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This paper presents an overview of the apple sector in nine major apple producing countries in Europe, in order to assess factors for the competitiveness of the national apple value chains and identify challenges for the future development of the sector. Based on international and national statistical data and expert assessment, key characteristics of apple production and value chains are analyzed. For each country, a brief description of the development of apple production and acreage over the past ten years, farm size distribution, level of production technology and main market channels is presented, followed by a discussion of differences and similarities. Results show a diverse picture of the apple sectors in Europe. Similarities are observed in the existence of regional production clusters and a generally small farm size. Differences are found in the technology level, with a broad range of very traditional extensive production systems up to highly intensified orchards with high tree density. All countries experienced high fluctuation in apple production quantities over the past years, mainly due to weather events, particularly spring frost and drought, and climate risks are expected to increase in the future, leading to increasing costs for mitigation measures info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The extensive array of beam instrumentation with which the LHC is equipped has played a major role in its commissioning, rapid intensity ramp-up and safe and reliable operation. Much of this equipment will need consolidation by the time the LHC enters the High-Luminosity (HL) era, while the upgrade itself brings a number of new challenges. The installation of a completely new final focus system in the two high-luminosity LHC insertions implies the development of new beam position monitors to equip the upgraded quadrupole magnets. As well as replacing the 10 current beam position monitors, six additional beam position monitors will be added per interaction region, to further improve beam control at the collision point. The use of crab cavities for luminosity enhancement implies a need for new instrumentation in order to allow for the optimisation of their performance. This requires intra-bunch measurement of transverse position on a turn-by-turn basis. Several diagnostic systems are being investigated as candidates to perform this task, including very high bandwidth pick-ups and a streak camera installation making use of synchrotron light. The installation of a hollow electron lens for cleaning the beam halo has added to the beam diagnostic challenges of high-luminosity LHC. Not only must the beam halo be measured, but a good concentricity and alignment between the electron and proton beam must be ensured. A coronagraph based on synchrotron light is therefore under study with the aim of being able to image the halo at a level of 10-5 of the core intensity, while a gas curtain monitor is being developed to align the electron and proton beams within the hollow electron lens. The latter will use a high-density, supersonic, gas sheet to allow a two-dimensional image of both beams to be created via luminescence. Upgrading the LHC also provides the opportunity of developing new instrumentation to address areas identified as currently lacking adequate diagnostics. This includes a non-invasive, beam-size measurement system capable of delivering data throughout the LHC acceleration cycle, with a prototype beam gas vertex detector already being tested for this purpose. An upgrade or consolidation is envisaged for several other systems, including the main beam position monitoring system, the beam loss measurement system, the luminosity measurement system, and the synchrotron light monitor. This workpackage also covers the study of possible technologies for long–range beam-beam compensation., CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs, Vol. 10 (2020): High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC): Technical design report

The performance and safe operation of a particle accelerator is closely connected to the transverse emittance of the beams it produces. For this reason many techniques have been developed over the years for monitoring the transverse distribution of particles along accelerator chains or over machine cycles. The definition of beam profiles is explained and the different techniques available for the detection of the particle distributions are explored. Examples of concrete applications of these techniques are given., 37 pages, 53 figures

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is one of the largest scientific instruments ever built. Since opening up anew energy frontier for exploration in 2010, it has gathered a global user community of about 9000 scientists working in fundamental particle physics and the physics of hadronic matter at extreme temperature and density. To sustain and extend its discovery potential, the LHC will need a major upgrade in the 2020s. This will increase its instantaneous luminosity (rate of collisions) by a factor of five beyond the original design valueand the integrated luminosity (totalnumber of collisions) by a factor ten. The LHC is already a highly complexand exquisitely optimised machine so this upgrade must be carefully conceived and will require new infrastructures(underground and on surface)and over a decade to implement. The new configuration, known as High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), relies on a number of key innovations that push accelerator technology beyond its present limits. Among these are cutting-edge 11–12Tesla superconducting magnets, compact superconducting cavities for beam rotation with ultra-precise phase control, new technology and physical processes for beam collimation and 100 metre-long high-power superconducting links with negligible energy dissipation, all of which required several years of dedicated R&D; effort on a global international level. The present document describes the technologies and components that will be used to realise the projectand is intended to serve as the basis for the detailed engineering design of the HL-LHC.

Detailed diagnostic of antiproton beams at low energies is required for essentially all experiments at the Antiproton Decelerator (AD), but will be particularly important for the future Extra Low ENergy Antiproton ring (ELENA) and its keV beam lines to the different experiments. Many monitors have been successfully developed and operated at the AD, but in particular beam profile monitoring remains a challenge. A dedicated beam instrumentation and detector test stand has recently been setup at the AE g ̄ $\bar {g}$ IS experiment (Antimatter Experiment: Gravity, Interferometry, Spectroscopy). Located behind the actual experiment, it allows for parasitic use of the antiproton beam at different energies for testing and calibration. With the aim to explore and validate different candidate technologies for future low energy beam lines, as well as the downstream antihydrogen detector in AE g ̄ $\bar {g}$ IS, measurements have been carried out using Silicon strip and pixel detectors, a purpose-built secondary emission monitor and emulsions. Here, results from measurements and characterization of the different detector types with regard to their future use at the AD complex are presented.

Measuring the beam transverse emittance is fundamental in every accelerator, in particular for the LHC, where its precise determination and its preservation is essential to maximize the luminosity and thus the performance of the colliding beams. In this contribution, a review of the status of the wirescanners, the synchrotron radiation monitors, the beam gas vertex detector and the quadrupolar moment measurement from the beam position monitors will be presented alongside the assessment of the obtained performance. The new features implemented and the issues encountered in Run 2 will be highlighted.

This paper presents the expectations for the LHC Beam Instrumentation systems going into the 2018 run. Planned upgrades during the YETS will be presented and opportunities for future development, in order to better exploit the available instrumentation, will be discussed.

Measuring the beam transverse emittance is fundamental in every accelerator, in particular for the LHC, where its precise determination and preservation is essential to maximize the luminosity and thus the performance of the colliding beams. In this contribution, a review of the status of the synchrotron radiation monitors, the beam gas vertex detector and the wirescanners will be presented alongside the assessment of the obtained performance. The new features implemented and the issues encountered during 2017's operation will be highlighted. Additionally, the interventions and improvements planned for the coming winter shutdown will be discussed.

The Isotope mass Separator On-Line facility (ISOLDE) at CERN occupies a leading position in the field of radioactive ion beams research, as it can produce the largest range of isotopes worldwide —over 1000 isotopes of more than 70 elements. HIE-ISOLDE (High Energy and Intensity – ISOLDE) is an upgrade that aims to increase the facility’s energy and intensity reach, opening the way to new opportunities in multiple fields of physics: nuclear and atomic physics, astrophysics and fundamental interactions. This technical design report presents the HIE-ISOLDE energy upgrade as built. The report is divided in six parts. The first details the motivation behind the project, as well as previous experiences with post-accelerated beams at the facility. The second part presents the design of the new linear accelerator and its components, including cryomodules, superconducting cavities and solenoids, while the third focuses on beam dynamics. General services and systems are presented in the fourth part, while the fifth and sixth concern safety procedures and commissioning respectively. Fil: Bravin, E.. Cern - European Organization For Nuclear Research; Suiza Fil: Cantero, Esteban Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnol.conicet - Patagonia Norte. Unidad de Adm.territorial; Argentina

The HIE-ISOLDE project represents a major upgrade of the ISOLDE nuclear facility with a mandate to significantly improve the quality and increase the intensity and energy of radioactive nuclear beams produced at CERN. The project will expand the experimental nuclear physics programme at ISOLDE by focusing on an upgrade of the existing Radioactive ion beam EXperiment (REX) linac with a 40 MV superconducting linac comprising thirty-two niobium-on-copper sputter-coated quarter-wave resonators housed in six cryomodules. The new linac will raise the energy of post-accelerated beams from 3 MeV/u to over 10 MeV/u. The upgrade will be staged to first deliver beam energies of 5.5 MeV/u using two high-$\beta$ cryomodules placed downstream of REX, before the energy variable section of the existing linac is replaced with two low-$\beta$ cryomodules and two additional high-$\beta$ cryomodules are installed to attain over 10 MeV/u with full energy variability above 0.45 MeV/u. An overview of the project including a status summary of the different R&D activities and the schedule will outlined., Comment: 7 pages, 12 figures, submitted to the Heavy Ion Accelerator Technology conference (HIAT) 2012, in Chicago

In this contribution, a review of the beam instrumentation status in the LHC 2016 Run is presented. The treated devices are the beam loss monitors based on diamond detectors, the beam position monitors, the wire-scanners, the beam gas vertex detector and the synchrotron radiation monitors. The new features implemented and the issues encountered during 2016's operation will be highlighted for each instrument. Additionally, the interventions and improvements planned for the coming winter shutdown will be discussed.

The present understanding of the performance limitations due to beam-beam interactions in the LHC is detailed based on data obtained during the physics run as well as dedicated experiments in 2016.

The DELPHI Silicon Tracker, an ensemble of microstrips, ministrips and pixels, was completed in 1997 and has accumulated over $70~{\rm pb^{-1}}$ of high energy data. The Tracker is optimised for the LEP2 physics programme. It consists of a silicon microstrip barrel and endcaps with layers of silicon pixel and ministrip detectors. In the barrel part, three dimensional $b$ tagging information is available down to a polar angle of $25^\circ$. Impact parameter resolutions have been measured of $28~\mu {\rm m} \oplus 71/(p~{\rm sin} ^{\frac{3}{2}} \theta)~\mu {\rm m} $ in $R \phi$ and $34~\mu {\rm m} \oplus 69/p~\mu {\rm m}$ in $Rz$, where $p$ is the track momentum in $\rm {GeV/c}$. The amount of material has been kept low with the use of double-sided detectors, double-metal readout, and light mechanics. The pixels have dimensions of 330~$\times$~330~$\m u${\rm m}$^2$ and the ministrips have a readout pitch of 200~$\mu {\rm m}$. The forward part of the detector shows average efficiencies of more than 96\%, has signal-to-noise ratios of up to 40 in the ministrips, and noise levels at the level of less than one part per million in the pixels. Measurements of space points with low backgrounds are provided, leading to a vastly improved tracking efficiency for the region with polar angle less than $25^\circ$.

During LS1 a number of upgrades were applied to the LHC beam instrumentation, partially to cope with the increase of the beam energy and partially to solve issues observed during RUN 1 or to add new functionalities. This presentation will give an overview of the changes made during LS1 and report on the results obtained for most of the BI systems, in particular BPM, QFB, OFB, BCT, BBQ, BTV, BRAN, BQS, BSRL. Finally an outlook of changes foreseen for the upcoming YETS will be presented.

During LS1, the various instruments for beam profile measurement at the LHC were upgraded to cope with the beam energy increase. In this contribution, a review of the status of the synchrotron radiation monitors, the beam gas ionization monitors, the beam gas vertex detector and the wirescanners will be presented alongside the assessment of the obtained performance. The new features implemented and the issues encountered during 2015's operation will be highlighted. Additionally, the interventions and improvements planned for the coming winter shutdown will be discussed.

The LHC will resume operations next year with four weeks of dedicated commissioning of the machine with beam. This period will include all the measurements that are needed by the different systems in order to re-establish stable beam conditions after the end-of-year shutdown. In addition, the performance of the machine will be pushed by decreasing the beta-star. A series of measurements (optics, aperture, collimator settings, orbit, etc.) are needed in order to prepare and validate this new configuration. Before ramping up high intensities a dedicated scrubbing at injection will be scheduled. The machine protection intensity ramp up strategy for next year will be defined.

To minimise the beam losses at the moment of an LHC beam dump the 3 μs long abort gap should contain as few particles as possible. Its population can be minimised by abort gap cleaning using the LHC transverse damper system. The LHC Run 1 experience is briefly recalled; changes foreseen for the LHC Run 2 are presented. They include improvements in the observation of the abort gap population and the mechanism to decide if cleaning is required, changes to the hardware of the transverse dampers to reduce the detrimental effect on the luminosity lifetime and proposed changes to the applied cleaning algorithms.

Chapter 13 in High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) : Preliminary Design Report. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is one of the largest scientific instruments ever built. Since opening up a new energy frontier for exploration in 2010, it has gathered a global user community of about 7,000 scientists working in fundamental particle physics and the physics of hadronic matter at extreme temperature and density. To sustain and extend its discovery potential, the LHC will need a major upgrade in the 2020s. This will increase its luminosity (rate of collisions) by a factor of five beyond the original design value and the integrated luminosity (total collisions created) by a factor ten. The LHC is already a highly complex and exquisitely optimised machine so this upgrade must be carefully conceived and will require about ten years to implement. The new configuration, known as High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), will rely on a number of key innovations that push accelerator technology beyond its present limits. Among these are cutting-edge 11-12 tesla superconducting magnets, compact superconducting cavities for beam rotation with ultra-precise phase control, new technology and physical processes for beam collimation and 300 metre-long high-power superconducting links with negligible energy dissipation. The present document describes the technologies and components that will be used to realise the project and is intended to serve as the basis for the detailed engineering design of HL-LHC.