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5. Latent Diffusion Model for Medical Image Standardization and Enhancement

Author

Selim, Md, Zhang, Jie, Fathi, Faraneh, Brooks, Michael A., Wang, Ge, Yu, Guoqiang, and Chen, Jin

Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

Computed tomography (CT) serves as an effective tool for lung cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, providing a rich source of features to quantify temporal and spatial tumor changes. Nonetheless, the diversity of CT scanners and customized acquisition protocols can introduce significant inconsistencies in texture features, even when assessing the same patient. This variability poses a fundamental challenge for subsequent research that relies on consistent image features. Existing CT image standardization models predominantly utilize GAN-based supervised or semi-supervised learning, but their performance remains limited. We present DiffusionCT, an innovative score-based DDPM model that operates in the latent space to transform disparate non-standard distributions into a standardized form. The architecture comprises a U-Net-based encoder-decoder, augmented by a DDPM model integrated at the bottleneck position. First, the encoder-decoder is trained independently, without embedding DDPM, to capture the latent representation of the input data. Second, the latent DDPM model is trained while keeping the encoder-decoder parameters fixed. Finally, the decoder uses the transformed latent representation to generate a standardized CT image, providing a more consistent basis for downstream analysis. Empirical tests on patient CT images indicate notable improvements in image standardization using DiffusionCT. Additionally, the model significantly reduces image noise in SPAD images, further validating the effectiveness of DiffusionCT for advanced imaging tasks.

Published
2023

8. Reality collider

Author

Brooks, Michael

Subjects
Reality -- Research, Quantum theory -- Research, Business, Science and technology, European Organization for Nuclear Research. Large Hadron Collider -- Research
Abstract

The world's biggest particle smasher could unravel the true meaning of quantum theory, says Michael Brooks https://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/our-people/barra https://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/our-people/barra , it started during the covid-19 lockdowns. 'I had a bit more [...]

Published
2024

11. DiffusionCT: Latent Diffusion Model for CT Image Standardization

Author

Selim, Md, Zhang, Jie, Brooks, Michael A., Wang, Ge, and Chen, Jin

Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

Computed tomography (CT) is one of the modalities for effective lung cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The features extracted from CT images are now used to quantify spatial and temporal variations in tumors. However, CT images obtained from various scanners with customized acquisition protocols may introduce considerable variations in texture features, even for the same patient. This presents a fundamental challenge to downstream studies that require consistent and reliable feature analysis. Existing CT image harmonization models rely on GAN-based supervised or semi-supervised learning, with limited performance. This work addresses the issue of CT image harmonization using a new diffusion-based model, named DiffusionCT, to standardize CT images acquired from different vendors and protocols. DiffusionCT operates in the latent space by mapping a latent non-standard distribution into a standard one. DiffusionCT incorporates an Unet-based encoder-decoder, augmented by a diffusion model integrated into the bottleneck part. The model is designed in two training phases. The encoder-decoder is first trained, without embedding the diffusion model, to learn the latent representation of the input data. The latent diffusion model is then trained in the next training phase while fixing the encoder-decoder. Finally, the decoder synthesizes a standardized image with the transformed latent representation. The experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement in the performance of the standardization task using DiffusionCT., Comment: 6 pages, 03 figures and 01 tables

Published
2023

14. The shape of reality

Author

Brooks, Michael

Subjects
Geometry -- Research, Business, Science and technology
Abstract

The hunt for a final theory of physics appeared to have stalled. But new ideas emerging from a wild landscape of geometry are reinvigorating the hunt, says Michael Brooks WHAT [...]

Published
2024

15. 'The current situation is a golden opportunity'

Author

Brooks, Michael

Subjects
Dark matter (Astronomy), Dark energy, Business, Science and technology
Abstract

Our model of the evolution of the universe is an amazing achievement. But astronomical anomalies point the way to a deeper theory, if not a complete one, cosmologist Jim Peebles [...]

Published
2024

16. Bring on the noise

Author

Brooks, Michael

Subjects
International Business Machines Corp., Microsoft Corp., Computer software industry, Computer industry, Microcomputer industry, Computer industry, Business, Computers and office automation industries, High technology industry
Abstract

Quantum computing is now confronting its biggest technical stumbling block. Opposite: Jay Gambetta heads development of IBM's quantum computers and led the initiative to put such systems in the cloud. [...]

Published
2024

18. Where do space and time come from?

Author

Brooks, Michael

Subjects
Space and time -- Observations, Cosmology -- Evaluation, Business, Science and technology
Abstract

We tend to think of space-time as the underlying structure of the universe. But whether it really is fundamental or emerges from something deeper is a question that keeps physicists [...]

Published
2024

19. Phenomenological Understanding of Black Counselor Education Students at Predominately White Institutions, Historically Black Colleges and Universities, and Hispanic Serving Institutions

Author

Brooks, Michael, Whittaker, Tyra Turner, Wang, Yudan, Adams, Justin, and Matthews, Tazeur

Abstract

The experiences of Black counseling students at Predominantly White Institutions are well documented. Using a transcendental phenomenological environmental research design, we explored how 12 Black counselor education graduates experienced their respective institutions across three types of academic institutions--Predominantly White Institutions, Historically Black Colleges and Universities, and Hispanic Serving Institutions. Three salient themes emerged--(1) exposure, (2) real-life exposure, and (3) cultural oasis. The researchers also discussed implications for counselor education programs and future research.

Published
2023
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20. A cosmic perspective.

Author

Crane, Leah, Brooks, Michael, O’Callaghan, Jonathan, Beall, Abigail, Lewton, Thomas, Howgego, Joshua, and Frankel, Miriam

Subjects
*INFLATIONARY universe, *GENERAL relativity (Physics), *DARK energy
Abstract

This document provides a concise overview of various aspects related to space and the universe. It begins by discussing Edwin Hubble's discovery that the Andromeda nebula is a separate galaxy, which revolutionized our understanding of the universe's scale. It then explores the competing forces of gravity and dark energy that determine the universe's size and the ongoing study of space-time's shape to determine if the universe is finite or infinite. The text also mentions the impact of constants of nature on the existence of life and the ongoing search for extraterrestrial life. It further discusses how contemplating the vastness of space can provide perspective and comfort, as well as the limitations of our subjective experience in understanding the universe objectively. The document also explores different theories about the nature of the universe, including the possibility of a multiverse, cyclic universes, and mirror universes, and mentions ongoing research in these areas. It provides information about the Earth's physical location in the universe, including its position in the Milky Way, the Local Group, the Virgo supercluster, and the observable universe. Additionally, it highlights key facts such as the distance of Proxima Centauri, the nearest star, the number of confirmed exoplanet discoveries, the diameter of the observable universe, and the current knowledge of only one planet supporting life. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024

22. Causality

Author

Brooks, Michael

Subjects
Business, Science and technology
Abstract

YOU drop a cup and it smashes. I flick a light switch and the bulb glows. Effect follows cause – it is a hard-and-fast rule of https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25533970-300-your-essential-guide-to-the-many-breathtaking-wonders-of-the-universe/. Except, perhaps, at [...]

Published
2024

24. How to think about….

Author

Douglas, Kate, Beall, Abigail, Brooks, Michael, Lawton, Graham, Lewton, Thomas, Wilkins, Alex, Wade, Grace, Dinneen, James, Fox-Skelly, Jasmin, and Ly, Chen

Subjects
GENERAL relativity (Physics), ARTIFICIAL intelligence
Abstract

This article covers a range of complex scientific and technological concepts. It begins by discussing the nature of thought and how it is understood in the brain. It then explores the concept of rogue planets, which are planets that do not orbit stars. The article also delves into the concept of causality, particularly in the quantum realm where it becomes uncertain. Biodiversity is another topic discussed, with a focus on the measurement and conservation efforts. The article also touches on quantum biology, artificial general intelligence, fractals, and neurodiversity. Each concept is presented objectively, providing an overview of the topic without taking a stance. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024

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