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Although our general knowledge about open source communities is extensive, we are only beginning to understand the increasingly common practices by which corporations design software through engagement with these communities. In response, we combine design theorizing with field-study research (1) to analyze rich qualitative data from over 40 corporations participating in the Linux open source community and (2) to synthesize the observed corporate-open source community engagements into a new type of information systems design theory that we call responsive design. Empirically, we document how corporate participants in these contexts respond to market decisions, interdependent ideologies, and distributed relationships by continuously establishing and maintaining connections with community members; connections that stem from the social and material rules inherent in the open source community. Based on these observations, we create the theory of responsive design as a particular form of corporate software design which, beyond the inclusion of external participants, distinguishes itself from traditional monocentric design in which one corporation controls a dedicated team of software designers focused on solving an isolated and singular organizational problem. Guided by the principles of interconnection, opportunism, and domestication, we define responsive design as the kind of design approach that enables corporate participants to create and maintain productive design practices in response to the complex and dynamic landscapes of activities that are the foundation of corporate-communal engagements. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of this new form of corporate software design.

Background Our large academic medical center initiated both an Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) program supported by an infectious disease trained pharmacist, along with an Orthopedic Infectious Disease (OID) consult service to assist in caring for these specialized populations. We measured the impact of these services. Methods Patients discharged on parenteral antimicrobial therapy were divided into two groups. The pre-OPAT cohort included all patient receiving OPAT from 4/1/18 - 10/31/18; the post-OPAT cohort included all patients who received OPAT from 4/1/19 - 10/31/19 with OPAT consult (Fig 1). The OID consult service began in September 2018 prior to initiation of the OPAT program. The primary outcome was 30-day hospital readmission. Secondary outcomes included: length of stay (LOS), 90-day readmission, clinical outcomes, and identification of predictors of hospital readmission. Clinical outcomes included: time from final OR visit to discharge for OID patients and optimal treatment (cefazolin, oxacillin, or nafcillin) for MSSA. Results Introduction of these programs was associated with a reduction in all-cause 30-day readmission from 39.3% to 22.9%, and a reduction in 30-day readmission for patients on-treatment from 24.6% to 15.6% (p< 0.01 for both). No difference was seen in hospital LOS (8 days in each cohort). In a subgroup analysis (Fig 2), OID patients in the post-OPAT cohort saw a median reduction of 2 days (7 days to 5 days, p=0.002) in time from final OR visit to discharge. Use of optimal treatments for MSSA increased in the post-OPAT cohort compared to pre-OPAT (65.2% to 80.9%; p=0.06). The 90-day hospital readmission rate were higher in the post-OPAT cohort among patients who lived in metro-area zip codes (p=0.03). Having an established primary care physician was associated with lower 90-day hospital readmission in both the pre-and post-OPAT cohorts (p=0.05 and 0.01, respectively). Conclusion Thirty-day readmission rates among patients discharged on OPAT significantly lowered following initiation of a combination of both a pharmacist-led OPAT program and OID consult service. OPAT and OID programs accrue additional efficiencies and clinical benefits to both patients and hospitals, which can be further evaluated and used to justify such service additions. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

A semi-automatic image segmentation method, called SAMBAS, based on workflow familiar to clinical radiologists is described. The user initializes 3D segmentation by drawing a long axis on a multi-plane reformat (MPR). As the user draws, a 2D segmentation updates in real-time for interactive feedback. When necessary, additional long axes, short axes, or other editing operations may be drawn on one or more MPR planes. The method learns probability distributions from the drawing to perform the MPR segmentation, and in turn, it learns from the MPR segmentation to perform the 3D segmentation. As a preliminary experiment, a batch simulation was performed where long and short axes were automatically drawn on each of 285 multispectral MR brain scans of glioma patients in the 2018 BraTS Challenge training data. Average Dice coefficient for tumor core was 0.86, and the Hausdorff-95% distance was 4.4 mm. As another experiment, a convolution neural network was trained on the same data, and applied to the BraTS validation and test data. Its outputs, computed offline, were integrated into the interactive method. Ten volunteers used the interface on the BraTS validation and test data. On the 66 scans of the validation data, average Dice coefficient for core tumor improved from 0.76 with deep learning alone, to 0.82 as an interactive system.

The aims of this study were to explore the possibility of improving the design of self-inactivating (SI) retroviral vectors and to develop an SI vector that would allow optimal tet-on-regulated therapeutic gene expression. To minimize any interference between the viral promoter and the inducible promoter, we deleted different regulatory elements in the 3'LTR and examined their effects on transgene expression in transfected or transduced cells. In transfected cells, such deletions reduced the transgene expression. The insertion of a polyadenylation sequence could not completely compensate for this effect. We observed three patterns of transgene expression in cells transduced with these tet-on retroviral vectors: (1) high levels of both basal and inducible expression, (2) low levels of both basal and inducible expression, and (3) low levels of basal and high levels of inducible expression. After using the optimal vector to transduce muscle-derived stem cells, we were able to regulate the strong in vitro expression of transgenes-including enhanced green fluorescent protein and bone morphogenetic protein 4-via the addition or withdrawal of doxycycline (Dox). Implantation of the transduced cells and subsequent Dox-dependent induction of gene expression resulted in bone formation in vivo. Thus, we have developed an optimal SI retroviral vector that maintains a high titer, efficiently transduces muscle-derived stem cells, and enables both high levels of inducible gene expression in vitro and robust regulated bone formation in vivo.

Recent advances in molecular biology have led the way for novel approaches to improve bone healing. The ideal growth factor, vector, and delivery systems for producing bone in an immune competent animal model, however, have yet to be identified. Using a retrovirus encoding BMP4 and recently isolated muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs), we demonstrated the following: MDSCs undergo osteogenic differentiation in response to BMP4 in a dose-dependent manner; retrovirus encoding BMP4 can efficiently transduce MDSCs, both enhancing osteogenic differentiation and inhibiting myogenic differentiation; transduced MDSCs can produce high levels of functional BMP4 as they differentiate toward an osteogenic lineage; allogeneic transduced MDSCs can induce robust de novo bone formation in immunocompetent mice despite the presence of an immune reaction, demonstrating the ability of this retroviral-BMP4-muscle construct to provide sufficient stimuli for osteoinduction in vivo; MDSCs appear to deliver BMP4, respond to the human BMP4 in an autocrine manner, and actively participate in bone formation, thus serving both osteoinductive and osteoproductive roles; and the BMP4-expressing MDSCs can induce bone formation and improve bone healing in a critical-sized skull defect in immunocompetent mice. Therefore, we believe that technology based on the MDSCs and vector system has great potential for promoting bone healing in a variety of musculoskeletal conditions.

Our goal is to study the triggers of spontaneous preterm delivery using a case-crossover design.In a pilot study, we enrolled 50 women with spontaneous preterm labour (PTL) and 50 with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) between 2011 and 2012. To assess non-transient risk factors, we also enrolled a control group of 158 pregnant women at their regular prenatal care visits matched to cases by gestational age and calendar time. The index time was defined as the onset of PTL/PPROM (for cases) or interview (for controls). Detailed data were collected through structured interviews regarding factors of interest during the 72 h that preceded the index time. Within case subjects, we compared the frequency of transient factors from 0 to 24 h before index time with that from 48 to 72 h before index time, and estimated matched odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Previously hypothesised chronic risk factors for spontaneous preterm delivery, including mood disorders and stressful events, were more common among cases than among controls. Within cases, skipped meals [OR 4.3, 95% CI 1.2, 15.2], disturbed sleep [OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.5, 13.3], sexual activity [OR 6.0, 95% CI 0.7, 69.8], and intake of spicy foods [OR 7.0, 95% CI 1.6, 30.8] were associated with an increased risk for PTL/PPROM within the subsequent 24 h. For physical exertion and other potential risk factors evaluated, the OR was close to the null.Skipping meals and disturbed sleep may be associated with imminent PTL/PPROM; sexual activity and spicy food may trigger PTL/PPROM in susceptible women. Larger case-crossover studies will be able to evaluate the impact of modifiable risk factors and acute predictors of PTL/PPROM, and might help guide obstetrical management.

In 2008, the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative listed "expanded cyber education" as one of its key recommendations. In 2009, the Partnership for Public Service produced a report stating that the current pipeline of cybersecurity workers into the government was inadequate. (1) In the same year, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates stated that the military was "desperately short of people who have the capabilities [to operate in cyberspace]." (2) And in 2011, the Inspector General of the Federal Bureau of Investigation reported that 35 percent of the special agents investigating national security cyber-intrusion cases lacked necessary training and technical skills. (3) Nonetheless, the U.S. Government and private sector still seek to increase their online operations and dependency in spite of these shortcomings. An expert at the Atlantic Council of the United States sums up this problem: "cyber workforce management efforts resemble a Ferris wheel: the wheel turns on and on ... we move, but around and around, never forward." (4) This paper addresses methods to close the gaps between demand and the current existing capabilities and capacity in the U.S. cyber workforce. A large number of professionals--with not only technical skills, but also an understanding of cyber policy, law, and other disciplines--will be needed to ensure the continued success of the U.S. economy, government, and society in the 21st-century information age. Innovative methods have been developed by the government, think tanks, and private sector for closing these gaps, but more needs to be done. This paper is part of a larger discussion about the future of the U.S. cyber workforce and existing and new concepts that must be expanded to ensure continued success. The cyber revolution, part of the broader information revolution first defined in 1984, now touches virtually everyone and most aspects of life--80 percent of American adults, for example, now use the Internet, as well as over 2 billion people worldwide. (5) The future of the U.S. cyber workforce must consider this great paradigm shift. Increasingly, we encounter "cyber" in our everyday lives: newspapers are online, automobiles contain computerized systems, critical infrastructures such as water, electricity, and communications are networked. Nearly every facet of life has been digitized. Cyber applications impact Federal, state, local, and tribal governments, and businesses depend on cyber-literate employees. Therefore, this paper addresses the need to increase and improve cyber education in the United States while also assessing the centrality of cyber literacy to all levels of education and American society. Solutions to the cyber workforce problem are outlined below. The first section of this paper discusses the scope of the problem. The next section covers the paradigm shift in some detail: how existing educational and training pipelines, as well as new ways of thinking and recruiting, are needed. The third section discusses issues particular to state, local, and tribal governments. The final section deals with cyber education at the secondary and postsecondary levels. Finally, a series of initial recommendations are presented. Scope of the Problem: Existing Pipelines Within government, industry, and academia, it is universally acknowledged that the cyber workforce needs to be expanded. The 2009 White House Cyberspace Policy Review emphasized both expanding and training the workforce and improving cyber education in order to build greater domestic capacity in the digital age. The Center for Strategic and International Studies Commission on Cybersecurity for the 44th Presidency lists building an expanded workforce as one of its 10 key recommendations and released a November 2010 report entitled A Human Capital Crisis in Cybersecurity. U.S. Strategic Command has identified the Department of Defense (DOD) cyber workforce as undersized and unprepared to meet current and future expected threats. …

Shoulder arthroplasty provides excellent outcomes for most patients; however, a subset of these patients with a failed arthroplasty will require revision. Recently, the reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) has been used in these difficult clinical situations. Therefore, we sought to examine our initial experience using rTSA as a treatment for failed shoulder arthroplasty.During a 5-year period, 31 patients (mean age, 68.7 years) underwent rTSA for treatment of a failed shoulder arthroplasty and their presurgical and operative data were analyzed. Of the 31 patients, 28 were available for an average follow-up of 40.7 months. Their outcomes were assessed with American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), and Simple Shoulder Test (SST) scores, and the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain.Compared with preoperative status, there were statistically significant improvements in all outcome measurements, including the ASES (24.0 to 66.2), UCLA (7.4 to 23.5), SST (1.5 to 7.6), and VAS (7.0 to 2.6). Active forward elevation improved from 44° preoperatively to 108° postoperatively (P.001). Results were rated as good or excellent by 19 patients (67.9%), satisfactory by 4 (14.3%), and unsatisfactory by 5 (17.8%). Among the types of failed arthroplasty, patients with failed TSA noted the greatest improvement in their outcome, but this improvement was not statistically significant.The data suggest that patients can expect improved functional outcome and decreased pain after revision of previous arthroplasty to rTSA and that this procedure can provide a reliable salvage option for a challenging clinical problem.

Background: The reported complication rates of ankle arthroscopy, as well as the types of complications, refer to cases performed fifteen to twenty years ago and include a mixture of invasive and noninvasive distraction methods. As ankle arthroscopy has matured with a move away from invasive distraction and the introduction of improved instruments, it is unclear whether the previously reported complications are reflective of contemporary ankle arthroscopy. We sought to evaluate the types and rates of complications that are associated with contemporary ankle arthroscopy that utilizes noninvasive ankle distraction and a padded foot strap. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 294 consecutive arthroscopies. All patients underwent the same intraoperative noninvasive distraction protocol. Demographic data, diagnoses, duration of follow-up data, and procedure-related complications were identified, recorded, and analyzed. Results: All 294 cases were eligible for review. There were twenty complications, resulting in an overall complication rate of 6.8%. There were four non-neurologic complications, including one case of deep venous thrombosis, one case of prolonged portal drainage, and two cases of superficial infection. There were sixteen neurologic complications; six were related to the anterolateral portal, and eight patients had dysesthesias involving the dorsal part of the midfoot. When analyzed as a group, patients who were receiving Workers’ Compensation had a higher complication rate than patients who were not receiving Workers’ Compensation (21% versus 4.7%, respectively). Conclusions: Contemporary ankle arthroscopy performed with use of a noninvasive distraction technique is a safe procedure. Our observed complication rate of 6.8% is lower than that reported in a previous benchmark study, although our patients who were receiving Workers’ Compensation had a significantly higher risk of having nerve symptoms. An important benefit of the use of contemporary ankle arthroscopy, in which small-joint arthroscopic instruments and noninvasive distraction techniques are used, is a marked reduction in the rate of non-neurologic complications. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

The All Patient Refined-Diagnostic Related Group (APR-DRG) is a modification of the traditional DRG that adds four classes of illness severity and four classes of mortality risk. The APR-DRG is a more accurate assessment of the complexity of care. When individuals with advanced illness are admitted to an acute inpatient palliative medicine unit, there may be a perception that they receive less intense acute care. Most of these patients, however, are multisymptomatic, have several comorbidities, and are older. For all patients admitted to the unit, a guide was followed by staff physicians to document clinical information that included the site(s) of malignancy, site(s) of metastases, disease complications, disease-related symptoms, and comorbidities. We then prospectively compared DRGs, APR-DRGs, and case mix index (CMI) from January 1-June 30, 2003, and February 1-July 31,2004, before and after the use of the guide. The overall mean severity of illness (ASOI) increased by 25% (P0.05). The mean CMI increased by 12% (P0.05). The average length of stay over the same period increased slightly from 8.97 to 9.56 days. Systematic documentation of clinical findings using a specific tool for patients admitted to an acute inpatient palliative medicine unit based on APR-DRG classifications captured a higher severity of illness and may better reflect resource utilization.

The term Web services has as many definitions as there are people who have worked on it. The different definitions, in general, stress various aspects of Web services. The diverse nature of these definitions confirms the diverse interpretations of Web services (“Evolution of Integration Functionality,” 2001; Freger, 2001; Infravio, 2002; Ogbuji, 2002; Stal, 2002; Wilkes, 2002). The big computer giants such as Microsoft and IBM promote Web services, and the definitions offered by them are as follows. • IBM: “A Web Service is a collection of functions that are packaged as a single entity and published to the network for use by other programs...[They are] self-describing, self-contained, modular applications...” (Glass, 2000). • Microsoft: “Web Services are a very general model for building applications and can be implemented for any operating system that supports communication over the Internet and represent black-box functionality that can be reused without worrying about how the service is implemented...[They use] building blocks for constructing distributed Web applications...” (Kirtland, 2001). • World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): “A software system identified by a URI [uniform resource indicator], whose public interfaces and bindings are defined and described using XML [extensible markup language]. Its definition can be discovered by other software systems. These systems may then interact in a manner prescribed by its definition, using XML based messages conveyed by internet protocols” (W3C, 2002). This article attempts to clarify these generic definitions into language that is tangible and meaningful to the reader. To do so, background is given on the systems, applications, and architecture that led to the need and development of Web services.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of immediate spica casting in the emergency room (ER) and evaluate the effect of discharge from the emergency room on short- term complications. DESIGN: Retrospective review of patients treated with immediate spica casting in the ER between June 1, 1993 and July 30, 2001. SETTING: Major, pediatric, orthopaedic trauma and referral center. PATIENTS: A total of 145 pediatric femur fractures in children, younger than age 7 years, treated with immediate spica casting in the ER were reviewed to determine radiographic outcome and short-term complication rates. INTERVENTION: All patients underwent immediate spica cast placement in the ER under conscious sedation. Patients meeting specific criteria were discharged immediately from the ER. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Radiographic acceptability of alignment at fracture union (angulation, shortening), loss of reduction, number of return visits to the emergency room, and clinical outcome at final follow-up. RESULTS: Average follow-up was 20 +/- 16 weeks (range, 1-9 months). Forty-eight patients (33%) were discharged from the ER. No clinical complications were noted at last follow-up. All children younger than age 2 years, and 86.5% of children ages 2 to 5 years, met acceptable malalignment parameters on final radiographs. There were 16 ER visits (11%) for cast problems. Re-reduction in the operating room was needed in 11 patients (8.9%); 6.9% of patients had a cast problem noted during follow-up visits. Only 9% of patients developed a major complication. Initial shortening was the only independent risk factor found to be associated with loss of reduction. Admission status had no significant effect on the number of ER visits or development of a complication. CONCLUSIONS: If there are no associated factors requiring admission (ie, child abuse or polytrauma), spica casting in the ER for pediatric femur fractures followed by immediate discharge can be safely performed with a low complication rate in children younger than age 6 years, nearly eliminating the need for general anesthesia.

Multiple trials have documented wide interobserver variability between radiologists interpreting computed tomography colonography (CTC) exams. We sought to determine if nonradiologists could learn to interpret intraluminal findings at CTC with a high degree of sensitivity to determine if they could play a role as second readers in interpreting CTC exams.Seven nonradiologists (five medical students, two radiologic technologists) undertook self-directed CTC training using a teaching file of 50 cases; thereafter, each reader blindly interpreted 50 cases with colonoscopic correlation (30 positive, 20 negative). Results were compared with a previously studied cohort of radiologists. The two technologists additionally repeated the exam after 6 weeks of clinical experience.The sensitivity of nonradiologists for small (5-9 mm) polyps, large (9 mm) lesions, and cancers was similar to that of radiologists (0.45 versus 0.63, 0.74 versus 0.71, and 0.80 versus 0.88, respectively). After 6 weeks of clinical experience as second readers, the accuracy of one technologist significantly improved (from 74% to 90%, P = .008), whereas accuracy of the other tended toward improvement (from 74% to 86%%, P = .25). Nonradiologists detected, on average, 6/36 additional polyps (17%) missed by any radiologist, and the sensitivity of 5/7 nonradiologists was significantly greater than at least one of the radiologists (P = .05).Nonradiologists can perform similarly to radiologists in interpreting intraluminal findings at CTC, with nonradiologist performance improving even after experience with more than 100 cases. Skilled nonradiologists may play a vital role as a second reader of intraluminal findings or by performing quality control of examinations before patient dismissal.

Background: The heterotopic ossification of muscles, tendons, and ligaments is a common problem faced by orthopaedic surgeons. We investigated the ability of Noggin (a BMP [bone morphogenetic protein] antagonist) to inhibit heterotopic ossification. Methods: Part 1: A retroviral vector carrying the gene encoding human Noggin was developed and used to transduce muscle-derived stem cells. Part 2: Cells transduced with BMP-4 were implanted into both hind limbs of mice along with either an equal number, twice the number, or three times the number of Noggin-expressing muscle-derived stem cells (treated limb) or with nontransduced muscle-derived stem cells (control limb). At four weeks, the mice were killed and radiographs were made to look for evidence of heterotopic ossification. Part 3: Eighty milligrams of human demineralized bone matrix was implanted into the hind limbs of SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency strain) mice along with 100,000, 500,000, or 1,000,000 Noggin-expressing muscle-derived stem cells (treated limbs) or nontransduced muscle-derived stem cells (control limbs). At eight weeks, the mice were killed and radiographs were made. Part 4: Immunocompetent mice underwent bilateral Achilles tenotomy along with the implantation of 1,000,000 Noggin-expressing muscle-derived stem cells (treated limbs) or nontransduced muscle-derived stem cells (control limbs). At ten weeks, the mice were killed and radiographs were made. Results: Part 1: An in vitro BMP inhibition assay demonstrated that Noggin was expressed by muscle-derived stem cells at a level of 280 ng per million cells per twenty-four hours. Part 2: Three varying doses of Noggin-expressing muscle-derived stem cells inhibited the heterotopic ossification elicited by BMP-4-expressing muscle-derived stem cells. Heterotopic ossification was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by 53%, 74%, and 99%, respectively (p < 0.05). Part 3: Each of three varying doses of Noggin-expressing muscle-derived stem cells significantly inhibited the heterotopic ossification elicited by demineralized bone matrix. Heterotopic ossification was reduced by 91%, 99%, and 99%, respectively (p < 0.05). Part 4: All eleven animals that underwent Achilles tenotomy developed heterotopic ossification at the site of the injury in the control limbs. In contrast, the limbs treated with the Noggin-expressing muscle-derived stem cells had a reduction in the formation of heterotopic ossification of 83% and eight of the eleven animals had no radiographic evidence of heterotopic ossification (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The delivery of Noggin mediated by muscle-derived stem cells can inhibit heterotopic ossification caused by BMP-4, demineralized bone matrix, and trauma in an animal model. Clinical Relevance: Gene therapy to deliver Noggin may become a powerful method to inhibit heterotopic ossification in targeted areas of the body.

Failed fracture healing is a significant problem in orthopaedics, often seen in patients with scaphoid fractures, high-energy injuries, and osteoporosis. Current treatments often result in poor outcomes and donor site morbidity. Gene therapy has been the focus of much recent research to improve bone healing. In the current review, the authors specifically evaluate the use of muscle-derived cells as a gene delivery vehicle and inducible osteoprogenitor cell that can enhance bone regeneration. Muscle-derived cells have been used to deliver bone morphogenetic protein-2 and produce ectopic bone. These cells express osteocalcin and have been found within newly generated bone in locations normally occupied by osteoblasts and osteocytes. Finally, it is shown that muscle-derived cells coupled with ex vivo gene therapy can heal critical-sized calvarial defects.

The purpose of this prospective study was to compare the effect of adjunctive direct current (DC) electrical stimulation and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) on augmentation of instrumented lumbar fusion. Sixty-one patients undergoing lumbar spine fusion were enrolled in the study and randomized to one of three treatment protocols: 1) adjunctive PEMF group (n = 22) fitted with Spinal-Stim model 8212(AME) within 30 days of surgery; 2) DC group (n = 17) had a SpF-2T stimulator(EBI) implanted at the time of surgery; or 3) control group (n = 22). The fusion mass bone mineral density (BMD) assessment was performed on 3-month and 1-year radiographs for each patient. Lateral flexion-extension and anteroposterior radiographs were evaluated at 1 year to determine the presence of fusion. Clinical outcome patient analyses were performed at 1 year. At 1-year follow-up, radiographic fusion and fusion mass bone density were not significantly different among the groups. In the nonstimulated group, there were 43% excellent, 43% good, and 14% fair results. In the PEMF group, there were 35% excellent, 50% good, 10% fair, and 5% poor results. In the DC group, there were 32% excellent, 37% good, and 31% fair results. The results of the current study suggest that electrical stimulation does not significantly enhance fusion rate in instrumented lumbar arthrodesis, although we observed a statistically insignificant trend toward increased fusion mass BMD in the electrically stimulated groups. The significance of increased BMD remains unknown.

For over a decade, we assumed that software developers had a choice between the cathedral and the bazaar: developers could choose to develop propriety software in a structural hierarchy of planned development, testing, and documentation or in a tumultuous and exciting, quick release open source marketplace. We are finding that these assumptions are no longer valid. Corporate members' participation in open source software development and greater attention to compliance with open source licenses has signalled the need for new metaphors for open source software design and development. In this study, we use participant observation and functional discourse analysis to determine which metaphors are useful and seek evidence for these metaphors in the emergent governance structure of the Software Package Data Exchange SPDX

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