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Additional file 3: Figure S2. Per-site heterozygosity for all evaluated specimens. Specimens are grouped by species and ordered by mean heterozygosity. Colours indicate specimens collected from different sampling locations, likely corresponding to different populations. Heterozygosity estimates resulting from mapping to a common reference are indicated as squares. Variation within species is largely driven by differences between populations in species with intermediate values, while agreement between populations is high for low values.

Additional file 2: Figure S1. Gonadal sex allocation of species dependent on (A) received sperm location, (B) sperm bristle state, (C) antrum state, and (D) inferred mating syndrome. For the analysis in panel (D), the species belonging to the large clade only containing hypodermically mating species (clade I in Fig. 2) were removed to evaluate the robustness of the association shown in Fig. 3B. Boxes show the second and third quartile and the whiskers extend up to 1.5 times the interquartile range. Within each panel the main results of the PGLS analysis comparing the yellow and green data points (excluding the grey data) are given. Detailed results are in Additional file 1: Table S4.

The deposited folders contain results of the computations performed in: Brand, J. N., G. Viktorin, R. A. W. Wiberg, C. Beisel, and L. Schärer. 2021. Large-scale phylogenomics of the genus Macrostomum (Platyhelminthes) reveals cryptic diversity and novel sexual traits. Primer and noPrimer contain the alignments and transcriptomes, with and without the SMARTseq primers. We recommend you only use the noPrimer data. Naming follows the description in Brand et al. 2021. fa: Trinity transcriptome assembly pep: protein sequence predicted by TransDecoder cds: coding sequence predicted by TransDecoder The trees directory contains both ultrametric (UM) and non ultrametric species trees. 28S_C.aln: Alignment of 28S sequences used for the C-IQ-TREE phylogenetic inference. 28S_delim.aln: Aligment of 28S sequences used for species delimitation using haplotype networks (after filtering from missing data, 28S_delim_nogap.aln) &nbsp

Additional file 17: Figure S3. Representation of the method used to estimate protein divergence for each OG. Species are abbreviated as: lig = M. lignano, htx = M. hystrix, spi = M. spirale and pus = M. pusillum. A: Hypothetical protein alignment of an OG containing all four species. Protein divergence was calculated between all sequences that share an aligned region (indicated in black), thus excluding sequences that do not overlap (indicated with an asterisk, i.e. lig3*, spi2*). B: Matrix of all pairwise comparisons between the overlapping sequences in the OG, with letters denoting divergences between particular species pairs (e.g. a1–4 represent the protein divergence between the sequences of M. lignano and M. hystrix). C: Average protein divergences between species pairs in the OG (e.g. a is the average of all a-values in panel B). The divergence for the whole OG is then calculated as the average protein distance over all six species pairs.

"This research examines the unbroken historical link and connection of policing as an institution in the African American community. From slavery to the present, there has always been a history of police malevolence in African American communities. Although African Americans are no longer slaves, we cannot overlook the glaring similarities of slave patrols who over policed African slaves and freed Blacks in the framework of peace and order with violence and the over-policing of African Americans in contemporary America with violence and force at disproportional rates. My research method involved the historical comparison of an oath of the slave patroller and the contemporary officer and its symbolization of power, allegiance, and transformation. In this case, the document comparisons establish a time, date, and unbroken pattern of behaviour to piece the puzzle together to explain that the long-term historical continuity is only a reproduction and duration of an institution that once policed slaves and freed Blacks during slafigure very and that now polices African Americans in contemporary America."--Abstract from author supplied metadata

How speech teachers can detect voice disorders. (CH)

Simulating complex natural tasks in the laboratory can be facilitated by a thorough analysis and modeling of the environment and tasks in the field. A field study is conducted to determine the workload of ambulance dispatchers in the province of Groningen. The results of the study are used to build a spatial navigation and planning task that is simulated in the laboratory. A major advantage of the virtual environment is that it allows for controlled experimentation. The results of the approach of analysis and of the development of a laboratory task environment are described in this article.

One of the problems with the use of menu-based information systems is that users get lost when topics are placed illogically in the menu structure. A way to evaluate whether topics are placed illogically is to analyze the search strategies that users apply when making menu choices. In this study, uncertain menu choices are indicated by the use of one specific search strategy called the read-all strategy. The use of this strategy can be determined by analyzing the eye movements of subjects. When an information system forces users to make a lot of uncertain menu choices, this is an indication that the usability of the system is inadequate.

Information retrieval systems can be very complex depending on their size and contents. To keep information systems easily accessible, optimal user support is required to facilitate search processes. However,exactly what type of support is needed? This chapter presents the results of a study of current search processes to identify the needs of multimedia users. Eight subjects performed a number of search tasks in the interactive product catalogues of Philips Electronics and Sony on the World Wide Web (WWW). Efficiency scores provided subject task completion data while protocol analysis provided information on possible bottlenecks and their cause within the search processes. Drawings of the product structure created by the subjects provided feedback about the mental models of interaction used with the system. The methods have been helpful in analyzing search behavior and in identifying different search strategies.