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2. Cardiopulmonary Impact of Particulate Air Pollution in High-Risk Populations JACC State-of-the-Art Review

Author

Newman, Jonathan D, Bhatt, Deepak L, Rajagopalan, Sanjay, Balmes, John R, Brauer, Michael, Breysse, Patrick N, Brown, Alison GM, Carnethon, Mercedes R, Cascio, Wayne E, Collman, Gwen W, Fine, Lawrence J, Hansel, Nadia N, Hernandez, Adrian, Hochman, Judith S, Jerrett, Michael, Joubert, Bonnie R, Kaufman, Joel D, Malik, Ali O, Mensah, George A, Newby, David E, Peel, Jennifer L, Siegel, Jeffrey, Siscovick, David, Thompson, Betsy L, Zhang, Junfeng, and Brook, Robert D

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology, Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions, Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Prevention, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Generic health relevance, Good Health and Well Being, Air Pollution, Clinical Trials as Topic, Education, Heart Diseases, Humans, Lung Diseases, Particulate Matter, cardiopulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, fine particulate air pollution, portable air cleaner, randomized clinical trials, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Public Health and Health Services, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, Cardiovascular medicine and haematology
Abstract

Fine particulate air pollution

Published
2020

5. Structured Expert Judgement Approach of the Health Impact of Various Chemicals and Classes of Chemicals

Author

Marti, Deniz, primary, Hanrahan, David, additional, Sanchez-Triana, Ernesto, additional, Wells, Mona, additional, Corra, Lilian, additional, Hu, Howard, additional, Breysse, Patrick N., additional, Laborde, Amalia, additional, Caravanos, Jack, additional, Bertollini, Roberto, additional, Porterfield, Kate, additional, and Fuller, Richard, additional

Published
2024
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9. Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries

Author

Gordon, Stephen B, Bruce, Nigel G, Grigg, Jonathan, Hibberd, Patricia L, Kurmi, Om P, Lam, Kin-bong Hubert, Mortimer, Kevin, Asante, Kwaku Poku, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balmes, John, Bar-Zeev, Naor, Bates, Michael N, Breysse, Patrick N, Buist, Sonia, Chen, Zhengming, Havens, Deborah, Jack, Darby, Jindal, Surinder, Kan, Haidong, Mehta, Sumi, Moschovis, Peter, Naeher, Luke, Patel, Archana, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Pope, Daniel, Rylance, Jamie, Semple, Sean, and Martin, William J

Subjects
Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions, Health Effects of Household Energy Combustion, Clinical Research, Lung, Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution, Prevention, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Aetiology, Respiratory, Adult, Air Pollution, Indoor, Child, Cooking, Developing Countries, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Restoration and Remediation, Female, Housing, Humans, Income, Male, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Respiratory Tract Neoplasms, Risk Factors, Social Conditions, Socioeconomic Factors, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Other Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract

A third of the world's population uses solid fuel derived from plant material (biomass) or coal for cooking, heating, or lighting. These fuels are smoky, often used in an open fire or simple stove with incomplete combustion, and result in a large amount of household air pollution when smoke is poorly vented. Air pollution is the biggest environmental cause of death worldwide, with household air pollution accounting for about 3·5-4 million deaths every year. Women and children living in severe poverty have the greatest exposures to household air pollution. In this Commission, we review evidence for the association between household air pollution and respiratory infections, respiratory tract cancers, and chronic lung diseases. Respiratory infections (comprising both upper and lower respiratory tract infections with viruses, bacteria, and mycobacteria) have all been associated with exposure to household air pollution. Respiratory tract cancers, including both nasopharyngeal cancer and lung cancer, are strongly associated with pollution from coal burning and further data are needed about other solid fuels. Chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis in women, are associated with solid fuel use for cooking, and the damaging effects of exposure to household air pollution in early life on lung development are yet to be fully described. We also review appropriate ways to measure exposure to household air pollution, as well as study design issues and potential effective interventions to prevent these disease burdens. Measurement of household air pollution needs individual, rather than fixed in place, monitoring because exposure varies by age, gender, location, and household role. Women and children are particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of pollution and are exposed to the highest concentrations. Interventions should target these high-risk groups and be of sufficient quality to make the air clean. To make clean energy available to all people is the long-term goal, with an intermediate solution being to make available energy that is clean enough to have a health impact.

Published
2014

10. Utility and cutoff value of hair nicotine as a biomarker of long-term tobacco smoke exposure, compared to salivary cotinine.

Author

Kim, Sungroul, Apelberg, Benjamin J, Avila-Tang, Erika, Hepp, Lisa, Yun, Dongmin, Samet, Jonathan M, and Breysse, Patrick N

Subjects
Saliva, Hair, Humans, Nicotine, Cotinine, Cross-Sectional Studies, Smoking, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Time Factors, Adult, Middle Aged, Baltimore, Female, Male, Young Adult, Biomarkers, Toxicology
Abstract

While hair samples are easier to collect and less expensive to store and transport than biological fluids, and hair nicotine characterizes tobacco exposure over a longer time period than blood or urine cotinine, information on its utility, compared with salivary cotinine, is still limited. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 289 participants (107 active smokers, 105 passive smokers with self-reported secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, and 77 non-smokers with no SHS exposure) in Baltimore (Maryland, USA). A subset of the study participants (n = 52) were followed longitudinally over a two-month interval.  Median baseline hair nicotine concentrations for active, passive and non-smokers were 16.2, 0.36, and 0.23 ng/mg, respectively, while those for salivary cotinine were 181.0, 0.27, and 0.27 ng/mL, respectively. Hair nicotine concentrations for 10% of passive or non-smokers were higher than the 25th percentile value for active smokers while all corresponding salivary cotinine concentrations for them were lower than the value for active smokers. This study showed that hair nicotine concentration values could be used to distinguish active or heavy passive adult smokers from non-SHS exposed non-smokers. Our results indicate that hair nicotine is a useful biomarker for the assessment of long-term exposure to tobacco smoke.

Published
2014

12. Environmental monitoring of secondhand smoke exposure.

Author

Apelberg, Benjamin J, Hepp, Lisa M, Avila-Tang, Erika, Gundel, Lara, Hammond, S Katharine, Hovell, Melbourne F, Hyland, Andrew, Klepeis, Neil E, Madsen, Camille C, Navas-Acien, Ana, Repace, James, Samet, Jonathan M, and Breysse, Patrick N

Subjects
Humans, Nicotine, Smoking, Air Pollution, Indoor, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Particulate Matter, Biomarkers, Air Pollution, Indoor, Public Health
Abstract

The complex composition of secondhand smoke (SHS) provides a range of constituents that can be measured in environmental samples (air, dust and on surfaces) and therefore used to assess non-smokers' exposure to tobacco smoke. Monitoring SHS exposure (SHSe) in indoor environments provides useful information on the extent and consequences of SHSe, implementing and evaluating tobacco control programmes and behavioural interventions, and estimating overall burden of disease caused by SHSe. The most widely used markers have been vapour-phase nicotine and respirable particulate matter (PM). Numerous other environmental analytes of SHS have been measured in the air including carbon monoxide, 3-ethenylpyridine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, nitrogen oxides, aldehydes and volatile organic compounds, as well as nicotine in dust and on surfaces. The measurement of nicotine in the air has the advantage of reflecting the presence of tobacco smoke. While PM measurements are not as specific, they can be taken continuously, allowing for assessment of exposure and its variation over time. In general, when nicotine and PM are measured in the same setting using a common sampling period, an increase in nicotine concentration of 1 μg/m(3) corresponds to an average increase of 10 μg/m3 of PM. This topic assessment presents a comprehensive summary of SHSe monitoring approaches using environmental markers and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of these methods and approaches.

Published
2013

14. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health

Author

Landrigan, Philip J, Fuller, Richard, Acosta, Nereus J R, Adeyi, Olusoji, Arnold, Robert, Basu, Niladri (Nil), Baldé, Abdoulaye Bibi, Bertollini, Roberto, Bose-O'Reilly, Stephan, Boufford, Jo Ivey, Breysse, Patrick N, Chiles, Thomas, Mahidol, Chulabhorn, Coll-Seck, Awa M, Cropper, Maureen L, Fobil, Julius, Fuster, Valentin, Greenstone, Michael, Haines, Andy, Hanrahan, David, Hunter, David, Khare, Mukesh, Krupnick, Alan, Lanphear, Bruce, Lohani, Bindu, Martin, Keith, Mathiasen, Karen V, McTeer, Maureen A, Murray, Christopher J L, Ndahimananjara, Johanita D, Perera, Frederica, Potočnik, Janez, Preker, Alexander S, Ramesh, Jairam, Rockström, Johan, Salinas, Carlos, Samson, Leona D, Sandilya, Karti, Sly, Peter D, Smith, Kirk R, Steiner, Achim, Stewart, Richard B, Suk, William A, van Schayck, Onno C P, Yadama, Gautam N, Yumkella, Kandeh, and Zhong, Ma

Published
2018
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17. Structured expert judgement approach of the health impact of various chemicals and classes of chemicals.

Author

Marti, Deniz, Hanrahan, David, Sanchez-Triana, Ernesto, Wells, Mona, Corra, Lilian, Hu, Howard, Breysse, Patrick N., Laborde, Amalia, Caravanos, Jack, Bertollini, Roberto, Porterfield, Kate, and Fuller, Richard

Subjects
POLLUTANTS, ASBESTOS, POLLUTION, JUDGMENT (Psychology), ENDOCRINE disruptors, LEAD
Abstract

Introduction: Chemical contamination and pollution are an ongoing threat to human health and the environment. The concern over the consequences of chemical exposures at the global level continues to grow. Because resources are constrained, there is a need to prioritize interventions focused on the greatest health impact. Data, especially related to chemical exposures, are rarely available for most substances of concern, and alternate methods to evaluate their impact are needed. Structured expert judgment (SEJ) process: A Structured Expert Judgment (Research Outreach, 2021) process was performed to provide plausible estimates of health impacts for 16 commonly found pollutants: asbestos, arsenic, benzene, chromium, cadmium, dioxins, fluoride, highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs), lead, mercury, polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAs), phthalates, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and brominated flame retardants (BRFs). This process, undertaken by sector experts, weighed individual estimations of the probable global health scale health impacts of each pollutant using objective estimates of the expert opinions' statistical accuracy and informativeness. Main findings: The foremost substances, in terms of mean projected annual total deaths, were lead, asbestos, arsenic, and HHPs. Lead surpasses the others by a large margin, with an estimated median value of 1.7 million deaths annually. The three other substances averaged between 136,000 and 274,000 deaths per year. Of the 12 other chemicals evaluated, none reached an estimated annual death count exceeding 100,000. These findings underscore the importance of prioritizing available resources on reducing and remediating the impacts of these key pollutants. Range of health impacts: Based on the evidence available, experts concluded some of the more notorious chemical pollutants, such as PCBs and dioxin, do not result in high levels of human health impact from a global scale perspective. However, the chemical toxicity of some compounds released in recent decades, such as Endocrine Disrupters and PFAs, cannot be ignored, even if current impacts are limited. Moreover, the impact of some chemicals may be disproportionately large in some geographic areas. Continued research and monitoring are essential; and a preventative approach is needed for chemicals. Future directions: These results, and potential similar analyses of other chemicals, are provided as inputs to ongoing discussions about priority setting for global chemicals and pollution management. Furthermore, we suggest that this SEJ process be repeated periodically as new information becomes available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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