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Purpose: This study aimed to examine pacing strategies and identify the stroke that has the most significant impact on overall performance in men's and women's 200-m and 400-m individual-medley events from 2000 to 2021. Methods: The time in each lap and overall race was retrieved from the World Aquatics website. The standardized time for each stroke in individual medley was calculated by dividing the actual time by a reference time specific to each stroke. The reference time was derived from the respective laps in single-stroke finals in the 2017 World Swimming Championships. The decision-tree method was used for analysis. The dependent variables were qualified or nonqualified in heats and semifinals, and winning medals in finals. The independent variables were the ratio of standardized time in each stroke to the sum of standardized time in all 4 strokes. Results: Swimmers who spent a higher ratio of standardized time in the butterfly stroke (>0.236–0.245) are associated with a higher likelihood of winning medals or qualifying for the next stage in most men's and women's 200-m and 400-m individual medley. Butterfly exhibited the highest normalized importance that distinguished medalists from nonmedalists in the finals. The front-crawl stroke is the second most important determinant in medalists in men's and women's 200-m individual medley, whereas backstroke and breaststroke were the second most important in men's and women's 400-m individual medley, respectively. Conclusion: Individual-medley swimmers who were excellent in butterfly and conserved energy in butterfly had a higher likelihood of success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breaststroke is the only competitive stroke characterised by propulsive discontinuity. It is consequently paramount that swimmers optimally coordinate limb movements in order to maintain the highest average velocity possible. The present study aimed to investigate the temporal patterns of elite breaststroke swimmers. 50 m long-course competition footage of (1) 20 male 100 m races, (2) 24 female 100 m races, (3) 15 male 200 m races, and (4) 27 female 200 m races from 2018 to 2020 were digitised and analysed. Six points within each stroke cycle were identified and used to calculate 15 temporal parameters. Analyses revealed multiple temporal pattern differences between groups based on sex and race distance. It is recommended that coaches individualise swimmers' breaststroke temporal patterns based on individual needs, strengths, and morphological characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Swimming velocity results from a combination of stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL). Previously, it was rare to find studies that discussed the pattern of SR and SL length in Olympic swimmers, especially in breaststroke swimmers, as a benchmark reference in a study. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the practical pattern of the stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL) of 100 m and 200 m breaststroke swimmers ranked first to third at the 2021 Tokyo Olympics. Methods: This study uses quantitative descriptive analysis research with non-test techniques using observation. These non-test techniques involve the systematic observation and recording of the SR and SL length of breaststroke swimmers at the 2021 Tokyo Olympics, as this study aims to determine their patterns. Results: The results of this study show: in the 100 meters breaststroke men's effective SR pattern (45-75 strokes/min) and SL length (1.33-2.14 m/stroke); 200 meters breaststroke men's effective SR pattern (33-49 strokes/min) and SL length (1.55-2.77 m/stroke); 100 meters breaststroke women's effective SR pattern (30-63 strokes/min) and SL length (1-2.14 m/stroke); and 200 meters breaststroke women's effective SR pattern (32-48 strokes/min) and SL length (1.6-2.5 m/stroke). Conclusion: This research concludes that the effective pattern of SR and SL of 100 m and 200 m breaststroke swimmers, as identified in the results, can serve as a benchmark for understanding and improving the performance of competitive breaststroke swimmers.

This study investigates the learning outcomes of Navy Cadets at Puslatdiksarmil in basic swimming, specifically breaststroke. A quantitative experimental design was used, involving 100 students divided into two groups: an experimental group receiving audiovisual and demonstration (AV-D) instruction and a control group with only demonstration (D). The performance test, based on the correctness of breaststroke technique, measured students' skills before and after treatment. A motivation questionnaire was also used to assess the impact of motivation on swimming ability. Results showed that the experimental group achieved a higher average score (73.16) compared to the control group (66.39). This indicates that AV-D significantly improves learning outcomes. Therefore, incorporating AV-D is recommended to enhance cadets' swimming abilities at Puslatdiksarmil.

The primary goal of this two-part project is to answer the rhetorical question of which strokes should be taught first, and which later (Langendorfer, 2013, Stallman, 2014a). As you have seen in Part One, we emphasize (as have many others) the need for a firm foundation before any stroke is introduced. When the learner is ready for propulsive motor competencies, there is no stroke which suits all as their first. In Part One we explored the "beginning strokes" all of which are candidates for any given learner's first stroke. We also argued that after mastering their very first stroke the learner should learn the other, "first strokes." This also broadens the base for the learning of other strokes as the learner advances to intermediate and advanced levels. Here in Part Two, we explore additional strokes, chosen as essential because of some unique quality which makes them the best solution in some specific, potential risk situation. They should, therefore, be included in any comprehensive, proactive aquatic educational program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The speedometer is widely used to evaluate swimming velocity but has some constraints. With the constant development of inertial units (IMUs), it is expected that they will become a good alternative to the speedometer. This study aimed to compare the data retrieved by an IMU and a speedometer when breaststroke is performed at maximum speed. Sixteen swimmers, nine males and seven females (20.3 ± 3.3 vs. 18.7 ± 1.1 years old, 65.8 ± 11.2 vs. 57.7 ± 9.1 kg of body mass and 1.75 ± 0.07 vs. 1.61 ± 0.10 m of height, respectively), performed 4 × 25 m of breaststroke sprint. They were equipped with an IMU fixed to the sacrum and with the line of an electromechanical speedometer (acquisition frequency of 50 Hz) fixed at the central point in the lumbar region. Statistical parametric mapping was used to compare the velocity curves, IBM SPSS was used for descriptive statistics and Bland–Altman plots were used for agreement of measurements. The results show that the IMU and speedometer do not show similar patterns, and the velocity values measured by the IMU are lower (p < 0.001). Bland–Altman plots presented a larger bias in terms of coefficient of variation and intracycle velocity variation. It can be concluded that IMUs and speedometers are not substitutes for each other as methods for evaluating intracycle velocity variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The speedometer is widely used to evaluate swimming velocity but has some constraints. With the constant development of inertial units (IMUs), it is expected that they will become a good alternative to the speedometer. This study aimed to compare the data retrieved by an IMU and a speedometer when breaststroke is performed at maximum speed. Sixteen swimmers, nine males and seven females (20.3 ± 3.3 vs. 18.7 ± 1.1 years old, 65.8 ± 11.2 vs. 57.7 ± 9.1 kg of body mass and 1.75 ± 0.07 vs. 1.61 ± 0.10 m of height, respectively), performed 4 × 25 m of breaststroke sprint. They were equipped with an IMU fixed to the sacrum and with the line of an electromechanical speedometer (acquisition frequency of 50 Hz) fixed at the central point in the lumbar region. Statistical parametric mapping was used to compare the velocity curves, IBM SPSS was used for descriptive statistics and Bland–Altman plots were used for agreement of measurements. The results show that the IMU and speedometer do not show similar patterns, and the velocity values measured by the IMU are lower (p < 0.001). Bland–Altman plots presented a larger bias in terms of coefficient of variation and intracycle velocity variation. It can be concluded that IMUs and speedometers are not substitutes for each other as methods for evaluating intracycle velocity variations.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of push-up training on improving the speed of breaststroke swimming in athletes who are members of the Palembang Tirta Sriwijaya Aquatic Club (TSAC). This study was conducted as an experiment using a one-group pretest and posttest research design. The research subjects included athletes who are part of the Palembang Tirta Sriwijaya Aquatic Club (TSAC). The research sample involved all members of age group III with an age range of 12-13 years consisting of 30 individual athletes. The tool used to measure variables is the breaststroke swimming test using a distance of 50 meters. The data analysis was conducted utilizing the T-test. Based on the analysis results, the t-value exceeded 4.762, while the t-table value was 2.045. These results indicate a significant difference between the pretest push-up and posttest push-up groups in relation to the improvement in 50-meter breaststroke swimming speed. The conclusion of this study revealed that push-up exercises had a positive impact on increasing breaststroke swimming speed as far as 50 meters.

This exercise aims to discover the Impact of Physical Education, Learning Sports, and Health on Body Mass Index and Physical Fitness Before and During the Covid 19 Pandemic at SMP Negeri 1 Losari Cirebon. Comparative research design with a research sample of 120 students. The sample in the study was taken by total sampling. The test instrument for measuring body mass index is measuring body weight with a kilogram scale and height with a meter in cm. Meanwhile, physical fitness is measured by the bleep test. The results of the study showed (1) There was an impact of learning sports and health physical education on body mass index before the covid 19 pandemic at SMP Negeri 1 Losari Cirebon (2) There was an impact of learning physical education sports and health on physical fitness before the covid 19 pandemic at SMP Negeri 1 Losari Cirebon.

The Studi Purpose. Background research this study is to help students learn to swim easily and fun so that they can do breaststroke swimming. Material and Methods. Effectivenes model fun games with 51 students as research subjects from the Faculty of Sports Science, SUP. The data collection instrument used expert validation questionnaires, documentation, and breaststroke swimming tests. The data analysis technique used independent sample t test analysis and aiken rater score. Results. Data filling out a questionnaire by swimming experts on the aquatic learning model based on fun games swimming breaststroke is 0.778 which is in the valid criteria. In the t-test obtained th 232,087 > tα 2,009. Conclusions. that there is a significant difference between the experimental class and the control class where using an aquatic learning model based on breaststroke swimming fun games has a greater influence on students' breaststroke swimming ability compared to those who do not use.

Breaststroke and butterfly are complex swimming techniques requiring refined motor skills to perform successfully, with coordinated and consistent interaction between propulsive and resistive forces being decisive when considering swimmers expertise. The current study analysed those techniques intercycle kinematic variation in two swimmers cohorts. Twenty elite and 15 national level swimmers performed one 25 m breaststroke and one 25 m butterfly sprints, with an underwater camera recording images at 120 Hz in the sagittal plane. Mean velocity, maximum and minimum velocities, stroke rate and length, intracycle velocity variation and phases relative duration were calculated for consecutive cycles (elite: five breaststroke/butterfly, national level: eight breaststroke/seven butterfly). The two highest peaks and the lower peak in between in breaststroke were also addressed. Intercycle and inter-groups analysis were performed using ANOVA, ANCOVA and Statistical Parametric Mapping. Elite and national level differed regarding breaststroke mean and maximum velocities, 1st and 2nd peaks and minimum between peaks (1.30 ± 0.02 vs 1.15 ± 0.02 m/s, 2.13 ± 0.05 vs 1.88 ± 0.06 m/s, 1.63 ± 0.05 vs 1.48 ± 0.05 m/s, 2.13 ± 0.05 vs 1.86 ± 0.05 m/s, 1.33 ± 0.04 vs 1.23 ± 0.04 m/s), and butterfly mean, maximum and minimum velocities, stroke rate and intracycle velocity variation, respectively (1.65 ± 0.01 vs 1.50 ± 0.01 m/s, 2.20 ± 0.04 vs 2.09 ± 0.04 m/s, 1.12 ± 0.04 vs 0.79 ± 0.04 m/s, (57.9 ± 0.9 vs 54.9 ± 1.0cycles/min, 18.4 ± 1.3 vs 23.7 ± 1.3 %). Elite and national level swimmers showed consistent breaststroke intercycle kinematic variation, but a butterfly mean velocity decay, with the upper limbs release and recovery, and the outsweep phases originating variability between butterfly cycles. Skill levels contrasted in technical and strategic features at sprint breaststroke and butterfly but showed similar velocity variability between consecutive swimming cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of the research is to determine the effects of the three-month program on breaststroke swimming speed. Swimming offers a variety of physical benefits for most people. For example, it strengthens large muscle groups throughout the body, including the heart. Swimming on a regular basis reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. It is widely known that swimming is a great way to positively improve mood in men and women; it can be used to reduce anxiety and depression as well. Swimming is an activity that requires the body to be in a lying, horizontal position, which relieves the spine of stress. Water provides up to 14% more resistance, which prevents making sudden movements, which ultimately leads to a reduction in injuries, and at the same time encourages strength building. All movements are efficient during swimming, and they evenly place stress on the body to improve strength and muscle building. The sample consisted of males, aged 10-12 years, of the Association of Sports and Health "Sportivo" Sarajevo. The sample of respondents for this research was represented by 44 swimmers, clinically and psychologically healthy and without significant morphological and locomotor impairments. The research was conducted at the regular training sessions of the Sports and Health Association "Sportivo" Sarajevo at the Otoka Olympic Pool, Sarajevo. The choice of variables for this research was made based on their measurement characteristics: validity, reliability, sensitivity, economy and adaptability, and appropriateness to the age of the respondents. To evaluate the speed parameters of breaststroke swimming: Swimming speed at 25m breaststroke technique - BPPT25, Swimming speed at 50m breaststroke technique - BPPT50, and Swimming speed at 100m breaststroke technique - BPPT100. It is worth noting that boys at this age consider the breaststroke technique to be a female technique, and therefore the swimming is much slower as they could not prove their superiority and competitiveness, so they did not give their best performance during the implementation of the program. In this case, the professional should include the psychological preparation of the swimmers in order to get a more efficient result in the program. The results showed that the content of the program had a positive effect on the set variables, but also showed its shortcomings, which should be included in the next project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swimming is one of the world's most popular recreational exercises and sports. Scholastic writings consistently demonstrate their physical and mental benefits. In contrast to earlier works, the current field experiment examined whether an ultrashort 50 m bout of swimming could yield positive changes in affect. It also tested whether swimming aided by steady and augmenting tempo (drumbeats) could generate additional psychological benefits, abbreviate swim time, and increase heart rate and perceived effort. Forty-eight adults completed freestyle or breaststroke 50 m laps in three counterbalanced conditions. The tempo manipulation did not influence any of the measures. However, simmers' core affect increased as manifested in higher self-reported feeling states and arousal, regardless of the experimental condition. Similarly, participants' positive affect was also increased after 50 m laps, and it was higher in breaststroke than freestyle swimmers throughout the study. No changes emerged in negative affect due to floor effects. These results show that core and positive affect improve after less than one minute of swimming, which might be the shortest ever exercise interval associated with positive psychological changes in recreational exercise. Several possible explanations could account for these findings. Therefore, further research is needed to identify the specific mechanism(s) responsible for the current results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breaststroke is a technically complex stroke characterised by discontinuous propulsive phases, large intracyclic velocity variation and low mean velocity. The performance of this stroke at an elite level is influenced by a number of biomechanical, physiological and psychological factors. The present systematic review aimed to synthesise the biomechanical factors influencing elite breaststroke swimming performance. This review aims to provide elite coaches and performance scientists with a breadth of knowledge from which training and racing interventions can be developed. Methods: Electronic searches of Medline, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases were conducted in May 2020 and March 2022. Search results that were peer-reviewed, published in English and published during or after the year 2000 were considered for review. The methodological rigour of studies was assessed using a risk of bias scale previously used for the evaluation of sports science research. Results: Thirty-eight articles were included in the present review. Articles investigated elite breaststroke performance in relation to one of the following areas: stroke kinematics, temporal patterns, neuromuscular activity, pacing and kinetics. Discussion: Kinematic, temporal and neuromuscular activity comparisons between groups of various race distance, performance or experience level, and athlete sex were common in the literature. These analyses demonstrated differences in stroke rate, stroke length, propulsive time, recovery time, glide time, sum of total integrated EMG and triceps brachii activation patterns between groups. The evaluation of various pacing strategies, and the relationship between kinetics and breaststroke performance was comparatively rare within the literature. Further research into the relationship between kinetics and breaststroke performance, and the manipulation of pacing strategy would increase the breadth of knowledge from which coaches and performance scientists can develop evidence-based training and racing interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This article aims to conduct a comparison of swimming performance during short course national championships (25-m) from 2019 and 2020 (before and during the pandemic). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data points from the championships will be compared for 5 European countries: Poland, Spain, Russia, Turkey, and Denmark. Times achieved in the finals were calculated by the analysis of variance. Post hoc pairwise comparison analysis was performed using Tukey's test. The analysis plan included the assessment of the main effects and the effect of interactions in the groups of women and men. The strength of the effect was expressed by the partial eta-squared ratio. RESULTS: Two main trends were observed in the results. The first was a greater variation in the results in the group of men than in women (12-5 differences). The second was the development and improvement of sports performance in symmetrical strokes (69% improvement in recorded times measured during the pandemic, e.g., in Poland, women on 50-m breaststroke and butterfly Δ = 0.52, p <0.001 and Δ = 0.32, p = 0.034, men on 50-m and 100-m butterfly Δ = 0.34, p = 0.003 and Δ = 1.21, p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The main conclusion of our analysis is that the pandemic influenced the development of sports performance in symmetrical techniques, i.e., in breaststroke and butterfly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breaststroker's knee is an overuse syndrome resulting from similar repetitive movements in competitive swimmers that has been described in the orthopedic literature. The typical symptoms are medial knee pain with tenderness to palpation at the tibial collateral ligament or inferomedial patella. Despite these localizing symptoms on clinical exam, arthroscopic studies have failed to demonstrate a specific structural abnormality corresponding to this syndrome, although some have reported thickened medial synovial plica, medial-predominant synovitis or patellofemoral cartilage loss in association knee pain with breaststroke swimmers. We present a case of medial knee pain in a young breaststroke swimmer with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of marrow edema in the anterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of MRI findings in breaststroker's knee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В статье представлен ряд основных стилей массовой музыки - джаз, джаз-рок, различные этно-формации (в том числе балканский стиль), ска-панк, в которых роль духовых инструментов довольно значима и даже первостепенна, что имеет исторические, культурные, социальные предпосылки. Доказано, что дионисийская (демократическая, антигламурная) сущность духовых наиболее убедительно раскрывает себя в военной (армейские духовые оркестры) и развлекательной музыке (уличные, эстрадные ансамбли и брасс-бенды). Особое значение духовые инструменты обретают в отечественной рок-музыке (так называемый «русский рок»), где симбиоз блатной песни, панка, балканского бита порождает особый анархичный настрой. Вместе с тем серьезную смысловую нагрузку духовых демонстрируют музыканты легендарной российской группы «ДДТ», где целый ряд композиций включает богатый спектр звучания (архаичные кличи, священные трубные гласы, скоморошье ерничанье и др.). Активное задействование духовых инструментов, как правило, указывает на «неформатный» - в контексте современного шоу-бизнеса - статус коллектива, который проповедует идеологию сопротивления мировому музыкальному мейнстриму (поп-музыке), маргинальные взгляды (культ антиистеблишмента и нематериальных ценностей), поворот к исконным, корневым постулатам простонародной жизни, живому, одухотворенному звучанию музыки.

Aim of the current study was to examine the reliability and validity of a new tool, developed for the assessment of young swimmers' technique in all swimming strokes. The sample of the study was 119 swimmers (63 boys and 56 girls), aged 8 to 12 years old. To evaluate swimmers' technique, each of them performed 15m for each one of the swimming strokes in individual medley order. ? digital camera, placed 5m above the pool's surface, recorded the swimming bouts. Three experienced swimming coaches evaluated the recorded videos with the new technique's evaluation tool named Tec Pa. Tec Pa assess six important key points of swimming technique in each stroke. According to the results no statistical significant differences were showed between the scores of the swimmers' evaluation by the three coaches (p > 0.05). Moreover, the association between the scores was statistically significant high (t = 0.863; p < 0.05). The findings of the current study reveal that Tec Pa is valid and reliable for the young swimmers' technique evaluation, with high strength of association. Also, Tec Pa can be used by the coaches to enhance the free observation method, which is mainly used, in young swimmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research investigated pacing for world-class age group swimmers competing in individual medley in 200 m and 400 m. Data on 3,242 unique finishers (1,475 women and 1,767 men) competing in four Master World Championships [XV FINA WMC held in Montreal (Canada) in 2014, the XVI FINA WMC held in Kazan (RUS) in 2015, the FINA WMC held in Budapest (HUN) in 2017, and the XVIII FINA WMC held in Gwangju (KOR] in 2019) were analyzed. Men were faster than women among all age groups in both 200 and 400 m. Additionally, differences were found between almost all adjacent age groups, with the exception (p > 0.05) of age groups 25–29 to 30–34, 35–39 to 40–44 years in 200 m races and 25–29 to 30–34, 30–34 to 35–39, 35–39 to 40–44, and 45–49 to 50–54 years in 400 m races. Men showed a higher pacing variation in 200 m among all male age groups and all female age groups up to 69 years. Pace-variation pairwise comparisons between men and women showed no consistencies throughout age groups, with the exception of a higher variation in men in age groups ≥55-year-old. Men were faster for all splits and strokes in both 200 and 400 m, and significant changes were identified for each split and stroke for both men and women in both 200 and 400 m. Front crawl (freestyle, 4th split) was the fastest butterfly (1st split), backstroke (2nd split), and breaststroke (3rd split). In summary, men were faster than women for all age groups in both 200 and 400 m. Men showed a higher pacing variation in 200 m in all age groups, where women had a higher variation in age groups up to 69 years. The fastest stroke for the final spurt was front crawl, followed by butterfly, backstroke, and breaststroke. Based on these findings, coaches should advise their master athletes to focus on the final spurt in both 200 and 400 m individual medley for a fast final race time.

Aim of the current study was to examine the reliability and validity of a new tool, developed for the assessment of young swimmers’ technique in all swimming strokes. The sample of the study was 119 swimmers (63 boys and 56 girls), aged 8 to 12 years old. To evaluate swimmers’ technique, each of them performed 15m for each one of the swimming strokes in individual medley order. Α digital camera, placed 5m above the pool’s surface, recorded the swimming bouts. Three experienced swimming coaches evaluated the recorded videos with the new technique’s evaluation tool named Tec Pa. Tec Pa assess six important key points of swimming technique in each stroke. According to the results no statistical significant differences were showed between the scores of the swimmers’ evaluation by the three coaches (p > 0.05). Moreover, the association between the scores was statistically significant high (τ = 0.863; p < 0.05). The findings of the current study reveal that Tec Pa is valid and reliable for the young swimmers’ technique evaluation, with high strength of association. Also, Tec Pa can be used by the coaches to enhance the free observation method, which is mainly used, in young swimmers.

The present research investigated pacing for world-class age group swimmers competing in individual medley in 200 m and 400 m. Data on 3,242 unique finishers (1,475 women and 1,767 men) competing in four Master World Championships [XV FINA WMC held in Montreal (Canada) in 2014, the XVI FINA WMC held in Kazan (RUS) in 2015, the FINA WMC held in Budapest (HUN) in 2017, and the XVIII FINA WMC held in Gwangju (KOR] in 2019) were analyzed. Men were faster than women among all age groups in both 200 and 400 m. Additionally, differences were found between almost all adjacent age groups, with the exception (p > 0.05) of age groups 25–29 to 30–34, 35–39 to 40–44 years in 200 m races and 25–29 to 30–34, 30–34 to 35–39, 35–39 to 40–44, and 45–49 to 50–54 years in 400 m races. Men showed a higher pacing variation in 200 m among all male age groups and all female age groups up to 69 years. Pace-variation pairwise comparisons between men and women showed no consistencies throughout age groups, with the exception of a higher variation in men in age groups ≥55-year-old. Men were faster for all splits and strokes in both 200 and 400 m, and significant changes were identified for each split and stroke for both men and women in both 200 and 400 m. Front crawl (freestyle, 4th split) was the fastest butterfly (1st split), backstroke (2nd split), and breaststroke (3rd split). In summary, men were faster than women for all age groups in both 200 and 400 m. Men showed a higher pacing variation in 200 m in all age groups, where women had a higher variation in age groups up to 69 years. The fastest stroke for the final spurt was front crawl, followed by butterfly, backstroke, and breaststroke. Based on these findings, coaches should advise their master athletes to focus on the final spurt in both 200 and 400 m individual medley for a fast final race time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Freestyle and the Butterfly stroke, swimmers use the least possible breaths in order to keep their hydrodynamic position and maintain a higher swimming velocity. The purpose of this study was to determine the duration of reduced breathing when swimming Breaststroke affects the hydrodynamic position and preserves the high swimming speed in relation to the production of blood lactate. In this study, 16 swimmers, aged 15.6± 3.2 participated. They swam 25 and 50 m Breaststroke, with breathing frequency for both distances, one breath every stroke (1 on 1) and one breath every three strokes (1 on 3) at high intense. Blood lactate concentration, performance, and efficiency parameters were measured. From the results, swimmers' blood lactate concentration and the time in 25 m between the two breathing frequencies 1 on 1 and 1 on 3, showed a statistically significant difference 10.1 ± 1.8 vs 9.3 ± 1.5 mmol/L (p = 0.02) and 19.5 ± 1.6 vs 19.3 ± 1.6 sec (p = 0.03) respectively. In conclusion, in the 25 m distance at maximum intensity, it is preferable to use the 1 on 1 breathing frequency in order to maximize blood lactate concentration, the 1 on 3 breathing frequency in sets of 25 m is more effective at the rate of distances of 100 and 200 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Freestyle and the Butterfly stroke, swimmers use the least possible breaths in order to keep their hydrodynamic position and maintain a higher swimming velocity. The purpose of this study was to determine the duration of reduced breathing when swimming Breaststroke affects the hydrodynamic position and preserves the high swimming speed in relation to the production of blood lactate. In this study, 16 swimmers, aged 15.6± 3.2 participated. They swam 25 and 50 m Breaststroke, with breathing frequency for both distances, one breath every stroke (1 on 1) and one breath every three strokes (1 on 3) at high intense. Blood lactate concentration, performance, and efficiency parameters were measured. From the results, swimmers' blood lactate concentration and the time in 25 m between the two breathing frequencies 1 on 1 and 1 on 3, showed a statistically significant difference 10.1 ± 1.8 vs 9.3 ± 1.5 mmol/L (p = 0.02) and 19.5 ± 1.6 vs 19.3 ± 1.6 sec (p = 0.03) respectively. In conclusion, in the 25 m distance at maximum intensity, it is preferable to use the 1 on 1 breathing frequency in order to maximize blood lactate concentration, the 1 on 3 breathing frequency in sets of 25 m is more effective at the rate of distances of 100 and 200 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study was to identify the relationships between competitive performance and tether forces according to distance swam, in the four strokes, and to analyze if relative values of force production are better determinants of swimming performance than absolute values. The subjects (n = 32) performed a 30 s tethered swimming all-out effort. The competitive swimming velocities were obtained in the distances 50, 100 and 200 m using official Chronometric values of competitions within 25 days after testing protocol. Mean force and velocity (50 m event) show significant correlations for front crawl (r = .92, p < .01), backstroke (r = .81, p < .05), breaststroke (r = .94, p < .01) and butterfly (r = .92, p< .01). The data suggests that absolute values of force production are more associated to competitive performance than relative values (normalized to body mass). Tethered swimming test seems to be a reliable protocol to evaluate the swimmer stroking force production and a helpful estimator of competitive performance in short distance competitive events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at examining the relationships between floatation parameters, assessed by field tests and the stroking characteristics of breaststroke swimmers. The floatation parameters were evaluated for 23 males and 23 females by the hydrostatic lift test, the sinking force acting at the ankle test and the maximal glide length after a push-off from the pool wall test. The swimmers performed two trials at submaximal and sprint pace, and then, from the data given by a PC-video velocity system, the duration and velocity of their propulsive, recovery and glide phases were analyzed. In the female group and at slow pace, glide duration is correlated with hydrostatic lift (r = .62) and with maximal glide length (r = .44); mean glide velocity is correlated with hydrostatic lift (r = .73). In the male group and at slow pace, the sinking force was correlated with the glide phase (r = -0.66) and with the mean glide velocity (r = -0.78). At sprint velocity, the hydrostatic lift is correlated with the glide phase in the female group (r = .52). Floatation parameters have an impact on the gliding phase of the breaststroke cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swimming tests are used in every training cycle and seasons with purpose of estimating swimming performance and evaluate certain training types. The focus of this study is an attempt to distinguish between the potential short-distance and longer-distance swimmers, as well as the swimmers who could have desirable profiles for particular swimming styles. For this purpose, several aims are given: () to determine the latent dimensions of the performances in swimming tests, conducted on various distances and performed using different swimming styles; 2) to determine the correlations between speeds on various distances using different swimming styles; 3) to determine the differences in various distance speeds at the same swimmers ; 4) to determine the profiles of swimmers, based on the various distance speeds (4). Male swimmers (N=68), aged 14 to 16 from five Zagreb clubs were tested. Four swimming tests were used to measure speed (25-m freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly), five swimming tests measured speed endurance (50-m freestyle, 100-m freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly), while only one test measured endurance (800-m freestyle). The results revealed two interpretable and highly reliable latent dimensions of swimming tests. Factor analysis of the scores in swimming tests differentiated the variables of swimming tests that describe breaststrokes and other strokes. Most of the scores in the swimming tests are positively correlated (in range 0.25–0.85), while no differences in various distance speeds among the same swimmers are found. The results indicate the importance of using swimming tests, especially in breaststrokes styles, because of their specific motor structure.

Purpose: definition of model parameters of technical and tactical actions of highly trained athletes specializing in breaststroke swimming at various length distances. Material & Methods: analysis of literary sources, video shooting, timing, methods of mathematical data processing. The contingent of the surveyed was made up of athletes who specialized in distances of 50, 100 and 200 meters in breaststroke swimming and had the level of sports qualification of master of sports of Ukraine, Master of Sports of International grade. Result: authors found that the technical and tactical actions of highly trained athletes during the swim of distances of 50, 100 and 200 meters by the breaststroke have their own characteristics; degree of influence of speed, pace and "step" of the strokes cycle on the result of swim distances of 50, 100 and 200 meters is determined; developed their model characteristics. Conclusion: the definition of distance specialization in breaststroke swimming should be carried out taking into account the compliance of individual indicators of technical and tactical actions of athletes to model parameters.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and crawl and breaststroke performance in adolescent girl swimmers with an emphasis on ratio of length and width of limbs to the height of subjects. Methods: Twenty adolescent female swimmers voluntarily participated in this study. Anthropometric variables, including height , length of thigh, leg, foot, arm, forearm and hand , arm span, widths of pelvic, shoulders, knees, wrists and ankles were measured using a tape measure and caliper. Then the ratio of length and width of limbs to the height of subjects was calculated. Pearson correlation test at a significance level of 0.05 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Significant relationship were found between crawl record and subjects’ height, thigh, arm and forearm lengths, arm span, shoulder width, the ratios of arm, palm and foot length to the height and ratio of arm span to height (p

The effect of breaststroke with different intensity on health - related physical fitness of middle school students was studied. It was found that short - term exercise had insignificant effect on the height of the students. The middle load intensity and high load intensity exercises had weak correlation to body composition indexes, while their effects on cardio respiratory endurance, muscular endurance, flexible fitness and sensitiveness fitness were significantly different. Low load intensity had little effect on cardio respiratory endurance and flexible fitness, while the middle load intensity was the same on muscular endurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swimming parachutes are often used as a tool for resisted swimming training. However, little is known on their behavior in terms of exerted drag as a consequence of intracyclic velocity fluctuations. This study aimed to assess the drag provided by 2 swimming parachutes of different shape, also characterized by different volumes and cross-sectional areas, under conditions of velocity variations in the range of those occurring in swimming. A flat square-shaped parachute (FLAT, cross-sectional area and volume: 400 cm²; 0.12 L) and a truncated cone-shaped parachute (CONE, 380 cm²; 7.15 L) were passively towed: (a) at constant velocities ranging from 1.0 to 2.2 m⋅s-1, and (b) with velocity fluctuations from 10 to 40% around a mean of 1.6 m⋅s-1. At constant velocities, FLAT showed 0.1 N (at 1.0 m⋅s-1) to 10.8 N (at 2.2 m⋅s-1) higher drag than CONE. For both parachutes, the average drag showed trivial differences between constant and any fluctuating velocity. Conversely, the maximum drag values were higher under conditions of velocity fluctuations than the respective values estimated under stationary instantaneous velocity, although this was observed in CONE only. These findings suggest that swimmers and coaches can select the parachute characteristics based on whether the focus is on increasing/ decreasing the average drag or regulating the maximum resistance provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In aim of correlation between antropometric characteristics, motor abilities and results of swimming 50m in all swimming techniques, a group of 22 swimmers (girls) of Serbian national team, aged 14-15, underwent some anthropometric measurements as well as some motor abilities. Observed longitudinal dimensions were: body height, body mass, arm span and torax circumference and observed motor abilities were: body strength (arms, legs, stomach) and flexibility (trunk and arms). Regression analisys showed that arm span corellated with 50m butterfly and free style score as well as strenght of body and legs corellated with 50m backstroke and free style score. Other measures didn΄t corelatted significantly on this sample. Study results confirms importance of arm span and some segments of body strenhgt of swimmers (girls) for successful swimm on 50m in butterfly, backstroke and freestyle techniques in the age 14-15 years.

Copyright of Revija Šport is the property of Sport: Revija Za Teoreticna in Praticna Vprasanja Sporta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Timisoara Physical Education & Rehabilitation Journal is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Swimming tests are used in every training cycle and seasons with purpose of estimating swimming performance and evaluate certain training types. The focus of this study is an attempt to distinguish between the potential short-distance and longer-distance swimmers, as well as the swimmers who could have desirable profiles for particular swimming styles. For this purpose, several aims are given: 1) to determine the latent dimensions of the performances in swimming tests, conducted on various distances and performed using different swimming styles; 2) to determine the correlations between speeds on various distances using different swimming styles; 3) to determine the differences in various distance speeds at the same swimmers ; 4) to determine the profiles of swimmers, based on the various distance speeds (4). Male swimmers (N=68), aged 14 to 16 from five Zagreb clubs were tested. Four swimming tests were used to measure speed (25-m freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly), five swimming tests measured speed endurance (50-m freestyle, 100-m freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly), while only one test measured endurance (800-m freestyle). The results revealed two interpretable and highly reliable latent dimensions of swimming tests. Factor analysis of the scores in swimming tests differentiated the variables of swimming tests that describe breaststrokes and other strokes. Most of the scores in the swimming tests are positively correlated (in range 0.25-0.85), while no differences in various distance speeds among the same swimmers are found. The results indicate the importance of using swimming tests, especially in breaststrokes styles, because of their specific motor structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare arm–leg coordination and kinematics during 100 m breaststroke in 26 (8 female; 18 male) specialist breaststroke swimmers. Laps were recorded using three 50-Hz underwater cameras. Heart rate and blood lactate were measured pre- and post-swim. Arm–leg coordination was defined using coordination phases describing continuity between recovery and propulsive phases of upper and lower limbs: coordination phase 1 (time between end of leg kick and start of the arm pull phases); and coordination phase 2 (time between end of arm pull and start of leg kick phases). Duration of stroke phases, coordination phases, swim velocity, stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR) and stroke index (SI) were analysed during the last three strokes of each lap that were unaffected by turning or finishing. Significant changes in velocity, SI and SL (P < 0.05) were found between laps. Both sexes showed significant increase (P < 0.05) in heart rate and blood lactate pre- to post-swim. Males had significantly (P < 0.01) faster swim velocities resulting from longer SLs (P = 0.016) with no difference in SR (P = 0.064). Sex differences in kinematic parameters can be explained by anthropometric differences providing males with increased propelling efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]