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A library of 24 6-(5-oxo-1-phenylpyrrolidin-3-yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxamides 10{1,2; 1–12} was prepared by a parallel solution-phase approach. The synthesis comprises a five-step transformation of itaconic acid (11) into 1-methyl and 1-phenyl substituted 6-(5-oxo-1-phenylpyrrolidin-3-yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids 17{1,2} followed by parallel amidation of 17{1,2} with a series of 12 aliphatic amines 18{1–12} to afford the corresponding carboxamides 10 in good overall yields and in 80–100% purity.

Organic azides are versatile reagents. In this chapter, various applications of organic (heterocyclic) azides, which can react either intermolecularly or intramolecularly under thermal, catalyzed, or noncatalyzed conditions, in preparation of basic five-, six-, and seven-membered systems, and their fused analogs, are described.

In this paper, we describe a four step synthesis of 1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-4-carboxamides starting from (hetero)arylcarboxamides. These are first transformed to the corresponding acetamidines followed by condensation to substituted [(oxazol-4(5H)-ylidene)ethyl]benzamides, which are further derivatized to substituted [(oxazol-4(5H)-ylidene)allyl]benzamides. The latter compounds undergo a supposed [4 + 2] cycloaddition with maleic anhydride, leading to the final products.

In this communication, a simple synthesis of dimethyl 2-[(Z)-3-amino-1-oxo-1-(substituted)but-2-en-2-yl]fumarates is described. Methyl ketones were transformed by treatment with N,N-dimethylacetamide dimethyl acetal (DMADMA) into 3-dimethylamino-1-(substituted)but-2-en-1-ones, followed by treatment with ammonium acetate into (Z)-3-amino-1-(substituted)but-2-en-1-ones and addition to dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. These novel polysubstituted butadienes are potential intermediates for the metal-free preparation of polysubstituted five- and six-membered heterocycles.

A general four-step transformation of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl methyl ketones via 3-(dimethylamino)-1-substituted-prop-2-en-1-ones, followed by microwave [2+2] cycloaddition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, cyclization of (2 E ,3 E )-2-[(dimethylamino)methylene]-3-(2-substituted)succinates with ammonia or hydroxylamine hydrochloride into 2-substituted-pyridine-4,5-dicarboxylates and their N- oxides and final cyclization with hydrazine hydrate into of 7-substituted-2,3-dihydropyrido[3,4- d ]pyridazine-1,4-diones and 1,4-dioxo-7-substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[4,3- d ]pyridazine 6-oxides is shown.

Lipoxygenases metabolize polyunsaturated fatty acids into signalling molecules such as leukotrienes and lipoxins, which play a regulatory role in several inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic bronchitis. Human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) is an important mammalian lipoxygenase and plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of these inflammatory signalling molecules. New classes of inhibitors are needed to explore the lipoxygenases as therapeutic targets. Here, we present the first study that identifies ruthenium(II) (Ru(II)) complexes as novel inhibitors of 15-LOX-1. Our study includes two novel Ru(II) complexes (C1a and C1b), bearing the sulfur macrocycle [9]aneS3, S-bonded dimethylsulfoxide (dmso-S), and chelate N,N- or N,O-donor ligands which were characterised by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and other standard physicochemical methods. These novel complexes and previously described Ru(II) complexes with the general formula [(η6-p-cymene)RuCl(O,O-ligand)]Cl were tested for inhibition of 15-LOX-1. This enabled identification of Ru(II) complexes that inhibit 15-LOX-1 with a potency in low micromolar range. Enzyme kinetic analysis was also performed, suggesting uncompetitive inhibition.

Reactions of cyclic enaminones, derived from cyclic five- and six-membered 1,3-diones, and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) under microwave irradiation produced a mixture of two products: ring-expansion products as a result of a [2+2] cycloaddition and Michael adducts. Reaction between 4-(dimethylamino)-2H-chromen-2-one and DMAD leads to three products: 2-(4-(dimethylamino)-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)maleate as a Michael adduct, dimethyl 1-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylate as the product of the [2+2] cycloaddition followed by 6π disrotatory electrocyclization and elimination of CO2 and 4-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1,2-dicarboxylate as the product of the [4+2] cycloaddition followed by elimination of CO2.

The human aldo–keto reductases (AKRs) from the 1C subfamily are important targets for the development of new drugs. In this study, we have investigated the possible interactions between the recombinant AKR1C enzymes AKR1C1–AKR1C3 and ruthenium(II) complexes; in particular, we were interested in the potential inhibitory actions. Five novel ruthenium complexes (1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c), two precursor ruthenium compounds (P1, P2), and three ligands (a, b, c) were prepared and included in this study. Two different types of novel ruthenium(II) complexes were synthesized. First, bearing the sulphur macrocycle [9]aneS3, S-bonded dimethylsulphoxide (dmso-S), and an N,N-donor ligand, with the general formula of [Ru([9]aneS3)(dmso)(N,N-ligand)](PF6)2 (1a, 1b), and second, with the general formula of [(η6-p-cymene)RuCl(N,N-ligand)]Cl (2a, 2b, 2c). All of these synthesized compounds were characterized by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography (compounds a, b, c, 1a, 1b) and other standard physicochemical methods. To evaluate the potential inhibitory actions of these compounds on the AKR1C enzymes, we followed enzymatically catalyzed oxidation of the substrate 1-acenaphthenol by NAD+ in the absence and presence of various micromolar concentrations of the individual compounds. Among 10 compounds, one ruthenium complex (2b) and two precursor ruthenium compounds (P1, P2) inhibited all three AKR1C enzymes, and one ruthenium complex (2a) inhibited only AKR1C3. Ligands a, b and c revealed no inhibition of the AKR1C enzymes. All four of the active compounds showed multiple binding with the AKR1C enzymes that was characterized by an initial instantaneous inhibition followed by a slow quasi-irreversible step. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has examined interactions between these AKR1C enzymes and ruthenium(II) complexes.

1,5-Disubstituted-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-7-carboxamides functionalized at positions 1, 5, and 7 were prepared in six straightforward steps from cheap, commercially available dialkyl acetone-1,3-dicarboxylate. Due to the instability of methyl 1-benzyl-substituted pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-7-carboxylates under basic hydrolytic conditions (LiOH/H2O), a detour via the corresponding benzyl esters was introduced to deliver the final 1-benzyl-substituted-bicyclic carboxamides in seven steps. The designed synthetic route is suitable for the construction of a larger library of compounds. All the key compounds have been characterized by NMR spectroscopic techniques and X-ray analysis.

Two variants of the synthesis of 6-alkyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-3-carboxamides have been developed. The first pathway comprises nine steps starting with the introduction of the 6-alkyl group (R1) via addition of a primary alkylamine to methyl acrylate followed by a seven-step transformation into the 6-benzyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-3-carboxylic acid, which is then amidated into title compounds. The other variation is based on an analogous four-step transformation of Boc-β-alanine into a 6-unsubstituted benzyl ester as the key intermediate. The 6-alkyl group (R1) is then introduced by N-alkylation with alkyl halides, followed by O-debenzylation to give the carboxylic acids, and amidation. A library of 18 title carboxamides was prepared in very good yields.

The synthesis of 7-substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamides was studied. First, methyl 7-hydroxypyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylate (5) was prepared in three steps from methyl 5-amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (3). Treatment of 5 with POCl3 gave the highly reactive 7-chloro derivative 10, which was reacted with amines, benzyl alcohol, and phenylboronic acid in the presence of Pd-catalyst to give the corresponding 7-substituted derivatives 11. Hydrolysis of the esters 5 and 11 followed by amidation gave the corresponding carboxamides 16a–h and 15. Regioselectivity of N-alkylation of 7-hydroxypyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives 5 and 16 was tunable by the carboxy function. Alkylation of the secondary amides 16a–f furnished the 1-alkyl derivatives 17a–f, whereas the ester 5 and the tertiary amides 16g,h gave the 4-alkyl derivatives 14a–d and 16m,n, selectively.

Synthesis and catalyst performance of 2,3- (types and ) and 2,8-disubstituted (type ) thiourea bifunctional organocatalysts was attempted. The synthesis of catalyst of type has, so far, not been realized, while catalysts of type , i.e., the 2,3-exo- and the 2-endo-3-exo-thiourea catalysts, were prepared in six steps starting from (+)-camphor. The catalysts of type were prepared from (+)-camphor in eight steps. All the potential catalysts as well as most of the intermediate products were carefully structurally characterized. The thiourea bifunctional organocatalysts were tested in a model reaction of Michael addition of dimethyl malonate to trans-β-nitrostyrene.

Microwave-assisted treatment of ethyl 5-hydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate with excess primary aliphatic amines in 1-propanol at 140°C and with excess pyrrolidine or piperidine in 2-methoxyethanol at 180°C produced the corresponding carboxamides in good yields.

Parallel screening of suitable reaction conditions for Cu(I)-catalyzed [3+2] cycloadditions of (1Z,4R*,5R*)-4-benzoylamino-1-benzylidene-5-phenyl-3-oxopyrazolidin-1-ium-2-ide (1a) to methyl propiolate (2) has established that this reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature in acetonitrile in the presence of CuI and Hünig’s base. The optimized reaction conditions were then applied in regio- and stereo-selective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of racemic azomethine imines 1a-e to tert-butyl (S)-(3-oxopent-4-yn-2-yl)carbamate (6) leading to mixtures of diastereomeric non-racemic chromatographically separable cycloadducts 7a-d, 7'a-d, 8e, and 8'e. The structures of the products were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy.

Herein a simple one-pot metal-free synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted pyridines and pyridine Noxides by [2+2] cycloaddition of enaminones, which are prepared in situ from alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl methyl ketones using N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMFDMA), and propyne iminium salts as electron-poor acetylenes, is described.

Herein a simple one-pot metal-free synthesis of alkyl-, aryl-, heteroaryl- and alkoxycarbonyl substituted 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)benzene derivatives is described. The products were prepared from the corresponding methyl ketones or compounds with an α-methylene group in regard to the carbonyl group, using N,N-dimethylacetamide dimethyl acetal (DMADMA) as the reagent.

Vinylogous peptides 3 with a vinyl fragment inserted into the peptide C–N bond were prepared from ynones 6 and enaminones 7 that are easily available from Boc-protected α-amino acids 4. Coupling at the C terminus was achieved by 1,4-addition of amino esters 5 to the C≡C bond in 6 or by substitution of the NMe2 group in 7 to give N-terminal vinylogues 3a–p. Coupling at the N terminus of 3 and 7, in contrast, required temporary protection of the acidolytically labile enamino moiety. Thus, cyclization of 6 or 7 with hydroxylamine, removal of the Boc group with HBr–AcOH, acylation of free amine 10 with BocGlyOH (4a), and hydrogenolytic deprotection of the enamino moiety in the presence of GlyOMe (5a) led to tripeptides 3q–s with vinylogous amide as the central building block.

A simple five-step synthesis of fully substituted (4RS,5RS)-4-aminopyrazolidin-3-ones as analogs of D-cycloserine was developed. It comprises a two-step preparation of 5-substituted (4RS,5RS)-4-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)pyrazolidin-3-ones, reductive alkylation at N(1), alkylation of the amidic N(2) with alkyl halides, and simultaneous hydrogenolytic deprotection/reductive alkylation of the primary NH2 group. The synthesis enables an easy stepwise functionalization of the pyrazolidin-3-one core with only two types of common reagents, aldehydes (or ketones) and alkyl halides. The structures of products were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.

The [2+2] cycloaddition of alkenes to alkynes represents an important strategy for the synthesis of cyclobutene derivatives and consequently of polysubstituted 1,3-butadiene derivatives. It can be ...

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.

A novel simple five-step synthesis of 1,6-disubstituted tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5- c ]pyrimidine-2,7(1 H ,3 H )-diones has been developed. The synthetic protocol starts with ‘ring switching’ transformation of commercially available 5,6-dihydro-2 H -pyran-2-one into the 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrazolidin-3-one, followed by addition of the latter to isocyanates, Appel bromination, cyclization, and N(1)-alkylation with alkyl halides to give the title compounds. In comparison to a 12-step synthesis reported recently, the present method is clearly superior with respect to the number of synthetic steps and versatility of substituents at position 6.

Replacement of the cis-Me group by CH2F in the imidazolidinone organocatalyst specified in the title (so-called McMillan generation-I catalyst) leads to reversal of the product configuration in the title reaction. The topicity reversal in the nucleophilic addition step must arise either from cis-addition with respect to the benzylic substituent of an (E)-iminium ion intermediate or from trans-addition to the corresponding (Z)-iminium ion. Mechanistic investigations have not provided evidence for either one of these two possibilities, so far.

A simple and practical four-step protocol for the parallel synthesis of 7-heteroaryl-pyrazolo[1,5- $$a$$ ]pyrimidine-3-carboxamides was developed. The synthesis starts with transformation of commercially available 2-acetylpyridine and acetylpyrazine with $$N,$$ $$N$$ -dimethylformamide dimethylacetal into the corresponding $$(E)$$ -3-(dimethylamino)-1-(heteroaryl)prop-2-en-1-ones followed by cyclisation with methyl 5-amino-1 $$H$$ -pyrazole-4-carboxylate to give methyl 7-heteroarylpyrazolo[1,5- $$a$$ ]pyrimidine-3-carboxylates. Hydrolysis of the ester group and subsequent amidation of the so formed carboxylic acids with 12 primary and secondary aliphatic amines furnished a library of 24 title compounds in good overall yields and purity.

The synthesis of U-shaped conformationally constrained analogues of peptides based on the 3-amino-2-oxo-1,5-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane-8-carboxylic acid scaffold was developed. [3+2] Cycloadditions of (1Z,4R*,5R*)-1-arylmethylidene-4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-oxo-5-phenylpyrazolidin-1-ium-2-ides to tert-butyl acrylate and tert-butyl methacrylate gave the corresponding racemic cycloadducts, in most cases as mixtures of isomers, which were separated by preparative chromatography. Selective deprotection of the C- and the N-terminal of these heterocyclic dipeptides followed by coupling with (S)-alanine derivatives and chromatographic separation furnished the non-racemic tripeptides as target compounds. The structures of racemic cycloadducts and non-racemic final products were determined by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The synthesized compounds were also evaluated for inhibition of MurD ligase and d -alanine: d -alanine ligase.

A simple and straightforward four-step synthesis of novel diastereomeric L-phenylalanine-derived pyrazolidin-3-ones is described. The absolute configuration of the novel C(5) stereogenic centre has been unambiguously determined by single crystal X-ray analysis and via chemical interconversions. A series of novel thiourea derived pyrazolidinones have been prepared and tested as potential organocatalysts. N(1) un-substituted pyrazolidinones can be used for the construction of a novel type of bicyclic heterocycles and other selective derivatizations. Chirality 25:541–555, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

2-Substituted 6-(5-oxo-1-phenylpyrrolidin-3-yl)pyrimidin-4(3 H )-ones were synthesized in three steps from itaconic acid derivatives via cyclization with primary amines followed by Masamune-Claisen condensation, and cyclization of the newly formed β -keto esters with amidines. Preparation and/or isolation of β-keto esters with polar N -substituents failed, but the corresponding final products were obtained in a different way. 6-(1-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-5-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidin-4(3 H )-one was obtained by hydrogenolytic o-deprotection of its o -benzyl derivative. Depending on reaction conditions, further mesylation of 6-(1-(3-(benzyloxy)propyl)-5-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidin-4(3 H )-one followed by treatment with pyrrolidine gave either the monoaminated- or the diaminated product. The structures of novel compounds were determined by NMR.

A series of tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5- c ]pyrimidine-2,7(1 H ,3 H )-diones 3a – h as the first representatives of the so far unexplored saturated heterocyclic system have been synthesized, formally in 12 steps from methyl acrylate ( 4 ). The synthesis comprises a four-step preparation of methyl N -Cbz-5-alkylamino-3-oxopentanoates 9a–c , their three-step transformation into 5-{2-[(alkyl)(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino]ethyl}pyrazolidin-3-ones 12a – c , three-step selective alkylation of the amidic N-2 to give 2-alkyl-5-{2-[(alkyl)(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino]ethyl}pyrazolidin-3-ones 16b – h , followed by hydrogenolytic Cbz-deprotection and subsequent cyclization of the intermediate 1,4-diamine with CDI to furnish the title compounds 3 . Most of the synthetic steps were performed as a one-pot transformation.

Desmotropy of some five-, six-, and seven-membered heterocyclic rings and of some important pharmaceutical compounds and tautomeric equilibria of heterocyclic carbenes with mesoionic compounds and ylides are described.

Substituted benzocyclobutenes were isolated from the reaction of substituted oxocycloocta-2,8-diene-1,2-dicarboxylates with DMAD which were themselves formed by the microwave assisted [2+2] cycloaddition of cyclic enaminones to dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. The high pressure hydrogenation of (1E,2Z)-dimethyl 3-(dimethylamino)-7-oxocycloocta-2,8-diene-1,2-dicarboxylate gave oxabicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-ene-2,3-dicarboxylates, while use of low pressure hydrogenation resulted in only the carbonyl group being reduced to give the corresponding hydroxyl derivative which was proposed as an intermediate of the oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes formed using high pressure hydrogenation.

A simple five-step diversity-oriented synthesis of 1-substituted 4-aryl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamides was developed. Treatment of dimethyl 2-((dimethylamino)methylidene)-3-oxopentanedioate with twenty primary amines gave 1-substituted methyl 4-hydroxy-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylates. Transformation into the corresponding 4-tosyloxy and 4-chloro derivatives, followed by Suzuki-Miyaura arylations gave a series of eleven N-substituted methyl 4-aryl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylates. Combinatorial screening was employed to establish suitable reaction conditions for Suzuki-Miyaura arylation of N-alkylpyridones. Hydrolysis of the esters followed by parallel solution-phase amidation of the corresponding carboxylic acids with primary and secondary amines furnished a library of seventeen final products.

Two novel 4-substituted camphidine derivatives 10a,b have been prepared from (+)-camphor (1 )i nfive steps, the Beckmann rearrangement being the bottleneck of the synthe- sis. Isoborneol derivative 5b, formed as a side product during the hydrogenation of arylidene ketone 3b, under Beckmann rearrangement conditions yielded interesting novel rearrangement products 11 and 12 .( 1S)-(+)-Camphorquinone (13) was transformed into diamines 15 and 16 in two steps, the former being cyclized into an imidazoline salt 17 ,a nN-heterocyclic carbene precursor. The structures of all novel compounds have been meticulously characterized using NMR techniques and/or single crystal X-ray analysis. Chirality 24:778-788, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.