry.chemical_compound, Fourier transform, Optics, chemistry, law, symbols, business
Abstract

One of the critical issues for nulling interferometry breadboards for exo-earth detection relies on the possibility to manufacture and properly characterize optical waveguides that present suitable single mode behaviors in the foreseen spectral range (4-20 μm). We developed a dedicated bench for the characterization of available guides for the considered spectral range, in particulary silver halide fibers. This interferometric bench achieves modal characterization in nulling mode and spectral transmission in Fourier Transform spectrometer mode, defining the single mode domain of the components. We present the experimental setup and its performances. We present also some characterization of their single-mode behavior according to the injection conditions. These measurements are very useful for the conception of optimized components.

Published
2008
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12. AMBER, the near-infrared spectro-interferometric three-telescope VLTI instrument

Author

Franco Lisi, Denis Mourard, K. Agabi, A. Glentzlin, P. Stefanini, Piero Salinari, G. Martinot-Lagarde, J. M. Clausse, Markus Schöller, Philippe Mathias, O. Hernandez Utrera, E. Nussbaum, J.-C. Valtier, A. Spang, Carlo Baffa, Fabien Malbet, Udo Beckmann, Michel Tallon, Alain Chelli, Sandro Gennari, O. von der Lühe, Pierre Mege, M. Accardo, Karl-Heinz Hofmann, C. Perrier, Mario Kiekebusch, Keiichi Ohnaka, M. Heiden, Ph. Stee, S. Robbe-Dubois, C. Connot, Frédéric Cassaing, T. Lesourd, D. Ferruzzi, Dieter Schertl, M. Sacchettini, L. Gluck, P. Kern, Gerd Weigelt, Alessandro Marconi, D. Mouillet, F. Vakili, S. Busoni, Renaud Foy, J. M. Le Contel, Florentin Millour, A. Robini, J. Behrend, D. Tasso, Leonardo Testi, D. Kamm, Isabelle Tallon-Bosc, Didier Fraix-Burnet, Y. Bresson, P. Antonelli, François Reynaud, T. Forveille, Yves Magnard, Bruno Lopez, C. Gil, Andrea Richichi, E. Le Coarer, E. Tatulli, J. Colin, Martin Vannier, S. Lagarde, G. Mars, Gilles Duvert, A. Domiciano de Souza, A. Gallardo, T. Blöcker, José Pacheco, Thomas Driebe, E. Altariba, A. Roussel, Stefan Kraus, Romain Petrov, Eric Aristidi, Elisabetta Giani, Morgan Lopez, K. Perraut, Philippe Feautrier, M. Heininger, D. Le Contel, N. Ventura, Yves Rabbia, S. Rebattu, J. L. Monin, Gérard Zins, Bram Acke, Fredrik T. Rantakyrö, A. Delboulbe, M. Dugué, W. Solscheid, Pascal Puget, Brahim Arezki, S. Bonhomme, E. Fossat, Laboratoire Universitaire d'Astrophysique de Nice (LUAN), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Laboratoire Gemini (LG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Fresnel (FRESNEL), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire de Cosmologie, Astrophysique Stellaire & Solaire, de Planétologie et de Mécanique des Fluides (CASSIOPEE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Laboratoire Universitaire d'Astrophysique de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Châtillon], ONERA, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation (CFHT), National Research Council of Canada (NRC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-University of Hawai'i [Honolulu] (UH), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Association EURATOM-CEA (CEA/DSM/DRFC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Division technique INSU/SDU (DTI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Astrophysique de Toulouse-Tarbes (LATT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, PHOTONIQUE, XLIM (XLIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), ONERA-Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3)

Subjects
[SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], techniques, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Telescope, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Optics, Palomar Testbed Interferometer, law, Observatory, instrumentation: high angular resolution, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Scientific instrument, Physics, Very Large Telescope, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Interferometry, Space and Planetary Science, interferometric, Closure phase, business, techniques: spectroscopic
Abstract

Context: Optical long-baseline interferometry is moving a crucial step forward with the advent of general-user scientific instruments that equip large aperture and hectometric baseline facilities, such as the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). Aims: AMBER is one of the VLTI instruments that combines up to three beams with low, moderate and high spectral resolutions in order to provide milli-arcsecond spatial resolution for compact astrophysical sources in the near-infrared wavelength domain. Its main specifications are based on three key programs on young stellar objects, active galactic nuclei central regions, masses, and spectra of hot extra-solar planets. Methods: These key science goals led to scientific specifications, which were used to propose and then validate the instrument concept. AMBER uses single-mode fibers to filter the entrance signal and to reach highly accurate, multiaxial three-beam combination, yielding three baselines and a closure phase, three spectral dispersive elements, and specific self-calibration procedures. Results: The AMBER measurements yield spectrally dispersed calibrated visibilities, color-differential complex visibilities, and a closure phase allows astronomers to contemplate rudimentary imaging and highly accurate visibility and phase differential measurements. AMBER was installed in 2004 at the Paranal Observatory. We describe here the present implementation of the instrument in the configuration with which the astronomical community can access it. Conclusions: .After two years of commissioning tests and preliminary observations, AMBER has produced its first refereed publications, allowing assessment of its scientific potential.

Published
2007
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13. Mid-infrared laser light nulling experiment using single-mode conductive waveguides

Author

Jean-Emmanuel Broquin, P. Kern, Romain Maurand, E. Le Coarer, Pierre Labeye, Lucas Labadie, Brahim Arezki, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, Wavefront, Null (radio), business.industry, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Single-mode optical fiber, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Astrophysics, Laser, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Interferometry, Optics, Space and Planetary Science, law, 0103 physical sciences, Monochromatic color, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Waveguide
Abstract

Aims: In the context of space interferometry missions devoted to the search of exo-Earths, this paper investigates the capabilities of new single mode conductive waveguides at providing modal filtering in an infrared and monochromatic nulling experiment; Methods: A Michelson laser interferometer with a co-axial beam combination scheme at 10.6 microns is used. After introducing a Pi phase shift using a translating mirror, dynamic and static measurements of the nulling ratio are performed in the two cases where modal filtering is implemented and suppressed. No additional active control of the wavefront errors is involved. Results: We achieve on average a statistical nulling ratio of 2.5e-4 with a 1-sigma upper limit of 6e-4, while a best null of 5.6e-5 is obtained in static mode. At the moment, the impact of external vibrations limits our ability to maintain the null to 10 to 20 seconds.; Conclusions: A positive effect of SM conductive waveguide on modal filtering has been observed in this study. Further improvement of the null should be possible with proper mechanical isolation of the setup., Comment: Accepted in A&A, 7 pages, 5 figures

Published
2007
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14. Recent Progress in Mid Infrared Integrated Optics for Nulling Interferometry

Author

Laetitia Abel-Tiberini, Annie Pradel, P. Labeye, Cyril Ruilier, Volker Kirschner, Etienne LeCoarer, Alain Delboulbé, Caroline Vigreux-Bercovici, Pierre Saguet, Pierre Kern, Marc Barillot, Jean-Emmanuel Broquin, Brahim Arezki, Lucas Labadie, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique (IMEP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), and European Space Agency (ESA)

Subjects
Wavefront, Physics, business.industry, Optical engineering, Near-infrared spectroscopy, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Polarization (waves), 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Starlight, law.invention, 010309 optics, Interferometry, Modal, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 0210 nano-technology, business, Waveguide, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

This paper presents the development and tests in the thermal infrared of Integrated Optics (IO) technology in preparation of ESA's space mission Darwin . This mission aims to detect and characterize earth-like planets orbiting solar-type stars, using nulling interferometry in the spectral range 6 - 20 μm. Since typically 1:1e6 rejection of starlight is required, wavefront modal filtering is mandatory. Thus, mid-infrared single-mode IO is being developed in the framework of the ESA-funded "Integrated Optics for Darwin" project. Beyond its wavefront filtering capabilities, an IO component may support various optical functions, and is thus likely to ease instrumental design. This paper addresses the manufacturing process and the characterization tests results of newly developed IO devices. Investigated solutions are dielectric waveguides based on Chalcogenide glasses and Hollow Metallic Waveguides. In a first phase, the pre-selected technological solutions were validated and modal behavior of the manufactured devices was demonstrated, both through polarization and spectral analysis. Preliminary nulling ratios up to 5000 have been obtained with an IO modal filter in the 6 - 20 μm range. In a second phase of the project, the development of more complex IO functions was attempted. The methods used to validate the waveguide behavior and interferometric capabilities are also discussed. After achieving 1:1e5 polychromatic extinctions with similar solutions in the near IR, the presented results further underline the credibility of a mid-infrared IO concept for Darwin.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Published
2006
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15. Modal Filtering for Nulling Interferometry-First Single-Mode Conductive Waveguides in the Mid-Infrared

Author

Pierre Labeye, I. Schanen, P. Kern, Brahim Arezki, Lucas Labadie, Jean-Emmanuel Broquin, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Single-mode optical fiber, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics::Optics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Lambda, Polarization (waves), 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Interferometry, Optics, Modal, Space and Planetary Science, law, 0103 physical sciences, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Electrical conductor, Waveguide, High dynamic range
Abstract

This paper presents the work achieved for the manufacturing and characterization of first single-mode waveguides to be used as modal filters for nulling interferometry in the mid-infrared range [4-20 um]. As very high dynamic range is mandatory for detection of Earth-like planets, modal filtering is one of the most stringent instrumental aspects. The hollow metallic waveguides (HMW) presented here are manufactured using micro-machining techniques. Single-mode behavior has been investigated in laboratory through a technique of polarization analysis while transmission features have been measured using flux relative comparison. The single-mode behavior have been assessed at lambda=10.6 um for rectangular waveguides with dimensions a=10 um and b, 10 pages, 6 figures, accepted in A&A

Published
2005
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16. Results on the Development of Mid-Infrared Integrated Optics for the Darwin Mission

Author

Isabelle Schanen-Duport, Caroline Vigreux-Bercovici, P. Labeye, Brahim Arezki, Lucas Labadie, Jean-Emmanuel Broquin, Pierre Kern, Annie Pradel, Pierre Saguet, Bernard Andre, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique (IMEP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Chalcogenide, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Space exploration, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Optics, Planet, law, 0103 physical sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Spatial filter, business.industry, Near-infrared spectroscopy, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Polarization (waves), Interferometry, chemistry, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Optoelectronics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Waveguide
Abstract

To detect earth-like planets orbiting around solar-type stars in the mid-infrared spectral range, a typical rejection ratio of 10 6 of the stellar flux must be achieved. Space missions like Darwin/TPF aim at achieving such contrasts using nulling interferometry between 4 μm and 20 μm. The instrumental constraints on beam combination, spatial filtering, intensity and phase mismatches must then be accurately considered. This paper presents the first characterization results of mid-infrared waveguides for integrated optics (IO) developed in the frame of an ESA contract. Taking into account the scientific achievements already obtained with IO components in the near infrared range, results demonstrate that these technologies can also be used for future nulling devices as an alternative to bulk optics instrumentation in the mid-infrared spectral range. Good waveguiding behaviour has been obtained on dielectric waveguides based on Chalcogenide or Zinc Selenide glasses and Hollow Metallic Waveguides. The single-mode behavior, spatial filtering and polarization control capabilities of the hollow metallic channel waveguides have been also demonstrated. This paper focuses on the methods used to validate the waveguide behaviour and the first laboratory results obtained with the different technologies used in the mid-infrared.

Published
2005
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17. AMBER integration and laboratory performances

Author

Gerard Zins, E. Tatulli, Yves Magnard, Florentin Millour, J. Behrend, Karine Rousselet-Perraut, Matteo Accardo, P. Antonelli, Stephane Lagarde, Yves Bresson, Franco Lisi, Carla S. Gil, Fabien Malbet, Etienne LeCoarer, Udo Beckmann, S. Busoni, Pierre Kern, L. Gluck, Gilles Duvert, Alain Delboulbé, Brahim Arezki, Sylvie Robbe-Dubois, Alain Roussel, and Romain Petrov

Subjects
Physics, Accuracy and precision, Optics, Modal, business.industry, K band, media_common.quotation_subject, Contrast (vision), Spectral resolution, business, Throughput (business), Stability (probability), media_common
Abstract

AMBER is the focal near-infrared instrument of the VLTI combining 2 or 3 telescopes in the J, H and K bands with 3 spectral resolution modes. It uses single-mode fibers to ensure modal filtering and high measurement accuracies. AMBER has been integrated and tested in Grenoble during 2003. We report in this paper the lab performances of the instrument in terms of instrumental contrast, measurement accuracy and stability, and throughput.

Published
2004
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18. Large-mode-area infrared guiding in ultrafast laser written waveguides in Sulfur-based chalcogenide glasses

Author

Johann Troles, Etienne LeCoarer, Virginie Nazabal, Guillermo Martin, Brahim Arezki, Razvan Stoian, Guanghua Cheng, Celine Caillaud, Cyril Mauclair, C. D'Amico, P. Kern, Laurent Calvez, Laboratoire Hubert Curien [Saint Etienne] (LHC), Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics (XIOPM), Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ULTRA, Laboratoire Hubert Curien (LHC), Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Infrared, Chalcogenide, (140.3390) Laser materials processing, (320.2250) Femtosecond phenomena, (230.7370) Waveguides, (130.3120) Integrated optics devices, (160.2750) Glass and other amorphous materials, (130.3060) Infrared, Physics::Optics, Chalcogenide glass, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, chalcogenide glass, Interferometry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Optics, 3D photonics, chemistry, refractive index changes, law, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Optoelectronics, ultrafast laser fabrication, business, Refractive index, Ultrashort pulse, Phase modulation
Abstract

International audience; Current demands in astrophotonics impose advancing optical functions in infrared domains within embedded refractive index designs. We demonstrate concepts for large-mode-area guiding in ultrafast laser photowritten waveguides in bulk Sulfur-based chalcogenide glasses. If positive index contrasts are weak in As2S3, Ge doping increases the matrix rigidity and allows for high contrast (10−3) positive refractive index changes. Guiding with variable mode diameter and large-mode-area light transport is demonstrated up to 10μm spectral domain using transverse slit-shaped and evanescently-coupled multicore traces.

Published
2014
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19. M-lines characterization of selenide and telluride thick films for mid-infrared interferometry

Author

Brahim Arezki, Caroline Vigreux-Bercovici, Lucas Labadie, Jean-Emmanuel Broquin, Pierre Kern, Annie Pradel, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique (IMEP), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)

Subjects
FOS: Physical sciences, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010309 optics, Reduction (complexity), chemistry.chemical_compound, Optics, Planet, Telluride, Selenide, 0103 physical sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Wavefront, Physics, Spatial filter, business.industry, Astrophysics (astro-ph), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 3. Good health, Wavelength, Interferometry, chemistry, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

Nulling interferometry is an astronomical technique that combines equal wavefronts to achieve a deep rejection ratio of an on-axis star, and that could permit to detect Earth-like planets in the mid-infrared band 5 -- 20 microns. Similarly to what is done in the near-infrared, high frequencies spatial filtering of the incoming beams can be achieved using single-mode waveguides operating in the mid-infrared. An appreciable reduction of the instrumental complexity is also possible using integrated optics (IO) devices in this spectral range. The relative lack of single-mode guided optics in the mid-infrared has motivated the present technological study to demonstrate the feasibility of dielectric waveguides functioning at longer wavelengths. We propose to use selenide and telluride components to pursue the development of more complex IO functions., accepted in OSA Optics Express, 11 pages, 4 figures

Published
2006
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20. Ultrafast laser inscription of mid-IR integrated optics for astronomy

Author

Robert R. Thomson, John E. McCarthy, Henry T. Bookey, Ajoy K. Kar, Guillermo Martin, Brahim Arezki, Pierre Kern, and Airan Rodenas

Subjects
Physics, Infrared astronomy, business.industry, Infrared spectroscopy, Astronomy, Radiation, Laser, law.invention, Wavelength, Optics, law, Planet, Integrated optics, business, Ultrashort pulse
Abstract

The development of integrated optical (IO) circuits for mid-IR radiation (wavelengths from ∼3 to ∼30 µm) is of significant interest for applications in bio-sensing and astronomy [1]. With specific reference to astronomy, the mid-IR spectrum is of particular interest since this is the region where objects such as planets, at earth-like temperatures, can be probed. It is also the region where biomarkers such as H 2 O, CO 2 and O 3 can be identified.

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