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Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a group of chemicals that have been used for more than a century. OPEs are widely used as flame retardants, plasticizers, anti-foaming agents and as additives in lubricants and hydraulic fluids. The results of a screening assessment carried out by Umeå University in 2004 showed that OPEs can be found in for example air, deposition and snow, both near and far from emission sources. That the atmosphere is an important route of transportation for these substances has also been shown in later studies showing that several OPEs occur in Arctic air and biota. However, they have never been part of the regular environmental air monitoring program in Sweden. The aim of this study was to get an idea of the levels of OPEs in background air and the importance of air transportation of these chemicals in Sweden and northern Finland. Sample extracts from the regular environmental monitoring program of organic pollutants in air were used for the analyses and the results were evaluated in order to propose future measurement programs. The measured OPEs were TEP, TiBP, TnBP, TCEP, TCPP, TDCP, TBEP, TEHP, TPhP, EHDPP, ToCrP and TCrP mix. TCEP, TCPP and EHDPP were measured in the highest concentrations. Unfortunately, TPhP and TCrP mix were excluded from the results due to the detection of contamination from the polyurethane plugs used as adsorbents. To get an idea of the regional distribution, air samples were taken from the three stations, Råö at the Swedish west coast, Norunda at the east of Sweden and Pallas in northern Finland. Generally, the highest levels of OPEs were measured in Pallas and the lowest in Norunda. For TCEP and EHDPP, a geographical variation could be distinguished with highest concentrations in the north and lowest in the south. To get information about seasonal variations, sample extracts for the OPE-analyses were taken from the ordinary measurements for one year (2018), from January to December. Seasonal variations were observed for TCPP and TCEP at Råö, where higher levels were measured during the summer. In Pallas, the highest concentrations of some OPEs were instead detected in late summer. The measurements at Norunda did not show any clear seasonal variations. The results of the measurements in this study were compared with literature data, which showed good agreement levels as well as similar relationships among different OPEs. Production figures of different OPEs were difficult to find. Although, TEP, which is reported to be produced in large quantities, was not detected in high concentrations in air at any of the stations. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that the existing network of measurement stations, monitoring frequency, sampling and analysis procedures used within the environmental monitoring, can be used to measure organophosphates in air as well. However, the material used for the PUF adsorbent and the extraction method should be further evaluated to ensure the quality of the measurements. Organofosfatestrar (OPEs) är en grupp kemikalier som har använts under lång tid. OPEs används i stor utsträckning som flamskyddsmedel och mjukgörare i plaster, men de används även som bl.a. antiskummedel och som tillsatser i smörjmedel och hydraul-vätskor. Resultaten från ett screeninguppdrag som utfördes av Umeå Universitet redan 2004 visar att OPEs återfinns i bl.a. luft, deposition och snö, både nära och långt ifrån källor. Att luft är en viktig spridningsväg för dessa ämnen har visats även i senare studier då man sett att ett antal OPEs förekommer i luften i arktiska områden där de också har påträffats i biota. Trots detta har inte OPEs tidigare ingått i den reguljära miljöövervakningen av luft i Sverige. Syftet med denna studie var att få en uppfattning om halter av OPEs i bakgrundsluft och betydelsen av spridning av OPEs via luft i Sverige och norra Finland. Provextrakt från ordinarie mätprogram av organiska föroreningar i luft användes för analyserna, och resultaten av mätningarna utvärderades i syfte att föreslå framtida mätprogram. De OPEs som mättes var TEP, TiBP, TnBP, TCEP, TCPP, TDCP, TBEP, TEHP, TPhP, EHDPP, ToCrP och TCrP-mix. Högst halter uppmättes av TCEP, TCPP och EHDPP. Tyvärr fick TPhP och TCrP-mix exkluderas från resultaten på grund av upptäckt kontaminering från materialet av de polyuretanpluggar som användes som adsorbenter. För att få uppfattning om regional spridning togs luftprover från de tre stationerna, Råö på svenska västkusten, Norunda på östra sidan av Sverige och Pallas i norra Finland. Generellt uppmättes de högsta halterna OPEs i Pallas och de lägsta halterna i Norunda. För TCEP och EHDPP kunde en geografisk variation urskönjas, med högst halter i norr och lägst i söder. För att studera en möjlig årstidsvariation togs provextrakt för OPE-analyser från ordinarie mätningar under ett år (2018), från januari till december. De tydligaste årstidsvariationerna observerades för TCPP och TCEP i Råö där högre halter uppmättes under sommarhalvåret. I Pallas uppmättes högst värden av vissa OPE istället under sensommaren. Mätningarna på Norunda visade inga tydliga årstidsvariationer. I utvärderingen jämfördes resultaten av mätningarna med litteraturdata. Denna undersökning visade god överensstämning av OPE-koncentrationer och liknande relationer mellan olika OPEs. Det var svårt att finna produktionssiffror av olika OPEs. Dock visade en grov jämförelse att TEP som uppges produceras i stora mängder, inte detekterades i höga koncentrationer i luft på någon av stationerna. Utifrån resultaten från denna studie drar vi slutsatsen att det existerande nätverket av mätstationer och mät- och analysprocedurer, som idag används inom miljöövervakningen (EMEP), även kan användas för att mäta organofosfater i luft. Dock rekommenderar vi att PUF-materialet och extraktionsmetoden vidare utvärderas för att säkerhetsställa mätningarnas kvalité.

Naturvårdsverket ansvarar för den nationella övervakningen av luftens och nederbördens kvalitet i bakgrundsmiljö. I rapporten redovisas resultat från verksamheten inom Programområde Luft avseende mätningar till och med 2017 och regionala modellberäkningar till och med 2016, respektive 2017 för marknära ozon.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs /PCDFs) have great potential for atmospheric long-range transport and deposition. The atmosphere is an important pathway for these contaminants to both aquatic and terrestrial environments. The Swedish national monitoring program for organic contaminants in air and precipitation includes, except PCDD/PCDFs, a large number of different substances/group of substances which differ in chemical and physical properties which not only affect their behaviour in the atmosphere and the deposition process but also the requirements on sampling methods used. This leads to great demands on the type of deposition sampler to be used in a monitoring program where the aim is to monitor several different organic substances and compromises are necessary when choosing sampler type. The sampling program lasted for one year with 4 sampling periods with a sampling duration of 3 months. This gives results showing seasonal variation and the opportunity to estimate the annual deposition. The overall results from this study show that: • Differences in measured deposition fluxes were found between the two samplers with a variation in magnitude between different sampling occasions. A greater amount of dioxins/furans in deposition was measured with the MONAS sampler at three out of the four periods. • The annual dioxin/furan deposition was about 25 % higher with the MONAS sampler compared to the IVL sampler, when LOD (limit of detection) was replaced with zero for all non-detected congeners in the sum of the congeners. • The results from the sampling comparison for the two samplers gave a difference of 25% on annual basis which should be assessed in relation to the given analytical uncertainty which was +/-29% for all samples. The results found here are in agreement with other comparison studies when deposition samplers with different sampling characteristics were used (Brorström-Lundén, 1995). From this and other studies we can conclude that sampling of dioxins/furans as well as for other POPs gives different deposition fluxes when using samplers with different sampling characteristics. The collection efficiency differs not only among e.g. different congeners but also between sampling occasions which differ in ambient conditions such as amounts of precipitation, ambient air temperature and atmospheric particle concentrations. The choice of the type of deposition sampler to be used must therefore depend on the purpose of the measurements and the results should be discussed in relation to the sampling methods. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs /PCDFs) have great potential for atmospheric long-range transport and deposition. The atmosphere is an important pathway for these contaminants to both aquatic and terrestrial environments. The Swedish national monitoring program for organic contaminants in air and precipitation includes, except PCDD/PCDFs, a large number of different substances/group of substances which differ in chemical and physical properties which not only affect their behaviour in the atmosphere and the deposition process but also the requirements on sampling methods used. This leads to great demands on the type of deposition sampler to be used in a monitoring program where the aim is to monitor several different organic substances and compromises are necessary when choosing sampler type. The sampling program lasted for one year with 4 sampling periods with a sampling duration of 3 months. This gives results showing seasonal variation and the opportunity to estimate the annual deposition. The overall results from this study show that: • Differences in measured deposition fluxes were found between the two samplers with a variation in magnitude between different sampling occasions. A greater amount of dioxins/furans in deposition was measured with the MONAS sampler at three out of the four periods. • The annual dioxin/furan deposition was about 25 % higher with the MONAS sampler compared to the IVL sampler, when LOD (limit of detection) was replaced with zero for all non-detected congeners in the sum of the congeners. • The results from the sampling comparison for the two samplers gave a difference of 25% on annual basis which should be assessed in relation to the given analytical uncertainty which was +/-29% for all samples. The results found here are in agreement with other comparison studies when deposition samplers with different sampling characteristics were used (Brorström-Lundén, 1995). From this and other studies we can conclude that sampling of dioxins/furans as well as for other POPs gives different deposition fluxes when using samplers with different sampling characteristics. The collection efficiency differs not only among e.g. different congeners but also between sampling occasions which differ in ambient conditions such as amounts of precipitation, ambient air temperature and atmospheric particle concentrations. The choice of the type of deposition sampler to be used must therefore depend on the purpose of the measurements and the results should be discussed in relation to the sampling methods. The overall aim of this study is to compare two different types of deposition samplers for sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs. These two samplers, the IVL-sampler and the MONAS sampler, have quite different sampling characteristics. In addition, brominated dioxins/furans were included in the measurements in order to get an idea of their occurrence in deposition at the Swedish west coast. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.

Organic Chemicals Emitted from Technosphere Articles (ChEmiTecs) was a research programme funded by the Swedish EPA which ran during the years 2008-2013. The goal of the programme was to improve the understanding of mechanisms, magnitude and implications of emissions of organic substances from technosphere articles. It was also aimed at supporting the development of Swedish and EU management programmes to minimise risks from harmful substances. ChEmiTecs has been the first research programme to assess, on the National scale, the magnitude of the problem of emissions of chemicals in materials and articles. The results now being published from the research programme are still of great interest both from a research- and from a policy perspective: For instance that even when accounting for article lifetime, normally more than 99 % of the added chemical additives remain in the products at the end-of-life, which means that the majority of the substances will enter the waste and recycling streams where they may be eliminated if the products are incinerated or re-circulated into new materials and products. Still, as the accumulated amount of additives is so large, the total molecular release to air of plastic and rubber additives from the total stock of articles in Sweden in the use phase during one year has been estimated to be in the order of 500 tonnes.

Within the Swedish building sector, there are several voluntary assessment systems which aim to phase out hazardous substances from building and construction products. These include BASTA, Byggvarubedömningen and Sunda Hus. There are, however, still occasions when products not approved in these systems need to be used. In addition, there is a growing interest in using recycled materials which may contain substances not approved by the assessment systems. There is thus a need for knowledge and support regarding how to motivate and manage deviations from requirements set up by the voluntary systems in connection to product choices that involve building products which do not meet the requirements but which are considered to be irreplaceable. Within the Swedish building sector, there are several voluntary assessment systems which aim to phase out hazardous substances from building and construction products. These include BASTA, Byggvarubedömningen and Sunda Hus. There are, however, still occasions when products not approved in these systems need to be used. In addition, there is a growing interest in using recycled materials which may contain substances not approved by the assessment systems. There is thus a need for knowledge and support regarding how to motivate and manage deviations from requirements set up by the voluntary systems in connection to product choices that involve building products which do not meet the requirements but which are considered to be irreplaceable. This guidance document aims to provide support in connection to product choices regarding floor and wall coverings made of PVC that contains the plasticizers diisononylphthalate (DINP) and/or diisodecylphthatalate (DIDP).

Inom byggsektorn finns flera frivilliga bedömningssystem som syftar till att fasa ut farliga ämnen från bygg- och anläggnings-produkter, såsom BASTA, Byggvarubedömningen och Sunda Hus. Fortfarande är det dock så att det finns byggprodukter som måste användas i dagens byggande som inte omfattas av systemen. Dessutom finns det ett intresse av att använda återvunnet material som kan innehålla ämnen som inte accepteras i bedömningssystemen. För de byggprodukter som inte klarar kraven men som inte är ersättningsbara finns ett behov av kunskap och stöd till hur man ska motivera och hantera avvikelser för dessa krav i samband med produktval. Inom byggsektorn finns flera frivilliga bedömningssystem som syftar till att fasa ut farliga ämnen från bygg- och anläggnings-produkter, såsom BASTA, Byggvarubedömningen och Sunda Hus. Fortfarande är det dock så att det finns byggprodukter som måste användas i dagens byggande som inte omfattas av systemen. Dessutom finns det ett intresse av att använda återvunnet material som kan innehålla ämnen som inte accepteras i bedömningssystemen. För de byggprodukter som inte klarar kraven men som inte är ersättningsbara finns ett behov av kunskap och stöd till hur man ska motivera och hantera avvikelser för dessa krav i samband med produktval. Den här vägledningen syftar till att ge stöd vid produktval avseende golv- och väggbeklädnader av PVC som innehåller mjukgörarna DINP och/eller DIDP.

On behalf of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute led in 2015 a project aiming to examine the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in mosses. Samples of red-stemmed feathermoss (Pleurozium schreberi) and glittering wood moss (Hylocomium splendens) were collected at 83 rural sampling sites. Of these, 20 samples were analysed for the following groups: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), selected organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), dioxins and furans (PCDD/PCDFs), dioxin-like PCBs and perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS). The sampling sites were selected to cover the whole of Sweden, in both the north-south gradient and in the east-west gradient. The sites were also chosen to represent both eventually elevated concentrations as well as low concentrations of POPs. Information on locations of industrial activities, population density and monitoring stations for organic substances in air and precipitation (Swedish national monitoring programme) were also used for the selection of sampling sites. Generally, the concentrations of the analysed substances were very low, often close to or below the quantification limits for the analyses. Significant correlation was found between the concentrations of PAHs, dioxin/furans and dioxin like PCBs in the mosses and the distance to the closest industry, and also to the distance from the southernmost point in Sweden. p,p-DDE concentrations in mosses showed a correlation to the distance from the southernmost point in Sweden, with the highest concentrations in the south. No correlation was found between the concentrations of p,p-DDE (one of the DDTs) in mosses and distance to the closest industry. The concentrations of PAHs in mosses collected at sites located in the vicinity of three air monitoring stations (Råö, Aspvreten and Pallas) were in agreement with the concentrations of PAHs in air, with the highest concentrations in mosses and in air found in the south and the lowest in the north. Comparison between the PAH profile in air and in mosses showed a higher percentage of heavier PAHs in the mosses. This indicates a larger proportion of particular bounded PAHs in mosses. HBCDD and PFAS were not detected in any of the analysed moss samples, which is consistent with a similar study conducted in Norway.

On behalf of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, IVL SwedishEnvironmental Research Institute led in 2015 a project aiming to examine theconcentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in mosses.Samples of red-stemmed feathermoss (Pleurozium schreberi) and glittering wood moss(Hylocomium splendens) were collected at 83 rural sampling sites. Of these, 20samples were analysed for the following groups: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), selected organochlorine pesticides,polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), dioxinsand furans (PCDD/PCDFs), dioxin-like PCBs and perfluorinated alkylated substances(PFAS).The sampling sites were selected to cover the whole of Sweden, in both the north-southgradient and in the east-west gradient. The sites were also chosen to represent botheventually elevated concentrations as well as low concentrations of POPs. Informationon locations of industrial activities, population density and monitoring stations fororganic substances in air and precipitation (Swedish national monitoring programme)were also used for the selection of sampling sites.Generally, the concentrations of the analysed substances were very low, often close toor below the quantification limits for the analyses.Significant correlation was found between the concentrations of PAHs, dioxin/furansand dioxin like PCBs in the mosses and the distance to the closest industry, and also tothe distance from the southernmost point in Sweden. p,p-DDE concentrations inmosses showed a correlation to the distance from the southernmost point in Sweden,with the highest concentrations in the south. No correlation was found between theconcentrations of p,p-DDE (one of the DDTs) in mosses and distance to the closestindustry.The concentrations of PAHs in mosses collected at sites located in the vicinity of threeair monitoring stations (Råö, Aspvreten and Pallas) were in agreement with theconcentrations of PAHs in air, with the highest concentrations in mosses and in airfound in the south and the lowest in the north. Comparison between the PAH profile inair and in mosses showed a higher percentage of heavier PAHs in the mosses. Thisindicates a larger proportion of particular bounded PAHs in mosses.HBCDD and PFAS were not detected in any of the analysed moss samples, which isconsistent with a similar study conducted in Norway

Naturvårdsverket, Enheten för luft och klimat, ansvarar för den nationella övervakningen av luftens och nederbördens kvalitet i bakgrundsmiljö. I rapporten redovisas resultat från verksamheten inom Programområde Luft avseende mätningar (genomförda av IVL, SU, SLU och SMHI) till och med 2015 och regionala modellberäkningar (utförda av SMHI) till och med 2014, respektive 2015 för marknära ozon. Den nationella luftövervakningen omfattar även viss mätverksamhet på Svalbard, men denna redovisas inte i föreliggande rapport. Den 1 januari 2016 flyttades verksamheten vid EMEP-stationen Vavihill, på Söderåsen i Skåne, till Hallahus, 1 km norr om den tidigare mätplatsen. För flertalet av de luftföroreningskomponenter som övervakas inom den nationella miljöövervakningen har det, sedan mätningarna startade för mellan 15 och 35 år sedan, generellt skett en avsevärd förbättring avseende såväl halter i luft som deposition i bakgrundsmiljö. Utvecklingen har dock varierat i något olika utsträckning beroende på komponenter och lokalisering i landet. Föroreningsbelastningen är oftast lägre ju längre norrut man kommer. För de flesta ämnen som det finns miljökvalitetsnormer (MKN) respektive miljömål för ligger halterna avsevärt lägre än angivna gräns- och målvärden. Halterna av ozon överskrider i dagsläget MKN för hälsa. För såväl marknära ozon, partiklar (i form av PM2.5) och bensen (i urban bakgrund) finns risk för haltnivåer som överstiger miljömålens preciseringar. Försurande och övergödande ämnen Den luftföroreningsrelaterade belastningen på miljön har under de senaste årtiondena minskat kraftigt till följd av internationella överenskommelser om att begränsa utsläppen av bland annat svavel- och kväveoxider samt av strukturella förändringar inom industrin. Luft En jämförelse mellan uppmätta halter i luft av svaveldioxid (SO2) på 1980-talet och 2010-talet visar att den årliga medelhalten har minskat med mellan 88 och 95 % vid EMEP-stationerna. När man jämför de svenska regionerna blir det tydligt att koncentrationen under 2010-talet varit lägst i norra Sverige medan koncentrationerna i sydöstra och sydvästra Sverige legat på en jämförbar nivå. Ett undantag är 2014 då koncentrationerna i norra Sverige var på nästan samma nivå som i resten av Sverige. Anledningen till detta antas vara luftintransport av svavel från utbrottet vid Holuhraun på Island. I Sveriges sydvästra och sydöstra regioner har minskningen av SO2 i luft varit större jämfört med i norra Sverige. Motsvarande resultat ses även för halter av svavel i deposition, där minskningen av svavelhalterna i södra Sverige var större jämfört med i norra Sverige. Även deposition av svavel med nederbörd var högre 2014 jämfört med omkringliggande år. Årliga medelkoncentrationer av sulfat i luft (SO4) i luft, uppmätta vid EMEP-stationerna, har minskat med mellan 70 och 80 % från 1980-talet till 2010-talet. En jämförelse mellan uppmätta halter i luft av kvävedioxid (NO2) på 1980-talet och 2010-talet visar att de årliga medelkoncentrationerna vid EMEP-stationerna har minskat med 50 % i södra Sverige (Vavihill, Rörvik/Råö och Aspvreten) och med drygt 70 % i norra Sverige (Bredkälen). Jämförelsen mellan svenska regioner visar att halterna under 2010-talet varit högst i sydvästra Sverige och lägst i norra Sverige. Koncentrationerna i sydöstra Sverige ligger däremellan. Årliga medelkoncentrationer av nitrat (NO3) i luft, mätta vid EMEP-stationerna under 1986-2015, visar en minskning på ungefär 50 % vid Vavihill och Aspvreten och 35 % vid Rörvik/Råö. Nitratkoncentrationen vid Bredkälen har för hela tidsperioden varit betydligt lägre jämfört med vid övriga EMEP-stationer, men även här har koncentrationerna minskat signifikant. Årsmedelvärdet av ammonium (NH4) i luft har vid EMEP-stationerna minskat med 50 - 60 % under motsvarande tidsperiod. Halter i luft av Cl, Na, Mg, Ca och K har mätts vid EMEP-stationerna under 2009-2015. Generellt har årsmedelhalterna varit högst vid Råö och lägst vid Bredkälen. Modellering av regionala lufthalter utförs med MATCH Sverigesystemet genom att kombinera observationer och modelldata till en nationell kartläggning där mätningar respektive modeller kompletterar varandra i syfte att uppnå ett förbättrat kunskapsläge. Med hjälp av modellering kan föroreningshalterna i Sverige dessutom delas upp i halter orsakade av svenska emissioner och halter orsakade av emissioner utanför Sverige. Modelleringen visar att för reducerat kväve (NHX, ammonium + ammoniak) i luft varierade årsmedel av totalhalten av NHX för 2014 mellan som högst 1,19 μg N/m3 i söder och som lägst 0,04 μg N/m3 i nordligaste Sverige. För kvävedioxid varierade årsmedelhalten mellan som lägst 0,06 i Norrlands inland och som högst i södra Sverige och Stockholmsregionen, med maxvärde 2,31 μg N/m3. Koncentrationen av svaveldioxid år 2014 varierade mellan 0,03 och 0,81 μg S/m3. Under 2014 orsakade de svenska emissionerna i genomsnitt 27 % av totalhalterna för SO2 över svenska landområden. Motsvarande siffra för NO2 och reducerat kväve beräknas till 48 % respektive 37 %. Nederbörd och deposition Våtdepositionen av svavel var betydligt högre under 2014 jämfört med 2015. Detta berodde med stor sannolikhet på det stora svavelutsläppet från vulkanutbrottet på Island mellan augusti 2014 och februari 2015. Även våtdepositionen av oorganiskt kväve var betydligt högre 2014 jämfört med 2015, framförallt i sydvästra Sverige. I sydligaste Skåne, på Romeleåsen, uppmättes inom Krondroppsnätet 2014 ett årligt kvävenedfall via nederbörden på strax över 20 kg/ha. Under 2015 uppmättes det högsta kvävenedfallet i nederbörden i södra Halland på 14 kg/ha. En statistisk trendanalys för nedfall med nederbörden (våtdepositionen) har genomförts för perioden 2000-2015, uppdelat på tre olika områden i Sverige (norra, sydöstra och sydvästra). De lokaler som ingått i analysen i de olika områdena är de lokaler som har full datatäckning under samtliga år. Ingen representativitetsaspekt för vilka lokaler som representerar de olika områdena har ingått i analysen. En period på 15 år är dock relativt kort för att beräkna trender för nedfall via nederbörden, eftersom nedfallet beror av en kombination av utsläppsförändringar och nederbördsmängder. Det finns därför en risk att trenderna kan växla beroende på vilken period som analyseras. När det gäller nederbördsmängderna syns ingen statistiskt säkerställd trend i något av de tre analyserade områdena (norra, sydöstra eller sydvästra Sverige). Våtdepositionen av svavel har minskat med 51-65 % för alla tre områdena i Sverige. Mest har svaveldepositionen minskat i sydvästra Sverige och minst i norra Sverige, där belastningen varit lägst. Vätejondepositionen, som kan användas som ett mått på denförsurande belastningen, har även den minskat i samtliga områden. Ingen statistiskt signifikant förändring har erhållits för kloriddepositionen i något område sedan år 2000. Våtdepositionen av oorganiskt kväve (nitrat + ammoniumkväve) har under perioden 2000-2015 minskat signifikant i norra (29 %) och sydvästra Sverige (24 %), medan ingen signifikant förändring kunde påvisas för sydöstra Sverige. För enbart ammoniumkväve erhölls ingen statistiskt säkerställd förändring för något av de tre områdena. Nitratkväve däremot har minskat signifikant i alla tre områdena sedan år 2000. I sydvästra Sverige har kvävenedfallet som nitrat minskat med 41 %, i sydöstra Sverige med 35 % och i norra Sverige med 34 %. Mängden totaldeposition (våt och torr) till olika marktyper har också beräknats med modellsystemet MATCH Sverige och redovisas i denna rapport för exempelvis oxiderat svavel utan havssalt (XSOX, summan av svaveldioxid och sulfat), reducerat kväve (NHX, summan av ammonium och ammoniak) samt oxiderat kväve (NOY, summan av bland annat NO, NO2, HNO3, PAN, N2O5, NO3-salter och organiskt NO3-). Modelleringen visar att andelen våtdeposition relativt totaldepositionen för t.ex. 2014 över svenska landområden i genomsnitt över Sverige var 71 %, 79 % och 78 % för oxiderat svavel (havssalt ej inkluderat), reducerat respektive oxiderat kväve. Modelleringen visar att största depositionen av reducerat kväve sker i södra Sverige och minst deponeras i norra Norrlands inland. En markant ökning av totaldepositionen ses för 2014 jämfört med 2013, främst i Skåne och Blekinge, men även upp ovanför Stockholmsområdet. Det svenska bidraget beräknades vara marginellt högre i södra Sverige under 2014 än 2013, vilket indikerar att den ökade totaldepositionen till stor del berodde på långtransportbidrag. Till exempel varierade totaldepositionen över Sverige mellan 35 och 820 mg N/m2 under 2014. Liknande mönster syns för oxiderat kväve, och för 2014 varierade totaldepositionen mellan 40 och 690 mg N/m2. Totaldepositionen av XSOX (oxiderat svavel exklusive havssalt) var högre i hela landet 2014 jämfört med 2013, främst i södra och mellersta Sverige. Det svenska bidraget var ungefär detsamma för de två åren, vilket indikerar att långdistanstransporten orsakade ökningen av totaldeposition. För XSOX var vulkanutbrottet vid Bardarbunga på Island en bidragande orsak, framförallt i mellan-Sverige. Totaldepositionen av oxiderat svavel utan havssalt varierade mellan 100 och 600 mg S/m2 år 2014. Enligt modelleringen orsakade de svenska emissionerna under 2014 i genomsnitt 5 % av totaldepositionen för oxiderat svavel (exklusive havssalt) över svenska landområden. Motsvarande siffra för oxiderat kväve och reducerat kväve var 6 % respektive 15 %. Tungmetaller Halterna av tungmetaller i luft och nederbörd är, med viss reservation för kvicksilver, lägre i Sverige än i många andra jämförbara EU-länder, främst till följd av vår nordliga position och våra förhållandevis låga inhemska emissioner. Årsmedelvärden av bly, nickel, kadmium och arsenik i luft i södra Sverige är som högst en faktor 10 gånger lägre än de tröskelvärden som anges i EU:s direktiv om halter i luft (2004/107/EG; 2008/50/EG). Eftersom kvicksilver huvudsakligen uppträder som en gas, med lång uppehållstid i atmosfären, har metallen ett delvis annorlunda spridningsmönster än övriga tungmetaller. Numera är halterna av kvicksilver i luft och nederbörd i södra Sverige och i stora delar av Europa ungefär lika höga. Organiska miljögifter Halterna av PCB och klorerade pesticider i bakgrundsluft har generellt minskat sedan mätningarna startade 1996, men minskningen har klingat av och halterna under de senaste åren ligger i samma nivå. Under perioden 2009 till 2015 har halterna i luft av PAH, PCB och DDT varit högre i södra Sverige jämfört med i norra Finland, medan α-HCH och klordaner har varit i samma nivå, vilket också gäller för depositionen. Pesticiderna aldrin, heptaklor, diuron, atrazin och isoproturon, vilka mäts vid Råö, har endast kunnat detekteras i enstaka luft- och depositionsprover. Endosulfan (α-, β-endosulfan, endosulfan-sulfat) förekommer i samtliga luft- och depositionsprover från både Råö och Pallas. Sedan starten av mätningarna har BDE (47, 99, 100) i luft och deposition vid Pallas minskat för att nu ligga i samma storleksordning som vid Råö och Aspvreten. BDE 85, 153, 154, 209 och HBCDD har endast detekterats vid enstaka tillfällen. Under 2009-2014 uppmättes vid de flesta tillfällen högre halter dioxiner/furaner i luften på svenska västkusten jämfört med östkusten, medan halten av klorparaffiner (SCCP) var högre vid Aspvreten. Dessa mätningar, vars syfte är följa upp halter i luft och deposition av organiska miljögifter, visar att åtgärder som förbud mot användning, medför att halter i luft och deposition långsiktigt minskar. PCB förekommer dock fortfarande i luft vid svenska bakgrundsområden trots att användning för länge sedan stoppats. Minskningen av PCB-halterna går långsamt, vilket visar att det i samhället och i ekosystem har lagrats upp PCB. Vad gäller t.ex. PBDE syns en tydlig nedgång av halterna, vilket visar effekten av att dessa kemikalier har förbjudits inom EU. Växtskyddsmedel (pesticider) Högre halter och fler substanser av växtskyddsmedel påträffades i nederbörd vid Vavihill i sydligaste Sverige jämfört med nederbörd vid Aspvreten som ligger längre åt nordost (strax söder om Stockholm). Skillnaden mellan lokalerna beror på att Vavihill ligger betydligt närmare stora jordbruksområden, både i Sverige och på kontinenten, jämfört med Aspvreten. För båda platserna gällde att knappt hälften av de substanser som oftast påträffades i nederbörden inte har varit godkända för användning i Sverige under de åren undersökningen pågått. Den samlade depositionen av pesticider vid Vavihill har i medeltal varierat mellan 100 och 650 mg/ha, mån (10-65 µg/m2, mån). Vid Aspvreten ligger depositionen cirka en tiopotens lägre. I luftprov från Vavihill påträffas i stor utsträckning samma substanser som i nederbördsproven. I ett specialprojekt undersöktes om det finns bekämpningsmedel som huvudsakligen transporteras i luften bundna till partiklar. Resultaten visar att en betydande andel av de substanser som idag är tillåtna för användning, både inom Sverige och EU, kunde detekteras i filtret snarare än i adsorbenten som normalt analyseras. Projektet visar att det framöver vore angeläget att inkludera analyser även av filtermaterialet inom den löpande luftövervakningen för pesticider. Flyktiga organiska ämnen (VOC) Halterna för de flesta VOC:er från användning lösningsmedel och förbränning är högst under november till mars, d.v.s. under den kallaste tiden av året. Orsakerna till årstidsvariationen är sannolikt att utsläppen från olika typer av förbränning är större under den kallare tiden av året, men även att blandningsskiktet i den lägre delen av atmosfären är lägre under vintermånaderna. Ingen årstidsspecifik variation av fördelningen mellan mer eller mindre flyktiga VOC påvisades för 2009-2015 i urban bakgrundsluft i Göteborg, de mest volatila ämnena stod för den största andelen under alla årstider. MKN för bensen är 5 µg/m3 som ett aritmetiskt årsmedelvärde som inte skall överskridas. Med ledning av 85 veckomätningar av bensen vid bakgrundsstationen Råö och 58 veckomedel av uppmätta bensenhalter i urban bakgrundsluft i Göteborg, i taknivå, överskreds sannolikt inte MKN på dessa platser under 2009-2015. För 1,3-butadien och bensen finns preciseringar till de nationella miljömålen som för butadien är 0,2 µg/m3 och för bensen 1 µg/ m3 som årsmedelvärden. Medelhalter från drygt 6000 timmedelvärden under 2009-2015, i urban bakgrundsluft i Göteborg, var för 1,3-butadien < 0,1 µg/m3 och för bensen 0,9 µg/m3, vilket indikerar att det finns risk att miljömålet för bensen överskrids på årsbas. Partiklar Halten av PM10 i den regionala bakgrunden är ungefär 15 µg/m³ i södra Sverige (Vavihill och Råö), ungefär 8 i Mellansverige (Aspvreten och Norr Malma i Uppland) och 3 – 4 i norra Sverige (Bredkälen). Halten av PM2.5 i den regionala bakgrunden är 7 -9 µg/m³ i södra Sverige (årsmedelvärde, Vavihill), 5 – 7 µg/m³ i mellersta Sverige (Råö och Aspvreten) och cirka 2 i norra delen av landet (Bredkälen). Även i den urbana bakgrunden avtar medelhalten avseende PM2.5 norrut i landet, och är i södra Sverige (Burlöv, Stockholm) i samma storleksordning som i den regionala bakgrunden. I norra Sverige (Umeå) är halten något högre i tätort än på landsbygd. Den genomsnittliga exponeringsindikatorn visar att Sverige uppnår de krav som EU ställt på en acceptabel exponeringsnivå. Vid Aspvreten i Mellansverige, där mätningar av PM10 har pågått sedan 1990 har halten sjunkit från nästan 20 till 7 – 9 µg/m³ idag. Vid Vavihill i Skåne, där mätningarna startade 2000, och Råö i Göteborgstrakten (mätstart 2007) finns ingen tydlig trend. PM2.5 vid Aspvreten har sedan 1998 sjunkit från 11- 12 till cirka 6 µg/m³ i dag. Det är framförallt under perioden 2000 – 2005 som halten sjunkit, därefter verkar minskningen avstannat. Trenden på de övriga stationerna överensstämer väl med den på Aspvreten. Halten av organiskt kol (OC) i PM10-fraktionen är i södra och mellersta delen av Sverige (Vavihill och Aspvreten) ungefär 1,5 µg/m³ utan någon tydlig årstidsvariation. Halten av elementärt kol (EC) är cirka 0,2 – 0,5 µg/m³(månadsmedelvärden) under vintern och 0,1 – 0,2 under sommarhalvåret. Mätningar har gjorts sedan april 2008. Ingen tendens till ökande eller minskande halter av OC och EC syns under denna relativt korta tid. Inga mätningar görs i norra Sverige. Sot har mätts med en indirekt metod som ’black smoke’ (BS) på flera bakgrundsstationer sedan början av 1980-talet. Sedan dess har halten i södra Sverige minskat från 4 - 8 till strax under 1,5 µg/m³ idag. I norra Sverige (Bredkälen) var halten cirka 1,5 µg/m³ under 1980-talet och är under 1 µg/m³ idag. Det mesta av minskningen skedde under 1980-talet och början av 1990-talet. En orsak till att ingen minskning kan ses därefter kan vara att halterna ofta är under mätmetodens detektionsgräns. Marknära ozon Halten av ozon styrs i stor utsträckning av de meteorologiska förutsättningarna, och för medelbelastningen av ozon finns det varken någon tydlig tidsmässig trend eller någon geografisk gradient över landet. Antalet höghaltstillfällen är dock betydligt fler i södra än i norra Sverige, vilket återspeglas i såväl 8-timmarsmedelvärdet (MKN för hälsa) som AOT40 (MKN för växtlighet). Under åren 2014 och 2015 uppmättes inga timmedelhalter över informationsnivån (180 µg/m3). Däremot överskreds såväl miljömålet för timme (80 µg/m3) som MKN för 8-timmarsmedelvärdet (120 µg/m3) vid flera av mätstationerna under dessa år. Modellerade dygnsöverskridanden över 70 μg/m3 av marknära ozon visar att antalet överskridanden var större 2013 än 2014 och 2015 i hela landet. Flest överskridanden inträffade i södra Sverige samt Norrlands inland. Trenden visar att dessa överskridanden under åren 1990-2013 är ökande i princip i hela landet. När det gäller överskridanden av 120 μg/m3 så sker de främst i södra Sverige, och under 2013 också längs Norrlandskusten. Flest antal överskridanden under 2013-2015 skedde i Blekinge år 2014, med cirka 13 dygn över 120 μg/m3. För 2015 skedde de flesta överskridandena i Skåne och kring Göteborg, med som mest cirka 4 dagars överskridande. Det årliga antalet överskridanden över 120 μg/m3 var över perioden 1990-2013 lågt i norr (upp till 2 dygn) och högre i söder (ca 4-15 dygn). Det innebär att 2013 var ett normal-lågt år för de högsta halterna, medan 2014 var ett år med fler höga halter än normalt, men inte ett extremt år under perioden förutom i Blekinge. Trenden är minskande i söder för överskridande av 120 μg/m3. Att de modellerade halterna under 2014 var högre än 2013 och 2015 var en effekt av meteorologisk variabilitet. Måttet AOT40, som indikerar vegetationspåverkan på grödor respektive skog, var högre under 2013 än 2014 och 2015, och störst påverkan var det i södra Sverige, Stockholmsregionen och området kring Gävleborgs län. AOT40 för grödor hade 2013 ett värde som var ungefär som medel över perioden 1990-2013, medan 2014 och definitivt 2015 var lägre än medelåret. AOT40 för skog var högre i norr och lägre än/liknande i söder under 2013 jämfört med medlet över perioden. Trenden över 1990-2013 är minskande överallt utom i norra Norrland för både grödor och skogseffekter. Skillnaderna mellan åren 2013-2015 orsakade av meteorologisk variabilitet. Stratosfäriskt ozon Mängden av ozon i stratosfären över Sverige varierar ofta kraftigt från dag till dag och uppvisar även en tydlig årlig cykel. Dessa variationer beror i huvudsak på storskaliga variationer i hur luften i stratosfären rör sig men även på att kemiska reaktioner både bildar och bryter ner ozon. Överlagrat på detta finns en långsiktig trend som beror på att människans utsläpp av ozonnedbrytande ämnen har påverkat kemin. I globala mätdata syns nu antydningar till en återhämtning av ozonskiktets tjocklek efter decennier av förtunning, men detta är oftast svårt att se för enskilda stationer beroende på den stora naturliga variationen. STRÅNG Modellen, STRÅNG, för beräkning av några solstrålningsstorheter för norra Europa har producerat data under ett antal år. Den är för närvarande under uppgradering, vilket ska vara klart under 2017. För de senaste åren syns de typiska mönstren med ett starkt latitudberoende med avtagande strålning mot norr, med relativt sett mycket strålning över Östersjöområdet i jämförelse med motsvarande latituder i närheten. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, the unit for Air Quality and Climate Change, is responsible for the national air quality and precipitation monitoring in rural background areas. This report presents the results from the activities within the National monitoring programme for air pollutants regarding measurements (performed by IVL, SU, SLU and SMHI respectively) until 2015 and modelling (performed by SMHI) until 2015 for ground level ozone and 2014 for other pollutants. Furthermore, the National monitoring programme includes some activities on Svalbard, but these results are not presented in this report. January 1, 2016 the monitoring activities at the EMEP site Vavihill, Söderåsen in Skåne, were moved to Hallahus, 1 km north of the former location. For most of the air pollutants monitored the situation has improved significantly since the measurement started between 15 and 35 years back, regarding air concentrations as well as deposition in the rural background. The pollution load is in general decreasing the further north one goes. For most of the components for which there are environmental quality standards and environmental objectives, the concentrations are well below the limit and target values. The concentrations of ground-level ozone exceed the air quality standard for health. For ground-level ozone, particles and benzene (in urban background air) there is a risk for concentration levels above the specifications of the environmental objectives. Acidifying and eutrophying substances The concentration of pollutants in air and precipitation has during the last decades decreased significantly due to international agreements to reduce emissions of e.g. sulphur and nitrogen oxides. Air A comparison between the measured concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) in air in the 1980's and in the 2010's shows that the annual average concentration has been reduced by between 88 and 95% at the EMEP sites. When comparing the Swedish regions, it becomes clear that the concentrations in the 2010's were lowest in northern Sweden, whereas the concentrations in the southeastern and southwestern Sweden were a comparable levels. An exception is 2014 when the concentration in northern Sweden was almost on the same level as in the rest of Sweden. The reason for this is believed to be air transport of sulphur from the outbreak at Holuhraun in Iceland. In Sweden's southwestern and southeastern regions the reduction of SO2 in air has been larger compared to northern Sweden. Similar results were seen also for concentrations of sulphur in deposition for which the decrease of sulphur in southern Sweden was greater compared to northern Sweden. Annual average concentrations of sulphate in the air (SO4) in air, measured at the EMEP sites have fallen by between 70 and 80% from the 1980's to the 2010's. A comparison between the measured concentrations in air of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the 1980's and the 2010's shows that the annual average concentrations at the EMEP sites have decreased by 50% in southern Sweden (Vavihill, Rörvik/Råö and Aspvreten) and with more than 70% in northern Sweden (Bredkälen). The comparison between the Swedish regions shows that the levels during the 2010’s have been the highest in southwest Sweden and lowest in northern Sweden. The concentrations in southeastern Sweden lie between. Annual average concentrations of nitrate (NO3) in the air, measured at the EMEP sites during 1986-2015, show a reduction of approximately 50% in Vavihill and Aspvreten and 35 % at Rörvik / Råö. The nitrate concentration in Bredkälen is for the whole time period much lower compared with the other EMEP sites, but even here the concentrations have decreased significantly. The annual average of ammonium (NH4) in the air has at the EMEP sites declined by 50-60% during the same time period. Concentrations of Cl, Na, Mg, Ca, and K in air have been measured at the EMEP sites from 2009 to 2015. Generally the annual average concentrations have been highest at Råö and lowest at Bredkälen. Modelling the concentration of different substances in air is achieved by combining observations with model data, in the MATCH Sweden system. Measurements and model data complement each other in order to achieve a better knowledge. With the model system, concentration levels can be divided into contributions from Swedish and foreign emission sources (long-range transport). Modelling results (on a regional scale) show that for reduced nitrogen (the sum of ammonium and ammonia) the total yearly average concentration varied between 1.19 μg N/m3 in the south of Sweden, and 0.04 μg N/m3 in the most northern parts of the country in 2014. For nitrogen dioxide the highest concentrations were modelled in the larger urban areas and the concentration varied between 0.06 and 2.31 μg N/m3. The air concentration of SO2 were modelled to vary between 0.03 and 0.81 µg S/m3 in Sweden, and the highest values were seen in the larger urban areas and along the coast of Norrland. During 2014 the Swedish emissions were calculated to have caused on average 27% of the total concentration of SO2 over Swedish land areas. For NO2 and reduced nitrogen the equivalent percentage was estimated to 48% and 37%. Precipitation and Deposition Wet deposition of sulphur in Sweden was significantly higher in 2014 compared to 2015. This can mainly be explained by the high sulphur emissions from the volcano eruption in Iceland between August 2014 and February 2015. Also the wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen was significantly higher in 2014 compared to 2015, primarily in southwestern Sweden. The highest wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen was just above 20 kg/ha in the most southern part of Sweden. In 2015 the highest wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen was measured at the southwest coast of Sweden, with just below 15 kg/ha. A statistical trend analysis for wet deposition has been made for the years 2000-2015. Averages for measurements separated for three different areas in Sweden (North, South-East and South-West) are used in the trend analysis. The monitoring stations included in the analysis in the different areas are the stations that have full data coverage during all years. No aspects of the stations representability in the different areas have been included in the analysis. No statistically significant trend in any of the three analysed areas was obtained for the amount of precipitation. Wet deposition of sulphur has decreased significantly by 51-65% over the period 2000-2015 for all three areas in Sweden. The largest decline of sulphur deposition was insouthwestern Sweden and lowest in northern Sweden. The hydrogen ion deposition, which may be used as a measure of the acid load, has also declined in all regions since 2000. No statistically significant change was obtained for chloride deposition in any area 2000-2015. Wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen (nitrate + ammonium nitrogen) decreased significantly during the period 2000-2015 in northern Sweden (29%) and southwestern Sweden (24%), while no significant changes were obtained for southeastern Sweden. The wet deposition of ammonium nitrogen showed no statistically significant change in any of the three areas during 2000-2015. However, the wet deposition of nitrate nitrogen decreased by 41% in southwestern Sweden, by 35% in southeastern Sweden and by 34% in northern Sweden since 2000. The model system divides the total deposition into wet and dry. The share of the wet to the total deposition was 71% for sulphur (sum of sulphur dioxide and sulphate excluding contribution from sea salt), 79% for reduced (the sum of ammonium and ammonia) and 78% for oxidized nitrogen (sum of NO, NO2, HNO3, PAN, N2O5, NO3- salts and organic NO3- among other substances) in 2014. The deposition for different land use types can also be calculated. The modelling shows that the deposition of reduced nitrogen is highest in the southern parts of Sweden, and is lowest in northern Sweden. In 2014 the deposition was increased compared to 2013, and it ranged between 35 and 820 mg N/m2. The Swedish contribution was marginally higher in 2014, indicating that most of the increase was due to long-range transport. A similar pattern was seen for oxidised nitrogen, for which the deposition varied between 40 and 690 mg N/m2 in 2014. For sulphur (sea salt not included) the total deposition varied between 100 and 600 mg S/m2, which was an increase compared to 2013. The volcanic eruption at Bardarbunga in Iceland contributed to the long-range transport of sulphur, especially in mid-Sweden. In 2014 the Swedish emissions caused on average 5% of the deposition of sulphur (sea salt not included) in Swedish land areas. The corresponding number for oxidized and reduced nitrogen was 6% and 15% respectively. Heavy metals The concentrations of heavy metals in air and in precipitation are lower in Sweden than in some other comparable countries. This can be explained by Sweden’s northerly position and the relative low use of fossil fuels for electricity and heath production. The highest yearly average concentrations of lead, nickel, cadmium and arsenic in the air in southern Sweden are ten times lower than the threshold values given in the EU directives 2004/107/EC and 2008/50/EC. The situation with mercury is slightly different, since this metal predominantly occurs as an elemental gas in the atmosphere. Due to its long atmospheric residence time it is more or less evenly distributed in the northern hemisphere. Nowadays the concentration levels of mercury in air and in precipitation in southern Sweden are similar to that of many other European countries. Persistent organic substances The concentration of PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in background air has generally declined since the start of the measurements in 1996, the decline has however in recent years levelled off. The air concentrations of PAHs, PCBs and DDTs are generally higher in southern Sweden compared to northern Finland, while α-HCH and chlordanes are at the same level both in the south and in north. The same pattern also applies to the atmospheric deposition. The pesticides, aldrin, heptachlor, diuron, atrazine and isoproturon, which only are measured at Råö, have only been detected occasionally in air and deposition samples. Endosulfan (α- and β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate) have been detected in all of the air and deposition samples from both Råö and Pallas. BDE (47, 99 and 100) has declined in both air and deposition and the levels are in the same range at all sites; Råö, Aspvreten and Pallas. BDE-85, 153, 154, 209 and HBCDD have only been detected occasionally. The dioxin/furans concentrations in air are generally higher at the Swedish west coast compared to the Swedish east coast, while the levels of chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are higher at Aspvreten compared to Råö. The long term monitoring program gives the possibility to follow up measures and bans. Although the use of PCBs was banned long time ago, they still occur in air from background areas. The decrease in PCB levels is slow, which shows that the PCBs are stored in the communities and ecosystems. As regards e.g. PBDEs, there is a marked decline in the levels, which shows the effect of the ban of these chemicals in the EU. Plant protection products (pesticides) Higher concentrations and a larger number of different pesticides were found in precipitation collected at Vavihill in the very south of Sweden, compared to precipitation collected at Aspvreten (situated just south of Stockholm). Differences in findings between the sites can be explained by the closeness of Vavihill to more intense agricultural areas, both in Sweden and on the European continent. A substantial portion (close to 50%) of the pesticides occurring in precipitation are no longer applied within Sweden, high-lightening the importance of a trans-boundary transport, also of some modern pesticides. Average deposition of pesticides at Vavihill has varied between 100 and 650 mg/ha, month (10-65 µg/m2, month). The deposition at Aspvreten has been one tenth of that at Vavihill. Substances found in air samples are to a large extent the same as those found in precipitation. In a special project we examined whether there are pesticides that are mainly transported in air bound to particles. The results show that a significant proportion of the substances that are currently permitted for use could be detected in the filter rather than in the adsorbent normally analysed. The project shows that it is important in the future to include analysis also of the filter material within the long-term air-monitoring program for pesticides. Volatile organic components (VOC) Highest concentrations of the VOCs were measured in November to Mars, i.e. during the coldest period of the year. The seasonal variations are probably due to higher emissions from combustion processes wintertime combined with a lower mixing layer in the lower part of the atmosphere during the same period of the year. No specific seasonal variation in the distribution of the VOCs was detected in 2009-2015, the most volatile substances accounted for the largest share in all seasons. The environmental quality standard (EQS) for benzene is 5 µg/m3 as an arithmetic annual average. With the guidance of 85 weekly measurements of benzene at the background site Råö and 58 weekly average values in urban background air in Gothenburg (roof level), the EQS was not exceeded at these sites during 2009-2015. Rapport C 224 - Nationell luftövervakning – Sakrapport med data från övervakning inom Programområde Luft t.o.m. 2015 19 For 1,3-butadiene and benzene there are clarifications to the national environmental objectives (butadiene 0.2 µg/m3 and benzene 1 µg/m3 as annual averages). The average concentrations of more than 6 000 hourly data during 2009-2015 in urban background air in Gothenburg, were

As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, a screening study of selected emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) has been carried out. The study build on an earlier screening study including most of the target analytes ”Screening of Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants and Polybrominated dibenzofurans”. In the cited study many of the analytes were not detected possibly due to low concentrations in relation to the instrumental detection limits. In the current study a more sensitive mass spectrometric technique Gas Chromatography - High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (GC-HRMS) was used to improve the detection frequency. In addition, five more emerging BFRs that have been highlighted in a recent European Food Safety Authority report were also included. The overall objective of this screening study was to determine the concentrations of selected BFRs and a group of well-known BFRs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in ambient air and in human serum, to highlight an important global transport pathway in the environment and the degree of human exposure, respectively. Most of the emerging flame retardants occurred in all of the air samples. The mean concentration of several emerging flame retardants (TBECH, HBB, BEH-TEBP, BTBPE, DBDPE, and Dechlorane Plus) was between 10% and 60% of that of BDE-209, the most abundant PBDE. The mean concentrations of the brominated phenols were generally higher than BDE-209. The concentrations of monobromo phenols and 2,4-dibromophenol were at least an order of magnitude higher than BDE-209, whilst 2,4,6-Tribromophenol was 4-fold higher than BDE-209. The emerging FRs, brominated phenols and PBDEs all occurs at elevated concentrations during the summer period in Pallas in Northern Finland, which illustrates the potential for atmospheric long range transport and the positive influence of temperature on contaminant mobility. The brominated phenols also showed a temporal trend at the Swedish West Coast site Råö, with elevated concentrations in the summer/autumn period, possible linked to increased natural production and emissions of these compounds during the summer period. Three of the emerging BFR were detected in human sera. Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)- ethane (BTBPE) was found in all samples and at an average concentration higher than that of BDE-209. Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) were found in roughly half of the samples. The levels of brominated phenols was much higher than those of BDE-209, with 2,4,6-tribromophenol as the most abundant, likley due to high metabolic resistance. På uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket har en screeningstudie av utvalda “nya” bromerade flamskyddsmedel (BFR) genomförts. Studien bygger på en tidigare studie inkluderande de flesta av flamskyddsmedlen "Screening av Emerging bromerade flamskyddsmedel och polybromerade dibensofuraner". I denna studie kunde många ämnen inte detekteras, möjligen på grund av låga koncentrationer i förhållande till de instrumentella detekteringsgränserna. I den aktuella studien har en känsligare masspektrometrisk teknik gaskromatografi - högupplöst masspektrometri (GC-HRMS) använts för att förbättra detektionsfrekvensen. Dessutom har ytterligare fem nya BFR inkluderats, baserat på en nyligen publicerad rapport från Europeiska myndigheten för livsmedelssäkerhet. Det övergripande målet för denna screeningundersökning var att bestämma halterna av de utvalda nya bromerade flamskyddsmedlen samt en grupp välkända flamskyddsmedel (polybromerade difenyletrar, PBDE) i luft från bakgrundsområden och i humant serum, vilket bör ge en bättre bild av den globala långväga lufttransporten samt en uppfattning av graden av människors exponering. De flesta av de nya flamskyddsmedlen påträffades i samtliga luftprover. Medelkoncentrationen av flera nya flamskyddsmedel (TBECH, HBB, BEH-TEBP, BTBPE, DBDPE och Dechloran Plus) var relativt höga, mellan 10 % och 60 % av koncentrationen av dekabromdifenyleter (BDE-209), den PBDE som uppmättes i högst halt. De genomsnittliga koncentrationerna av de bromerade fenolerna var i allmänhet högre än den för BDE-209. Koncentrationen av monobromfenoler och 2,4-dibromfenol var minst en storleksordning större än den för BDE-209, medan koncentrationen av 2,4,6- tribromfenol var fyra gånger högre. Halterna av de nya flamskyddsmedlen, de bromerade fenolerna och PBDE var alla förhöjda under sommarperioden i Pallas i norra Finland, vilket visar på dess potential för atmosfärisk långväga spridning och att denna ökar med ökande temperatur. De bromerade fenolerna visade också en tidstrend i luft från Råö på den svenska västkusten, med förhöjda halter under sommar och höst, eventuellt kopplade till ökad naturlig marin produktion och ökade emissioner av dessa föreningar under denna period. Tre nya BFR detekterades i humant blod (sera). Bis(2,4,6-tribromfenoxy)etan (BTBPE) hittades i alla prover och med en genomsnittskoncentration högre än den för BDE-209. Pentabrometylbensen (PBEB) och 2-etylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabrombensoat (EH-TBB) hittades i ungefär hälften av proverna. De bromerade fenolerna påträffades också i sera och deras koncentrationer var mycket högre än den för BDE-209. 2,4,6-tribromfenol förekom i högst halt, troligen på grund av hög stabilitet mot metabolisk omvandling.

Pharmaceutical products constitute a fundamental part of modern medicine and are in many cases crucial for health and wellbeing in our everyday life. However, the benefits from pharmaceutical come with drawbacks for the environment. These chemicals are designed to have a biological effect, which they unfortunately also might have on other living organisms than humans. They are moreover also considered to be semi-persistent due to the continuous discharge from our society. These characteristics make them problematic if they end up in the environment. For the last ten years pharmaceutical companies on the Swedish market can choose to publish environmental information about their products on the public web-based portal www.fass.se. Prior to publication the environmental information is reviewed by an external part (IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute). Within the context as third party reviewer, IVL also performs research to increase the knowledge of pharmaceuticals in the environment to improve the reviewing process. This report describes the Fass research study conducted in 2014 and 2015. The focus of this study was to investigate the distribution and removal of a selection of pharmaceuticals within a sewage treatment plant (STP) and their final fate in the environment. For unclear reasons residues of pharmaceuticals can be represented in higher concentration in the effluent wastewater compared to the influent, which limits correct conclusions to be drawn regarding their removal during sewage treatment. Several studies on matrix effects and metabolism were performed to test different hypothesis that could explain the phenomena and to be able to estimate the “true” concentrations of pharmaceuticals within a STP. A mass balance was also performed to further study the pharmaceutical distribution. To assess the dispersion and fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment a farmland fertilized with sludge from the investigated STP were studied. Soil and sludge samples were analyzed as well as soil water collected by lysimeter techniques. In addition laboratory based soil sorption tests of the farmland soil exposed to pharmaceutical and sewage sludge were also performed. The result of the study showed that analytical interferences (ion-suppression) due to competition with co-eluting matrix components during instrumental analysis was the main contributor to the observed increase in concentration of pharmaceuticals from influent to effluent wastewater, with an average ion-suppression of 49% in influent wastewater and 35% in effluent wastewater of the investigated pharmaceuticals. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten. Pharmaceutical products constitute a fundamental part of modern medicine and are in many cases crucial for health and wellbeing in our everyday life. However, the benefits from pharmaceutical come with drawbacks for the environment. These chemicals are designed to have a biological effect, which they unfortunately also might have on other living organisms than humans. They are moreover also considered to be semi-persistent due to the continuous discharge from our society. These characteristics make them problematic if they end up in the environment. For the last ten years pharmaceutical companies on the Swedish market can choose to publish environmental information about their products on the public web-based portal www.fass.se. Prior to publication the environmental information is reviewed by an external part (IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute). Within the context as third party reviewer, IVL also performs research to increase the knowledge of pharmaceuticals in the environment to improve the reviewing process. This report describes the Fass research study conducted in 2014 and 2015. The focus of this study was to investigate the distribution and removal of a selection of pharmaceuticals within a sewage treatment plant (STP) and their final fate in the environment. For unclear reasons residues of pharmaceuticals can be represented in higher concentration in the effluent wastewater compared to the influent, which limits correct conclusions to be drawn regarding their removal during sewage treatment. Several studies on matrix effects and metabolism were performed to test different hypothesis that could explain the phenomena and to be able to estimate the “true” concentrations of pharmaceuticals within a STP. A mass balance was also performed to further study the pharmaceutical distribution. To assess the dispersion and fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment a farmland fertilized with sludge from the investigated STP were studied. Soil and sludge samples were analyzed as well as soil water collected by lysimeter techniques. In addition laboratory based soil sorption tests of the farmland soil exposed to pharmaceutical and sewage sludge were also performed. The result of the study showed that analytical interferences (ion-suppression) due to competition with co-eluting matrix components during instrumental analysis was the main contributor to the observed increase in concentration of pharmaceuticals from influent to effluent wastewater, with an average ion-suppression of 49% in influent wastewater and 35% in effluent wastewater of the investigated pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical products constitute a fundamental part of modern medicine and are in many cases crucial for health and wellbeing in our everyday life. However, the benefits from pharmaceutical come with drawbacks for the environment. This report describes the Fass research study conducted in 2014 and 2015.

A screening study was performed on selected pharmaceuticals and hormones. A total of 103 pharmaceuticals were analysed in 25 samples from a national program and 41 samples from a regional program. In addition, three hormones were analysed in 25 samples. The sampling programs were focused on samples from waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) and their receiving waters. Biota samples (perch) were also included in the study. 45 pharmaceuticals were detected in the effluent of at least one WWTP, in levels that ranged from low ng/L up to 8.8 μg/L, with a median concentration of 52 ng/L. Caffeine was detected in highest concentrations followed by the beta-blocker metoprolol (1.8 μg/l). In WWTP sludge, 31 substances were detected. The antibiotic ciprofloxacine often dominated and was found in all sludge samples in the range 800-1800 μg/Kg dw. 44 pharmaceuticals were detected in surface water samples in the range from low ng/L up to 480 ng/L. Measured surface water concentrations were compared to critical environmental concentrations, i.e. the water concentration that is expected to cause a pharmacological effect in fish. This evaluation showed that eight pharmaceuticals in these samples may cause a pharmacological response in fish exposed to these waters. In biota (perch muscle) 17 substances were detected in concentrations up to 150 μg/Kg. Concentrations of hormones in WWTP effluents were

This report shows result of a screening study on selected pharmaceuticals and hormones.

A screening study concerning mainly substances used as UV-filters in sunscreen lotions.

In October 2013 the Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL were assigned by the Swedish EPA to make an assessment of the need for further follow-up of Swedish national screening studies performed during the years 2007-2012. Defined tasks were to:  Select approximately 25 substances for risk evaluation and to identity if there is a need for a more in-depth evaluation for any of these substances.  Select approximately 8 screening studies where there are needs for follow-up studies and rank them in order of preference. The need for method development should also be identified. Forty screening studies were performed during the selected time period and the total number of screened substances amounted to 540 individual chemical substances, groups of substances and metals (Appendix 1, Table 1). For the Swedish EPA it was important that each step in the selection procedure was accounted for in the report. The first set criteria for reduction of substances not relevant for risk evaluation were:  Classical well known substances (e.g. PCBs, dioxins, metals) or are metabolites.  Substances with low detection frequency in biotic samples including humans, < 50%.  Priority substances within the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and therefore considered as well known  Substances that should be treated as a group rather than as individual compounds, e.g. unintentionally produced substances. After this selection step, 22 substances remained on the list (Table 3). Two brominated flame retardants (HBB and PBEB), two UV-filters (OTNE and AC) and one benzotriazole (UV 327) was suggested for an in depth evaluation. The forty screening studies were evaluated for follow up (Table 2). The set of criteria for studies not selected for a follow-up were:  A follow up study has already been performed (7 studies).  The screening study concerned priority substances within the WFD (2 studies).  The screening showed that the substances do not pose any risk or that no issues remain at present (5 studies).  Follow-up studies, research projects and/or literature reviews are ongoing (9 studies).  Method development is ongoing or needed before further screening (2 studies). Evaluation of Swedish National Screening Studies 2007-2012 IVL report B2159 Assement of the Need for Follow-up Six studies were not prioritized for a new screening but needs to be considered (see Appendix 3, Table 1 for comments). Finally, nine studies, of which two concerns fragrances, where prioritized for further screening. Below the screening studies are listed and commented in priority order where the first three are of most relevance. (See the report for each screening study for a more extended presentation.) National screening, 2009, UV filters The screening results show that the occurrence of UV-filters is widespread in surface water from background areas and in the urban environment. Several of the included UV-filters pose a potential risk to the environment. The highest concentrations occur during the reproductive season and the use is not likely to decrease. The industry of personal care products may be perceptive to new information on risks concerning these substances. A new screening should therefore be preceded by a review on use, ecotoxicity and persistence of UV filters. National screening, 2010, Pharmaceuticals There is an increasing amount of evidence that pharmaceuticals may cause effects in the environment. Three pharmaceutical substances are on the watch-list within the WFD. Thus, more data is requested concerning environmental concentrations. The results in the screening show that removal rates of some pharmaceuticals in WWTP are difficult to determine. Method development and a follow-up screening would contribute to a better assessment of predicted environmental concentrations. Furthermore, the knowledge of the fate of pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge, in soil receiving sludge amendments and subsequent uptake in biota is limited. In a recent screening conducted in Norway the authors highlighted the number of pharmaceuticals detected in prawns, fish and birds (> 30; Miljødirektoratet 2013). National screening, 2008, Musk substances and metabolites National screening, 2011 Fragances; OTNE, acetyl cedrene and diphenyleter Fragrance substances and their metabolites are widespread in the environment and were detected in surface water, sediment, fish, soil (to which sludge has been amended) and in breast milk. Many of these substances can bioaccumlate and the data indicate that these substances are persistent and that atmospheric long range transport occurs. Ecotoxicological data are limited for many of these substances. A new screening should be preceded by a literature review regarding usage and relevant substances. Fragrances that have been reported to occur in human samples should be included, and screening in human breast milk repeated. Furthermore, we suggest that the air compartment should be included. National screening, 2011 Benzothiazoles, benzenediamines, dicyclohexylamine and benzotriazoles A widespread occurrence of benzotriazoles was reported, both at background and urban areas. However, as no ecotoxicity data were found, no assessment of risk could be made. The result of the screening was also reflected by analytical challenges of these substances. Benzothiazoles and benzotriazoles have recently been reported in different matrixes in a non-target screening in Norway (Miljødirektoratet, 2013). A follow up screening is recommended, but before the need for method development should be assessed. National screening, 2007, Platinum group metals The screening study included the platinum group elements (PGEs) platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh). Pd was almost consistently detected in the biological samples (fish, moose, cow, white tailed eagle and plants). The concentrations of Pd in groundwater were higher than in run-off water ponds. The authors concluded that the results in this study do not indicate that PGEs pose a risk to humans or the aquatic ecosystem, but that this conclusion is based on lack of reference values and proper risk assessments for humans as well as biota. National screening, 2007, Organophosphate esters in human breast milk and fish in Swedish lakes and coastal areas The results from this study indicate that environmental load of organophosphate esters (OP) are high and that there is chronic exposure of OP. The authors concluded that the knowledge of the effects and the fate of these substances is limited and that more information on sources, degradation and uptake in biota is needed. A literature survey is suggested before decision on the selection of substances and environmental matrices for a follow up. Air and dust are likely to be important exposure routes for humans. National screening, 2008, Exposure and effect screening in urine of women The results show that urine is a good matrix for human biomonitoring of many organic chemicals and metals. The authors suggested follow-up studies on a selection of PAHs and phthalate metabolites and a larger test group could better establish factors influencing metabolite concentration in urine. We suggest that based on the outcome of other screening studies, also metabolites of other organic chemicals and metals, e.g. silver and metabolites of fragrances, should be considered. National screening, 2007, Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate Available data for the aquatic environment indicates that octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate has low acute toxicity but no chronic tests have been done, and, thus, it is not possible to determine the risk. Given the persistent properties and the large production volume a follow up study is recommended, also including degradation products. It may be of interest to also include other antioxidants of similar chemical structure and their degradation products.

IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute has made an assessment of the need for follow-up of Swedish national screening studies performed during the years 2007-2012. Defined tasks were to select approximately 25 substances for risk evaluation and to identity if there is a need for a more in-depth evaluation for any of these substances, and to select approximately 8 screening studies where there are needs for follow-up studies. Forty screening studies were performed during the selected time period and the total number of screened substances amounted to 540 individual chemical substances, groups of substances and metals. Substances not prioritized for risk evaluation were: classical well known substances ( e.g . PCBs, dioxins, metals) and their metabolites; substances with low detection frequency in biotic < 50%; substances listed on as a priority substance within the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and substances treated as a group rather than as individuals ( e.g . unintentionally produced substances). Finally 22 substances remained for risk evaluation. Two brominated flame retardants (HBB and PBEB), two UV-filters (OTNE and AC) and one benzotriazole (UV 327) were suggested to be considered for an in depth evaluation. The screening studies not recommended for follow-up were: studies where a follow-up already had been done; studies concerning priority substances in the WFD; studies where the authors concluded that the substances do not pose a risk or that no issues remain at present; studies where follow-up studies, research projects and/or literature reviews are ongoing, and studies where method development is ongoing or needed before further screening can be performed. Six studies were not prioritized for a new screening but need to be considered further. Finally, the studies selected to be prioritized for further screening included the following substances; UV-filters, pharmaceuticals, fragrances, benzothiazoles and benzotriazoles, platinum group metals, organophosphate esters, metabolites of PAHs and phthalates in urine, and antioxidants and their degradation products. This report is only available in English.

The total inflow of wastewater to a municipal waste water treatment plant (WWTP) may be divided in sanitary sewer and additional water. The additional water may further be divided into three compartments: groundwater or soil water that leaks or drains into the sewage system; runoff from roofs and paved surfaces connected to the sewage system due to direct impact of precipitation (stormwater); runoff from e.g. paved surfaces and green surfaces that infiltrates through soil and may leak to the sewage system or as leakage from stormwater system to the sewage system. In order to determine the shares of stormwater in the load to the selected WWTPs, annual environmental reports from these plants were used together with information obtained by personal communication with the WWTPs. Generally, the level of knowledge concerning the proportion of stormwater in the influent varied among the different WWTPs. Some of the WWTPs had modelled data, other not. Estimates from WWTPs for which inflow of stormwater could be separated from the total inflow of additional water (Henriksdal, Gässlösa, Ryaverket and Borlänge WWTP) showed that the share varied between 9 and 30%. The highest shares were found in Henriksdal in Stockholm. Results from the Swedish EPA monitoring programme of sludge and effluent were analysed with multivariate methods to determine if any co-variation exist between share of stormwater inflow, for which additional water was used as an approximation, and measured concentrations of metals and organic substances. Also the change over time was studied with this methodology. The results from the multivariate analyses showed that there is a grouping according to when the monitoring was performed. The monitoring performed in 2006 and 2007 differed from the rest. The analyses with multivariate method also showed that it was hard to seeany trends regarding the additional water and its influence on the concentrations of pollutants in sludge or water. New measurements at the inflow to the WWTP and on sludge samples together with additional parameters, such as antimony or other specific markers, which could contribute to the explanation of the load from additional waters, are needed. Time trends at the different sites were observed with the present data but no correlation with the amount of additional water was however seen. It is clear that the use of “additional water” as an approximation for stormwater is not ideal. Better estimates of the stormwater share could perhaps reveal correlations in the data that was now hidden. Effluent and sludge from the WWTPs Henriksdal, Ryaverken, Gässlösa and Bollebygd, and also sediment sampled downstream of the plants were chemically analysed on alkyl phenols, major phthalates, PAHs and metals. Multivariate modelling did not reveal any correlation between any of the measured parameters and the share of additional water, which was used as an estimate for the share of stormwater. As above, a better estimate of the stormwater share than “additional water” would have been beneficial. Förekomsten av dagvattenrelaterade föroreningar i utgående vatten och slam från kommunala reningsverk har satts i relation till andelen dagvatten i det inkommande vattnet. Det totala flödet in till ett reningsverk kan delas upp i sanitärt vatten och tillskottsvatten. Tillskottsvattnet kan i sin tur delas upp i tre olika typer: läck- och dränvatten; den direkta nederbördspåverkan - avrinning från tak och gatumark kopplade till avloppsystem samt den indirekta nederbördspåverkan vars källa till stor del är hårdgjorda ytor, men dess väg till avloppssystemet är via markinfiltration och vidare läckage till avloppsnätet. Andelen dagvatten av belastningen till reningsverken bedömdes med hjälp av information från de årliga miljörapporterna och genom kontakt med ansvariga på reningsverken. Kännedomen om andelen dagvatten in till reningsverken varierade mellan dessa. Vissa reningsverk hade modellerade data, andra inte. Uppskattningar från reningsverk där andelen dagvatten kunde separeras från det totala tillskottsvattnet (Henriksdal, Gässlösa, Ryaverket och Borlänge) varierade mellan 9 och 30%. Högsta andelen uppgavs från Henriksdal. Resultat från Naturvårdsverkets program för övervakning av utgående vatten och slam från avloppsreningsverk analyserades med multivariata metoder för att för att utröna om det finns samvariation mellan andelen dagvatten, för vilken andelen tillskottsvatten användes som en approximation, och uppmätta halter av metaller och organiska ämnen. Förändring över tid studerades också. Resultatet från den multivariata analysen visade en gruppering av data efter när provtagningen var gjord. Prover från 2006 och 2007 avvek från övriga år. Analysen kunde inte påvisa några samband mellan andelen tillskottsvatten och koncentration av föroreningar i slam eller vatten. Nya mätningar i inkommande vatten och slam också av ytterligare parametrar som antimon eller andra specifika markörer för dagvatten behövs. Tidstrender vid de olika verken kunde ses i de befintliga data men samvariation med andelen tillskottsvatten kunde inte påvisas. Att använda andelen tillskottsvatten som en approximation för andelen dagvatten är inte optimalt. En bättre uppskattning av den verkliga dagvattenadelen kan kanske avslöja samband i data som ny döljs. Utgående vatten och slam från reningsverken Henriksdal, Ryaverken, Gässlösa och Bollebygd, och även sediment nedströms dessa, analyserades kemiskt på med avseende på alkylfenoler, de dominerande ftalaterna, PAHer och metaller. Multivariat modellering visade inte någon korrelation mellan någon eller några mätta parametrar och andelen tillskottsvatten som användes som en uppskattning av andelen dagvatten. Även här skulle ett bättre mått på den verkliga dagvattenandelen varit värdefullt.

This report is only available in English.