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RESUMO Partindo do pressuposto de que a Economia ou Economia Política é uma ciência ideologicamente condicionada, o autor distingue uma abordagem conservadora de uma progressista ou liberal. Essa distinção é feita em três níveis: 1) teoria básica, mais especificamente teoria do valor; 2) teoria macroeconômica; 3) política econômica.

RESUMO Em 28 de fevereiro de 1986 o governo brasileiro decidiu congelar todos os preços. Este “choque heterodoxo” e o desenvolvimento pelos economistas brasileiros da teoria da inflação inercial, que serviu de base teórica para o choque, são aqui discutidos.

RESUMO Dada uma taxa estável de mais-valia e uma composição orgânica crescente do capital, Marx afirmou que a taxa de lucro tenderia a declinar. O aumento da composição orgânica do capital depende, porém, do tipo de progresso técnico. Pode poupar trabalho - e então a composição orgânica do capital aumentará - mas também pode ser neutra ou economizadora de capital. Por outro lado, apenas em casos muito especiais, as firmas adotarão novas técnicas que aumentam seus custos e diminuem seus lucros. O recente debate sobre o teorema de Okishio sobre esse problema e a tentativa de Shaikh de restabelecer a ortodoxia marxista são discutidos. O autor conclui que a lei da tendência declinante da taxa de lucro é um instrumento essencial para entender a dinâmica de longo prazo do processo de acumulação do capital, mas não significa que a taxa de lucro de fato declinará.

Abstract DNA-hypomethylating agents (HMAs) induce notable remission rates in AML/MDS patients with TP53 mutations; however, secondary resistance often develops rapidly. In the DECIDER trial (NCT00867672), elderly AML patients (also those with adverse genetics) randomized to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) added to decitabine (DEC) attained significantly delayed time-to-resistance. An 82-year-old patient with a non-disruptive, in-frame TP53 mutation (p.Cys238_Asn239delinsTyr, VAF 90%) and complex-monosomal karyotype attained a complete hematologic and cytogenetic remission with DEC + ATRA, with 3.7 years survival after 30 treatment cycles that were well-tolerated. Further HMA + ATRA studies appear warranted in AML/MDS patients of different genetic risk groups ineligible for more intensive treatment. Trial registration: This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00867672

RESUMO Esta é uma resposta ao trabalho de Vellutini (1985, publicado nessa edição) sobre o debate em andamento das políticas de controle da inflação no Brasil.

RESUMO Esta nota apresenta o problema da indexação de salários, taxa de câmbio e outros preços na curva de Phillips. Com este objetivo desenvolvemos um modelo simplificado do processo inflacionário decompondo-o em: (1) inflação inercial; (2) a curva de Phillips; (3) inflação de choque administrado ou de oferta. Usando este modelo, primeiro mostramos que um choque de oferta desloca a curva de Phillips acelerando a taxa de tendência da inflação inercial. Segundo, que uma pressão de demanda contínua através da curva de Phillips leva a uma aceleração contínua da taxa de inflação. E terceiro, que um aumento na taxa de desemprego pode levar a um aumento oligopolista na margem de lucro, o que também leva a um deslocamento da curva de Phillips e a uma aceleração da inflação.

In the literature on zinc-based batteries, it is often highlighted that zinc offers significant advantages over lithium due to its abundance, affordability, and accessibility. Additionally, aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries are promoted as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries, especially for renewable energy storage. The aim of this Comment is to provide a perspective on these statements, elucidating their foundations and implications and giving a quick but comprehensive background to authors and readers that deal with this topic, focusing specifically on batteries with zinc ions shuttling reversibly between the metallic negative electrode and the insertion-type positive electrode.

Abstract Thyroid hormones (TH) play critical roles during nervous system development and patients carrying coding variants of MCT8 (monocarboxylate transporter 8) or THRA (thyroid hormone receptor alpha) present a spectrum of neurological phenotypes resulting from perturbed local TH action during early brain development. Recently, human cerebral organoids (hCOs) emerged as powerful in vitro tools for disease modelling recapitulating key aspects of early human cortex development. To begin exploring prospects of this model for thyroid research, we performed a detailed characterization of the spatiotemporal expression of MCT8 and THRA in developing hCOs. Immunostaining showed MCT8 membrane expression in neuronal progenitor cell types including early neuroepithelial cells, radial glia cells (RGCs), intermediate progenitors and outer RGCs. In addition, we detected robust MCT8 protein expression in deep layer and upper layer neurons. Spatiotemporal SLC16A2 mRNA expression, detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), was highly concordant with MCT8 protein expression across cortical cell layers. FISH detected THRA mRNA expression already in neuroepithelium before the onset of neurogenesis. THRA mRNA expression remained low in the ventricular zone, increased in the subventricular zone whereas strong THRA expression was observed in excitatory neurons. In combination with a robust up-regulation of known T3 response genes following T3 treatment, these observations show that hCOs provide a promising and experimentally tractable model to probe local TH action during human cortical neurogenesis and eventually to model the consequences of impaired TH function for early cortex development.

RESUMO O padrão de financiamento do investimento está mudando no Brasil. Durante a década de 70 baseou-se no padrão clássico que prevalece nas fases iniciais do desenvolvimento, ou seja, no financiamento estatal e externo. Mas, na segunda metade da década de 70, esse padrão se rompe à medida que o setor público perde sua capacidade de poupança. Na segunda parte da década de 80, o setor público deverá recuperar parcialmente a sua capacidade de poupança, enquanto o setor privado assume um papel crescente no investimento.

RESUMO Uma introdução ao simpósio de propostas para eliminar a indexação e a inflação altíssima no Brasil

Abstract A cost‐effective chemical prelithiation solution, which consists of Li+, polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and solvent, is developed for a model hard carbon (HC) electrode. Naphthalene and methyl‐substituted naphthalene PAHs, namely 2‐methylnaphthalene and 1‐methylnaphthalene, are first compared. Grafting an electron‐donating methyl group onto the benzene ring can decrease electron affinity and thus reduce the redox potential, which is validated by density functional theory calculations. Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (G1), diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and triethylene glycol dimethyl ether solvents are then compared. The G1 solution has the highest conductivity and least steric hindrance, and thus the 1‐methylnaphthalene/G1 solution shows superior prelithiation capability. In addition, the effects of the interaction time between Li+ and 1‐methylnaphthalene in G1 solvent on the electrochemical properties of a prelithiated HC electrode are investigated. Nuclear magnetic resonance data confirm that 10‐h aging is needed to achieve a stable solution coordination state and thus optimal prelithiation efficacy. It is also found that appropriate prelithiation creates a more Li+‐conducing and robust solid‐electrolyte interphase, improving the rate capability and cycling stability of the HC electrode.

Insertion‐type Nb2O5 is a promising candidate for high‐power lithium‐ion anodes. Among the various polymorphs, monoclinic Nb2O5 (H‐Nb2O5) is considered as one of the most promising materials. Herein, the impact of decreasing the lower cutoff potential, i.e., increasing the amount of lithium that is inserted into the crystal structure, from the commonly used 1.0 V versus Li+/Li to 0.8 V and even 0.01 V is explored, yielding reversible specific capacities of 260, 280, and 400 mAh g−1, respectively, at a specific current of 0.05 A g−1. Remarkably, such increase in capacity does not come along with a deterioration of the cycling stability—at least initially. In fact, the comprehensive investigation of the reaction mechanism via operando/ex situ X‐ray diffraction, operando/ex situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, ex situ high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and operando isothermal microcalorimetry reveals that the extension of the voltage range does not affect the crystal structure during the first couple of cycles, but there is a continuous evolution upon long‐term cycling.

Recently, the first sodium-ion cells have been commercialized and have become available for consumers. Given, moreover, the exciting announcements by several producers of such battery cells, it is of great interest to analyze these first commercial cells in order to understand which materials are used and how these cells are designed. Herein, two types of commercially available sodium-ion battery cells (cylindrical 1.5 Ah 18650 and 3.5 Ah 26700 cells) are investigated regarding (i) their electrode chemistry, (ii) their thermal properties upon discharge as a function of the applied C rate, (iii) the available specific energy, and (iv) their cell impedance. The data are correlated with the electrode thickness and electrode area obtained from an ex situ (ante-mortem) analysis of the 18650 cells, and discussed in comparison with the performance metrics reported for commercial lithium-ion cells. This comparison reveals that the herein studied 18650 sodium-ion cells (hard carbon⎪⎪NaxNiyFezMn1-y-zO2) provide a comparable or even higher specific energy (∼128 Wh kg−1) than that of graphite⎪⎪LiFePO4 lithium-ion cells.

Although the two active redox centers in Li-rich cathodes, including the anionic and cationic contributions, can enable Li-ion batteries to achieve outstanding specific energy, their behaviors at different current densities have not been clarified. Here, we provide a comparative study of transition metals (TMs) and oxygen redox activities by directly accessing their oxidation states in Li-rich materials operated at very different current rates. Our data reveal that the oxidation of oxygen in the near-surface region is at the same level for electrodes cycled with a wide range of current rates, indicating a reaction gradient of lattice oxygen redox reactions. The oxidation process of lattice oxygen is found to be dynamically compatible with that of the TMs. Combining the results of first principles calculations and complementary experimental findings, we propose a detailed mechanism of structural distortion from octahedral Li to tetrahedral Li and the role of oxygen vacancy in Li+ diffusion. It is found that fast delithiation occurring at high current densities can easily cause local structural transformation, leading to a limited Li+ diffusion rate and consequently suppressing rate capability.

RESUMO A partir dessa hipótese, este artigo critica a teoria convencional sobre déficit público e apresenta um modelo alternativo de análise macroeconômica dos efeitos do déficit público enfatizando sua composição interna entre juros e gastos reais.

RESUMO Desde a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a importância da política econômica não parou de aumentar. Mesmo os economistas conservadores não negam sua relevância. Mas seus limites econômicos e políticos são muito claros, a começar por um limite básico: o princípio da racionalidade. O autor discute esses limites a partir de sua experiência pessoal.

RESUMO Este trabalho compara o Plano Cruzado com o Plano Bresser. Ambos foram congelamentos de preços baseados na teoria da inflação inercial. No entanto, enquanto o Plano Cruzado pretendia acabar com a inflação, o Plano Bresser era um plano emergencial destinado a enfrentar a profunda crise financeira e econômica deixada pela falência do Cruzado. 1t alcançou este objetivo. Quanto à inflação, os autores do plano esperavam que a taxa de inflação voltasse para cerca de 10% em dezembro de 1987; a taxa real de inflação neste mês foi de 14%.

Current changes in environmental legislation and customer demands set an urge for the development of more sustainable surfactants. Thus, the objective of this work was the development of novel environmentally friendly amino acid surfactants. Combining Diels–Alder cyclization of myrcene with maleic or citraconic anhydride followed by ring opening with amino acids enabled a synthesis route with a principal 100% atom economy. Variation of amino acids resulted in a large structural variety of anionic and amphoteric surfactants. Lysine gave access to either a mono-acylated product bearing a cationic side chain or a bi-acylated gemini surfactant. First, anhydride precursors were synthesized in yields of >90% in a Diels–Alder reaction under microwave radiation and subsequent amino acid coupling in aqueous environment gave fully bio-based surfactants in good yields and purity. Physicochemical characterization showed an enhanced decrease in surface tension upon addition of amino acids to the myrcene–anhydride backbone, resulting in a minimal value of 31 mN·m−1 for gemini–lysine. Foamabilitiy and foam stability were significantly increased at skin-friendly pH 5.5 by incorporation of amino acids. The carboxylic groups of surfactants with arginine were esterified with ethanol to access cationic compounds. Comparative analysis revealed moderate antimicrobial effects against yeast, Gram-positive bacteria, and Gram-negative bacteria.

RESUMO Em 10 de maio de 1989 o professor Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, Professor Titular de Economia da Fundação Getúlio Vargas e editor desta Revista, fez a seguinte exposição perante a reunião conjunta da Comissão de Finanças e da Comissão de Economia da Câmara dos Deputados.

RESUMO A atual onda de privatizações e o relativo sucesso da crítica neoliberal ao papel econômico do Estado fazem parte do caráter cíclico da intervenção estatal. Estamos agora na recessão do ciclo. Durante a recuperação, a intervenção do Estado, medida em termos de nacionalização e aumento da regulamentação, é inicialmente bem-sucedida, mas depois de algum tempo incorre em distorções crescentes. A crise e as críticas que acompanham as distorções levam a uma redução e principalmente a uma mudança no padrão de intervenção do Estado. Mas nunca a um retorno ao L’Etat gendarme sonhado pelos neoliberais.

ABSTRACT On January 5, 1989, Professor Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, full professor at Fundação Getúlio Vargas and editor of this Journal, presented the following testimony before the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs of the U.S. House of Representatives.

ABSTRACT Classical developmentalism was heterodox economics that showed countries require a moderate intervention of the state in the economy to industrialize and catch up. Growth depends on investments and on a satisfying expected rate of profit, which import tariffs legitimized by the infant industry argument assure. Latin American countries adopted this industrial policy from the 1950s and experienced high growth rates. But the infant argument loses validity with time. In the 1980s, under the pressure of the Global North, Latin American countries adopted the neoliberal reforms, and are quasi-stagnant since then. New developmentalism emerged in the 2000s, made the critique of conventional economics, proposed a new growth strategy focused on a competitive exchange rate, and legitimized the use of import tariffs with the Dutch disease argument.

Introduction: Intrapulmonary air-filled cavities, e.g., bullae, blebs, and cysts, are believed to contribute topulmonary barotrauma (PBT) and arterial gas embolism (AGE) in divers. However, literature is unclear about the prevalence of bullae in healthy adults, ranging from 2.3—33.8%. While this could in part be explained due to increasing quality of radiologic imaging, such as computed tomography (CT) scans, other methodological factors may also affect these findings. This study aims to ascertain the prevalence of bullae in young and healthy adults.Methods: This single-center cross-sectional observational study re-assessed the CT scans of adults (aged 18—40) performed for a clinical suspicion for pulmonary embolism, from 1 January 2016 to 1 March 2020. Presence of bullae was recorded in an electronic database. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used for statistical analyses. Additionally, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to study the independent predictive value of identified risk factors.Results: A total of 1,014 cases were identified, of which 836 could be included. Distribution amongst age groups (18–25, 26–30, 31–35, and 36–40) was almost equally, however, 75% of the population was female. Of the male proportion, 41% smoked, compared to 27% in females. In 7.2% (95% CI 5.6–9.1) bullae were identified. The prevalence increased with increasing age (p < 0.001), with odd ratios up to 5.347 (95% CI 2.164–13.213, p < 0.001) in the oldest age group. Males and smokers had higher odds ratios for bullae of 2.460 (95% CI 1.144–4.208; p = 0.001) and 3.406 (95% CI 1.878–6.157, p < 0.001), respectively. Similar results were seen in the multivariate logistic regression analysis, where age, male sex and smoking were all statistically significant independent risk factors for bullae.Discussion: Bullae were seen in 7.2% of a healthy population up to 40 years old. Increasing age, smoking, and being male were identified as statistically significant risk factors, both in independent and in multivariate logistic regression analyses. Our observations may warrant a re-evaluation of the contribution of bullae to PBT and AGE, as the latter two occur very rarely and bullae appear to be more frequently present than earlier assumed.

Abstract The demand for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is driven largely by their use in electric vehicles, which is projected to increase dramatically in the future. This great success, however, urgently calls for the efficient recycling of LIBs at the end of their life. Herein, we describe a froth flotation‐based process to recycle graphite—the predominant active material for the negative electrode—from spent LIBs and investigate its reuse in newly assembled LIBs. It has been found that the structure and morphology of the recycled graphite are essentially unchanged compared to pristine commercial anode‐grade graphite, and despite some minor impurities from the recycling process, the recycled graphite provides a remarkable reversible specific capacity of more than 350 mAh g−1. Even more importantly, newly assembled graphite‖NMC532 cells show excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 80% after 1000 cycles, that is, comparable to the performance of reference full cells comprising pristine commercial graphite.

Introduction Patients with a first venous thromboembolism (VTE) are at risk of recurrence. Recurrent VTE (rVTE) can be prevented by extended anticoagulant therapy, but this comes at the cost of an increased risk of bleeding. It is still uncertain whether patients with an intermediate recurrence risk or with a high recurrence and high bleeding risk will benefit from extended anticoagulant treatment, and whether a strategy where anticoagulant duration is tailored on the predicted risks of rVTE and bleeding can improve outcomes. The aim of the Leiden Thrombosis Recurrence Risk Prevention (L-TRRiP) study is to evaluate the outcomes of tailored duration of long-term anticoagulant treatment based on individualised assessment of rVTE and major bleeding risks.Methods and analysis The L-TRRiP study is a multicentre, open-label, cohort-based, randomised controlled trial, including patients with a first VTE. We classify the risk of rVTE and major bleeding using the L-TRRiP and VTE-BLEED scores, respectively. After 3 months of anticoagulant therapy, patients with a low rVTE risk will discontinue anticoagulant treatment, patients with a high rVTE and low bleeding risk will continue anticoagulant treatment, whereas all other patients will be randomised to continue or discontinue anticoagulant treatment. All patients will be followed up for at least 2 years. Inclusion will continue until the randomised group consists of 608 patients; we estimate to include 1600 patients in total. The primary outcome is the combined incidence of rVTE and major bleeding in the randomised group after 2 years of follow-up. Secondary outcomes include the incidence of rVTE and major bleeding, functional outcomes, quality of life and cost-effectiveness in all patients.Ethics and dissemination The protocol was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee Leiden-Den Haag-Delft. Results are expected in 2028 and will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and during (inter)national conferences.Trial registration number NCT06087952.

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) systems for detection of COVID-19 using chest X-Ray (CXR) imaging and point-of-care blood tests were applied to data from four low resource African settings. The performance of these systems to detect COVID-19 using various input data was analysed and compared with antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests. Participants were tested using the gold standard of RT-PCR test (nasopharyngeal swab) to determine whether they were infected with SARS-CoV-2. A total of 3737 (260 RT-PCR positive) participants were included. In our cohort, AI for CXR images was a poor predictor of COVID-19 (AUC = 0.60), since the majority of positive cases had mild symptoms and no visible pneumonia in the lungs. AI systems using differential white blood cell counts (WBC), or a combination of WBC and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) both achieved an AUC of 0.74 with a suggested optimal cut-off point at 83% sensitivity and 63% specificity. The antigen-RDT tests in this trial obtained 65% sensitivity at 98% specificity. This study is the first to validate AI tools for COVID-19 detection in an African setting. It demonstrates that screening for COVID-19 using AI with point-of-care blood tests is feasible and can operate at a higher sensitivity level than antigen testing.

RESUMO Neste artigo são analisadas (1) as condições que deram origem à hiperinflação no início de 1990, (2) os programas alternativos de estabilização que estavam sendo sugeridos e (3) o plano de estabilização que foi finalmente adotado, o Plano Collor, cuja falha os autores, escrevendo em junho de 1990, já preveem no título do artigo: “o primeiro Plano Collor”. Este plano examinou de acordo com (1) a lógica por trás do congelamento de 70% dos ativos financeiros; (2) o aspecto do ajuste fiscal; (3) a questão monetária ou de liquidez; (4) o problema da demanda; e finalmente (5) as causas do ressurgimento da inflação com a recessão. Para essa análise, os autores utilizam uma abordagem neo-estruturalista da inflação inercial ou autônoma prevalecente no Brasil.

ABSTRACT In this paper I propose new or relatively new steps in the construction of New Developmentalism: the existence of current account policies, the policy of growth with current account deficit, besides the current and the industrial equilibriums, the equilibrium with current account deficit, and the extended Dutch disease. The three equilibriums are depicted in a new figure. A new form of neutralizing the Dutch disease using import tariffs and export subsidies on manufactured goods is discussed.

RESUMO A dolarização é geralmente um fenômeno monetário agudo. Acompanha processos inflacionários de curta duração. Na América Latina, é comum ouvir-se uma ameaça de dolarização, mas a dolarização efetiva ocorre apenas com a hiperinflação. Uma exceção é a Argentina, onde há um fenômeno historicamente novo: uma dolarização crônica e duradoura. Se a inflação crônica (inercial) é particularmente difícil de controlar, a dolarização crônica é ainda mais difícil.

Despite the continuous increase in capacity, lithium-ion intercalation batteries are approaching their performance limits. As a result, research is intensifying on next-generation battery technologies. The use of a lithium metal anode promises the highest theoretical energy density and enables use of lithium-free or novel high-energy cathodes. However, the lithium metal anode suffers from poor morphological stability and Coulombic efficiency during cycling, especially in liquid electrolytes. In contrast to solid electrolytes, liquid electrolytes have the advantage of high ionic conductivity and good wetting of the anode, despite the lithium metal volume change during cycling. Rapid capacity fade due to inhomogeneous deposition and dissolution of lithium is the main hindrance to the successful utilization of the lithium metal anode in combination with liquid electrolytes. In this perspective, we discuss how experimental and theoretical insights can provide possible pathways for reversible cycling of two-dimensional lithium metal. Therefore, we discuss improvements in the understanding of lithium metal nucleation, deposition, and stripping on the nanoscale. As the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a key role in the lithium morphology, we discuss how the proper SEI design might allow stable cycling. We highlight recent advances in conventional and (localized) highly concentrated electrolytes in view of their respective SEIs. We also discuss artificial interphases and three-dimensional host frameworks, which show prospects of mitigating morphological instabilities and suppressing large shape change on the electrode level.

Abstract Background The health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic largely depends on the ability of the healthcare systems to develop effective and adaptable preparedness and mitigation strategies. A collaborative initiative (BRCCH-EDCTP COVID-19 Initiative) was set up between Lesotho and Zambia early on in the pandemic, to jointly conduct a project to investigate creating access to SARS-CoV-2 screening and testing through community-based COVID-19 case-finding. Methods Two different community case-finding strategies were deployed. In Lesotho, an approach was implemented whereby a community (village) health worker screened community members at their home or during community gatherings for COVID-19 signs and symptoms. All community members who screened positive were then offered SARS-CoV-2 testing. In Zambia, so-called community hubs, staffed by community health care workers, were set up at different locations in the community for people to walk in and get tested for SARS-CoV-2. Hubs changed location from week-to-week and targeted transmission hotspots. All persons visiting the hubs were offered testing for SARS-CoV-2 irrespective of self-reported signs and symptoms of COVID-19 though information was collected on occurrence of these. Testing in both approaches was done using SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests. Results Setting up testing in the community setting was feasible in both countries. In Lesotho in the village health worker approach, over a period of 46 weeks, 7221 persons were screened, and 49 (11.4%) SARS-COV-2 cases identified among 428 COVID-19 screen positive participants. In the community hubs among 3150 people tested, 166 (5.3%) SARS-CoV-2 cases were identified in a period of 26 weeks. From the community hubs approach, where all seen were offered COVID-19 testing it was learned that people screening positive for COVID-19 signs and symptoms were more likely to test SARS-COV-2 positive, especially those reporting classic COVID-19 symptoms like loss of sense/smell for a short period of time (1–3 days). Conclusions In conclusion, in this project we learned that implementing COVID-19 screening and testing by lay health workers in the community is possible. Characteristics of the population screened, tested, and identified to have SARS-CoV-2 are described to help guide development of future testing strategies.

RESUMO Este ensaio tenta responder à pergunta: por que o Brasil não consegue estabilizar sua economia? Três respostas complementares podem ser avaliadas: i) um ajuste fiscal é necessário, mas não promulgado; ii) não há capacidade técnica suficiente; e, iii) o país carece de vontade política. Estes não são mutuamente exclusivos e são tratados ao longo do texto ao mesmo tempo que se mostra que a abordagem gradualista não é possível.