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Contributions: This article presents the results of a study carried out as part of two large-scale pilots and analyzes the impact of the use of modern technologies in education in term of knowledge acquisition in case of students with hearing disabilities. Background: Teaching topics from STEM area is a challenging task for all teachers who have students with hearing disabilities in their class. On the one hand, because of the high degree of difficulty of the information in this field and on the other hand, because of the difficulties that students with hearing disabilities face in understanding this information. In this context, the use of modern technologies in education, but especially the way they are used together with traditional ones, can provide great support for teachers of students with special needs. Intended Outcomes: A set of modern technologies, i.e., virtual lab, virtual reality (VR), in the game-based learning context of the EU-funded NEWTON project, were employed in education as part of the Earth Course. The goal was to increase the accessibility of STEM information in the area of natural sciences for the benefit of students, especially those with hearing disabilities. Application Design: The study targeted secondary school students with hearing disabilities. Content related to natural sciences (i.e., wildlife and sealife) was presented as part of the Earth Course via innovative applications that included virtual laboratories and VR. Avatars were used to support the students with special needs (sign-language translation). Findings: The results of this study demonstrate that the use of modern technologies, combined with game-based learning in science lessons for students with hearing disabilities, contribute to increasing their knowledge level. The best results were obtained when these technologies were used in mixed lessons, alongside the traditional teaching methods.

Abstract Background Worldwide, rural populations are recognized to be exposed to increased health challenges due to their living and working environment, socioeconomic status, and access to health services. According to the Romanian Country Health Profile 2023, approximately 46% of all deaths recorded in Romania in 2019 could be attributed to behavioral risk factors such as tobacco smoking, dietary risks, alcohol consumption and low physical activity. No data on rural versus urban areas are available to date, and research is needed to document health inequalities, identify barriers to health services, and explore solutions. Methods This study is an analysis of data collected during the Health Evaluation Survey carried out by the National Institute of Public Health in 2022 and aimed to reveal differences in health risk factors between rural and urban areas. The analysis was carried out under the methodological framework of the Health Evaluation Survey 2022, which is coordinated by the National Institute of Public Health. Results Our study’s objectively measured data revealed that the overall health profile of rural communities is characterized by lower education levels, lower incomes, and higher binge drinking rates than those of their urban counterparts. Additionally, rural inhabitants more often have high blood pressure, are more overweight and obese (per body mass index measurements) and have higher fasting plasma glucose. The health profile of the urban population revealed higher education levels and greater proportions of people with adequate monthly income, people with daily alcohol consumption, people who smoke, and people with hypercholesterolemia. Access to primary health care evaluated through proxy indicators was lower in rural areas but was relatively good overall. Conclusions Our analysis of the health profile of rural communities revealed a greater prevalence of obesity and overweight, especially among women, and an increased prevalence of heavy drinking among men. Access to primary health care evaluated through proxy indicators is lower in rural areas but is relatively good overall. Lower education levels and the possibility of lower health literacy underpin the need for targeted health education campaigns. Sustainable strategies for rural health need to be identified, especially in the field of health promotion and disease prevention programs. Trial registration This study is observational research involving human participants where no interventions were applied to the study population.

The article ‘The New European Bauhaus: Beauti­ful-Sustainable-Together in STARHAUS’ aims to ex­plore the principles of the New European Bauhaus (NEB) policy and analyze how these principles are implemented across various European projects, with a specific focus on the STARHAUS project. The New European Bauhaus is an interdisciplinary initiative launched by the European Commission to foster a sustainable and inclusive future by combining aes­thetics, sustainability, and inclusiveness. It seeks to create spaces, products, and services that are envi­ronmentally friendly, inclusive, and accessible while enhancing quality of life.

Introduction. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) is a new patient-centered concept that aims to deliver high-quality perioperative care to surgical patients. This study was performed to compare the effectiveness of the pain management measures in an ERAS-protocol versus the traditional approach of postoperative pain. Materials and Methods. A comparative prospective study was performed on 50 patients admitted in the Fourth General Surgery of University Emergency Hospital of Bucharest between 2022 and 2024, with the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis, undergoing emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patients were randomly assigned into two study groups, an ERAS-group and a Traditional group, according to the type of perioperative care applied. The evaluated outcomes were length-of-stay; preoperative anxiety level, leukocyte count at admission and 24 hours postoperatively, postoperative pain levels quantified using Visual Analog Scale 24 hours after surgery and postoperative nausea and vomiting events. Results. The two study subgroups were comparable in terms of demographic and clinical preoperative characteristics. Statistical analysis showed significant lower values of preoperative anxiety level in ERAS group (p

This study compares the anterior jig method with the classic bimanual technique for recording intermaxillary relations in patients who have lost anterior occlusal stops. A total of 51 patients (36 females, 16 males, mean age 42.6 years) had their anterior teeth prepared from canine to canine, resulting in the loss of anterior occlusal stops. Occlusal and incisal records were obtained using 3Shape (Denmark) digital scanning technology and analyzed with Exocad (Exocad GmbH, Germany) software. The results showed that the anterior jig method significantly reduced discrepancies, with an average difference of 0.837 mm, compared to the classic method. This difference was statistically significant (Mann-Whitney, p

This study evaluates the use of full-contour lithium disilicate retainers and layered lithium disilicate restorations for the stabilization of mandibular anterior teeth following orthodontic treatment. Lithium disilicate ceramics were selected for their superior strength, biocompatibility, and aesthetic qualities, providing a solution that minimizes discomfort and sensitivity for patients. The clinical performance of these retainers was monitored across 18 cases. Out of the 18 retainers, 10 experienced fractures. Despite the fractures, patients expressed satisfaction with the aesthetic and functional benefits of the lithium disilicate retainers, especially in comparison to traditional metal alternatives. These findings underscore the need for careful material selection and patient education, as lithium disilicate retainers offer a reliable and aesthetically appealing option for post-orthodontic stabilization, though they may require regular follow-up and monitoring due to their susceptibility to fractures.

Aim of the study Eugenol, a phenolic compound commonly found in plants like clove and bay leaves, has garnered significant attention in the field of dentistry due to its diverse pharmacological properties. In dentistry, eugenol is frequently employed in various forms, such as in polymerized cement with zinc oxide for restorative purposes. Its applications extend to endodontic cements like zinc oxide-eugenol formulations, which are commonly used in dental procedures. So far, according to our knowledge, no study in the literature has approached formulations based on iron oxide nanoparticles and eugenol, this study being the first. Materials and methods In the present study, it was developed for the first time a formulation based on iron oxide nanoparticles obtained through the combustion method, embedded on its surface with eugenol. The prepared formulation was characterized through electron microscopy investigations, followed by further in vitro evaluation as concerned with their biosafety use on a healthy murine epidermal cell line. Results The results obtained showed that the naked iron oxide nanoparticles are biocompatible and safe to use on the healthy murine epidermal cell line, while the eugenol compound exhibits a dose-dependent cytotoxicity reaching until a value of ~17% at the highest tested dose (100 μg/mL). In addition, the cytotoxicity of eugenol decreased when this was embedded on the iron oxide nanoparticles surface, recording a value of 11% at the highest concentration tested. Conclusions In conclusion, the in vitro studies on such type of formulation in dentistry and dental medicine highlight their multifaceted applications of iron oxide nanoparticles as well as eugenol, emphasizing their potential for advancing dental treatments and diagnostics.

Dysfunctions of the masseter muscles represent a significant challenge in the field of oral rehabilitation, negatively influencing the success of prosthetic, orthodontic, and surgical treatments. This review explores the impact of these dysfunctions on various aspects of oral rehabilitation, identifying the main challenges and providing effective treatment strategies. Initially, the anatomy and function of masseter muscles are discussed, followed by an analysis of common types of dysfunction and their causes. The review then details the complications encountered in the oral rehabilitation process due to masseter dysfunctions, highlighting difficulties in diagnosis and planning. Various treatment strategies are presented, including conservative methods, drug interventions, and surgical options, emphasizing the importance of an interdisciplinary approach. By including case studies, the practical applications and outcomes of proposed treatments are illustrated. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and adequate treatment to ensure the long-term success of oral rehabilitation in the presence of dysfunctions of the masseter muscles.

Birth control pills are widely used around the world for birth control and prevention of unwanted pregnancy. However, there are concerns about their safety during pregnancy and possible effects on the fetus. This article aims to examine in depth the current evidence on the impact of birth control on the foetus. By analysing the mechanism of action of birth control pills, relevant clinical trials and associated potential complications, the risks and safety of contraceptive use during pregnancy are explored. The different types of contraceptives and the specific risks associated with each are discussed, providing recommendations for women who use birth control and become or become pregnant. Through this literature review, the aim is to provide a clearer understanding of this topic and to provide practical guidance for healthcare professionals and women in this situation. Further investigation into the mechanisms of action of birth control pills during pregnancy and how they may influence fetal development could provide useful information for managing and counseling women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant.

The salivary glands are essential for oral health, providing not only environments for digestion and taste, but also protection from pathogens. This review examines the functions of salivation, the importance of salivary glands in the context of oral pathology, and therapeutic approaches for their dysfunctions. Pathologies of the salivary glands range from minor conditions, such as sialadenitis, to severe conditions, such as cancer of the salivary glands. These conditions can affect quality of life, the ability to eat and speak, and have systemic implications. Treatment of salivary gland dysfunctions includes pharmacological therapies to stimulate salivary secretion, the use of saliva substitutes, and physical therapies such as ultrasound therapy. Management is aimed at relieving symptoms and improving the function of affected glands. Antioxidant supplements, depending on your circadian rhythm, may help reduce oxidative stress associated with glandular pathologies.

This qualitative action research study, employing a case study approach, explores the integration of faith into teaching practices within Romanian Adventist schools, aiming to enhance both intellectual and creative student development through a biblical lens. Utilizing Interpretativist and Socio-Constructivist paradigms, the research combines multiple qualitative methods—observations, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and experiential journals—to examine how faith integration impacts students’ critical thinking and the learning environment. The findings underscore the significance of deliberate planning and teacher roles as facilitators and role models in embedding faith throughout all phases of education (pre-training, during training, and post-training). The study highlights the important role of teacher commitment to ongoing improvement and provides insights into effective strategies for integrating faith into teaching practices, ultimately contributing to a more holistic and enriching educational experience.

Despite the easy accessibility of information and its widespread availability, there is a growing concern about the rise of functional illiteracy in various regions across the globe. This issue extends beyond just the realm of education and impacts the society at large, as individuals who struggle to grasp information and lack the skills to effectively choose and process it face direct consequences on their current well-being and future opportunities. To enhance reading comprehension levels among both children and adults, a multitude of research studies have been carried out. These investigations have highlighted that the implementation of metacognitive strategies, which are recognized and utilized by students and educators alike, has the potential to enhance reading comprehension abilities in individuals, whether they are dealing with their native language or a foreign one, irrespective of their age. The findings suggest that by incorporating such strategies into teaching practices and learning approaches, significant improvements can be made in the overall literacy levels of populations, thereby addressing the issue of functional illiteracy in a comprehensive manner. In this paper, we develop a comprehensive theoretical framework to analyze the factors influencing reading comprehension, as well as the relationship with metacognitive strategies.

Introduction Intracranial aneurysms in children are very rare pathologic entities. (1200 cases presented in literature from 1939-2011). Material and Methods The authors present 51 cases of children (aged: 0-16) operated between January 1999 and December 2023 - 24 years in three neurosurgical centers: “Bagdasar Arseni” Emergency University Hospital (Bucharest), Sanador Clinical Hospital (Bucharest) and Timis County Emergency Hospital (Timisoara). We collected data from many children’s intracranial aneurysms cases because “Bagdasar-Arseni” Emergency University Hospital has the most important pediatric neurosurgical unit in the country. Regarding our series, pediatric aneurysms represent 6.14% (51 cases) of all operated intracranial aneurysms (765 cases). The mean age of the patients was 14.3 years. There were 29 boys (58.7%) and 22 girls (41.2%). The clinical features are dominated by headache (48 cases - 95.7%), neck stiffness (45 cases - 91.4%), vomiting (44 cases - 89.3%), focal neurological deficit (24 cases - 44.6%), an altered level of consciousness (17 cases - 36.1%), seizures (24 cases - 44.6%, fever (20 cases - 34%). The majority of patients were Hunt & Hess Il at admittance (27 cases, 53%). All neuroimagistic investigations were done in the first 48 hours (CT, DSA, MRI). Locations: anterior communicating artery aneurysms (20 cases, 36.1%), followed by middle cerebral artery aneurysms (15 cases, 25.5%) and internal carotid artery bifurcation aneurysms (9 cases, 19.1%) and so on. Many aneurysms were large and giant (18 cases - 31.9%). Microsurgery approach was performed in 48 cases (99.7%) and 3 case (4.4%) were endovascular approached. This represents a new vision because the actual endovascular way is extremely efficient and performant in occluding pediatric intracranial aneurysms. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at six months postop. showed GR in 40 cases (78.5%), MD in 9 cases (17.2%), SD in 1 patient (2.1%) and (preoperative) death in 1 patient (2.1%). Conclusions Intracranial aneurysms in children are a very rare pathologic entity. Early microsurgical or endovascular approach is mandatory and has excellent results (good recovery).

This review aims to evaluate efficacy and drug treatment options in cases of vaginal and vulvar candidiasis associated with diabetes. We conducted an exhaustive literature review, looking at relevant clinical trials, meta-analyses, and clinical experiences. Patients with candidiasis and diabetes mellitus were included in a clinical case study to assess their response to treatment. Antifungals such as fluconazole and clotrimazole have been effective in treating candidiasis, but success has been influenced by glucose control levels. Proper diabetes management, along with antifungal therapy, resulted in decreased recurrences. Treatment of candidiasis in a diabetic context requires an integrated approach, including antifungal therapy and adequate management of diabetes. Strict blood glucose control plays a crucial role in preventing recurrences and improving the quality of life of affected patients. Further studies are needed to better understand the complex interactions between diabetes and candidiasis, paving the way for the development of more personalized and effective treatment strategies.

During pregnancy, dental care is important for the overall health of the mother and unborn baby. However, it is essential to take into account certain aspects when planning dental treatments in a pregnant woman with cardio-vascular pathological implications. It is important to coordinate with your medical and dental team to ensure a safe and effective treatment plan. Pregnancy can bring additional challenges for patients with cardiovascular pathological implications during dental treatments. The medical team must know these aspects to ensure safe and effective dental treatment. Pregnancy itself can affect the cardiovascular system, and this aspect should be taken into account during dental treatments in pregnant women. It is also important to pay attention to medications and procedures used in dentistry to minimize the risk of cardiovascular complications during this delicate period. The dental management of a pregnant patient in the third trimester of pregnancy in the 7th month should be approached with caution and special attention to ensure the safety of both lives. In general, dental treatments are recommended during pregnancy to prevent dental complications that can affect the general health of the mother and fetus

The study presents an assessment of surgical and drug management of periodontal complications during pregnancy, with a focus on the impact of these interventions on pregnant women’s oral health and fetal development. Management dedicated to periodontal complications during pregnancy can help improve the oral health of pregnant women and reduce the risk of associated obstetric complications. These findings support the need to integrate periodontal treatment into prenatal care to improve both maternal and fetal health. Women with pre-existing periodontal disease may experience a worsening of their condition during pregnancy, with potential repercussions on overall health. Understanding the hormonal effects and risks associated with periodontal complications during pregnancy is essential to implement appropriate management strategies and ensure proper oral care during this delicate period. Preventive management and prompt treatment can significantly contribute to maintaining periodontal health and reducing risks to the mother and fetus. Vitamin complexes, especially vitamin C, are essential for the functioning of the immune system and contribute to the synthesis of collagen, a protein important for tissue health, including gums. Adequate levels of vitamin C can help heal gum tissues and reduce inflammation.

We investigate the motivators behind collaborative consumption in Kyrgyzstan by applying the theory of planned behaviour. Through examining 308 responses gathered from an online survey, we assess the connections between the intention to engage in collaborative consumption and influential factors. Our results reveal that attitude, perceived behavioural control, and subjective norms are the most influential predictors, with their impact ranked in descending order. Consequently, we delve into the theoretical and practical implications of these emerging collaborative practices and business models in Kyrgyzstan.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the root and root canal morphology of maxillary second premolars and their relation to the maxillary sinus in a Romanian population using cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging. A total of 280 cone-beam computed tomographic images of maxillary second premolars were obtained from 263 patients who required a preoperative assessment for treatment plan. The number of roots and root canals and root canal configuration were investigated and categorized using Vertucci’s criteria and the relationship between the root apices of maxillary second premolars and the floor of the maxillary sinus was studied. The majority of maxillary second premolars were single rooted. The most common configuration was type I, followed by type II Vertucci, for the premolars with 2 canals. The roots of the maxillary second premolars were predominantly outside the maxillary sinus. Maxillary second premolars in this study had a wide range of root and root canal internal anatomy variations.

Canker sores are a common condition among pregnant women, having a significant impact on oral and overall health. This article explores the causes, risks, and prevention strategies associated with mouth sores during pregnancy. Hormonal changes, weakening of the immune system, and stress are relevant factors in their occurrence. Risks include physical and emotional discomfort, as well as possible pregnancy complications. Proper oral hygiene, balanced nutrition, and stress reduction are essential strategies for preventing oral thrush. Treatment during pregnancy requires a gentle approach, and treatment options must be safe for the mother and baby. In conclusion, proper management of mouth sores during pregnancy is essential for the oral and general health of pregnant women and the fetus. The use of transdermal systems for administering crucial oils to pregnant women is an innovative and effective method of treatment of canker sores in pregnant women, offering multiple benefits and ensuring increased safety for mother and baby.

Psychiatric conditions significantly affect patients’ quality of life, and associated dental problems can aggravate this situation. Through treatments such as dentures, dental implants, and periodontal therapies, oral rehabilitation plays a crucial role in relieving oral discomfort and improving masticatory function and aesthetics. This leads to increased self-confidence and reduced social stigma, which are essential for mental well-being. Also, improved oral health facilitates adherence to psychiatric drug treatments, preventing dental problems and stabilizing mental state. Integrating dental care into psychiatric treatment plans ensures a holistic approach, benefiting patients with optimal oral health and a better overall quality of life. This collaboration between healthcare professionals can reduce costs associated with re-hospitalizations and complications due to oral health neglect, highlighting the need for an integrative approach in the treatment of patients with psychiatric conditions.

Oral rehabilitation of elderly hypertensive patients presents specific challenges, given the increased prevalence of systemic complications in this group. Hypertension can significantly influence dental management through drug interactions, oral side effects of antihypertensive therapies, and special needs during dental procedures. The complex and interdisciplinary approach to the management of oral rehabilitation of elderly hypertensive patients is essential to ensure safe and effective treatment. By implementing personalized assessment, intervention and education strategies, the quality of care provided to this group of patients can be significantly improved, optimizing treatment outcomes and improving their quality of life. This article reviews existing literature and explores the main risks and considerations for optimizing oral care in these patients.

Conjunctivitis, a common inflammation of the conjunctiva, commonly affects children and can be caused by bacterial, viral infections or allergic reactions. This condition, manifested by redness, itching, and eye discharge, can negatively influence children’s quality of life and lead to school absenteeism. In addition, the rapid spread of infection in communities such as schools and kindergartens underlines the need for effective and safe treatment solutions. This article explores recent innovations in the treatment of pediatric conjunctivitis, highlighting modern methods and advanced technologies that promise to improve the management of this condition. These innovations include state-of-the-art antibiotic and antiviral therapies, nanoparticle use, probiotics and LED light therapy applications, and new immunomodulatory strategies for allergic conjunctivitis. It also discusses the psychological impact of conjunctivitis on children and the importance of education and prevention in the management of this condition. By presenting these modern solutions, the article emphasizes the need for prompt and adequate treatment to prevent long-term complications and ensure a better quality of life for small patients. At the same time, the importance of continuous development of research and innovation in pediatric ophthalmology is emphasized.

Abstract The postictal state, an abnormal cerebral condition following a seizure until the return to the interictal baseline, is frequently overlooked, despite often exceeding ictal duration and significantly impacting patients' lives. This study analyzes stereo‐EEG (SEEG) signal dynamics using permutation entropy to quantify recovery time (postictal alteration time – PAT) in focal epilepsy and its clinical correlations. The average PAT was 4.5 min, extending up to an hour and was highest in temporal epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Correlating with age at seizure onset and at SEEG, PAT provides a solution for operationally defining the postictal state and guiding interventions.

Rectal oncological pathology usually involves surgical treatment, which presents a relatively high degree of difficulty in terms of the surgical approach. With the development of minimally invasive surgery, technology has also diversified its possibilities for performing digestive anastomoses, noting significant advances in the techniques currently available for performing mechanical anastomoses. The evolution of mechanical sutures through the use of staplers has become a true landmark of technological progress on this topic, as they have led to significant improvements in both the operative technique and the therapeutic results obtained. The aim of this paper is to highlight the advantages of using staplers in rectal surgery, which seem to contribute to a lower percentage of postoperative complications (lower incidences of suppuration, fistulae and evisceration) and a lower rate of mortality. The use of mechanical anastomoses has also increased the technical possibilities of performing lower anastomoses, thus reducing the number of colostomies and the hospitalization period, aspects that have improved the compliance of patients who require major oncological surgical interventions.

The volume Cross-border Perspectives and Interdisciplinary Approaches of Life Quality, edited by Gina Aurora Necula, Carmelia Mariana Dragomir Bălănică, and Alexandra Monica Toma, was published in 2022 and presents a comprehensive exploration into the multiple dimensions of life quality through the lens of interdisciplinary research. The volume covers insights drawn from various academic disciplines, thus contributing to understanding life quality in the context of cross-border dynamics.

Lumbar disc hernia represents one of the most frequent neurosurgical pathologies, consisting of a posterior migration of the nucleus pulposus which protrudes through the surrounding protective connective tissue. The patient usually exhibits leg pain, paraesthesia or a variable degree of discomfort at the lower extremities, those clinical characteristics are correlated to the extent of nucleos pulposus protrusion. Regarding neuroimaging diagnosis, the gold standard of evaluation is Magnetic resonance imaging in different sequences which highlights a precise topography of the herniated disc. Currently, in a well-digitalized era, machine learning and deep learning algorithms are used to assess the sensibility of detecting a lumbar disc hernia, with promising results. In those cases requiring surgical intervention, besides the open lumbar microdiscectomy, a less invasive surgical approach regularly used in the medical practice is endoscopic lumbar discectomy, being limited to cases where a wide intraoperative perspective is not necessary. In the actual neurosurgical management, postoperative complications following lumbar disc hernia surgery are rare and accessible to manage.

Myopia is a current worldwide problem, due to a marked increase in its prevalence, all the more important in the age of monitors and working predominantly indoors. This impacts in particular on visual acuity and thus on quality of life, individual performance, with consequences for the labour market and economic implications for public health services. Consequently, much research is focused on modifying the factors that determine the onset and especially the progression of myopia, using various methods, such as the use of anticholinergic agents, the use of progressive lenses (aerial or contact), orthokeratology, refractive surgery techniques, each of which has varying degrees of effectiveness. The aim of this paper is to highlight the association between myopia progression and environmental and occupational factors, and to review currently available strategies for reducing myopia progression.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, their prolonged use has been associated with adverse effects on teeth and oral tissues. Studies have shown that NSAIDs can cause oral ulceration, bleeding gums, and delayed healing of lesions in the oral cavity. NSAIDs can also affect bone metabolism, leading to osteonecrosis of the jawbone. In addition, some NSAIDs have been shown to have acidic properties that can cause erosion of tooth enamel and dentin. In dentistry, Drosera sp. has been found to exhibit several pharmacological actions such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. The plant contains various phytochemical components, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which are responsible for its beneficial effects. These compounds have been shown to possess antioxidant properties, which help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. Drosera sp. has proven to be effective against tooth decay and periodontal disease. Infections in the oral cavity and caries caused by bacteria of the Streptococcus class are very sensitive to Drosera extracts. This is due to plumbagin, which inhibits the growth and development of strains of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus rattus, and Streptococcus cricetus. Studies have also been conducted on pathogens involved in periodontitis and gingivitis caused by Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Aggregatibacter atinomycetemcomitans.