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The article discusses a study on the presence of Culex pipiens biotype molestus in the Netherlands and of the hybrid biotype pipiens and molestus in Northern Europe. Culex pipiens complex members are cited as the principal vectors for the transmission of the West Nile virus (WNV) in North America and Europe. It compares the biotypes pipiens and molestus, the first of which is said to be seasonally active while the latter is active throughout the year. Results of the study indicate that both biotypes exist in the region where research is focused.

Objectives: In the context of public health, risk governance (or risk analysis) is a framework for the assessment and subsequent management and/or control of the danger posed by an identified disease threat. Generic frameworks in which to carry out risk assessment have been developed by various agencies. These include monitoring, data collection, statistical analysis and dissemination. Due to the inherent complexity of disease systems, however, the generic approach must be modified for individual, disease-specific risk assessment frameworks., Study Design: The analysis was based on the review of the current risk assessments of vector-borne diseases adopted by the main Public Health organisations (OIE, WHO, ECDC, FAO, CDC etc…)., Methods: Literature, legislation and statistical assessment of the risk analysis frameworks., Results: This review outlines the need for the development of a general public health risk assessment method for vector-borne diseases, in order to guarantee that sufficient information is gathered to apply robust models of risk assessment. Stochastic (especially spatial) methods, often in Bayesian frameworks are now gaining prominence in standard risk assessment procedures because of their ability to assess accurately model uncertainties., Conclusions: Risk assessment needs to be addressed quantitatively wherever possible, and submitted with its quality assessment in order to enable successful public health measures to be adopted. In terms of current practice, often a series of different models and analyses are applied to the same problem, with results and outcomes that are difficult to compare because of the unknown model and data uncertainties. Therefore, the risk assessment areas in need of further research are identified in this article., (Copyright © 2014 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)