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Dracaena arborea (DA) and Bridelia ferruginea (BF) are medicinal plants used in the treatment of various ailments such as diabetes, infertility, and sexual dysfunctions. The aim of this work was to characterize these plants chemically and investigate their antioxidant and cytotoxicity in vitro and in silico. The cytotoxicity was determined in PC3, NIH3T3 and BT474 cells, and through hemolysis using erythrocytes. Furthermore, selected compounds from DA and BF were docked against some oxidative stress (Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 and GST: glutathione S-transferase) and cytotoxicity (PARP10: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family member 10 and p90 RSK: p90 ribosomal S6 kinases) proteins to predict the ligand-protein interaction. We found that the total phenolic and flavonoid content in BF was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that of DA. 16 and 32 phytocompounds were identified in DA and BF, respectively. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+) free radical scavenging activity, and cupric and ferric reducing power of BF were significantly (p < 0.05–0.001) higher than those of DA. Moreover, the ability of BF to inhibit lipid peroxidation was higher than that of DA. DA dose-dependently decreased the viability of PC3, NIH3T3, and BT474 cells, while BF tended to feed the cells. Drug-Likeness and toxicity prediction of selected compounds found in DA and BF were within the acceptable standards, according to Lipinski's rule. The majority of compounds found in DA and BF exhibited a strong binding affinity with Keap1, GST, PARP10 and p90 RSK, which supports the in vitro results. For instance, Cis-cyclohexane-1,3-diamine from DA showed a binding affinity of -6.73 kcal/mol and interacted with Keap1 through five conventional hydrogen bonds, while Nrf2 (a Keap1 inhibitor) exhibited a binding affinity of -11.82 kcal/mol and interacted with Keap1 via two conventional hydrogen bonds. 1,3-propanediamine, n-methyl identified in BF exhibited a high stability with Keap1 (-5.95 kcal/mol) due to the presence of 6 conventional hydrogen bonds. Among the compounds identified in DA, the best stable ligand interacting with PARP10 was 2-deoxy-alpha-d-ribopyranose (-7.62 kcal/mol), as it was well-matched in the PARP10 pocket through five conventional hydrogen bonds. In parallel, among the compounds present in BF, 2-[(methylamino)methyl]cyclohexanol showed the best binding affinity with PARP10 (-9.80 kcal/mol), which was higher than that of veliparib (-8.26 kcal/mol), used as a reference inhibitor. In conclusion, BF has the possibility to be exploited in the prevention/treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases, while DA could be a potential anticancer agent. This could justify their ethnomedicinal uses. [Display omitted] • The chemical profiles of D. arborea (DA) and B. ferruginea (BF) were evaluated. • Their antioxidant and cytoprotective effects were also studied. • BF exhibited a potent antioxidant effect, while DA decreased the cell viability. • BF could be exploited in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases. • DA could be a potential anticancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridelia ferruginea Benth is a plant usually found in Savannah regions, used in ethno-medicine for treatment of dysentery, elephantiasis, intestinal and bladder disorder. Chemical compounds present in the leaf, twig, stem bark, stem wood and root wood of Bridelia ferruginea essential oils, their antioxidant and toxicity assays are been reported. The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analysed by means of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant assay was conducted using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) while the brine shrimp lethality test was carried out using Artemia salina eggs. Leaf, twig, stem bark, stem wood and root wood essential oils gave yields of 0.44%, 0.42%, 0.51%, 0.20% and 0.26% respectively. A total of eighty-two (82) compounds were identified in the five essential oils. Ethyl salicylate was the dominant constituent of the leaf essential oil (41.15%) while methyl salicylate was most abundant in the twig (33.33%) and stem bark (24.67%) essential oils. Stem wood oil contained ethyl salicylate (12.60%) while the root wood oil was composed mostly of 1-octadecene (18.53%). The antioxidant assay showed that stem bark had the most activity (53.12 μg/mL) while the least activity was recorded for twig oil (1037.14 μg/mL). The brine shrimp lethality test revealed that lethal concentration at 50% level (LC50) for leaf essential oil was non-toxic (74361.99 μg/mL). Bridelia ferruginea is rich in antioxidants; significant amounts of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenes in the essential oils support the use of the plants in ethno-medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diarrhea, an abnormal state in which the individual has about three or more daily bowel movements, is now considered one of the most challenging global public health problems. Using plant products, such as Bridelia ferruginea is an alternative treatment option. The objective of this study was to investigate the antidiarrheal activity of B. ferruginea bark methanolic extract (BfME) and the mechanisms involved. BfME antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in mice model of castor oil-induced diarrhea and enteropooling. To evaluate motility, gastrointestinal transit time was carried out using phenol red meal, while intestinal activities of selected ATPases were also evaluated. Furthermore, the active components in BfME were detected by GC-MS analysis, while molecular docking of the most abundant compounds with muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3) and prostaglandin E2 receptor 3 (EP3) were conducted. BfME at 400 and 800 mg/kg showed antidiarrheal activity by delaying onset of diarrhea, reduced gastrointestinal transit and increased intestinal activities of Na+ K+-ATPase, Ca2+ Mg2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase. Molecular docking revealed that γ-sitosterol, α-amyrin, and stigmasterol have outstanding binding affinity for M3 and EP3. In view of these results, the observed antidiarrheal activity possibly occurs via the activation of ATPases activities and inhibition of M3 and EP3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA has made COVID-19 more difficult to eradicate using currently available interventions. Hence, newer pharmaceutical strategies must be developed, especially those generally complementary and alternative medicines. In the current study, stem bark of Bridelia ferruginea Benth is presented as plausible source of ethno-pharmaceuticals actionable against key SARS-CoV-2 life cycle-dependent enzymes based on in vitro inhibition studies, LC-ESI-MS characterization and molecular docking studies. Bridelia ferruginea stem bark extracted with 1 % HCL-acidified water, water, butanol, chloroform, ethyl-acetate, and petroleum ether and assayed for in vitro inhibition of SARS-COV-2-gp/human ACE2 interaction. The lowest and the highest IC50 value were recorded for ethyl-acetate (3.550 mg/L) and chloroform (413.4 mg/L) extracts respectively. When the ethyl-acetate extract was tested for SARS-COV-2 protease inhibition in vitro, papain-like protease (PL-pro, IC50=1.981 mg/L) presented as the better target in comparison to the main protease (3CL-pro, IC50=10.13 mg/L). LC/MS analysis identified corilagin and Gallocatechin-[4-O-7]-epigallocatechin as the active principles whilst molecular docking revealed the plausible poses of the compounds within the binding pockets of SARS-COV-2-glycoprotien receptor binding pocket, 3CL-pro and PL-pro. Taken together, these findings identified Bridelia ferruginea stem bark as a plausible source of anti-SARS-COV-2 phytochemicals and propose that corilagin may play important role in this activity.

The antidiabetic potentials of the dichloromethene, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions of Bridelia ferruginea leaves were investigated using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. In vitro and ex vivo antidiabetic activities revealed the butanol (BFBF) to be the most active of the fractions, and thus selected for in vivo study. Diabetes was induced using the fructose-streptozotocin model. Treatments with BFBF significantly reduced blood glucose level and improved glucose tolerance, serum insulin level and sensitivity as well as suppressed hyperlipidaemia and serum nephropathy markers. Histopathological analysis revealed the ability of BFBF to protect and regenerate pancreatic β-cells. BFBF significantly elevated glutathione level, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, while depleting MDA level in serums and kidney of diabetic rats. Phenols, steroids, terpenoids, aliphatic and aromatic compounds were identified in the fractions following GC-MS analysis. Overall, results from this study propose that BFBF possess potent antidiabetic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd), a non-redox metal, has been described as an environmental toxicant that poses a great threat to human health. Therefore, this study aimed to appraise the mitigating potential of the aqueous extract of Bridelia ferruginea (Bf) stem bark against hepato-renal toxicity in Cd-exposed Wistar rats. Thirty (30) adult male Wistar rats (weight 150–200 g) were randomly grouped into five (5) groups of six (6) rats each (n = 6), and experimental rats received a single treatment of cadmium chloride (CdCl2; 30 mg/kg body weight (bw)). Cd-exposed rats were administered 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw aqueous extract of Bf stem bark for 14 days. Cd exposure caused hepato-renal toxicity in the untreated control as revealed by a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the serum liver function markers (i.e., AST, ALT, and ALP) as well as a marked (p < 0.05) decrease in hepatic antioxidant enzymes. A similar effect was also noticed in the renal function biomarkers (i.e., creatinine and urea) and its antioxidant enzymes. However, Cd-exposed groups–administered aqueous extract of Bf stem bark revealed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum activities of AST, ALP, and ALT, as well as a significant (p > 0.05) difference in TP level compared to Cd-induced hepato-renal toxicity untreated and normal control. Similarly, hepatic and renal antioxidant parameters (SOD, CAT, and GSH), TP, serum lipid profile, urea, and creatinine were significantly (p < 0.05) improved among the groups-administered aqueous extract of Bf stem bark compared to Cd-induced hepato-renal toxicity untreated and normal control. The renal and hepatic Cd concentrations of groups administered aqueous extract of Bf stem bark significant (p < 0.05) decrease compared to Cd-induced hepato-renal toxicity untreated and normal control. Likewise, histological examinations of kidney and liver tissues of the groups administered aqueous extract of Bf stem bark revealed restoration of normal architecture. Therefore, aqueous extract of Bf stem bark could be suggested to be hepatoprotective and renoprotective in Cd toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Bridelia ferruginea belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, identified as an important commonly growing shrub, is used in traditional medicine for managing arthritis, dysentery, constipation, chronic diabetes, skin diseases, bladder and intestinal disorders, oral infections, thrush, bites and as an arrow poison antidote. This review aims at providing information on the traditional medicinal uses, pharmacological activities, phytochemistry and toxicity studies of Bridelia ferruginea to bridge the gap between traditional medicinal uses and preclinical studies on B. ferruginea and subsequently lead to the development of valued added medicines from B. ferruginea. Materials and methods: Data in this review were compiled using databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Springer link, Elsevier and Taylor and Francis, articles from peer reviewed journals and other grey literature (short notes, book chapters, short communications) to access all the relevant information available on B. ferruginea. Results: B. ferruginea contains different phytochemicals including flavonoids, phenolics, phytosterols, triterpenes, saponins, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. Gallocatechin-(4′-O-7)-epigallocatechin, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1,3,4,5-tetracaffeoylquinic acid and some derivatives of 3-methoxyflavone, such as quercetin-3-methyl ether, quercetin 3-,7,3′,4′-tetramethyl ether, myricetin 3′,4′,5′-trimethyl ether, myricetin 3,3′,4′,5′-tetramethyl ether, myricetin and quercetin 3-O-glucoside specific flavonoids and biflavonoids like apigenin, kaempferol and glycosides of both have been isolated and further characterized from B. ferruginea. B. ferruginea has several pharmacologically beneficial properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-infective, antipyretic, analgesic, diuretic and natriuretic activities. Conclusion: The wide distribution, traditional medicinal uses and wealth of phytochemicals present in B. ferruginea suggests that the plant can be useful in lead compound discovery. Although B. ferruginea has been widely studied, further studies on the mechanism of action, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and side effects in humans need to be investigated.

Introduction: Bridelia ferruginea is a plant known for its antidiabetic properties. However, few studies on leaf extracts have induced anti-hyperglycemic activity on normal mice subjected to carbohydrate overload. The current study was designed to assess the effect of the leaf extracts’ fraction on fructose-induced diabetic mice. Methods: The in vitro ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were carried out and the condensed tannins quantified. The vanillin-HCl method was used to characterize the condensed tannins. The antidiabetic effect on fructose-induced diabetic mice was evaluated for 28 days using a fructose-enriched fat diet approach. Results: The fraction confirmed the antioxidant activity with a reducing power of 800 μg/mL comparable to ascorbic acid at 200 μg/mL. The condensed tannins were estimated at 79.6 ± 3.4 mg catechin equivalent per gram of sample. Significant decreases in blood sugar levels of 6.25% at the 7th day, 11.04% at the 14th day, 12.61% at the 21th day, and 11.35% at the 28th day were obtained in mice treated with the extract dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight, compared to the positive control group. The decreases of 37.11% of triglycerides and 40.16% of total cholesterol were also obtained. Conclusion: The investigated fraction showed notable antidiabetic activity and might be a good candidate in the treatment of diabetes.

Background and objectives: Bridelia ferruginea Benth , a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine in Ivory Coast to treat many pathologies such as diabetes mellitus, is usually taken during a short or long period and its bark used as vegetables contains anti-nutritional factors.. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the plant extract on food consumption and body weight in Wistar female and male rats. Methods: The aqueous extract was prepared using the powder (100 g) of the stem bark of Bridelia ferruginea macerated in distilled water (1 Liter) during 24 hours. For the present study, thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups of 8 animals each (8; 4/sex). The experiment was performed in 90 days, according the protocol described by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline 408 for testing chemicals in sub chronic toxicity study in rodents. Food consumption and animal body weight were measured each day during the experiment period. Results: The food consumption decreased in female group compared to the male rats receiving the same treatment (p

Background: Bridelia ferruginea is one of the most valuable ethnomedicinal plants, which has been confirmed for antimicrobial activities and tissue-enhancing properties against degenerative processes. This study aimed at investigating the histomorphological characterization of ethanol extracts of leaf, stem-bark, and root of B. ferruginea on Pneumococcal-meningitis-induced bone marrow damage. Materials and Methods: Sixty-three Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups of seven rats each. Group B-F2 were inoculated with 1 × 109 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL of P. meningitis and were left for 72h before treatment. Group A rats (normal control) received 2.5 mg/kg of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), whereas group B rats (negative control) were left untreated, group C rats (positive control) were treated with single dose daily of 1.4 mg/kg ciprofloxacin tablets, group D1 received 300 mg/kg B. ferruginea leaf extract, group D2 received 600 mg/kg B. ferruginea leaf extract, group E1 received 300 mg/kg B. ferruginea stem-bark extract, group E2 received 600 mg/kg B. ferruginea stem-bark extract, group F1 received 300 mg/kg B. ferruginea root extract, and group F2 received 600 mg/kg B. ferruginea root extract for 2 weeks after which all the animals were killed via cervical dislocation. Results: Ciprofloxacin and the leaf, stem-bark, and root extracts of B. ferruginea were able to avert and managed damage (tissue damage, histomorphological, and cytoarchitectural parameter) caused by P. meningitis in the bone marrow of adult Wistar rats. Conclusion: Bridelia ferruginea has antibacterial activities against factors causing bone marrow erythyroid hyperplasia, osteomyelitis as well as hemolytic anemia.

A ceramic water filter (CWF) coated with plant-based nanoparticles was used as household water purifier in a rural community. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were produced from the stem bark of Bridelia ferruginea plant, and their efficacy to enhance the physical, chemical, and microbial quality of raw stream water sample was determined using analytical probes and pour-plate techniques, respectively. The pH of the filtered water sample ranged 7.6 to 8.1, which is within the WHO permissible limit for drinking water, and the electrical conductivity values were also reduced from 110 to 70 µS/cm. The CWF coated with AgNPs (CWF-AgNPs) removed Klebsiella pnuemoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus , and Entamoeba histolytica from the stream water sample. The highest percentage of coliform reduction in the CWF and CWF-AgNPs were 93.18% and 99.64%, respectively. The raw data showed that the CWF-NPs enhanced the quality of the stream water. The surface and internal structure of the CWF-AgNPs can be modified by varying the concentration of the composite materials, so as to determine the most effective combination. The improved CWF-AgNPs will enhance achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goal #6, which focuses on clean water and sanitation., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Recent ethnomedicinal studies on Bridelia ferruginea Benth (family Phyllanthaceae) as an antiplasmodial remedy have established its potency as a strong prophylactic and chemosuppressive agent. Human consumption of medicinal herbs without adequate evaluation of its efficacy and safety can result in grave physiological and pathological consequences. Therefore, this study assessed the antiplasmodial bioactivity, biochemical, hematological, histopathological and toxicity profile of the ethanolic stem bark extract of B. ferruginea in mice. Ethanolic stem bark extract of B. ferruginea (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) were orally administered to Plasmodium berghei-infected mice in models and were subsequently observed for mortality, behavioral changes and signs of toxicity. Acute evaluation was experimented at 1,000 mg/kg for 28 days. Occult blood obtained from the euthanized mice were subjected to biochemical and hematological assays. A comprehensive assessment of the histology of the liver and kidney was also ascertained. The median lethal dose (LD50) was determined and extrapolated using the regression equation obtained from the plot of the probits of mortalities (y) and the log of doses (log10C). Different concentrations of the phytochemical secondary metabolites were revealed. Antiplasmodial bioactivity was established at the 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of the herbal extract with a dearth in parasitemia at different days post-treatment. The 800 mg/kg group responded by exhibiting a dose-dependent decrease in parasitemia comparable with the chloroquine bi-phosphate group. Significant alterations in the histology of the liver and kidney of the 1,000 mg/kg group was documented. There was a reduction in the titers of LDH, ALT, AST, and urea in the treated group when compared with the control (p < 0.05). Antioxidant profiles were also highly significant with elevation in SOD, GPx, and CAT, but a reduction in MDA. LD50 was established at 424 mg/kg. B. ferruginea Benth (family Phyllanthaceae) is a potent antiplasmodial, antioxidant, regenerative and ameliorative herbal remedy if administered in controlled dosage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smallholder farmers make intensive use of anthelmintic plant species in the traditional treatment of animal parasitic infections. As a result, populations of these plant species are exposed to increased disturbances such as plant harvesting, threatening their stability. Information on population structure of threatened plant species is important not only for understanding their ecological status but also for conservation and restoration purposes. Using floristic and structural data from 61 plots of 0.09 ha each, we assessed the population structures of the three anthelmin- tic species (Bridelia ferruginea, Mitragyna inermis, and Combretum glutinosum) along the climatic gradient (Guinean, Sudano–Guinean and Sudanian climatic zones) in Benin. Structural characteristics (tree density, basal area, mean diameter, tree height), and species-specific diameter and height distribution were assessed. Results showed that B. ferruginea was found in all three climatic zones, but more prominent in the Sudano–Guinean zone with a scarcity index of less than one per cent. Mitragyna inermis and C. glutinosum were only observed in the Guinean zone and Sudanian zone, respectively. Bridelia ferruginea population structures, especially density and basal area, varied significantly among climatic zones. Diameter- and height-class distributions for the three species exhibited a bell shape with a tendency to right skewness, indicating a predominance of younger trees. These results suggest that the three species are not currently threatened in Benin; however, it would be necessary to prevent overexploitation to guarantee future sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant Bridelia ferruginea Benth (Euphorbiaceae) has been known for its use in the management of oral thrush ethnomedicinally in various parts of Africa, a practice which has been justified by results of certain scientific studies. The aim of this study was to develop an appropriate dosage formulation, a mouthwash and evaluate the antifungal potential of this dosage formulation against a major causative organism of oral thrush, Candida albicans. Extraction of the stem bark was carried out with boiled distilled water, the extract was formulated into mouthwashes at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%w/v. All formulations contained viscosity imparting agent, a sweetener and a preservative. Physical characterisation, viscosity, pH and palatability of the mouthwash formulations were determined. Agar-well diffusion method was used to assess antifungal activity of the formulations against Candida albicans and Nystatin oral suspension was used as reference compound. The results showed that Bridelia ferruginea stem bark extract mouthwash solutions were brown in colour, had agreeable odour and sweet astringent taste. The pH for all concentrations was in the range 5.41-5.63. The viscosity at spindle no 2, 60rpm range between 0.226-0.238 Pa.S for all concentrations studied. The formulations had antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The highest concentration (2.5%w/v) gave mean zone of inhibition of 25.50±0.71mm that was comparable with Nystatin oral suspension 28.00±1.41mm, a reference compound. The foregoing suggests that with little modification in the formulation especially the adjustment of the pH, Bridellia ferruginea mouthwash solutions may be developed into commercially useful preparations.

Background: We investigated the effects of a polyherbal formulation prepared from the extracts of Mondia whitei (Periplocaceae), Dracaena arborea (Dracaenaceae), and Bridelia ferruginea (Euphorbiaceae) (MDB) on the sexual behavior of normal rats (NR) and prediabetic rats (PR). Methods: Male Wistar rats were administered with drinking fructose solution (21%) or tap water for 16 weeks. After induction of prediabetic status, NR (n = 30) and PR (n = 30) were randomly distributed into 10 groups of six animals each and orally treated with distilled water (10 mL/kg), sildenafil citrate (5 mg/kg), or MDB (50, 100, or 500 mg/kg) for 21 days. Sexual behavior parameters per series (S) of ejaculation were evaluated on days 1, 7, 14, and 21. Results: Drinking fructose solution (21%) induced prediabetic status in rats, characterized by a significant (p < 0.01) increase in glycemia by 43.41% compared with the control group. MDB improved sexual performances of NR and PR by increasing the mount frequency (MF) and the intromission frequency (IF) as well as the number of rats capable of ejaculating. For instance, the MF and the IF were significantly increased in animals administered with MDB for 7 (50 mg/kg, S1 and S2), 14 (100 mg/kg, S3), or 21 days (100 or 500 mg/kg, S2). This increase was more pronounced on days 7 and 14 in NR and PR treated with sildenafil citrate or MDB extracts, respectively. Conclusions: The mixture of MDB improved sexual activity in NR and PR. This result may further justify the traditional use of these plants as sexual performance enhancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal nematodes remain a major constraint on the health, welfare, and production of small ruminants. This study was conducted to evaluate three plant extracts (from Bridelia ferruginea, Combretum glutinosum, and Mitragyna inermis) as effective remedies against gastrointestinal parasites of small ruminants. Phytochemical screening was conducted on the plant leaves, and the potential anthelmintic properties of these plants were tested in vitro on Haemonchus contortus using the egg hatch, larval migration, and adult worm motility assays. The phytochemical screening of the leaves revealed the presence of several bioactive components in all the plants. The number of eggs that hatched was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.01) upon treatment with the methanol extract of B. ferruginea and the acetone extracts of C. glutinosum and M. inermis. The inhibitory effect of the acetone extract of B. ferruginea and the methanol extracts of C. glutinosum and M. inermis was not concentration-dependent (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the reduction in larval migration between the lowest concentrations (75 to 150 μg/mL) and the highest concentrations (300 to 1200 μg/mL) of plant extracts. The ability of plant extracts to affect the mobility of the adult worms was not concentration-dependent (p > 0.05); however, it was dependent on the time of incubation (p < 0.01). At the highest concentration (2400 μg/mL), all adult worms were motionless after 24 h of exposure, while at the lowest concentration (< 150 μg/mL), this occurred after 48 h of exposure. M. inermis and C. glutinosum extracts were more effective than B. ferruginea extracts (p < 0.05). Overall, these results suggest that these plants used by small-scale farmers possess antiparasitic properties useful for helminthiasis control. However, the effects of the plants remain to be confirmed via in vivo assays and toxicity tests in further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract of dried leaves of Bridelia ferruginea led to the isolation and identification of fourteen compounds (1-14): compound 1 [mixture of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids], stearyl monoester of 2-O-β-ᴅ-glucosylglycerol (2), 6β-hydroxy-(20R)-24-ethylcholest-4-en-3-one (3a), 6β-hydroxy-(20R)-24-ethylcholest-4,22-dien-3-one (3b), lutein (4), vomifoliol (5), corilagin (6), kaempferide-3-O-β-ᴅ-glucoside (7), myricetin (8), isomericitrin (9), isoquercetin (10), myricitrin (11), quercitrin (12), rutin (13), and β-sitosterol glucoside (14). The total extract exhibited moderate activity towards CB2 receptor and 90% inhibition against leishmanial pathogen Trypanosoma brucei. Compound 4 exhibited 73% displacement in CB2 receptor with IC50 56.47 μM, and 93% inhibition towards T. brucei with IC50 4.16 μM. Compound 11 showed 99% inhibition towards Escherichia coli with IC50 1.123 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and purpose: The roots of B. ferruginea are used in traditional Togo medicine in the treatment of diabetes. Studies have shown that leaves have a low antihyperglycemic effect. This study aims to improve the effect of leaves. Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves underwent a fractionation (separation in cold alcohol) and an OGTT (Oral Glucose tolerance test) on healthy mice, a phytochemical screening and antioxidant tests (in vitro: DPPH and ex vivo: AAPH) were performed on the extract and its fractions. Results: Phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins as well as the absence of condensed tannins, alkaloids, saponosides and anthracene derivatives. The extract also showed antioxidant activity. The supernatant fraction showed antihyperglycemic activity at 100 mg / kg in the 30th and 60th after glucose administration. Phytochemical screening of the supernatant revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins. The supernatant also showed more pronounced antioxidant activity than the total extract. Conclusion: In view of these results, the most active fraction obtained by the separation technique in cold alcohol is the supernatant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To avail the possible pharmacological actions of Brideliaferruginea Benth., the present investigation was designed to quantitatively analyze the total flavonoid and phenolic contents and assess the various antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties of leaf and stem bark extracts (ethyl acetate, water and methanolic) of B. ferruginea. Anti-proliferative effect was also investigated against human colon cancer cells (HCT116) as well as the antimicrobial potential against multiple bacterial and fungal (yeasts and dermatophytes) strains. The methanolic and water extracts of the stem bark demonstrated the highest phenolic content (193.58 ± 0.98 and 187.84 ± 1.88 mg/g, respectively), while the leaf extracts showed comparatively higher flavonoid contents (24.37–42.31 mg/g). Overall, the methanolic extracts were found to possess the most significant antioxidant potency. Compared to the other extracts, methanolic extracts of the B. ferruginea were revealed to be most potent inhibitors of acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterases, tyrosinase α-amylase, except α-glucosidase. Only the ethyl acetate extracts were found to inhibit glucosidase. Additionally, the stem bark methanolic extract also showed potent inhibitory activity against E. coli and gram-positive bacteria (MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration): 2.48–62.99 µg/mL), as well as all the tested fungi (MIC: 4.96–62.99 µg/mL). In conclusion, B. ferruginea can be regarded as a promising source of bioactive compounds displaying multifunctional pharmacological activities and thus is a potential candidate for further investigations in the endeavor to develop botanical formulations for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.

Bridelia ferruginea leaf generally used in indigenous folk medicine for diverse purpose was evaluated scientifically to elucidate its anthelmintic and antioxidant activity of various fractions in-vitro. Antioxidant properties of the fractions were evaluated using total phenol (mg/GAE g), total flavonoids (mg/QUEg), and ferric reducing ability (mg/g). The total antioxidant activities results indicated that, n-hexane fraction has significant higher antioxidant properties compared to other fractions (n-butanol, ethyl acetate and residual aqueous). The in vitro anthelmintic activities of the plant fractions were carried out on Pheretima posthuma, Ascaris suum and Heamonchus placei at varying concentrations of 25-100 mg/ml in three replicates. The plants' fractions caused a dose-dependent motility inhibition with highest effect from n-hexane fraction. The results confirm that Bridelia ferruginea leaves are potential sources for novel anthelmintics and their varied degrees of antioxidant activity has the potential to be developed into dietary supplements and synergically modified with synthetic antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of Bridelia ferruginea Benth bark extract in wastewater treatment was investigated. Chemical analysis found the bark to contain potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, iron and copper. Phytochemical tests revealed the bark to contain tannins, phlobatannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. Comparative studies using varying concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 % w/v) with alum and ferric chloride showed that the bark extract was effective in the clarification and sedimentation of total solids in the waste water sample. The optimum dose achieved was 2.5 % w/v with a minimum of 24 hours contact time. The total bacteria counts were reduced by 46 % after 24 hours when the extract was used whereas ferric chloride achieved 50 % reduction and alum achieved 55 % reduction under similar conditions. The feasibility of using the bark extract as an additional coagulant is therefore discussed.

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: The root of Bridelia ferruginea is traditionally used as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. The present study was investigated to evaluate the effect of Bridelia ferruginea root bark fractions on some markers of type 2 diabetes on fructose drinking mice. Materials and methods: Mice received a solution of fructose 15% during 42 days ad libitum; at the 15th day to the 42nd day, they received distilled water for fructose drinking control group, metformin 50mg/kg per day or fractions 50mg/kg per day for treatment groups. The normal control group received only distilled water during the experiment. After 6 weeks of experiment, OGTT, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, AST and ALT levels were measured. Results: Fructose drinking control group (F) showed significant (p<0.001) increase of glucose tolerance, plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin index for insulin resistance (Homeostasis Model Assessment ratio HOMA-IR) as compared to normal control mice. In treated groups, there was a significant reduction of glucose intolerance respectively 74% (p<0.001), 25% (p<0.5) and 92% (p<0.001) for ethyl acetate fraction, acetone fraction and metformin at the same dose of 50mg/kg per day during 4 weeks administration. In ethyl acetate fraction and metformin treated groups, biochemical parameters and insulin index were significantly (p<0.001) lower than that of fructose drinking control group. Conclusions: This indicates that Bridelia ferruginea root bark ethyl acetate fraction improved insulin resistance as metformin significantly in type 2 diabetes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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This study was aimed at investigating the in vitro and in vivo reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and detoxification potentials of aqueous extract of Bridelia ferruginea ( B. ferruginea). Reactive oxygen species scavenging potentials of the aqueous leaf extract of B. ferruginea (0.2-1.0 mg/ml) was investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and ferric ion reducing system. The detoxification of ROS was evaluated in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced redox imbalance in the liver of rats. B. ferruginea extract at 1.0 mg/ml scavenged the DPPH, superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical at 87%, 83%, 92%, and 86%, respectively, it also reduced ferric ion significantly. ROS detoxifying enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) activities were significantly ( p < .05) induced by B. ferruginea. These inductions significantly ( p < .05) attenuated the N-nitrosodiethylamine-mediated decrease in ROS detoxifying enzymes and compared favorably with Vitamin C. N-nitrosodiethylamine-mediated elevation in the concentrations of malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, protein carbonyl, and percentage DNA fragmentation were significantly ( p < .05) lowered by B. ferruginea extract. Overall, the results of this study show that B. ferruginea leaf extract possess ROS scavenging and detoxification potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of hydro-ethanol extract of Bridelia ferruginea Benth (Euphorbiaceae) root bark. For acute toxicity study, a single dose of 2000 and 5000mg/kg of the B. ferruginea root bark extract was given orally to healthy male Wistar rats and Balb/c mice. The animals were observed for mortality and clinical signs for 3h and then daily for 14days. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, the extract was administered orally at doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg/day for 28days to male Wistar rats. Animals were sacrificed to examine their organs, and urine and blood serum were analyzed. In the acute toxicity study, B. ferruginea root bark extract caused neither significant visible signs of toxicity, nor mortality in Wistar rats and Balb/c mice. In sub-chronic toxicity study, administration of the B. ferruginea root bark extract at 250, 500, and 1000mg/kg for 28 consecutive days to Wistar rats did not produce mortality. No significant differences were found in relative organ weights, biochemical studied parameters in treated groups compared to control group. No obvious histological changes were observed in organs of B. ferruginea extract treated animals compared to controls. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Bridelia ferruginea belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, identified as an important commonly growing shrub, is used in traditional medicine for managing arthritis, dysentery, constipation, chronic diabetes, skin diseases, bladder and intestinal disorders, oral infections, thrush, bites and as an arrow poison antidote. This review aims at providing information on the traditional medicinal uses, pharmacological activities, phytochemistry and toxicity studies of Bridelia ferruginea to bridge the gap between traditional medicinal uses and preclinical studies on B. ferruginea and subsequently lead to the development of valued added medicines from B. ferruginea ., Materials and Methods: Data in this review were compiled using databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Springer link, Elsevier and Taylor and Francis, articles from peer reviewed journals and other grey literature (short notes, book chapters, short communications) to access all the relevant information available on B. ferruginea ., Results: B. ferruginea contains different phytochemicals including flavonoids, phenolics, phytosterols, triterpenes, saponins, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. Gallocatechin-(4'-O-7)-epigallocatechin, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1,3,4,5-tetracaffeoylquinic acid and some derivatives of 3-methoxyflavone, such as quercetin-3-methyl ether, quercetin 3-,7,3',4'-tetramethyl ether, myricetin 3',4',5'-trimethyl ether, myricetin 3,3',4',5'-tetramethyl ether, myricetin and quercetin 3-O-glucoside specific flavonoids and biflavonoids like apigenin, kaempferol and glycosides of both have been isolated and further characterized from B. ferruginea . B. ferruginea has several pharmacologically beneficial properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-infective, antipyretic, analgesic, diuretic and natriuretic activities., Conclusion: The wide distribution, traditional medicinal uses and wealth of phytochemicals present in B. ferruginea suggests that the plant can be useful in lead compound discovery. Although B. ferruginea has been widely studied, further studies on the mechanism of action, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and side effects in humans need to be investigated., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Author(s).)