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1. Non-equilibrium dynamics and atom-pair coherence in strongly interacting Bose-Fermi mixtures

Author

van de Kraats, J., Ahmed-Braun, D. J. M., Colussi, V. E., and Kokkelmans, S. J. J. M. F.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases
Abstract

Theoretical treatments of non-equilibrium dynamics in strongly interacting Bose-Fermi mixtures are complicated by the inherent non-Gaussian nature of the vacuum two-body physics, invalidating the typical Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximation. Here, we apply the cumulant expansion to study non-equilibrium Bose-Fermi mixtures, which allows us to explicitly include the missing non-Gaussian quantum correlations, leading to a consistent dynamical theory of a Bose-Fermi mixture near an interspecies Feshbach resonance. We first apply our theory to a study of atom-pair coherence in the gas, which is significantly enhanced by the competing influences of the Fermi sea and Bose-Einstein condensation, in agreement with analytical calculations. Then, we study the depletion of a degenerate Bose-Fermi mixture following a quench to the unitary regime, characterizing the resulting depletion of the Bose-Einstein condensate, the deformation of the Fermi surface, and the production of molecules. We find that at early times, the population dynamics scale quadratically with the hold time, and define an associated characteristic timescale set by the parameters of the mixture and the width of the Feshbach resonance., Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures

Published
2024
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2. Higgs oscillations in a unitary Fermi superfluid

Author

Dyke, P., Musolino, S., Kurkjian, H., Ahmed-Braun, D. J. M., Pennings, A., Herrera, I., Hoinka, S., Kokkelmans, S. J. J. M. F., Colussi, V. E., and Vale, C. J.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases, Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract

Symmetry-breaking phase transitions are central to our understanding of states of matter. When a continuous symmetry is spontaneously broken, new excitations appear that are tied to fluctuations of the order parameter. In superconductors and fermionic superfluids, the phase and amplitude can fluctuate independently, giving rise to two distinct collective branches. However, amplitude fluctuations are difficult to both generate and measure, as they do not couple directly to the density of fermions and have only been observed indirectly to date. Here, we excite amplitude oscillations in an atomic Fermi gas with resonant interactions by an interaction quench. Exploiting the sensitivity of Bragg spectroscopy to the amplitude of the order parameter, we measure the time-resolved response of the atom cloud, directly revealing amplitude oscillations at twice the frequency of the gap. The magnitude of the oscillatory response shows a strong temperature dependence, and the oscillations appear to decay faster than predicted by time-dependent BCS theory applied to our experimental setup.

Published
2023

3. Emergent inflation of the Efimov spectrum under three-body spin-exchange interactions

Author

van de Kraats, J., Ahmed-Braun, D. J. M., Li, J. -L., and Kokkelmans, S. J. J. M. F.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases
Abstract

We resolve the unexpected and long-standing disagreement between experiment and theory in the Efimovian three-body spectrum of Li-7, commonly referred to as the lithium few-body puzzle. Our results show that the discrepancy arises out of the presence of strong non-universal three-body spin-exchange interactions, which enact an effective inflation of the universal Efimov spectrum. This conclusion is obtained from a thorough numerical solution of the quantum mechanical three-body problem, including precise interatomic interactions and all spin degrees of freedom for three alkali-metal atoms. Our results show excellent agreement with the experimental data regarding both the Efimov spectrum and the absolute rate constants of three-body recombination, and in addition reveal a general product propensity for such triatomic reactions in the Paschen-Back regime, stemming from Wigner's spin conservation rule., Comment: 6+5 pages, 3+3 figures

Published
2023
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4. Resonance triplet dynamics in the quenched unitary Bose gas

Author

van de Kraats, J., Ahmed-Braun, D. J. M., Colussi, V. E., and Kokkelmans, S. J. J. M. F.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases
Abstract

The quenched unitary Bose gas is a paradigmatic example of a strongly interacting out-of-equilibrium quantum system, whose dynamics become difficult to describe theoretically due to the growth of non-Gaussian quantum correlations. We develop a conserving many-body theory capable of capturing these effects, allowing us to model the post-quench dynamics in the previously inaccessible time regime where the gas departs from the universal prethermal stage. Our results show that this departure is driven by the growth of strong lossless three-body correlations, rather than atomic losses, thus framing the heating of the gas in this regime as a fully coherent phenomenon. We uncover the specific few-body scattering processes that affect this heating, and show that the expected connection between the two-body and three-body contacts and the tail of the momentum distribution is obscured following the prethermal stage, explaining the absence of this connection in experiments. Our general framework, which reframes the dynamics of unitary quantum systems in terms of explicit connections to microscopic physics, can be broadly applied to any quantum system containing strong few-body correlations., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures

Published
2023
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5. Improving the Understanding of Subsurface Structure and Dynamics of Solar Active Regions (A white paper submitted to the decadal survey for solar and space Physics (Heliophysics) -- SSPH 2024-2033)

Author

Tripathy, S. C., Jain, K., Braun, D., Cally, P., Dikpati, M., Felipe, T., Jain, R., Kholikov, S., Khomenko, E., Komm, R., Leibacher, J., Martinez-Pillet, V., Pevtsov, A., Rajaguru, S. P., Roth, M., Uitenbroek, H., and Zhao, J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The goal of helioseismology is to provide accurate information about the Sun's interior from the observations of the wave field at its surface. In the last three decades, both global and local helioseismology studies have made significant advances and breakthroughs in solar physics. However, 3-d mapping of the structure and dynamics of sunspots and active regions below the surface has been a challenging task and are among the longest standing and intriguing puzzles of solar physics due to the complexity of the turbulent and dynamic nature of sunspots. Thus the key problems that need to be addressed during the next decade are: (i) Understanding the wave excitation mechanisms in the quiet Sun and magnetic regions, (ii) Characterizing the wave propagation and transformation in strong and inclined magnetic field regions and understanding the magnetic portals in the chromosphere, (iii) Improving helioseismology techniques and investigating the whole life cycle of active regions, from magnetic flux emergence to dissipation, and (iv) Detecting helioseismic signature of the magnetic flux of active regions before it becomes visible on the surface so as to provide warnings several days before the emergence. For a transformative progress on these problems require full disk, simultaneous Doppler and vector magnetic field measurements of the photosphere up to the chromosphere with a spatial resolution of about 2 arc-sec as well as large-scale radiative MHD simulations of the plasma dynamics from the sub-photosphere to the chromosphere., Comment: A White Paper Submitted to the Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) -- SSPH 2024-2033

Published
2023

6. Efimovian three-body potential from broad to narrow Feshbach resonances

Author

van de Kraats, J., Ahmed-Braun, D. J. M., Li, J. -L., and Kokkelmans, S. J. J. M. F.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases
Abstract

We analyse the change in the hyperradial Efimovian three-body potential as the two-body interaction is tuned from the broad to narrow Feshbach resonance regime. Here, it is known from both theory and experiment that the three-body dissociation scattering length $a_-$ shifts away from the universal value of $-9.7 \ r_{\mathrm{vdW}}$, with $r_{\mathrm{vdW}} = \frac{1}{2} \left(m C_6/\hbar^2 \right)^{1/4}$ the two-body van der Waals range. We model the three-body system using a separable two-body interaction that takes into account the full zero-energy behaviour of the multichannel wave function. We find that the short-range repulsive barrier in the three-body potential characteristic for single-channel models remains universal for narrow resonances, whilst the change in the three-body parameter originates from a strong decrease in the potential depth. From an analysis of the underlying spin structure we further attribute this behavior to the dominance of the two-body interaction in the resonant channel compared to other background interactions., Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures

Published
2022
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7. Seismic Monitoring of the Sun's Far Hemisphere: A Crucial Component in Future Space Weather Forecasting (A White Paper Submitted to the Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) -- SSPH 2024-2033)

Author

Jain, Kiran, Lindsey, C., Adamson, E., Arge, C. N., Berger, T. E., Braun, D. C., Chen, R., Collado-Vega, Y. M., Dikpati, M., Felipe, T., Henney, C. J., Hoeksema, J. T., Komm, R. W., Leka, K. D., Marble, A. R., Pillet, V. Martinez, Miesch, M., Nickisch, L. J., Pevtsov, A. A., Pizzo, V. J., Tobiska, W. K., Tripathy, S. C., and Zhao, J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

The purpose of this white paper is to put together a coherent vision for the role of helioseismic monitoring of magnetic activity in the Sun's far hemisphere that will contribute to improving space weather forecasting as well as fundamental research in the coming decade. Our goal fits into the broader context of helioseismology in solar research for any number of endeavors when helioseismic monitors may be the sole synoptic view of the Sun's far hemisphere. It is intended to foster a growing understanding of solar activity, as realistically monitored in both hemispheres, and its relationship to all known aspects of the near-Earth and terrestrial environment. Some of the questions and goals that can be fruitfully pursued through seismic monitoring of farside solar activity in the coming decade include: What is the relationship between helioseismic signatures and their associated magnetic configurations, and how is this relationship connected to the solar EUV irradiance over the period of a solar rotation?; How can helioseismic monitoring contribute to data-driven global magnetic-field models for precise space weather forecasting?; What can helioseismic monitors tell us about prospects of a flare, CME or high-speed stream that impacts the terrestrial environment over the period of a solar rotation?; How does the inclusion of farside information contribute to forecasts of interplanetary space weather and the environments to be encountered by human crews in interplanetary space? Thus, it is crucial for the development of farside monitoring of the Sun be continued into the next decade either through ground-based or space-borne observations.

Published
2022

9. Evolution of the unitary Bose gas for broad to narrow Feshbach resonances

Author

Ahmed-Braun, D. J. M., Musolino, S., Colussi, V. E., and Kokkelmans, S. J. J. M. F.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases, Physics - Atomic Physics, Quantum Physics
Abstract

We study the post-quench dynamics of unitary Bose gases using a two-channel model, focusing on the effect of variations in the width of the Feshbach resonance due to density changes. We generally find that increasing the density leads to a corresponding increase in the production of closed channel molecules, a decrease in the build up of quantum depletion and a transition from linear to quadratic early-time growth of the two-body contact as well as the condensed pair fraction. Motivated by the presence of closed-channel molecules in the unitary regime, we study the embedded two-body problem finding a transition from open to closed-channel dominated dimers due to many-body effects., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures

Published
2022
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11. Probing the Solar Meridional Circulation using Fourier Legendre Decomposition

Author

Braun, D. C., Birch, A. C., and Fan, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We apply the helioseismic methodology of Legendre Function Decomposition to 88 months of Dopplergrams obtained by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) as the basis of inferring the depth variation of the mean meridional flow, as averaged between 20 and 60 degrees latitude and in time, in both the northern and southern hemispheres. We develop and apply control procedures designed to assess and remove center-to-limb artifacts, using measurements obtained by performing the analysis with respect to artificial poles at the east and west limbs. Forward modeling is carried out, using sensitivity functions proportional to the mode kinetic energy density, to evaluate the consistency of the corrected frequency shifts with models of the depth variation of the meridional circulation in the top half of the convection zone. The results, taken at face value, imply substantial differences between the meridional circulation in the northern and southern hemisphere. The inferred presence of a return (equator-ward propagating) flow at a depth of approximately 40 Mm below the photosphere in the northern hemisphere is surprising and appears to be inconsistent with many other helioseismic analyses. This discrepancy may be the result of an inadequacy of our methodology to remove systematic errors in HMI data. Our results appear to be at least qualitative similar to those by Gizon et al. (2020) which point to an anomaly in HMI data that is not present in MDI or GONG data., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. 20 pages, 16 figures, 3 appendices

Published
2021
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12. Multichannel effects in the Efimov regime from broad to narrow Feshbach resonances

Author

Secker, T., Ahmed-Braun, D. J. M., Mestrom, P. M. A., and Kokkelmans, S. J. J. M. F.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases
Abstract

We study Efimov physics of three identical bosons with pairwise multichannel interactions for Feshbach resonances of adjustable width. We find that the two-body multichannel nature of the interaction can affect the universal three-body spectrum, especially for resonances of intermediate width. The shifts in this universal spectrum are caused by trimer states in the closed interaction channels that couple to the universal Efimov states. However, in the narrow resonance limit we find that the Efimov spectrum is set by the resonance width parameter $r^*$ only independent of the interaction potential considered. In the broad resonance limit all excited Efimov trimer energies approach the ones from the corresponding single-channel system for the scenarios investigated.

Published
2020
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13. Majorana representation for mixed states

Author

Serrano-Ensástiga, E. and Braun, D.

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

We generalize the Majorana stellar representation of spin-$s$ pure states to mixed states, and in general to any hermitian operator, defining a bijective correspondence between three spaces: the spin density-matrices, a projective space of homogeneous polynomials of four variables, and a set of equivalence classes of points (constellations) on spheres of different radii. The representation behaves well under rotations by construction, and also under partial traces where the reduced density matrices inherit their constellation classes from the original state $\rho$. We express several concepts and operations related to density matrices in terms of the corresponding polynomials, such as the anticoherence criterion and the tensor representation of spin-$s$ states described in [1].

Published
2019
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14. Optimal measurement strategies for fast entanglement detection

Author

Milazzo, N., Braun, D., and Giraud, O.

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

With the advance of quantum information technology, the question of how to most efficiently test quantum circuits is becoming of increasing relevance. Here we introduce the statistics of lengths of measurement sequences that allows one to certify entanglement across a given bi-partition of a multi-qubit system over the possible sequence of measurements of random unknown states, and identify the best measurement strategies in the sense of the (on average) shortest measurement sequence of (multi-qubit) Pauli measurements. The approach is based on the algorithm of truncated moment sequences that allows one to deal naturally with incomplete information, i.e. information that does not fully specify the quantum state. We find that the set of measurements corresponding to diagonal matrix elements of the moment matrix of the state are particularly efficient. For symmetric states their number grows only like the third power of the number $N$ of qubits. Their efficiency grows rapidly with $N$, leaving already for $N=4$ less than a fraction $10^{-6}$ of randomly chosen entangled states undetected., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures. In v2, y-axis title of Fig. 5 has been corrected

Published
2019
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15. Flows around Averaged Solar Active Regions

Author

Braun, D. C.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We explore the general properties of near-surface flows around solar active regions. Helioseismic holography is applied to HMI Dopplergrams yielding nearly 5000 flow measurements of 336 unique active regions observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory between 2010 and 2014. Ensemble averages of the flows, over subsets of regions sorted on the basis of magnetic flux, are performed. These averages show that converging flows, with speeds about 10 m/s and extending up to 10 degrees from the active region centers, are prevalent and have similar properties for all regions with magnetic flux above 10^21 Mx. Retrograde flows are also detected, with amplitudes around 10 m/s, which predominantly, but not exclusively, flank the polar side of the active regions. We estimate the expected contribution of these active-region flows to longitudinal averages of zonal and meridional flows and demonstrate the plausibility that they are responsible for at least some component of the time-varying global-scale flows. The reliability of our flow determination is tested using publicly available MHD simulations of both quiet-Sun convection and of a sunspot. While validating the overall methodology in general, the sunspot simulation demonstrates the presence of artifacts which may compromise quantitative flow inferences from some helioseismic measurements.

Published
2019
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17. Time Trends in Causes of Death in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Insights From the Swiss HIV Cohort Study

Author

Weber, M S R; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8194-7655, Duran Ramirez, J J; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6657-0688, Hentzien, M; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2729-9420, Cavassini, M; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0933-7833, Bernasconi, E; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9724-8373, Hofmann, E; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3357-2438, Furrer, H; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1375-3146, Kovari, H; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4896-4231, Stöckle, M; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0088-5078, Schmid, P, Haerry, D, Braun, D L; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4036-1030, Günthard, H F; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1142-6723, Kusejko, K; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4638-1940, Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Aebi-Popp, K, Anagnostopoulos, A, Battegay, M, Bernasconi, E, Braun, D L, Bucher, H C, Calmy, A, Cavassini, M, Ciuffi, A, Dollenmaier, G, Egger, M, Elzi, L, Fehr, J, Fellay, J, Furrer, H, et al, Weber, M S R; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8194-7655, Duran Ramirez, J J; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6657-0688, Hentzien, M; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2729-9420, Cavassini, M; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0933-7833, Bernasconi, E; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9724-8373, Hofmann, E; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3357-2438, Furrer, H; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1375-3146, Kovari, H; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4896-4231, Stöckle, M; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0088-5078, Schmid, P, Haerry, D, Braun, D L; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4036-1030, Günthard, H F; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1142-6723, Kusejko, K; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4638-1940, Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Aebi-Popp, K, Anagnostopoulos, A, Battegay, M, Bernasconi, E, Braun, D L, Bucher, H C, Calmy, A, Cavassini, M, Ciuffi, A, Dollenmaier, G, Egger, M, Elzi, L, Fehr, J, Fellay, J, Furrer, H, and et al

Abstract

Background Advancements in access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care have led to a decline in AIDS-related deaths among people with HIV (PWH) in Switzerland. However, data on the ongoing changes in causes of death among PWH over the past 15 years are scarce. Methods We investigated all reported deaths in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study between 2005 and 2022. Causes of death were categorized using the Coding Causes of Death in HIV protocol. The statistical analysis included demographic stratification to identify time trends and logistic regression models to determine associated factors for the underlying cause of death. Results In total, 1630 deaths were reported, with 23.7% of individuals assigned female sex at birth. These deaths included 147 (9.0%) HIV/AIDS-related deaths, 373 (22.9%) due to non-AIDS, non-hepatic cancers, 166 (10.2%) liver-related deaths, and 158 (9.7%) cardiovascular-related deaths. The median age at death (interquartile range) increased from 45.0 (40.0–53.0) years in 2005–2007 to 61.0 (56.0–69.5) years in 2020–2022. HIV/AIDS- and liver-related deaths decreased, whereas deaths from non-AIDS, non-hepatic cancers increased and cardiovascular-related deaths remained relatively stable. Conclusions The proportionally decreasing HIV/AIDS and liver-related deaths showcase the effectiveness of ART, comprehensive HIV patient care, and interventions targeting hepatitis C virus coinfection. Future research should focus on managing cancer and cardiovascular-related conditions as the new leading causes of death among PWH. Comprehensive healthcare strategies focusing on non–AIDS-related comorbid conditions, cancer management, and sustaining liver and cardiovascular health are needed to bridge the ongoing health disparities between PWH and the general population.

Published
2024

18. Trends in mortality in people with HIV from 1999 to 2020: a multi-cohort collaboration

Author

Tusch, E, Ryom, L, Pelchen-Matthews, A, Mocroft, A, Elbirt, D, Oprea, C, Günthard, H, Staehelin, C, Zangerle, R, Suarez, I, Vehreschild, J, Wit, F, Menozzi, M, d'Arminio Monforte, A, Spagnuolo, V, Pradier, C, Carlander, C, Suanzes, P, Wasmuth, J, Carr, A, Petoumenos, K, Borgans, F, Bonnet, F, De Wit, S, El-Sadr, W, Neesgaard, B, Jaschinski, N, Greenberg, L, Hosein, S, Gallant, J, Vannappagari, V, Young, L, Sabin, C, Lundgren, J, Peters, L, Reekie, J, Calvo, G, Dabis, F, Kirk, O, Law, M, Monforte, A, Morfeldt, L, Reiss, P, Weber, R, Lind-Thomsen, A, Brandt, R, Hillebreght, M, Zaheri, S, Scherrer, A, Schöni-Affolter, F, Rickenbach, M, Tavelli, A, Fanti, I, Leleux, O, Mourali, J, Marec, F, Boerg, E, Thulin, E, Sundström, A, Bartsch, G, Thompsen, G, Necsoi, C, Delforge, M, Fontas, E, Caissotti, C, Dollet, K, Mateu, S, Torres, F, Blance, A, Huang, R, Puhr, R, Laut, K, Kristensen, D, Phillips, A, Kamara, D, Smith, C, Hatleberg, C, Raben, D, Matthews, C, Bojesen, A, Grevsen, A, Powderly, B, Shortman, N, Moecklinghoff, C, Reilly, G, Franquet, X, Smit, C, Ross, M, Fux, C, Morlat, P, Friis-Møller, N, Kowalska, J, Bohlius, J, Bower, M, Fätkenheuer, G, Grulich, A, Sjøl, A, Meidahl, P, Iversen, J, Reiss, C, Hillebregt, M, Prins, J, Kuijpers, T, Scherpbier, H, van der Meer, J, Godfried, M, van der Poll, T, Nellen, F, Geerlings, S, van Vugt, M, Pajkrt, D, Bos, J, Wiersinga, W, van der Valk, M, Goorhuis, A, Hovius, J, van Eden, J, Henderiks, A, van Hes, A, Mutschelknauss, M, Nobel, H, Pijnappel, F, Jurriaans, S, Back, N, Zaaijer, H, Berkhout, B, Cornelissen, M, Schinkel, C, Thomas, X, Ziekenhuis, A, van den Berge, M, Stegeman, A, Baas, S, de Looff, L, Versteeg, D, Ziekenhuis, C, Pronk, M, Ammerlaan, H, De Munnik, E, Jansz, A, Tjhie, J, Wegdam, M, Deiman, B, Scharnhorst, V, van der Plas, A, Weijsenfeld, A, van der Ende, M, De Vries-Sluijs, T, van Gorp, E, Schurink, C, Nouwen, J, Verbon, A, Rijnders, B, Bax, H, van der Feltz, M, Bassant, N, van Beek, J, Vriesde, M, van Zonneveld, L, de Oude-Lubbers, A, van den Berg-Cameron, H, Bruinsma-Broekman, F, de Groot, J, de Man, M, Boucher, C, Koopmans, M, van Kampen, J, Pas, S, Mc–sophia, E, Driessen, G, van Rossum, A, van der Knaap, L, Visser, E, Branger, J, Rijkeboer-Mes, A, de Ven, C, Ziekenhuis, H, Schippers, E, van Nieuwkoop, C, van IJperen, J, Geilings, J, van der Hut, G, Franck, P, van Eeden, A, Brokking, W, Groot, M, Elsenburg, L, Damen, M, Kwa, I, Groeneveld, P, Bouwhuis, J, van den Berg, J, van Hulzen, A, van der Bliek, G, Bor, P, Bloembergen, P, Wolfhagen, M, Ruijs, G, Kroon, F, de Boer, M, Bauer, M, Jolink, H, Vollaard, A, Dorama, W, van Holten, N, Claas, E, Wessels, E, den Hollander, J, Pogany, K, Roukens, A, Kastelijns, M, Smit, J, Smit, E, Struik-Kalkman, D, Tearno, C, Bezemer, M, van Niekerk, T, Pontesilli, O, Lowe, S, Lashof, A, Posthouwer, D, Ackens, R, Schippers, J, Vergoossen, R, Weijenberg-Maes, B, van Loo, I, Havenith, T, Leyten, E, Gelinck, L, van Hartingsveld, A, Meerkerk, C, Wildenbeest, G, Mutsaers, J, Jansen, C, Mulder, J, Vrouenraets, S, Lauw, F, van Broekhuizen, M, Paap, H, Vlasblom, D, Smits, P, Zuiderzee, M, Weijer, S, El Moussaoui, R, Bosma, A, van Vonderen, M, van Houte, D, Kampschreur, L, Dijkstra, K, Faber, S, Weel, J, Kootstra, G, Delsing, C, van der Burg-van de Plas, M, Heins, H, Lucas, E, Kortmann, W, van Twillert, G, Stuart, J, Diederen, B, Pronk, D, van Truijen-Oud, F, van der Reijden, W, Jansen, R, Brinkman, K, van den Berk, G, Blok, W, Frissen, P, Lettinga, K, Schouten, W, Veenstra, J, Brouwer, C, Geerders, G, Hoeksema, K, Kleene, M, van der Meché, I, Spelbrink, M, Sulman, H, Toonen, A, Wijnands, S, Kwa, D, Witte, E, Koopmans, P, Keuter, M, van der Ven, A, ter Hofstede, H, Dofferhoff, A, van Crevel, R, Albers, M, Bosch, M, Grintjes-Huisman, K, Zomer, B, Stelma, F, Rahamat-Langendoen, J, Burger, D, Richter, C, Gisolf, E, Hassing, R, ter Beest, G, van Bentum, P, Langebeek, N, Tiemessen, R, Swanink, C, van Lelyveld, S, Soetekouw, R, Hulshoff, N, van der Prijt, L, van der Swaluw, J, Bermon, N, Herpers, B, Veenendaal, D, Verhagen, D, van Wijk, M, Ziekenhuis, S, van Kasteren, M, Brouwer, A, de Wiel, B, Kuipers, M, Santegoets, R, van der Ven, B, Marcelis, J, Buiting, A, Kabel, P, Bierman, W, Scholvinck, H, Wilting, K, Stienstra, Y, Jonge, H, van der Meulen, P, de Weerd, D, Ludwig-Roukema, J, Niesters, H, Riezebos-Brilman, A, van Leer-Buter, C, Knoester, M, Hoepelman, A, Mudrikova, T, Ellerbroek, P, Oosterheert, J, Arends, J, Barth, R, Wassenberg, M, Schadd, E, van Elst-Laurijssen, D, van Oers-Hazelzet, E, Vervoort, S, van Berkel, M, Schuurman, R, Verduyn-Lunel, F, Wensing, A, Peters, E, van Agtmael, M, Bomers, M, de Vocht, J, Heitmuller, M, Laan, L, Pettersson, A, Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C, Ang, C, Kinderziekenhuis, W, Geelen, S, Wolfs, T, Bont, L, Nauta, N, Bezemer, D, van Sighem, A, Boender, T, de Jong, A, Bergsma, D, Hoekstra, P, de Lang, A, Grivell, S, Jansen, A, Rademaker, M, Raethke, M, Meijering, R, Schnörr, S, de Groot, L, van den 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Abstract

Background: Mortality among people with HIV declined with the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy. We investigated trends over time in all-cause and cause-specific mortality in people with HIV from 1999-2020. Methods: Data were collected from the D:A:D cohort from 1999 through January 2015 and RESPOND from October 2017 through 2020. Age-standardized all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates, classified using Coding Causes of Death in HIV (CoDe), were calculated. Poisson regression models were used to assess mortality trends over time. Results: Among 55716 participants followed for a median of 6 years (IQR 3-11), 5263 participants died (crude mortality rate [MR] 13.7/1000 PYFU; 95%CI 13.4-14.1). Changing patterns of mortality were observed with AIDS as the most common cause of death between 1999- 2009 (n = 952, MR 4.2/1000 PYFU; 95%CI 4.0-4.5) and non-AIDS defining malignancy (NADM) from 2010 -2020 (n = 444, MR 2.8/1000 PYFU; 95%CI 2.5-3.1). In multivariable analysis, all-cause mortality declined over time (adjusted mortality rate ratio [aMRR] 0.97 per year; 95%CI 0.96, 0.98), mostly from 1999 through 2010 (aMRR 0.96 per year; 95%CI 0.95-0.97), and with no decline shown from 2011 through 2020 (aMRR 1·00 per year; 95%CI 0·96-1·05). Mortality due all known causes except NADM also declined over the entire follow-up period. Conclusion: Mortality among people with HIV in the D:A:D and/or RESPOND cohorts decreased between 1999 and 2009 and was stable over the period from 2010 through 2020. The decline in mortality rates was not fully explained by improvements in immunologic-virologic status or other risk factors.

Published
2024

19. Validating Forward Modeling and Inversions of Helioseismic Holography Measurements

Author

DeGrave, K., Braun, D. C., Birch, A. C., Crouch, A. D., and Javornik, B.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Here we use synthetic data to explore the performance of forward models and inverse methods for helioseismic holography. Specifically, this work presents the first comprehensive test of inverse modeling for flows using lateral-vantage (deep-focus) holography. We derive sensitivity functions in the Born approximation. We then use these sensitivity functions in a series of forward models and inversions of flows from a publicly available magnetohydrodynamic quiet-Sun simulation. The forward travel times computed using the kernels generally compare favorably with measurements obtained by applying holography, in a lateral-vantage configuration, on a 15-hour time series of artificial Dopplergrams extracted from the simulation. Inversions for the horizontal flow components are able to reproduce the flows in the upper 3Mm of the domain, but are compromised by noise at greater depths., Comment: accepted for publication by the Astrophysical J

Published
2018
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20. Performance of the X-Calibur hard X-ray polarimetry mission during its 2018/19 long-duration balloon flight

Author

Abarr, Q., Beheshtipour, B., Beilicke, M., Bose, R., Braun, D., de Geronimo, G., Dowkontt, P., Errando, M., Gadson, T., Guarino, V., Heatwole, S., Hossen, M., Iyer, N., Kislat, F., Kiss, M., Kitaguchi, T., Krawczynski, H., Lanzi, J., Li, S., Lisalda, L., Okajima, T., Pearce, M., Peterson, Z., Press, L., Rauch, B., Simburger, G., Stuchlik, D., Takahashi, H., Tang, J., Uchida, N., and West, A.

Published
2022
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22. Helioseismic Holography of Simulated Sunspots: dependence of the travel time on magnetic field strength and Wilson depression

Author

Felipe, T., Braun, D. C., and Birch, A. C.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Improving methods for determining the subsurface structure of sunspots from their seismic signature requires a better understanding of the interaction of waves with magnetic field concentrations. We aim to quantify the impact of changes in the internal structure of sunspots on local helioseismic signals. We have numerically simulated the propagation of a stochastic wave field through sunspot models with different properties, accounting for changes in the Wilson depression between 250 and 550 km and in the photospheric umbral magnetic field between 1500 and 3500 G. The results show that travel-time shifts at frequencies above approximately 3.50 mHz (depending on the phase-speed filter) are insensitive to the magnetic field strength. The travel time of these waves is determined exclusively by the Wilson depression and sound-speed perturbation. The travel time of waves with lower frequencies is affected by the direct effect of the magnetic field, although photospheric field strengths below 1500 G do not leave a significant trace on the travel-time measurements. These results could potentially be used to develop simplified travel-time inversion methods., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2017
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23. Measurements of K-edge and L-edge extended x-ray absorption fine structure at the national ignition facility (invited).

Author

Sio, H., Krygier, A., Stoupin, S., Rudd, R. E., Bonev, S. A., Braun, D. G., Coppari, F., Coleman, A. L., Bhandarkar, N., Bitter, M., Bradley, D. K., Buscho, J., Corbin, J., Dozieres, M., Efthimion, P. C., Eggert, J. H., Gao, L., Hill, K. W., Hamel, S., and Hsing, W.

Subjects
EXTENDED X-ray absorption fine structure, X-ray absorption, GEOPHYSICS, PLANETARY science, COPPER
Abstract

High-energy-density laser facilities and advances in dynamic compression techniques have expanded access to material states in the Terapascal regime relevant to inertial confinement fusion, planetary science, and geophysics. However, experimentally determining the material temperature in these extreme conditions has remained a difficult challenge. Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), referring to the modulations in x-ray absorption above an absorption edge from photoelectrons' interactions with neighboring atoms, has proven to be a versatile and robust technique for probing material temperature and density for mid-to-high Z elements under dynamic compression. The current platform at the National Ignition Facility has developed six configurations for EXAFS measurements between 7 and 18 keV for different absorption edges (Fe K, Co K, Cu K, Ta L3, Pb L3, and Zr K) using a curved-crystal spectrometer and a bright, continuum foil x-ray source. In this work, we describe the platform geometry, x-ray source performance, spectrometer resolution and throughput, design considerations, and data in ambient and dynamic-compression conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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24. The Contribution of Solar Magnetic Regions to the Residual Meridional and Zonal Flows.

Author

Braun, D. C.

Subjects
*SOLAR magnetic fields, *SOLAR active regions, *SOLAR oscillations, *MAGNETIC flux, *HELIOSEISMOLOGY, ROTATION of the Sun
Abstract

We estimate the contributions to the solar-cycle variation of solar meridional and zonal flows near the surface expected solely from local magnetic regions. Maps of flows near magnetic regions are obtained using helioseismic holography and averaged over ensembles of such regions with similar magnetic flux. These averaged flows are assigned to the positions and times of all magnetic regions identified from daily magnetograms over an 11 yr period. Residuals are obtained after averaging both meridional and zonal-flow components over longitude for each Carrington rotation and subtracting the temporal mean at each latitude. Results indicate that magnetic regions produce solar-cycle variations of both components in the active latitude range with peak amplitudes of about 1 m s−1, which represents only a fraction of the known variations in either the residual zonal or meridional flow with amplitudes around 3 and 5 m s−1, respectively. Thus it is unlikely that active regions, and compact magnetic concentrations in general, are the primary source of the 11 yr variation in these global flows. A threshold magnetic flux of 5 × 1020 Mx, below which no significant flows are observed, is identified as a check on the completeness of the set of magnetic regions. We also find that inflows around most magnetic regions are confined to within 10°–12° of their centers, in contrast with recent evidence of more extended inflows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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25. A flux-independent increase in outflows prior to the emergence of active regions on the Sun.

Author

Schunker, H, Roland-Batty, W, Birch, A C, Braun, D C, Cameron, R H, and Gizon, L

Subjects
SOLAR magnetic fields, SOLAR active regions, CONVECTIVE flow, HELIOSEISMOLOGY, OBSERVATORIES
Abstract

Emerging active regions are associated with convective flows on the spatial scale and lifetimes of supergranules. To understand how these flows are involved in the formation of active regions, we aim to identify where active regions emerge in the supergranulation flow pattern. We computed supergranulation scale flow maps at the surface for all active regions in the Solar Dynamics Observatory Helioseismic Emerging Active Region Survey. We classified each of the active regions into four bins based on the amplitude of their average surface flow divergence at emergence. We then averaged the flow divergence over the active regions in each bin as a function of time. We also considered a corresponding set of control regions. We found that, on average, the flow divergence increases during the day prior to emergence at a rate independent of the amount of flux that emerges. By subtracting the averaged flow divergence of the control regions, we found that active region emergence is associated with a remaining converging flow at 0.5–1 d prior to emergence. This remnant flow, |$\Delta \, \mathrm{div} \, \boldsymbol {v}_{\rm h} = (-4.9 \pm 1.7) \times 10^{-6}\,{\rm s}^{-1}$|⁠ , corresponds to a flow speed of 10–20 m s−1 (an order of magnitude less than supergranulation flows) out to a radius of about 10 Mm. We show that these observational results are qualitatively supported by simulations of a small bipole emerging through the near-surface convective layers of the Sun. The question remains whether these flows are driving the emergence, or are caused by the emergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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28. Absolutely classical spin states

Author

Bohnet-Waldraff, F., Giraud, O., and Braun, D.

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

We introduce the concept of "absolutely classical" spin states, in analogy to absolutely separable states of bi-partite quantum systems. Absolutely classical states are states that remain classical under any unitary transformation applied to them. We investigate the maximum ball of absolutely classical states centered on the fully mixed state that can be inscribed into the set of classical states, and derive a lower bound for its radius as function of the total spin quantum number. The result is compared to the case of absolutely separable states., Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure

Published
2016
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29. A Fixed-point Scheme for the Numerical Construction of Magnetohydrostatic Atmospheres in Three Dimensions

Author

Gilchrist, S. A., Braun, D. C., and Barnes, G.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Magnetohydrostatic models of the solar atmosphere are often based on idealized analytic solutions because the underlying equations are too difficult to solve in full generality. Numerical approaches, too, are often limited in scope and have tended to focus on the two-dimensional problem. In this article we develop a numerical method for solving the nonlinear magnetohydrostatic equations in three dimensions. Our method is a fixed-point iteration scheme that extends the method of Grad and Rubin (Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy 31, 190, 1958) to include a finite gravity force. We apply the method to a test case to demonstrate the method in general and our implementation in code in particular., Comment: Accepted for publication in Solar Physics

Published
2016
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30. SDO/HMI survey of emerging active regions for helioseismology

Author

Schunker, H., Braun, D. C., Birch, A. C., Burston, R. B., and Gizon, L.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Observations from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) have the potential for allowing the helioseismic study of the formation of hundreds of active regions, which would enable us to perform statistical analyses. Our goal is to collate a uniform data set of emerging active regions observed by the SDO/HMI instrument suitable for helioseismic analysis up to seven days before emergence. We restricted the sample to active regions that were visible in the continuum and emerged into quiet Sun largely avoiding pre-existing magnetic regions. As a reference data set we paired a control region (CR), with the same latitude and distance from central meridian, with each emerging active region (EAR). We call this data set, which is currently comprised of 105 emerging active regions observed between May 2010 and November 2012, the SDO Helioseismic Emerging Active Region (SDO/HEAR) survey. To demonstrate the utility of a data set of a large number of emerging active regions, we measure the relative east-west velocity of the leading and trailing polarities from the line-of-sight magnetogram maps during the first day after emergence. The latitudinally averaged line-of-sight magnetic field of all the EARs shows that, on average, the leading (trailing) polarity moves in a prograde (retrograde) direction with a speed of 121 +/- 22 m/s (-70 +/- 13 m/s) relative to the Carrington rotation rate in the first day. However, relative to the differential rotation of the surface plasma, the east-west velocity is symmetric, with a mean of 95 +/- 13 m/s. The SDO/HEAR data set will not only be useful for helioseismic studies, but will also be useful to study other features such as the surface magnetic field evolution of a large sample of EARs., Comment: Accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysics, 11 figures, one longtable; update corrects units in Figure 1

Published
2016
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31. Helioseismic holography of simulated sunspots: magnetic and thermal contributions to travel times

Author

Felipe, T., Braun, D. C., Crouch, A. D., and Birch, A. C.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Wave propagation through sunspots involves conversion between waves of acoustic and magnetic character. In addition, the thermal structure of sunspots is very different than that of the quiet Sun. As a consequence, the interpretation of local helioseismic measurements of sunspots has long been a challenge. With the aim of understanding these measurements, we carry out numerical simulations of wave propagation through sunspots. Helioseismic holography measurements made from the resulting simulated wavefields show qualitative agreement with observations of real sunspots. We use additional numerical experiments to determine, separately, the influence of the thermal structure of the sunspot and the direct effect of the sunspot magnetic field. We use the ray approximation to show that the travel-time shifts in the thermal (non-magnetic) sunspot model are primarily produced by changes in the wave path due to the Wilson depression rather than variations in the wave speed. This shows that inversions for the subsurface structure of sunspots must account for local changes in the density. In some ranges of horizontal phase speed and frequency there is agreement (within the noise level in the simulations) between the travel times measured in the full magnetic sunspot model and the thermal model. If this conclusion proves to be robust for a wide range of models, it would suggest a path towards inversions for sunspot structure., Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

Published
2016
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32. Cooperative spontaneous emission from indistinguishable atoms in arbitrary motional quantum states

Author

Damanet, F., Braun, D., and Martin, J.

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

We investigate superradiance and subradiance of indistinguishable atoms with quantized motional states, starting with an initial total state that factorizes over the internal and external degrees of freedom of the atoms. Due to the permutational symmetry of the motional state, the cooperative spontaneous emission, governed by a recently derived master equation [F. Damanet et al., Phys. Rev. A 93, 022124 (2016)], depends only on two decay rates $\gamma$ and $\gamma_0$ and a single parameter $\Delta_{\mathrm{dd}}$ describing the dipole-dipole shifts. We solve the dynamics exactly for $N=2$ atoms, numerically for up to 30 atoms, and obtain the large-$N$-limit by amean-field approach. We find that there is a critical difference $\gamma_0-\gamma$ that depends on $N$ beyond which superradiance is lost. We show that exact non-trivial dark states (i.e. states other than the ground state with vanishing spontaneous emission) only exist for $\gamma=\gamma_0$, and that those states (dark when $\gamma=\gamma_0$) are subradiant when $\gamma<\gamma_0$., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures

Published
2016
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33. A Helioseismic Survey of Near-surface Flows Around Active Regions and their Association with Flares

Author

Braun, D. C.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We use helioseismic holography to study the association of shallow flows with solar flare activity in about 250 large sunspot groups observed between 2010 and 2014 with the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on the Solar Dynamics Observatory. Four basic flow parameters: horizontal speed, horizontal component of divergence, vertical component of vorticity, and a vertical kinetic helicity proxy, are mapped for each active region during its passage across the solar disk. Flow indices are derived representing the mean and standard deviation of these parameters over magnetic masks and compared with contemporary measures of flare X-ray flux. A correlation exists for several of the flow indices, especially those based on the speed and the standard deviation of all flow parameters. However, their correlation with X-ray flux is similar to that observed with the mean unsigned magnetic flux density over the same masks. The temporal variation of the flow indices are studied, and a superposed epoch analysis with respect to the occurrence to 70 M and X-class flares is made. While flows evolve with the passage of the active regions across the disk, no discernible precursors or other temporal changes specifically associated with flares are detected., Comment: accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

Published
2016
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35. Further delineation of the rare GDACCF (global developmental delay, absent or hypoplastic corpus callosum, dysmorphic facies syndrome): genotype and phenotype of 22 patients with ZNF148 mutations

Author

Szakszon, K., Lourenco, C.M., Callewaert, B.L., Geneviève, D., Rouxel, F., Morin, D., Denommé-Pichon, A.S., Vitobello, A., Patterson, W.G., Louie, R., Pinto, E.V.F., Klee, E., Kaiwar, C., Gavrilova, R.H., Agre, K.E., Jacquemont, S., Khadijé, J., Giltay, J., Gassen, K. van, Merő, G., Gerkes, E., Bon, B.W.M. van, Rinne, T.K., Pfundt, R.P., Brunner, H.G., Caluseriu, O., Grasshoff, U., Kehrer, M., Haack, T.B., Khelifa, M.M., Bergmann, A.K., Cueto-González, A.M., Martorell, A.C., Ramachandrappa, S., Sawyer, L.B., Fasel, P., Braun, D., Isis, A., Superti-Furga, A., McNiven, V., Chitayat, D., Ahmed, Sara, Brennenstuhl, H., Schwaibolf, E.M., Battisti, G., Parmentier, B., Stevens, S.J.C., Szakszon, K., Lourenco, C.M., Callewaert, B.L., Geneviève, D., Rouxel, F., Morin, D., Denommé-Pichon, A.S., Vitobello, A., Patterson, W.G., Louie, R., Pinto, E.V.F., Klee, E., Kaiwar, C., Gavrilova, R.H., Agre, K.E., Jacquemont, S., Khadijé, J., Giltay, J., Gassen, K. van, Merő, G., Gerkes, E., Bon, B.W.M. van, Rinne, T.K., Pfundt, R.P., Brunner, H.G., Caluseriu, O., Grasshoff, U., Kehrer, M., Haack, T.B., Khelifa, M.M., Bergmann, A.K., Cueto-González, A.M., Martorell, A.C., Ramachandrappa, S., Sawyer, L.B., Fasel, P., Braun, D., Isis, A., Superti-Furga, A., McNiven, V., Chitayat, D., Ahmed, Sara, Brennenstuhl, H., Schwaibolf, E.M., Battisti, G., Parmentier, B., and Stevens, S.J.C.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 305177.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access), BACKGROUND: Pathogenic variants in the zinc finger protein coding genes are rare causes of intellectual disability and congenital malformations. Mutations in the ZNF148 gene causing GDACCF syndrome (global developmental delay, absent or hypoplastic corpus callosum, dysmorphic facies; MIM #617260) have been reported in five individuals so far. METHODS: As a result of an international collaboration using GeneMatcher Phenome Central Repository and personal communications, here we describe the clinical and molecular genetic characteristics of 22 previously unreported individuals. RESULTS: The core clinical phenotype is characterised by developmental delay particularly in the domain of speech development, postnatal growth retardation, microcephaly and facial dysmorphism. Corpus callosum abnormalities appear less frequently than suggested by previous observations. The identified mutations concerned nonsense or frameshift variants that were mainly located in the last exon of the ZNF148 gene. Heterozygous deletion including the entire ZNF148 gene was found in only one case. Most mutations occurred de novo, but were inherited from an affected parent in two families. CONCLUSION: The GDACCF syndrome is clinically diverse, and a genotype-first approach, that is, exome sequencing is recommended for establishing a genetic diagnosis rather than a phenotype-first approach. However, the syndrome may be suspected based on some recurrent, recognisable features. Corpus callosum anomalies were not as constant as previously suggested, we therefore recommend to replace the term 'GDACCF syndrome' with 'ZNF148-related neurodevelopmental disorder'.

Published
2024

36. Livetime and sensitivity of the ARIANNA Hexagonal Radio Array

Author

ARIANNA Collaboration, Barwick, S. W., Berg, E. C., Besson, D. Z., Binder, G., Binns, W. R., Boersma, D., Bose, R. G., Braun, D. L., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V., Buitink, S., Dookayka, K., Dowkontt, P. F., Duffin, T., Euler, S., Gerhardt, L., Gustafsson, L., Hallgren, A., Hanson, J. C., Israel, M. H., Kiryluk, J., Klein, S., Kleinfelder, S., Nelles, A., Niederhausen, H., Olevitch, M. A., Persichelli, C., Ratzlaff, K., Rauch, B. F., Reed, C., Roumi, M., Samanta, A., Simburger, G. E., Stezelberger, T., Tatar, J., Uggerhoj, U., Walker, J., and Young, R.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The ARIANNA collaboration completed the installation of the hexagonal radio array (HRA) in December 2014, serving as a pilot program for a planned high energy neutrino telescope located about 110 km south of McMurdo Station on the Ross Ice Shelf near the coast of Antarctica. The goal of ARIANNA is to measure both diffuse and point fluxes of astrophysical neutrinos at energies in excess of 1016 eV. Upgraded hardware has been installed during the 2014 deployment season and stations show a livetime of better than 90% between commissioning and austral sunset. Though designed to observe radio pulses from neutrino interactions originating within the ice below each detector, one station was modified to study the low-frequency environment and signals from above. We provide evidence that the HRA observed both continuous emission from the Galaxy and a transient solar burst. Preliminary work on modeling the (weak) Galactic signal confirm the absolute sensitivity of the HRA detector system., Comment: Proceedings from the 34th ICRC2015, http://icrc2015.nl/, 8 pages, 6 figures

Published
2015

37. Performance of the ARIANNA Hexagonal Radio Array

Author

ARIANNA Collaboration, Barwick, S. W., Berg, E. C., Besson, D. Z., Binder, G., Binns, W. R., Boersma, D., Bose, R. G., Braun, D. L., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V., Buitink, S., Dookayka, K., Dowkontt, P. F., Duffin, T., Euler, S., Gerhardt, L., Gustafsson, L., Hallgren, A., Hanson, J. C., Israel, M. H., Kiryluk, J., Klein, S., Kleinfelder, S., Nelles, A., Niederhausen, H., Olevitch, M. A., Persichelli, C., Ratzlaff, K., Rauch, B. F., Reed, C., Roumi, M., Samanta, A., Simburger, G. E., Stezelberger, T., Tatar, J., Uggerhoj, U., Walker, J., and Young, R.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

Installation of the ARIANNA Hexagonal Radio Array (HRA) on the Ross Ice Shelf of Antarctica has been completed. This detector serves as a pilot program to the ARIANNA neutrino telescope, which aims to measure the diffuse flux of very high energy neutrinos by observing the radio pulse generated by neutrino-induced charged particle showers in the ice. All HRA stations ran reliably and took data during the entire 2014-2015 austral summer season. A new radio signal direction reconstruction procedure is described, and is observed to have a resolution better than a degree. The reconstruction is used in a preliminary search for potential neutrino candidate events in the data from one of the newly installed detector stations. Three cuts are used to separate radio backgrounds from neutrino signals. The cuts are found to filter out all data recorded by the station during the season while preserving 85.4% of simulated neutrino events that trigger the station. This efficiency is similar to that found in analyses of previous HRA data taking seasons., Comment: Proceedings from the 34th ICRC2015, http://icrc2015.nl/ . 8 pages, 6 figures

Published
2015

38. Ramp compression of tantalum to 2.3 terapascals

Author

Gorman, M, primary, Wu, C, additional, Smith, R, additional, Benedict, L, additional, Prisbrey, C, additional, Schill, W, additional, Bonev, S, additional, Long, R, additional, Soderlind, P, additional, Braun, D, additional, Swift, D, additional, Briggs, R, additional, Volz, T, additional, O'Bannon, E, additional, Le Galloudec, K, additional, Ahrendes, L, additional, Jew, J, additional, Monzon, E, additional, Arend, M, additional, Celliers, P, additional, Fratanduono, D, additional, Eggert, J, additional, Ali, S, additional, McNaney, J, additional, Wong, H, additional, Dunn, Z, additional, Le, N, additional, Mercado, G, additional, and Lament, M, additional

Published
2022
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40. Time Trends in Causes of Death in People With HIV: Insights From the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.

Author

Weber, M S R, Ramirez, J J Duran, Hentzien, M, Cavassini, M, Bernasconi, E, Hofmann, E, Furrer, H, Kovari, H, Stöckle, M, Schmid, P, Haerry, D, Braun, D L, Günthard, H F, Kusejko, K, and Study, the Swiss HIV Cohort

Subjects
CARDIOVASCULAR disease related mortality, LIVER tumors, RESEARCH funding, HIV-positive persons, HIV infections, CAUSES of death, LONGITUDINAL method, LIVER diseases, RESEARCH
Abstract

Background Advancements in access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care have led to a decline in AIDS-related deaths among people with HIV (PWH) in Switzerland. However, data on the ongoing changes in causes of death among PWH over the past 15 years are scarce. Methods We investigated all reported deaths in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study between 2005 and 2022. Causes of death were categorized using the Coding Causes of Death in HIV protocol. The statistical analysis included demographic stratification to identify time trends and logistic regression models to determine associated factors for the underlying cause of death. Results In total, 1630 deaths were reported, with 23.7% of individuals assigned female sex at birth. These deaths included 147 (9.0%) HIV/AIDS-related deaths, 373 (22.9%) due to non-AIDS, non-hepatic cancers, 166 (10.2%) liver-related deaths, and 158 (9.7%) cardiovascular-related deaths. The median age at death (interquartile range) increased from 45.0 (40.0–53.0) years in 2005–2007 to 61.0 (56.0–69.5) years in 2020–2022. HIV/AIDS- and liver-related deaths decreased, whereas deaths from non-AIDS, non-hepatic cancers increased and cardiovascular-related deaths remained relatively stable. Conclusions The proportionally decreasing HIV/AIDS and liver-related deaths showcase the effectiveness of ART, comprehensive HIV patient care, and interventions targeting hepatitis C virus coinfection. Future research should focus on managing cancer and cardiovascular-related conditions as the new leading causes of death among PWH. Comprehensive healthcare strategies focusing on non–AIDS-related comorbid conditions, cancer management, and sustaining liver and cardiovascular health are needed to bridge the ongoing health disparities between PWH and the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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41. Metastability of diamond ramp-compressed to 2 terapascals

Author

Lazicki, A., McGonegle, D., Rygg, J. R., Braun, D. G., Swift, D. C., Gorman, M. G., and Smith, R. F.

Subjects
Compressibility -- Measurement, Diamond crystals -- Mechanical properties -- Structure, Carbon allotropes -- Mechanical properties -- Identification and classification, Diamonds -- Mechanical properties -- Structure, Metastability -- Analysis, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Carbon is the fourth-most prevalent element in the Universe and essential for all known life. In the elemental form it is found in multiple allotropes, including graphite, diamond and fullerenes, and it has long been predicted that even more structures can exist at pressures greater than those at Earth's core.sup.1-3. Several phases have been predicted to exist in the multi-terapascal regime, which is important for accurate modelling of the interiors of carbon-rich exoplanets.sup.4,5. By compressing solid carbon to 2 terapascals (20 million atmospheres; more than five times the pressure at Earth's core) using ramp-shaped laser pulses and simultaneously measuring nanosecond-duration time-resolved X-ray diffraction, we found that solid carbon retains the diamond structure far beyond its regime of predicted stability. The results confirm predictions that the strength of the tetrahedral molecular orbital bonds in diamond persists under enormous pressure, resulting in large energy barriers that hinder conversion to more-stable high-pressure allotropes.sup.1,2, just as graphite formation from metastable diamond is kinetically hindered at atmospheric pressure. This work nearly doubles the highest pressure at which X-ray diffraction has been recorded on any material. X-ray diffraction measurements of solid carbon compressed to pressures of about two terapascals (approximately twenty million atmospheres) find that carbon retains a diamond structure even under these extreme conditions., Author(s): A. Lazicki [sup.1] , D. McGonegle [sup.2] , J. R. Rygg [sup.3] [sup.4] [sup.5] , D. G. Braun [sup.1] , D. C. Swift [sup.1] , M. G. Gorman [sup.1] [...]

Published
2021
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42. Time-resolved X-ray diffraction diagnostic development for the National Ignition Facility

Author

Werellapatha, K., primary, Palmer, N. E., additional, Gorman, M. G., additional, Bernier, J. V., additional, Bhandarkar, N. S., additional, Bradley, D. K., additional, Braun, D. G., additional, Bruhn, M., additional, Carpenter, A., additional, Celliers, P. M., additional, Coppari, F., additional, Dayton, M., additional, Durand, C., additional, Eggert, J. H., additional, Ferguson, B., additional, Heidl, B., additional, Heinbockel, C., additional, Heredia, R., additional, Huckins, J., additional, Hurd, E., additional, Hsing, W., additional, Krauland, C. M., additional, Lazicki, A. E., additional, Kalantar, D., additional, Kehl, J., additional, Killebrew, K., additional, Masters, N., additional, Millot, M., additional, Nagel, S. R., additional, Petre, R. B., additional, Ping, Y., additional, Polsin, D. N., additional, Singh, S., additional, Stan, C. V., additional, Swift, D., additional, Tabimina, J., additional, Thomas, A., additional, Zobrist, T., additional, and Benedetti, L. R., additional

Published
2024
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43. A First Search for Cosmogenic Neutrinos with the ARIANNA Hexagonal Radio Array

Author

ARIANNA Collaboration, Barwick, S. W., Berg, E. C., Besson, D. Z., Binder, G., Binns, W. R., Boersma, D., Bose, R. G., Braun, D. L., Buckley, J. H., Bugaev, V., Buitink, S., Dookayka, K., Dowkontt, P. F., Duffin, T., Euler, S., Gerhardt, L., Gustafsson, L., Hallgren, A., Hanson, J. C., Israel, M. H., Kiryluk, J., Klein, S., Kleinfelder, S., Niederhausen, H., Olevitch, M. A., Persichelli, C., Ratzlaff, K., Rauch, B. F., Reed, C., Roumi, M., Samanta, A., Simburger, G. E., Stezelberger, T., Tatar, J., Uggerhoj, U., Walker, J., and Young, R.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The ARIANNA experiment seeks to observe the diffuse flux of neutrinos in the 10^8 - 10^10 GeV energy range using a grid of radio detectors at the surface of the Ross Ice Shelf of Antarctica. The detector measures the coherent Cherenkov radiation produced at radio frequencies, from about 100 MHz to 1 GHz, by charged particle showers generated by neutrino interactions in the ice. The ARIANNA Hexagonal Radio Array (HRA) is being constructed as a prototype for the full array. During the 2013-14 austral summer, three HRA stations collected radio data which was wirelessly transmitted off site in nearly real-time. The performance of these stations is described and a simple analysis to search for neutrino signals is presented. The analysis employs a set of three cuts that reject background triggers while preserving 90% of simulated cosmogenic neutrino triggers. No neutrino candidates are found in the data and a model-independent 90% confidence level Neyman upper limit is placed on the all flavor neutrino+antineutrino flux in a sliding decade-wide energy bin. The limit reaches a minimum of 1.9x10^-23 GeV^-1 cm^-2 s^-1 sr^-1 in the 10^8.5 - 10^9.5 GeV energy bin. Simulations of the performance of the full detector are also described. The sensitivity of the full ARIANNA experiment is presented and compared with current neutrino flux models., Comment: 22 pages, 22 figures. Published in Astroparticle Physics

Published
2014
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44. Tensor Representation of Spin States

Author

Giraud, O., Braun, D., Baguette, D., Bastin, T., and Martin, J.

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

We propose a generalization of the Bloch sphere representation for arbitrary spin states. It provides a compact and elegant representation of spin density matrices in terms of tensors that share the most important properties of Bloch vectors. Our representation, based on covariant matrices introduced by Weinberg in the context of quantum field theory, allows for a simple parametrization of coherent spin states, and a straightforward transformation of density matrices under local unitary and partial tracing operations. It enables us to provide a criterion for anticoherence, relevant in a broader context such as quantum polarization of light., Comment: 5 pages + 7 pages of supplementary information

Published
2014
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45. Helioseismology of Pre-Emerging Active Regions III: Statistical Analysis

Author

Barnes, G., Birch, A. C., Leka, K. D., and Braun, D. C.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

The subsurface properties of active regions prior to their appearance at the solar surface may shed light on the process of active region formation. Helioseismic holography has been applied to samples taken from two populations of regions on the Sun (pre-emergence and without emergence), each sample having over 100 members, that were selected to minimize systematic bias, as described in Paper I (Leka et al., 2012). Paper II (Birch et al., 2012) showed that there are statistically significant signatures in the average helioseismic properties that precede the formation of an active region. This paper describes a more detailed analysis of the samples of pre-emergence regions and regions without emergence, based on discriminant analysis. The property that is best able to distinguish the populations is found to be the surface magnetic field, even a day before the emergence time. However, after accounting for the correlations between the surface field and the quantities derived from helioseismology, there is still evidence of a helioseismic precursor to active region emergence that is present for at least a day prior to emergence., Comment: Submitted to ApJ

Published
2013
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46. Helioseismology of Pre-Emerging Active Regions I: Overview, Data, and Target Selection Criteria

Author

Leka, K. D., Barnes, G., Birch, A. C., Gonzalez-Hernandez, I., Dunn, T., Javornik, B., and Braun, D. C.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

This first paper in a series describes the design of a study testing whether pre-appearance signatures of solar magnetic active regions were detectable using various tools of local helioseismology. The ultimate goal is to understand flux-emergence mechanisms by setting observational constraints on pre-appearance subsurface changes, for comparison with results from simulation efforts. This first paper provides details of the data selection and preparation of the samples, each containing over 100 members, of two populations: regions on the Sun that produced a numbered NOAA active region, and a "control" sample of areas that did not. The seismology is performed on data from the GONG network; accompanying magnetic data from SOHO/MDI are used for co-temporal analysis of the surface magnetic field. Samples are drawn from 2001 -- 2007, and each target is analyzed for 27.7 hr prior to an objectively determined time of emergence. The results of two analysis approaches are published separately: one based on averages of the seismology- and magnetic-derived signals over the samples, another based on Discriminant Analysis of these signals, for a statistical test of detectable differences between the two populations. We include here descriptions of a new potential-field calculation approach and the algorithm for matching sample distributions over multiple variables. We describe known sources of bias and the approaches used to mitigate them. We also describe unexpected bias sources uncovered during the course of the study and include a discussion of refinements that should be included in future work on this topic., Comment: 24 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables. Published in ApJ

Published
2013
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47. Helioseismology of Pre-Emerging Active Regions II: Average Emergence Properties

Author

Birch, A. C., Braun, D. C., Leka, K. D., Barnes, G., and Javornik, B.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We report on average subsurface properties of pre-emerging active regions as compared to areas where no active region emergence was detected. Helioseismic holography is applied to samples of the two populations (pre-emergence and without emergence), each sample having over 100 members, which were selected to minimize systematic bias, as described in Leka et al. We find that there are statistically significant signatures (i.e., difference in the means of more than a few standard errors) in the average subsurface flows and the apparent wave speed that precede the formation of an active region. The measurements here rule out spatially extended flows of more than about 15 m/s in the top 20 Mm below the photosphere over the course of the day preceding the start of visible emergence. These measurements place strong constraints on models of active region formation., Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures, ApJ (published)

Published
2013
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49. Testing Helioseismic-Holography Inversions for Supergranular Flows Using Synthetic Data

Author

Dombroski, D. E., Birch, A. C., Braun, D. C., and Hanasoge, S. M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Supergranulation is one of the most visible length scales of solar convection and has been studied extensively by local helioseismology. We use synthetic data computed with the Seismic Propagation through Active Regions and Convection (SPARC) code to test regularized-least squares (RLS) inversions of helioseismic holography measurements for a supergranulation-like flow. The code simulates the acoustic wavefield by solving the linearized three-dimensional Euler equations in Cartesian geometry. We model a single supergranulation cell with a simple, axisymmetric, mass-conserving flow. The use of simulated data provides an opportunity for direct evaluation of the accuracy of measurement and inversion techniques. The RLS technique applied to helioseismic-holography measurements is generally successful in reproducing the structure of the horizontal flow field of the model supergranule cell. The errors are significant in horizontal-flow inversions near the top and bottom of the computational domain as well as in vertical-flow inversions throughout the domain. We show that the errors in the vertical velocity are due largely to cross talk from the horizontal velocity., Comment: 22 pages, 12 figues, accepted for publication in Solar Physics

Published
2012
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50. Scattering of the f-mode by small magnetic flux elements from observations and numerical simulations

Author

Felipe, T., Braun, D. C., Crouch, A. D., and Birch, A. C.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

The scattering of f-modes by magnetic tubes is analyzed using three-dimensional numerical simulations. An f-mode wave packet is propagated through a solar atmosphere embedded with three different flux tube models which differ in radius and total magnetic flux. A quiet Sun simulation without a tube present is also performed as a reference. Waves are excited inside the flux tube and propagate along the field lines, and jacket modes are generated in the surroundings of the flux tube, carrying 40% as much energy as the tube modes. The resulting scattered wave is mainly an f-mode composed of a mixture of m=0 and m=+/-1 modes. The amplitude of the scattered wave approximately scales with the magnetic flux. A small amount of power is scattered into the p_1-mode. We have evaluated the absorption and phase shift from a Fourier-Hankel decomposition of the photospheric vertical velocities. They are compared with the results obtained from the emsemble average of 3400 small magnetic elements observed in high-resolution MDI Doppler datacubes. The comparison shows that the observed dependence of the phase shift with wavenumber can be matched reasonably well with the simulated flux tube model. The observed variation of the phase-shifts with the azimuthal order $m$ appears to depend on details of the ensemble averaging, including possible motions of the magnetic elements and asymmetrically shaped elements., Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

Published
2012
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