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TROGON MURICIENSIS SP. NOV. (FIG. 7) Proposed English name: Alagoas black-throated trogon.

Uma versão atualizada da lista comentada das aves do Brasil é aqui apresentada, juntamente com um resumo das mudanças aprovadas entre janeiro de2016 e maio de 2021 pelos Subcomitês de Taxonomia e Nomes Vernáculos do CBRO. No total, 1.971 espécies de aves têm ocorrência no Brasil respaldada porevidências documentais e são admitidas na Lista Primária, 4,3% a mais do que na lista anterior. Onze espécies adicionais são conhecidas apenas por registrosnão documentados e compõem a Lista Secundária. Além disso, para cada espécie da Lista Primária é fornecido o status de ocorrência no país e, no caso das espécies politípicas, são listadas as respectivas subespécies presentes no território nacional. Notas explicativas fundamentam as alterações taxonômicas, correções nomenclaturais, novas ocorrências e outras mudanças implementadas após a última edição da lista. Noventa espécies são adicionadas à ListaPrimária como resultado de descrições, novas ocorrências, desmembramentos taxonômicos e transferências a partir da lista secundária por disponibilidadede documentação. Por outro lado, oito espécies são sinonimizadas ou rebaixadas ao nível subespecífico e, consequentemente, removidas da Lista Primária.Ao todo, 293 espécies são indicadas como endêmicas do país, situando o Brasil na terceira posição entre os países com maior taxa de endemismo de aves no mundo. Quanto ao status de ocorrência, a avifauna brasileira compõe-se atualmente de 1.742 residentes ou migrantes reprodutivos, 126 visitantes nãoreprodutivos e 103 vagantes. A categoria que sofreu o maior incremento (56%) em comparação com a lista anterior foi a de vagantes, sobretudo pela maiorcontribuição de observadores de aves na documentação de novas ocorrências no país em anos recentes. A lista serve como referência atualizada sobre adiversidade, sistemática, taxonomia, nomenclatura científica e vernácula e status de ocorrência das aves do Brasil.&nbsp

TROGON MURICIENSIS SP. NOV. (FIG. 7) Proposed English name: Alagoas black-throated trogon. Proposed Portuguese name: Surucuá-de-Murici. Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 8D5FDDA6-D3F0-41CF-8E09-F1C8B77CEBC5 Type material: Holotype: MZUSP 112768 (Fig. 7), adult male (testes 2.0 × 2.0 mm, no bursa fabricii, skull 100% ossified, no moult). Voice-recorded and collected in the montane forest of the Estação Ecológica de Murici, Alagoas, Brazil (090 12’46’’S/350 52’37’’W, 583 m a.s.l.) by Luís Fábio Silveira on 05.x.2019. Prepared by Luís Fábio Silveira. Paratype: MN 33853, subadult male (testes subequal in size, skull 100% ossified, second prebasic molt). Collected in forest midstory of the Estação Ecológica de Murici, Alagoas, Brazil (090 15’S/350 50’W, 550 m a.s.l.) by Dante Martins Teixeira on 19.ix.1983. Diagnosis: We had little material available for the diagnosis of the new species Trogon muriciensis, particularly regarding external morphology, so caution must be taken until more information is collected. For comparison of plumage coloration and barred patterning, only the holotype was available. For morphometric traits, in addition to the holotype, we had measurements from the paratype and a ringed individual. For other discrete traits, we had photos from online depositories, in addition to those of the holotype (Supporting Information, Fig. S 8) and ringed individual. For the song, we had slightly more material, with recordings from five separate individuals (including the holotype). Males: Trogon muriciensis can be distinguished from all other species of trogons, besides T. rufus, T. chrysochloros, T. tenellus and T. cupreicauda, by the combination of the green head and citrus-yellow belly. Light-blue eye-ring is diagnostic against T. r. sulphureus, T. r. amazonicus and T. cupreicauda. Breast band absent, unlike most T. chrysochloros, T. rufus, T. tenellus and T. cupreicauda. The dense barring and narrow white bars on the undertail of the holotype are diagnostic against individuals of all taxa besides T. chrysochloros, whilst the dense barring and narrow white bars on the wing panel are diagnostic against all besides T. chrysochloros and T. r. rufus. Nevertheless, compared to T. chrysochloros, several subtle differences are present. Morphometrically, it has a smaller body size and variably serrated bill (vs. highly serrated), whilst the holotype has a greener uppertail hue and undertail with narrower black bars and lower percentage area black compared to almost all specimens of T. chrysochloros examined. Compared to T. r. rufus, the body mass appears slightly greater, whilst the holotype had denser undertail barring with narrower white bars than all individuals of T. r. rufus examined. Against T. r. sulphureus and T. r. amazonicus, the holotype had a consistently greener uppertail hue, greater barring density and narrower white bars on the undertail and wing panel barring, and greater body mass. Compared to T. cupreicauda, the undertail barring is also much denser with narrower white bars, the wing panel barring is denser and uppertail hue lower. Compared to T. tenellus, the uppertail hue is greener and the undertail barring much denser with narrower black and white bars. Female: unknown. Song: Compared to T. chrysochloros, the song of T. muriciensis has fewer notes per phrase, slower pace, longer note durations, longer pause following introductory note and generally lower note frequencies. It is similar to T. r. rufus but with generally more notes per phrase, higher introductory note frequencies and higher loudsong note low frequencies. Compared to T. r. sulphureus, it has wider bandwith frequencies and generally more notes per phrase, whilst against T. r. amazonicus, it has faster pace, shorter note durations and a higher frequency introductory note. In relation to T. tenellus, it has a greater number of notes per phrase, shorter pause after the introductory note a generally lower introductory note high frequency, and generally lower peak and high loudsong note frequencies. It differs from T. cupreicuada by having fewer notes per phrase, longer note durations but a shorter pause after the introductory note. The bandwith frequencies of the introductory and loudsong notes are generally wider than all other taxa, except T. chrysochloros. Distribution and habitat: Only known from Estação Ecológica de Murici, Alagoas, Brazil, at just over 500 m elevation, where it occurs in mid-levels of the montane Atlantic Forest. It was presumably once more widespread throughout this habitat in the Pernambuco Centre of Endemism before the deforestation of the region. Description of the holotype: Uppertail plain green, head and mantle green with coppery sheen, rump and upperchest green with blue sheen. Black facial mask extending from in line with dorsal edge of bill to the eye, across ear coverts to throat. Bright citrineyellow from lower chest to vent. Undertail barred patterning (outer three rectrices) with narrow black bars (1.46 mm wide), relatively narrow white bars (1.39 mm wide), high bar density (6.7 bars/cm) and moderate percentage area black (50%). Wing coverts barred patterning with narrow black bars (0.4 mm), narrow white bars (0.3 mm), high bar density (14.5 bars/cm) and moderate percentage area black (54%). Flight feathers black with basal-third white (only visible ventrally), except for final primary, which is entirely black, and black and white barring on anterior margin. Eye-ring light blue, tarsi grey and bill greenish yellow. Measurements – total length: 251 mm, wing chord: 108 mm, tail: 154 mm, culmen length: 15.5 mm, bill width: 14.8 mm, bill height: 11.0 mm, tarsi: 3.6 mm, number of bill serrations (per side of upper bill): 2, body mass: 55 g. Tissue sample MZUSP 112.768. Stomach content: remains of caterpillar and fruit. Song: 4.1 ± 0.27 notes per phrase, duration of introductory note 0.28 ± 0.02 s, interval between introductory note and loudsong 0.31 ± 0.02 s, mean loudsong note duration 0.26 ± 0.03 s, loudsong pace 2.18 ± 0.05 notes per second, introductory note peak frequency 1.34 ± 0.04 kHz, low frequency 1.06 ± 0.03 kHz, high frequency 1.45 ± 0.02 kHz and 90% bandwith 0.20 ± 0.06 kHz, loudsong note peak frequency 1.37 ± 0.03 kHz, low frequency 0.95 ± 0.04 kHz, high frequency 1.48 ± 0.02 kHz and 90% bandwidth 0.25 ± 0.04 kHz. Variation in type material: The immature nature of the paratype makes it difficult to determine whether variation between it and the holotype are due to age or intrapopulational variation. The upperparts of the paratype present a strongly coppery head and mantle, golden-green rump, predominantly brown upperchest with golden-green feathers, and reddish-brown uppertail (central rectrices). The brown rectrices and chest feathers represent an individual that has undergone second prebasic molt and not yet obtained fully formative plumage (Ryder & Wolfe, 2009). Therefore, whether the warmer hues of the upperparts, compared to the holotype, are related to its age is unclear, although past research has not found changes in the tonality of structural colours with age (Prum, 2006). It is similar to the warmer hued upperparts of T. chrysochloros individuals found below 500 m a.s.l., which are likely controlled by humidity, but this is unlikely the case in this instance since both type specimens originate from the same area, just above 500 m a.s.l. and the holotype has plumage with cooler hues, consistent with the higher elevation and humidity of Murici. In terms of the barred patterning, the paratype differs from the holotype in undertail barring by having substantially broader black (2.23 mm) and white bars (2.17 mm) and lower bar density (4.65 bars/ cm), but a similar percentage area black (50%). This is much more akin to T. r. sulphureus. However, the more pointed tips of these rectrices suggest they are immature, whilst the similarly lower density of the undertail barring on immatures of other species in the complex suggest this is also the result of age. In terms of the wing panel barring, compared to the holotype, the paratype had narrower black bars (0.23 mm) and white bars (0.33 mm) and a lower percentage area black (41%) but similar bar density (14.5 bars/ cm). This is more similar to T. chrysochloros and may represent the affinity between the two species. However, the brown in the wing coverts feathers suggest they are not mature, so this variation may also be due to age. In terms of morphometrics, although body mass provides a consistent means of comparison, the variability of other measurements between type specimens is likely the result of observer bias. For discrete characters, the faded underparts of the paratype make it difficult to ascertain the presence of a breast band but the absence of pure white feathers in the area, adjacent the upperchest, suggest it is absent, as in the holotype. The bareparts’ colours are also consistent with the holotype, with the eye ring noted as blue and the tarsus grey. Etymology: The name refers to the only remaining locality where this taxon is known to occur (Estação Ecológica de Murici, Alagoas state, Brazil), to draw attention to the critical level of biodiversity loss in the region and dire need for conservation. Remarks: Despite the scarcity of material, we were able to diagnose Trogon muriciensis as exhibiting a unique combination of features typical of, or intermediate to, either T. chrysochloros in the southern Atlantic Forest or one of the T. rufus subspecies in Amazonia. The plumage patterning most resembled T. chrysochloros with a shiny green uppertail towards the end of the range for T. chrysochloros, blue eyering and dense undertail and wing panel barring with similarly narrow white bars, which is unsurprising given that they are sister-species, according to the mtDNA. Nevertheless, subtle differences are present between the holotype and all examined specimens of T. chrysochloros, namely, in the slightly narrower black bar widths and lower percentage area black on the undertail. Unlike most T. chrysochloros, however, it lacked a breast band, which is more typical of T.r.sulphureus and T. r. amazonicus. On the other hand, the body mass is intermediate between T. chrysochloros and T. rufus subspecies, whilst tail and wing lengths are shorter than T. chrysochloros but consistent with T. rufus subspecies. The degree of bill serration is also intermediate between these taxa and may indicate an omnivorous diet, as is typical of all taxa besides T. chrysochloros, which prefers large arthropods and seems likely the reason for its more serrated bill. This is further supported by the presence of both fruit and insect remains in the stomach contents of the holotype and suggest that the ecological niche it occupies is different to that occupied by T. chrysochloros. In contrast, the song is different from T. chrysochloros, with fewer notes per phrase, slower pace, longer note durations, longer pause following introductory note and generally lower note frequencies. However, it was similar to T. rufus subspecies, especially T. r. sulphureus, with only slightly more notes per phrase overall. The introductory note and loudsong bandwidths also appear to be generally wider than in all other taxa, besides T. chrysochloros. Nevertheless, these differences require confirmation with further sampling. This combination of characters, typical of related Atlantic Forest and Amazonian species, is unsurprising when one considers that the Pernambuco Centre of Endemism was once at the centre of biotic interchange between these regions during the Plio-Pleistocene (Costa, 2003; Batalha-Filho et al., 2013). In fact, there are 42 other cryptic endemic species and subspecies known from this region with affinities to either the Atlantic Forest or Amazonia (Teixeira & Gonzaga, 1983, 1985; Da Silva et al., 2002; Silveira et al., 2003; Barnett & Buzzetti, 2014; Tello et al., 2014; Thom & Aleixo, 2015; Bocalini et al., 2020). The conservation status of this population is worrisome with all records originating from only a single locality. During our fieldwork in 2019, we were able to detect only about 20 individuals, and explicitly avoided collecting more than one specimen. We, therefore, recommend that it be listed as Critically Endangered (IUCN, 2012) as 98% loss of forest cover in NE Brazil, which still continues (Silveira et al., 2003; Trindade et al., 2008). In fact, based on the population density of T. r. rufus – three pairs/km 2 (Thiollay, 1994) – and the remaining forest area, an optimistic estimation of the maximum population size is around 90 pairs (criterion C). However, given the continued reduction in forest cover, fragmentation, edge effect and secondarization of the old growth forest (Ranta et al., 1998; Silveira et al., 2003; Trindade et al., 2008; Pereira et al., 2014), the actual figure is likely much lower with recent searches having repeatedly failed to locate it at any other fragments in the region (LFS per. obs.). It is, therefore, the most threatened trogon in the world, followed by the vulnerable (VU) Javan trogon, Apalharpactes reinwardtii (Temminck, 1822), with eight other species currently considered globally near-threatened (IUCN, 2018). The conservation importance of this region is well known as it contains more globally threatened species than anywhere else in the Americas (Wege & Adrian, 1995; Stattersfield et al. 1998; Silveira et al., 2003; Pereira et al., 2014). This is primarily the direct result of pervasive habitat loss and degradation within the Pernambuco Centre of Endemism (Pereira et al., 2014), which have already led to the recent extinction of other PCE endemics, namely Cichlocolaptes mazarbarnetti Mazar Barnett & Buzzetti, 2014, Glaucidium mooreorum da Silva, Coelho & Pedreira, 2002 and Philydor novaesi Teixeira & Gonzaga, 1983, representing the first modern bird extinctions for Brazil (Pereira et al., 2014; Butchart et al., 2018; ICMBio, 2018). Urgent actions are, therefore, required to prevent further losses in the region. Namely, the consolidation of existing forest fragments into larger continuous blocks and conferring legal protection to large, existing patches of forest that remain unprotected, including Murici, as recommended by Pereira et al. (2014). Furthermore, we recommend a captive breeding programme based on the knowledge and experience acquired from successfully hatching and raising other species of Trogons in captivity to save the last remaining individuals of Trogon muriciensis.

TROGON CUPREICAUDA (CHAPMAN, 1914) Proposed English name: Kerr���s black-throated trogon. Trogonurus curucui cupreicauda Chapman, 1914, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 33 p. 606, Bagado, Choc��, Colombia. ��� Trogon rufus Snethlage, 1914, Part. Bol. Mus. Goeldi. 8, p. 208. ��� Trogonurus curucui cupreicauda Cory, 1919, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser., 13, p. 325. ��� Trogonurus rufus cupreicauda Stone, 1928, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 80, p. 158. ��� Trogon rufus cupreicauda Todd, 1943, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 56, p. 11. ��� Trogon rufus cupreicauda Peters 1945. Check-list of Birds of the World, Vol 5, p. 157. Diagnosis: Yellow eye-ring diagnostic against T. chrysochloros, T. rufus and T. tenellus. Olive tarsi usually distinct against T. tenellus. Small size and poorly serrated bill compared to T.chrysochloros. Males: The coppery-green uppertail is diagnostic against T. tenellus, from which they differ further in undertail barring, which, particularly for northern specimens, has generally narrower black bars, broader white bars and a lower percentage area black, whilst the wingpanel barring, particularly of southern specimens, has broader black bars, greater percentage area black and lower density. The head, mantle, and rump plumage are generally less bright, and the uppertail and upperchest brighter than all other taxa, besides T. tenellus. They differ from T. r. rufus by their usually warmer uppertail hue and sometimes by possessing a subterminal band of greener coloration. If in doubt, the undertail barring density is lower with broader black and, especially, white bars, and the wing panel barring less dense with broader white bars, whilst southern specimens also have broader black bars and a greater percentage area black. Compared to T. r. sulphureus, the uppertail hue is rarely as coppery and the subterminal band of greener coloration often absent (especially in southern specimens), whilst the white breast band is sometimes present. Northern specimens also have undertails with a lower percentage area black, generally narrower black bars, broader white bars and wing panels with lower percentage area black, narrower black bars, generally broader white bars and lower density. They differ from T. r. amazonicus in their lower undertail and wing panel barring densities and broader bar widths, as well as by sometimes possessing a breast band or lacking a subterminal tailband of greener coloration. For southern individuals, the wing panel also has a higher percentage area black, broader black bars and lower density. Compared to T. chrysochloros, the barred patterning is very different with broader black and white bars, lower density and lower percentage area black on the undertail, and much lower density, percentage area black and broader white bars, along with sometimes broader black bars (particularly in southern specimens) on the wing panel. A subterminal band is also sometimes present. The black terminal tailbandisgenerallywiderthanothertaxa, particularly T. tenellus. Females: The extensive tan-brown wash on the undertail is diagnostic. Brown plumage coloration, particularly in the south, is generally also warmerbrown, less saturated and darker than most other taxa. In particular, the head is generally darker and redder brown and the uppertail less saturated against all other taxa, except some individuals of T. r. rufus. Wing panel barring density low compared to all, besides some T. r. sulphureus. Compared to T. tenellus, the undertail barring has narrower black bars, broader white bars and lower percentage area black, the wing panel generally has broader black bars, lower density and higher percentage area black, and the chest coloration is less saturated. Head and uppertail are only occasionally similarly coloured to T. tenellus in north. They differ from T. r. rufus by having undertail barring with broader white bars, lower percentage area black, and slightly lower density, wing coverts with lower density, higher percentage area black and generally broader light and black bars, and chest coloration that is duller, less saturated and generally less yellow-brown. Compared to T. r. sulphureus, the undertail barring generally has narrower black bars and higher density, and the chest is usually duller, less saturated and less yellow. Compared to T. r. amazonicus, the undertail barring is generally less dense with broader white bars, the wing coverts are generally less densely barred with broader black bars, whilst the chest is duller, less saturated and less yellow. In relation to T. chryschloros, the undertail is generally less densely barred with broader black bars and lower percentage area black, the wing panels are also less densely barred with generally broader black and sometimes light brown bars, whilst the chest colour is less-yellow, less saturated and duller. Song: Compared to T. tenellus, the song has more notes per phrase, shorter note durations and generally lower note frequencies. It also has more notes per phrase, shorter note durations but a longer pause after introductory note, and generally higher note frequencies, especially for the introductory note, than in T. rufus subspecies. Compared to T. chrysochloros, the song has a slower pace, longer pause following the introductory note, generally longer note durations and generally lower note frequencies. Distribution and habitat: Primary or advanced secondary growth humid forests in the Choc��-Magdalena ecoregion, from Bolivar State and the Magdalena Valley in Colombia, south to Pichincha, Ecuador. Up to an elevation of 1500 m. Type material: Holotype: AMNH 123271 (adult male) collected by Mrs E. L. Kerr. from Bagado, Choc��, Colombia (5�� 25��� 0.12������ N 76�� 24��� 0������ W) on 25 September 1912. Description: Small body size, similar to T. tenellus, but overlapping substantially with T. rufus. Bill poorly serrated. Males: Uppertail varying from plain green to greenish-copper. All plumage patches vary from cooler to warmer hues along a northwards gradient from NW Ecuador to the contact zone with T. tenellus in the NW Choc�� and extending into the Magdalena Valley. Mantle less-bright coppery-green. Rump generally more blue-green and less bright. Chest bright blue-green to golden-green. The white breast band is usually present but mostly inconspicuous. Subterminal tailband of greener coloration present or absent. Terminal tailband widest of all taxa. Undertail barring varies from relatively broad to relatively narrow black bar widths and moderate to low percentage areas black on a northwards gradient (Supporting Information, Fig. S3). Some individuals from the northern part of this species range possess a combination of exceptionally broad white bars and narrow black bars on the undertail that is unique compared to all other taxa. In contrast, the wing panel barring varies from having narrow to broad black bars and low to high percentage area black along this same gradient (Supporting Information, Fig. S4), whilst the barring density is low and white bars relatively broad. Females: Head colour poorly saturated, varying from darker, redder Dark Brown to Very Dark Brown to yellower, lighter Dark Brown to Dark Yellowish Brown, sometimes even Dark Olive Brown, along a northerly gradient. Mantle more to less yellow and poorly saturated Dark Olive Brown. Chest usually duller and darker Olive Brown to Dark Olive Brown, sometimes with Dark Yellowish Brown hues in the north. Belly yellow. The uppertail is poorly saturated and sometimes even darker, more reddish Dark Reddish Brown, occasionally as saturated as in T.tenellus in the north. Undertail always with extensive brown wash. Undertail barring with generally narrow black bars, broad white bars, moderate density and low percentage area black. Wing panel with moderate to broad black bars, narrow to broad light brown bars, low density and high percentage area black. Bareparts: Eye-rings yellow, sometimes greenishyellow in males. Tarsi mostly olive, or grey in about a quarter of females and a minority of males, and rarely blue-grey. Song: A drawn-out song with many notes per phrase, slow pace, short introductory note and loudsong note durations, long pause following the introductory note, moderately high peak and low introductory note frequencies, moderate introductory note high frequency, moderate loudsong note frequencies, moderate introductory note bandwidth and narrow loudsong note bandwidth., Published as part of Dickens, Jeremy Kenneth, Bitton, Pierre-Paul, Bravo, Gustavo A. & Silveira, Lu��s F��bio, 2021, Species limits, patterns of secondary contact and a new species in the Trogon rufus complex (Aves: Trogonidae), pp. 499-540 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2) on pages 27-29, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa169, http://zenodo.org/record/4681336, {"references":["Chapman FM. 1914. Diagnoses of apparently new Colombian birds III. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natrual History 33: 606.","Cory CB. 1919. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Field Museum of Natural History Zoological Series 13: 325 - 327.","Peters JL. 1945. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge: Harvard University Press."]}

TROGON TENELLUS CABANIS, 1862 Proposed English name: Graceful black-throated trogon. Trogon tenellus Cabanis, 1862, Journ. f��r Ornith., 10 no.57, p. 173, Costa Rica. ��� Pothinus tenellus Cabanis & Heine, 1862 ���63, Mus. Hein., part IV, p. 181. ��� Trogon atricollis (Race B) Grant, 1892, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 17, pp. 455���458. ��� Trogon atricollis tenellus Richmond, 1893, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 513. ��� Trogon chrysomelas Richmond, 1893, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 513: Escondo River, Nicaragua (melaniscitc adult male) ��� Trogon atricollis Salvin and Godman, 1888, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, II, p. 458. ��� Trogon atricollis Ihering & Ihering, 1907, Part. Catal. Fauna Brasil., I, Aves, p. 158, from Rio Grande do Sul to Central America. ��� Trogonurus curucui tenellus Ridgway, 1911, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 50 (5), p. 764. ��� Trogon rufus Snethlage, 1914, Part. Bol. Mus. Goeldi. 8, p. 208. ��� Trogonurus curucui tenellus Cory, 1919, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser., 13, p. 325. ��� Trogonurus rufus tenellus Stone, 1928, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 80, p. 158. ��� Trogon rufus tenellus Todd, 1943, Proc. Biol.Soc. Wash. 56, p. 11. ��� Trogon rufus tenellus Peters, 1945, Checklist of Birds of the World, Vol. 5, p. 157 Diagnosis: Blue, blue-grey, grey or white eye-rings differentiate it from T. cupreicauda, T. r. sulphureus and T. r. amazonicus. Blue-grey tarsi usually distinct against T. cupreicauda, T. r. sulphureus and T. r. amazonicus. Small size and poorly serrated bill compared to T. chrysochloros. Males: The uppertail is bluer than all others in the complex besides some individuals of T. r. rufus. The rest of the iridescent plumage is generally brighter than all other species, besides the upperchest and uppertail of T. cupreicauda. The chest is also warmer than all besides T. cupreicauda. Breast band presence diagnostic against T. r. sulphureus and T. r. amazonicus. The undertail black bar widths and intermediate percentage area black are generally greater than individuals of T. cupreicuada, particularly those near the contact zone but may be similar to more southerly individuals. Wing coverts usually have narrower black bars and lower percentage area black, particularly compared to southerly specimens of T. cupreicauda but may be similar to those nearer the contact zone. They also generally have a narrower black band at the tip of the uppertail compared to T. cupreicauda. Compared to T. r. rufus and T. r. amazonicus, the undertail has broader black bars, lower barring density and generally broader white bars and higher percentage area black, whilst the wing panel barring is less dense and has a lower percentage area black with generally broader white bars than T. r. rufus. From T. r. sulphureus, they differ by having wing panel barring with much narrower black bars and lower percentage area black. However, the undertail barring is similar but differs overall by having slightly broader black bars, lower density and higher percentage areas black. In relation to T. chrysochloros, the barring densities and percentage areas black of the undertail and wing panel are much lower, undertail bar widths are much broader, white wing panel bars broader but black bars generally narrower. Females: The head is generally yellower, more saturated and brighter than all other taxa. In contrast the chest is usually less yellowish but more saturated. The undertail generally has broader black bars and a higher percentage area black than all besides T. r. sulphureus, whilst the wing panel generally has a lower percentage area black than all other taxa and narrower black bars than all besides T. chrysochloros. Compared to T. cupreicauda, the plumage is generally yellower, more saturated and brighter, except against a handful of individuals near the contact zone, and lacks an extensive brown undertail wash. Compared to T. r. rufus and T. r. sulphureus, the mantle is yellower and less saturated overall, and the chest generally yellower, more saturated and less bright. The uppertail is also generally less saturated than T. r. sulphureus and southern specimens of T. r. rufus. The barring is usually less dense overall and wing panel light brown bars are generally broader than in T. r. rufus, whilst undertail and wing panel light brown bars are narrower and density higher than in T. r. sulphureus. Against T. r. amazonicus, the uppertail saturation is lower, whilst there are also subtle differences in coloration, namely a slightly less saturated mantle, and less yellow, saturated and bright chest. The undertail barring density is also slightly lower and wing panel light brown bars slightly broader. Compared to T. chrysochloros, the uppertail saturation is lower, chest less yellow and generally less saturated, baring densities lower, and wing panel light brown bars broader. Song: Diagnosed from neighbouring T. cupreicauda by fewer notes per phrase, longer note durations and generally higher note frequencies, particularly the introductory note high frequency. Note frequencies, particularly the introductory note high frequency, are higher than for T. rufus subspecies. Fewer notes per phrase, slower pace and longer durations of notes and pause following introductory note than T. chrysochloros. Distribution and habitat: Primary and secondary humid forests (often with bamboo) in Central America; from southern Guatemala and northern Honduras south to the extreme north-western portion of Choc�� Department, Colombia. Unrecorded but presumably present in El Salvador given faunal similarities with neighbouring countries. Up to an elevation of 1300 m. Type material: Holotype: (missing) ZMB 16402 (subadult male) collected by Frantzius, V from ��� Costa Rica���. Last recorded in the Museum f��r Naturkunde ��� Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin (MfN). Description: Small body size, similar to T. cupreicauda, but overlapping substantially with T. rufus. Shortest tail length of all taxa. Bill poorly serrated. Males: Uppertail mostly blue green but varying from deep blue to plain green. Individuals with shiny olive-green uppertails (> 554 nm) are rare with only a single record (UCLA 22738) from Costa Rica, far from the contact zone with T. cupreiauda. Subterminal band absent. Head and mantle copperygreen. Rump typically plain-green. Chest usually bright golden-green. Belly yellow. The breast band is usually complete, sometimes inconspicuous and rarely absent. The undertail barring has broad black bars, relatively broad white bars, low density and moderate percentage area black, whilst the terminal tailband is generally narrow. The wing panel barring has narrow black bars, relatively broad white bars, low density and low percentage area black. Females: Head generally yellower, more saturated and bright Dark Brown to Dark Yellowish Brown, occasionally even Dark Olive Brown or rarely Very Dark Brown. Mantle generally yellower, poorly saturated Dark Olive Brown to Dark Yellowish Brown. Chest moderately to more yellow, more saturated, light to dark Olive Brown, Dark Olive Brown to Dark Yellowish Brown. Belly yellow. Uppertail moderately saturated Dark Reddish Brown. Undertail wash limited to the base of the rectrices, or completely absent, with only a small fraction present in which it edges the black at the base of the rectrices (not visible in natural position). Undertail barring with broad black bars, narrow white bars, moderate density and high percentage area black. Wing panel barring with narrow black bars, moderate light brown bars, moderate density and generally low percentage area black. Bareparts: Eye-ring, in males, usually blue, sometimes blue-grey with small minorities grey or green. In females, the eye-ring is usually blue-grey and less often blue. Tarsi usually grey or blue-grey in both sexes, the later usually distinctive against T. cupreicauda, with small minorities pink to purplishgrey in females and a single male recorded with olive. Song: Distinctively feeble song with few notes per phrase, moderately slow pace, relatively long introductory note and loudsong note durations, moderately long pause after the introductory note, introductory note moderately high peak and low frequencies and high high-frequency, loudsong notes moderately high peak and low frequencies and high high-frequency. Narrow introductory and loudsong note bandwidths. A particularly large proportion of recordings contained two-note phrases (30.6%) compared to all other taxa., Published as part of Dickens, Jeremy Kenneth, Bitton, Pierre-Paul, Bravo, Gustavo A. & Silveira, Lu��s F��bio, 2021, Species limits, patterns of secondary contact and a new species in the Trogon rufus complex (Aves: Trogonidae), pp. 499-540 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa169, http://zenodo.org/record/4681336, {"references":["Cabanis JL, Heine F. 1862. Museum Heineanum: Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. Halbertstadt: R. Frantz.","Grant WRO. 1892. Catalogue of the Picariae in the collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of birds in the British Museum 17: 455 - 458. London: Trustees of the British Museum.","von Ihering H, von Ihering R. 1907. As aves do Brazil. In: Paulista M, ed. Catalogos da Fauna Brasileira. Sao Paulo: Typographia do Diario Official, 158.","Cory CB. 1919. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Field Museum of Natural History Zoological Series 13: 325 - 327.","Peters JL. 1945. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge: Harvard University Press."]}

TROGON RUFUS RUFUS GMELIN, 1788 Proposed English name: Guianan black-throated trogon. ���Yellow-bellied Green Cuckoo��� Edwards, 1764, Gleanings of Nat. Hist., III, p. 256, pl. 331 ��� Trogon rufus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., I, p. 404 [based on the illustration of ���Le Courucou �� queue rousse de Cayenne���, Buffon & d���Aubenton, 1765���81, Hist Nat des Ois. 6, p. 293, pl. 736, and the ���Rufous Curucui���, Latham, 1782, Gen. Syn. 1(2), p. 490, pl. XXI], Cayenne ��� Trogon atricollis Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. D���Hist. Nat. VIII, p. 318 (based on ���Le Couroucou aranga��� LeVaillant in Couroucous, pl. 8), Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad ��� Trogon atricollis Gould, 1838, a monograph of the Trogonidae or family of the Trogons, p. 39, pl. 8 (synonymising rufus with atricollis) ��� Trogon lepturus Swainson, 1838, Animals in Mengaries, part iii, p. 331 [composite species referring to Buffon & d���Aubenton���s ���Le Courucou �� queue rousse de Cayenne��� (= T. r. rufus female), pl. 736 and ���Couroucou de Cayenne���, pl. 195 (= T. viridis Linnaeus, 1766 subadult male), Cayenne] ��� Pothinus atricollis Cabanis & Heine, 1862 ���63, Mus.Hein., part IV, no. 1, pp. 180���181 ��� Trogon atricollis Pelzeln J, 1868, Zur Orn. Bras., pp. 226���331: Borba (right bank Rio Madeira), Marabitanas Cucu�� (upper Rio Negro) and Barra do Rio Negro (= Manaus) ��� Trogon atricollis (Race A) Grant, 1892, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., 17, pp. 455���458: Dutch Guiana (= Suriname) (Demerara), British Guiana (Bartica Grove) and Barra do Rio Negro (= Manaus) ��� Trogon atricollis atricollis Richmond, 1893, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 513 ��� Trogon atricollis Ihering & Ihering, 1907, Part. Catal. Fauna Brasil., I, Aves, p. 158, Rio Grande do Sul to Central America ��� Trogon rufus Berlepsch, 1908, Novitates Zoologicae 15, p. 277 ��� Trogonurus curucui curucui Ridgway, 1911, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 50 (5), p. 764 ��� Trogon rufus Snethlage, 1914, Part. Bol. Mus. Goeldi. 8, p. 208: Rio Guam�� (Sta. Maria de S. Miguel), Obidos, Rio Jamund�� (Faro) ��� Trogonurus curucui curucui Cory, 1919, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser., 13, p. 325 ��� Trogonurus rufus rufus Stone, 1928, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 80, p. 158 ��� Trogonurus rufus rufus Pinto, 1938, Rev. Mus. Paul. 22, p. 289 ��� Trogon curucui curucui Griscom and Greenway, 1941, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 88, pp.180���181 ��� Trogon rufus rufus, Todd, 1943, Proc. Biol.Soc. Wash. 56, p. 11. Upper Arucau�� and Obidos, Brazil, Tamanoir and Pied Saut, French Guiana, and Rio Mocho, Venezuela ��� Trogon rufus rufus Peters, 1945, Check-list of Birds of the World, Vol 5, p. 157 ��� Trogon rufus rufus Zimmer, 1948, American Museum Novitates (1380), pp. 26���31 ��� Trogon rufus rufus Pinto, 1950, Pape��es Avilsos de Zoologia, 9(9), pp. 89���136 ��� Trogon rufus rufus Pinto, 1978, Novo Catal. das Aves do Brasil, 1�� Parte, p. 218. S Venezuela, the Guianas and north Brazil (east of the Rio Negro and Madeira). Diagnosis: White, grey, blue or blue-grey eye-ring diagnostic against T. r. sulphureus, T. r. amazonicus and T. cupreicauda. Bill less serrated and body size smaller than in T. chrysochloros. Males: Compared to other Amazonian subspecies the uppertail is greener (��� 587 nm), subterminal band of greener coloration absent and white breast band present or absent. Rump and chest also generally bluer-green. The undertail and wing panel have denser barring, narrower black bars and generally narrower white bars than T. r. sulphureus. Against T. r. amazonicus, wing panels have narrower white bars and greater density. Uppertail hue usually higher than T. tenellus, with narrower black bars and greater barring density on the undertail, and narrower white bars and higher density on the wing panel. Compared to T. cupreicauda, uppertail hue usually lower, undertail barring denser with narrower white bars, whilst wing panel black bars are narrower than in southern individuals. Compared to T. chrysochloros, the undertail and wingpanel barring are less dense, the percentage area black lower and white bars narrower. Females: Only safely separable from T. r. sulphureus and T. r. amazonicus by blue eye ring in some individuals. Still, compared to T. r. sulphureus the undertail and wing panel are usually more densely barred with narrower light brown bars, whilst in northern specimens the head is a darker, more reddish brown, chest lighter but less saturated and uppertail less saturated. The same trends in coloration separate it from T. r. amazonicus but the barring is similar. Against T. chrysochloros, the wing panel barring is less dense and black bars broader, uppertail saturation lower, head darker, more saturated and redder, mantle less yellow but more saturated, and chest less yellow and lighter. Against T. tenellus, the wing panel has broader black bars, higher percentage area black and generally greater density, the head and mantle are warmer and less saturated, chest usually less saturated and southern individuals (close to the Amazon River) have more saturated uppertails. The lack of an extensive brown wash on the undertail, broad wing panel black bars, relatively high undertail barring density and narrow white bars, and more saturated uppertail colour differentiate it from T. cupreicauda. Southern individuals also generally have a less saturated heads but more saturated mantles and chests. Song: The lowest note frequencies of all taxa. Fewer notes per phrase, slower pace, longer note and pause durations and lower note frequencies than T. chrysochloros. Lower frequencies than T. tenellus. Fewer notes, lower frequencies and longer note durations than T. cupreicauda. Not safely separable from other Amazonian subspecies, although introductory note frequencies, especially low frequency, generally lower than in T. r. sulphureus. Compared to T. r. amazonicus, it generally has fewer notes per phrase, faster pace and a lower frequency introductory note with slightly shorter duration. Distribution and habitat: Primary and advanced secondary growth humid forests of the Guiana Shield, including the Tepuis, from the east bank of the upper Rio Negro south to the Lower Amazon, in French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela and Brazil. Up to an elevation of 1000 m. Absent from Maraj�� Island. Intergrades zone with T. r. amazonicus on the southern bank of the Lower Amazon. Type material: Holotype: Plate of ���Couroucou �� queue rousse de Cayenne��� (= Russet-tailed Curucui) ex Buffon Abbreviations correspond to Munsell hues: Y = Yellow, R = Red, YR = halfway between Yellow and Red. & Daubenton 1765���81, pl. enl 736, from ���Cayenne��� (= French Guiana). Description: Both sexes are small compared to T. chrysochloros but generally larger than T. tenellus, T. cupreicauda and T. r. amazonicus. Males: Uppertail typically plain-green but varying from bottle-green (rarely more bluish) to shiny olive-green. Subterminal band of greener coloration absent. Head and mantle coppery green. Rump and chest generally more bluegreen. Belly yellow. Breast band usually present and complete, less often absent or incomplete. The wingpanel barring is moderately dense with narrow black bars, moderate white bars and low percentage area black. The white bars become narrower and barring denser on a northerly gradient so northern specimens have a more pronounced difference from Amazonian subspecies than those from closer to the Amazon River. Moderate terminal tailband width. Females: Brown coloration generally warmer, darker and less saturated than other taxa. Head is mostly warmer, less saturated and generally darker Dark to Very Dark Brown. The mantle varies from more to less yellow and less to more saturated Dark Yellowish Brown to Dark Olive Brown in a southerly direction towards the Amazon River. Chest is generally more-yellow, moderately saturated and generally lighter Olive Brown, sometimes with warmer Dark Yellowish Brown hues. Belly yellow. Uppertail Dark Reddish Brown, varying from poorly to highly saturated in a southerly direction. Brown wash on undertail usually restricted to the area surrounding the black patch at the base of the rectrices (not visible in natural position), less often restricted to the base or absent. Undertail with narrow black and white bars, high barring density and a moderate percentage area black. Wing panel with moderate black bars widths, narrow light brown bars, moderate to high barring density and generally high percentage area black. Bareparts: Male eye-ring usually white or blue, less often grey, blue-grey or green. Female eye-ring usually blue-grey, blue or grey, sometimes white. Tarsi mostly grey, less often olive, uncommonly pink to purplishgrey. Bill yellow-green to yellow, occasionally grey, less vivid in females with black along culmen ridge until just posterior to the tip of the bill. Iris brown to black. Song: A simple phrase of around three repeated notes, moderate pace, relatively long introductory note and moderate loudsong note durations, moderate pause following introductory note, low introductory note frequencies, low loudsong note frequencies and narrow introductory and loudsong note bandwidths. Twenty-one per cent of songs contained two-note phrases. The similar frequencies of the introductory note compared to the loudsong notes gives it a less ���introductory��� quality than in other taxa., Published as part of Dickens, Jeremy Kenneth, Bitton, Pierre-Paul, Bravo, Gustavo A. & Silveira, Lu��s F��bio, 2021, Species limits, patterns of secondary contact and a new species in the Trogon rufus complex (Aves: Trogonidae), pp. 499-540 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2) on pages 13-21, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa169, http://zenodo.org/record/4681336, {"references":["Gmelin JF. 1788. Systema naturae per regina tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, characteribus, diffeentiis, synonymis, locis. Leipzig: George Emanuel Beer.","Latham J. 1782. A general synopsis of birds, Vol. II. London: Printed for Benj. White.","Gould J. 1838. A monograph of the Trogonidae or family of the Trogons. London: published by the author.","Cabanis JL, Heine F. 1862. Museum Heineanum: Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. Halbertstadt: R. Frantz.","Grant WRO. 1892. Catalogue of the Picariae in the collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of birds in the British Museum 17: 455 - 458. London: Trustees of the British Museum.","von Ihering H, von Ihering R. 1907. As aves do Brazil. In: Paulista M, ed. Catalogos da Fauna Brasileira. Sao Paulo: Typographia do Diario Official, 158.","Cory CB. 1919. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Field Museum of Natural History Zoological Series 13: 325 - 327.","Griscom L, Greenway JC. 1941. Birds of lower Amazonia. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University 88: 180.","Peters JL. 1945. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge: Harvard University Press."]}

TROGON RUFUS SULPHUREUS (SPIX, 1824) Proposed English name: Western black-throated trogon. Trogon sulphureus Spix, 1824, Av. Sp. Nov. Brasil. 1, p. 48 pl. 38 g.1 ��� Tabatinga, Brazil. ��� Aganus devillei Cabanis & Heine 1862 ���1863, Mus. Hein., part IV, no. 1, p. 191, footnote: Santa Maria (= South of Pebas, Per��), Peru [based on Trogon meridionalis Deville & Des murs, 1849, (nec Swainson), Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 1, p. 333]. ��� Pothinus sulphureus Cabanis & Heine, 1862 ���63, Mus. Hein., part IV, no. 1, p. 184. ��� Trogon atricollis Pelzeln J, 1868, Zur Orn. Bras., pp. 226��� 331: Borba (right bank Rio Madeira), Marabitanas Cucu�� (upper Rio Negro) and Barra do Rio Negro (= Manaus). ��� Trogon atricollis (Race A) Grant, 1892, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., 17, pp. 455���458: Borba (Rio Madeira), Eastern Peru and Ecuador. ��� Trogon atricollis atricollis Richmond, 1893, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 513. ��� Trogon atricollis Ihering, 1904, Rev. Mus. Paul. VI, p. 444: Rio Juru��. ��� Trogon atricollis Hellmayr, 1906, Abhandl. K. Bayer. akad. Wissens. II KI., XXII, p. 596 (in reference to sulphureus Spix) ��� Trogon atricollis atricollis Hellmayr, 1906, Novit. Zool., 13, p. 380, Prata (near Bel��m). ��� Trogon atricollis Ihering & Ihering, 1907, Part. Catal. Fauna Brasil., I, Aves, p. 158, from Rio Grande do Sul to Central America. ��� Trogon rufus rufus Hellmayr, 1910, Novit. Zool., 17, p. 387, Borba and Humayta (= Humaita), Rio Madeira. ��� Trogonurus curucui curucui Ridgway, 1911, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 50 (5), p. 764. ��� Trogon rufus Snethlage, 1914, Part. Bol. Mus. Goeldi. 8, p. 208, Rio Guam�� (Sta. Maria de S. Miguel), Rio Tapajos (Villa Braga), Rio Pur��s, Rio Jamund�� (Faro). ��� Trogonurus curucui curucui Cory, 1919, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser., 13, p. 325. ��� Trogonurus rufus rufus Stone, 1928, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 80, p. 158. ��� Trogonurus rufus devillei Stone, 1928, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 80, p. 158 (in reference to Aganus devillei Cabanis & Heine 1862 ���63). ��� Trogonurus rufus devillei Zimmer, 1930, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser., 17, p. 295, Puerto Bermudez, Peru (in reference to Aganus devillei Cabanis & Heine 1863). ��� Trogonurus rufus rufus Pinto 1938. Rev. Mus. Paul. 22, p. 289. ��� Trogon curucui sulphureus Griscom & Greenway, 1941, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 88, pp. 180���181. ��� Trogon rufus sulphureus Todd, 1943, Proc. Biol.Soc. Wash. 56, p. 11. Hyutanahan, Tonantins and Manacapur��, Brazil. ��� Trogon rufus devillei Gyldenstolpe, 1945, Kungl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., 22 (3), pp. 85���87 (not in reference to sulphureus Spix): Igarap�� Grande, Rio Juru��. ��� Trogon rufus sulphureus Peters, 1945, Checklist of Birds of the World, Vol. 5, p. 157. ��� Trogon rufus rufus Friedman, 1948, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 97, p. 425, Salto do Hu�� and Rio Maturac�� (upper Rio Negro, Brazil) and Bra��o Cassiquiare plus Cerro Japacana (upper Orinoco, Venezuela). ��� Trogon rufus sulphureus Zimmer, 1948, American Museum Novitates (1380), pp. 26���31. ��� Trogon rufus sulphureus Pinto, 1950, Pape��es Avilsos de Zoologia, 9(9), pp. 89���136. ��� Trogon rufus sulphureus Gyldenstolpe, 1951, Ark. F. Zool., Kungl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., 22 (3), pp. 85���87, female from Igarap�� Castanha, Amazonas, Brazil. [He also refers to his earlier identification of Trogon rufus devillei (Gyldenstolpe, 1945) from the Rio Juru�� as erroneous renaming it T. r. sulphureus.] ��� Trogon rufus sulphureus Pinto, 1978, Novo Catal. das Aves do Brasil, 1a Parte, p. 218, Western Amazonia, including S Venezuela (Cassiquaire), E Ecuador, NE Peru and Brazil west of the Negro and Madeira rivers. Diagnosis: Yellow to greenish-yellow eye-ring diagnostic against T. r. rufus, T. chrysochloros and T. tenellus. Usually smaller with less serrated bill than T. chrysochloros. Males: The coppery-green to reddish uppertail with a subterminal band of greener coloration and breast band absence are diagnostic against T. tenellus, T. cupreicauda and T. r. rufus. Compared to T. r. rufus and T. r. amazonicus, the undertail barring is less dense with broader black bars. Furthermore, the wing panel has lower barring density, broader black and white bars and higher percentage area black than T. r. rufus, whilst the percentage area black is distinctly higher, and black bars broader in T. r. amazonicus, which also usually has a lower uppertail hue. Compared to T. chrysochloros, the undertail and wing panel barring have much broader white bars and lower barring densities. From T. tenellus, they may be further distinguished by having broader black bars and higher percentage area black on the wing panel. From T. cupreicauda, they differ by usually possessing a warmer uppertail hue (> 619 nm), absent breast band, and broader black bars and higher percentage areas black on the undertail and wing panel. Females: Not completely separable from other Amazonian subspecies. Usually diagnosable from northern specimens of T. r. rufus by their generally brighter, more yellow-brown head and more saturated uppertail. The undertail and wing-panel baring are less dense with broader black and light brown bars than T. chrysochloros and usually also T. r. rufus and T. r. amazonicus. The head is generally also less yellow, more saturated and darker, mantle less yellow, and chest less yellow and more saturated compared to T. chrysochloros. Mantle and chest often less yellow than T. r. amazonicus. Compared to T. cupreicauda, they lack the extensive brown undertail wash, have a more saturated uppertail colour, generally more saturated and yellower brown head, and brighter and more saturated chest. Also, the undertail barring is less dense with generally broader black and white bars and wing panel barring denser. Compared to T. tenellus, the wing panel has broader black bars, a higher percentage area black and sometimes lower density, whilst the undertail has broader white bars, lower barring density and sometimes lower percentage area black. Furthermore, the head is not as yellow, saturated or bright and the mantle less yellow, whilst the chest is usually brighter and yellower and uppertail more saturated. Song: Fewer notes per phrase, slower pace, longer note and pause durations, lower note frequencies and narrower note bandwidths than T.chrysochloros. Lower note frequencies than T. tenellus. Fewer notes and longer note durations than T. cupreicauda. Not safely separable from other Amazonian subspecies, although generally has higher note frequencies, particularly of the first note, giving it a more ���introductory��� quality compared to T. r. rufus. From T. r. amazonicus, it differs by having generally fewer notes per phrase and faster pace. Distribution and habitat: Terra firme forests of western Amazonia, west of the Branco-Negro and Madeira Rivers and south of the Tepuis, in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, extreme NE Bolivia and Brazil. Rare in SE Peru and NE Bolivia. Up to an elevation of ~ 1200 m. An intergradation zone with T. r. amazonicus stretches along both banks of the Madeira River. Type material: Lectotype: ZSM-B35 (adult male), Tabatinga (��� in sylvis Tabatingae ���), Rio Solim��es, Brazil, collected by Spix. Female syntype long known to be a female T. ramonianus Gmelin, 1788. Description: Although relatively small, this is the only taxon that occasionally overlaps in size and bill serration with T. chrysochloros but is generally larger than T. tenellus, T. cupreicauda and T. r. amazonicus. Males: Uppertail notably coppery but varying from deep reddish-copper to slightly coppery-green. Subterminal band of greener coloration present. Head and mantle coppery green. Rump usually more golden-green. Chest usually more blue-green. Belly yellow. Breast band absent but occasionally present in individuals from the base of the Andes. Undertail with moderate barring density and black bar widths, relatively broad white bars and moderately low percentage area black. The wing-panel barring has the broadest black bars of all taxa, relatively broad white bars, low barring density and high percentage area black. Moderate terminal tailband width. Females: Head generally yellower, less saturated and lighter Dark Brown to Dark Yellowish Brown. Mantle, relatively less yellow and poorly to moderately saturated Dark Yellowish Brown to Dark Olive Brown. Chest yellower, more saturated and relatively light Olive Brown to Dark Yellowish Brown. Belly yellow. Uppertail generally more saturated Dark Reddish Brown. Brown wash on undertail usually only edging to basal black patch or less often restricted to base of outer rectrices (not visible in natural position). Undertail barring with broad black and white bars, low density and low to relatively high percentage area black. Wing panel with moderate to broad black and light brown bars, moderate to low barring density and generally high percentage area black. Bareparts: In both sexes, eyering yellow or greenish-yellow with occasional records of individuals with green or blue-grey eye-rings from the base of the Andes. Tarsi olive throughout most of range with a minority grey, particularly along the base of the Andes, where a single specimen with blue-grey tarsi was also recorded. Song: Few notes per phrase, moderately slow pace, relatively long introductory and loudsong note durations, moderate duration pause following the introductory note, introductory note with moderately low peak and high frequencies and low low-frequency, loudsong notes with moderately low peak and high frequencies and low low-frequency. Narrow introductory note and loudsong note bandwidths. Similar to T. r. rufus but with a higher first note, giving it a more ���introductory��� quality. Ten percent of songs contained two-note phrases., Published as part of Dickens, Jeremy Kenneth, Bitton, Pierre-Paul, Bravo, Gustavo A. & Silveira, Lu��s F��bio, 2021, Species limits, patterns of secondary contact and a new species in the Trogon rufus complex (Aves: Trogonidae), pp. 499-540 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2) on pages 21-23, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa169, http://zenodo.org/record/4681336, {"references":["Cabanis JL, Heine F. 1862. Museum Heineanum: Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. Halbertstadt: R. Frantz.","Grant WRO. 1892. Catalogue of the Picariae in the collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of birds in the British Museum 17: 455 - 458. London: Trustees of the British Museum.","Hellmayr CE. 1906. Revision der Spix'schen Typen Brasilianische Vogel. Abhandlungen der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften 22: 41 - 596.","von Ihering H, von Ihering R. 1907. As aves do Brazil. In: Paulista M, ed. Catalogos da Fauna Brasileira. Sao Paulo: Typographia do Diario Official, 158.","Cory CB. 1919. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Field Museum of Natural History Zoological Series 13: 325 - 327.","Griscom L, Greenway JC. 1941. Birds of lower Amazonia. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University 88: 180.","Gyldenstolpe N. 1945. The bird fauna of the Rio Jurua in western Brazil. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien Handlingar (Trejde Serien) 22: 85 - 87.","Peters JL. 1945. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.","Gyldenstolpe N. 1951. The ornithology of the Rio Purus region in western Brazil. Arkiv for Zoologi 2: 94 - 95.","Gmelin JF. 1788. Systema naturae per regina tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, characteribus, diffeentiis, synonymis, locis. Leipzig: George Emanuel Beer."]}

TROGON RUFUS GMELIN, 1788 Proposed English name: Amazonian black-throated trogon., Published as part of Dickens, Jeremy Kenneth, Bitton, Pierre-Paul, Bravo, Gustavo A. & Silveira, Lu��s F��bio, 2021, Species limits, patterns of secondary contact and a new species in the Trogon rufus complex (Aves: Trogonidae), pp. 499-540 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2) on page 13, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa169, http://zenodo.org/record/4681336, {"references":["Gmelin JF. 1788. Systema naturae per regina tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, characteribus, diffeentiis, synonymis, locis. Leipzig: George Emanuel Beer."]}

TROGON RUFUS AMAZONICUS TODD, 1943 Proposed English name: Eastern black-throated trogon. Trogon atricollis Pelzeln J, 1868, Zur Orn. Bras., pp. 226���331, Borba (right bank Rio Madeira), Barra do Rio Negro (= Manaus), and Marabitanas Cucu�� (upper Rio Negro). ��� Trogon atricollis (Race A) Grant, 1892, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., 17, pp. 455���458, Borba (Rio Madeira), Eastern Peru and Ecuador. ��� Trogon atricollis atricollis Hellmayr, 1906, Novit. Zool., 13, p. 380: Prata (near Bel��m). ��� Trogon rufus rufus Hellmayr, 1910, Novit. Zool., 17 p. 387 [Borba and Humayta (= Humaita)], Rio Madeira. ��� Trogonurus curucui curucui Ridgway, 1911, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.50 (5), p.764 ��� Trogon rufus Snethlage, 1914, Part. Bol. Mus. Goeldi. 8, p. 208: Rio Guam�� (Sta. Maria de S. Miguel), Rio Tapajos (Villa Braga), Rio Pur��s, Rio Jamund�� (Faro). ��� Trogonurus curucui curucui Cory, 1919, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser., 13, p. 325. ��� Trogonurus rufus rufus Stone, 1928, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 80, p. 158. ��� Trogonurus rufus rufus Pinto, 1938, Rev. Mus. Paul. 22, p. 289. ��� Trogon curucui sulphureus Griscom & Greenway, 1941, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 88, pp. 180���181. ��� Trogon rufus amazonicus Todd, 1943, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 56, p. 11, Villa Braga (left bank Rio Tapajos), Brazil. ��� Trogon rufus amazonicus Pinto, 1947, Arquic. de Zool. do Est, de S��o Paulo, 5, p. 371, Rio Arapiuns. ��� Trogon rufus amazonicus Zimmer, 1948. American Museum Novitates no. 1380, pp. 26���31. ��� Trogon rufus rufus Pinto, 1950, Pape��es Avilsos de Zoologia, 9(9), pp. 89���136. ��� Trogon rufus sulphureus Gyldenstolpe, 1951, Ark. F. Zool., Kungl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., 22 (3), pp. 85���87: female from Igarap�� Castanha, Amazonas, Brazil. ��� Trogon rufus rufus Pinto, 1978, Novo Catal. das Aves do Brasil, 1a Parte, p. 218, S Venezuela, the Guianas and north Brazil, east of the Rio Negro and Madeira. Diagnosis: Yellow or greenish-yellow eye-rings diagnostic against T. r. rufus, T. chrysochloros and T. tenellus. Smaller, with less serrated bill than T. chrysochloros. Males: Uppertail hue warmer (more coppery) than T. r. rufus (> 587 nm) but generally cooler (greener) than T. r. sulphureus. Subterminal band of greener coloration present and breast band usually absent, unlike in T. r. rufus, T. chrysochloros, T. tenellus and sometimes T. cupreicuada. Compared to T. r. rufus, the wing panel barring is less dense and percentage area black lower due to the broader white wing bars. Compared to T. r. sulphureus, the undertail barring is denser with narrower black and white bars, whilst the wing panel has a distinctly lower percentage area black and generally narrower black bars. Differs from T. tenellus by the more coppery uppertail, breast band absence, and denser undertail barring with narrower black bars. Compared to T. cupreicauda, the undertail barring is denser with narrower black and white bars. Females: Not safely separable from other Amazonian subspecies but the brown coloration generally more yellow-brown, and the uppertail, head and chest more saturated than in T. r. rufus. Compared to T. r. sulphureus, the undertail barring is denser with narrower black and white bars and lower percentage area black, whilst the wing-panel barring is generally denser with narrower light brown bars. In terms of coloration, the mantle is often yellower and sometimes more saturated, and the chest often yellower and brighter. Against T. chrysochloros, the undertail barring generally has a lower percentage area black and slightly lower density, the wing panel barring is generally less dense with slightly broader bar widths, the head is generally less yellow, mantle more saturated, and chest generally more saturated, and lighter. Compared to T. tenellus, the undertail barring is generally denser with narrower black bars and a lower percentage area black. The wing panel barring generally has slightly broader black bars, narrower light brown bars and greater percentage area black. The head colour is less yellow and less saturated, mantle more saturated, chest yellower, lighter and generally less saturated, and uppertail more saturated. They differ from T. cupreicauda by the lack of an extensive brown wash on the undertail, whilst the undertail and wing-panel barring are generally denser with narrower light brown bars, the brown coloration is generally more saturated, and chest lighter. Song: Fewer notes per phrase, slower pace, longer note and pause durations, lower note frequencies and narrower note bandwidths than T. chrysochloros. Lower note frequencies than T. tenellus. Fewer notes and longer note durations than T. cupreicauda. Not safely separable from other Amazonian subspecies but generally has more notes per phrase (no twonote phrases), slower pace and sometimes longer note durations. Generally higher frequencies, particularly of the fist note, which give it an ���introductory��� nature, compared to T.. rufus. Distribution and habitat: Terra firme forests of southeastern Amazonia, south of the Amazon and east of the Madeira Rivers in Brazil. An intergradation zone with T. r. rufus stretches along the southern bank of the Amazon and with T. r. sulphureus along both margins of the Madeira River. Absent from Maraj�� Island. Type material: Holotype: CM 75224 (Adult Male). Villa Braga, Tapajos R., Brazil, 01.xii.1919, S. M. Klages. Description: Smallest body mass of all taxa, although the relatively short wing and tail lengths are generally longer than for T. tenellus and T. cupreicauda but much shorter than T. chrysochloros. Males: The uppertail hue is generally slightly coppery-green but varies from deep reddish-copper to shiny olivegreen. Subterminal tailband of greener coloration present but often indistinct. Head and mantle coppery green. Rump usually more golden-green. Chest bluegreen to golden-green. Belly yellow. Breast band typically absent, although sometimes inconspicuous in intergradation zone with T. r. rufus. Undertail barring like T. r. rufus with narrow black bars, moderate white bars, moderate density and low percentage area black. Wing panel barring with narrow to moderate black bars, broad white bars, low density and relatively low percentage area black. Moderate terminal tailband width. Females: Head colour generally less saturated and darker Dark Brown to Dark Yellow Brown. Mantle, generally yellower, poorly to highly saturated Dark Yellowish Brown to Dark Olive Brown. Overall, chest slightly more saturated, lighter Olive Brown to Dark Yellowish Brown. Uppertail highly saturated Dark Reddish Brown. Extent of brown on undertail usually as edging around black patch, absent or sometimes rectriced to base of outer rectrices. Undertail barring with high bar density, narrow black bars, generally narrow white bars and low percentage area black. Wing panel barring with moderate density, moderate to broad black and light brown bars and generally high percentage area black. Bareparts: Eye-rings typically yellow or yellow-green but with a moderate number green and small numbers blue-grey, blue and white in the intergradation zone with T. r. rufus and further south in the Madeira���Tapajos interfluve. Tarsi usually grey ��� especially in the intergradation zones and Madeira���Tapajos interfluve ��� or olive and occasionally pink to purplish-grey (single female). Song: Moderate number of notes per phrase, slow pace, long introductory and loudsong note durations, moderate pause following the introductory note, introductory note with moderately low peak and high frequencies and low low-frequency, loudsong with moderately low peak and high frequencies and low lowfrequency. Narrow introductory note and loudsong note bandwidths. Similar to T. r. rufus but with a generally higher first note, giving it a more ���introductory��� quality. Two-note phrases not known from recorded songs., Published as part of Dickens, Jeremy Kenneth, Bitton, Pierre-Paul, Bravo, Gustavo A. & Silveira, Lu��s F��bio, 2021, Species limits, patterns of secondary contact and a new species in the Trogon rufus complex (Aves: Trogonidae), pp. 499-540 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2) on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa169, http://zenodo.org/record/4681336, {"references":["Grant WRO. 1892. Catalogue of the Picariae in the collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of birds in the British Museum 17: 455 - 458. London: Trustees of the British Museum.","Hellmayr CE. 1906. Revision der Spix'schen Typen Brasilianische Vogel. Abhandlungen der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften 22: 41 - 596.","Cory CB. 1919. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Field Museum of Natural History Zoological Series 13: 325 - 327.","Griscom L, Greenway JC. 1941. Birds of lower Amazonia. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University 88: 180.","Gyldenstolpe N. 1951. The ornithology of the Rio Purus region in western Brazil. Arkiv for Zoologi 2: 94 - 95."]}