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Regional differences in the integument of the body are explained, at least in part, by differences in fascial arrangements. In the face, where the skin is more mobile due to the action of the underlying facial muscles, fascial organisation is important for support and separation of muscle groups. This study used bequeathed cadaver material to investigate a currentmodel of the SMAS proposed by Macchi et al., the original boundaries of which were explored and extended using both histology and gross dissection. As a clearly identifiable structure spanning the lateral and midface, the SMAS in the specimen supported the model proposed by Macchi et al. The three main findings that support the model were the layered morphological appearance of the SMAS, its progression from fibrous to aponeurotic in a lateral to medial direction, and the enveloping of the zygomaticus musculature. Extension beyond the proposed model into the temporal region was observed, but nasal and forehead regions showed no evidence of SMAS, while its presence in the cervical platysma region remained inconclusive. Fascial and soft tissue variability was considerable within facial regions of the examined specimen, helping to explain the debate around the SMAS in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BROUGHTON M., BAILEY J. & LINNEY J. (2004) European Journal of Cancer Care 13, 318–327 How can experiences of patients and carers influence the clinical care of large bowel cancer? A qualitative project was designed to investigate the care of large bowel cancer from patients’ and carers’ perspectives using semi-structured interviews; tape-recorded, transcribed and analysed; to identify recurrent themes. Forty-nine patients treated surgically for bowel cancer from three hospital trusts in West Surrey were visited at home, and eight of their carers attended a focus group from a choice of three geographical locations. Five main themes identified: experience of symptoms; general practitioner (GP) management; impact of diagnosis; perceptions of clinical care and treatment; information needs. Results showed that patients and carers were ignorant of the symptoms and signs of large bowel cancer and wanted more information. They were satisfied when the GP took symptoms seriously and referred promptly. Three groups of patients were particularly vulnerable: those requiring stomas (25), those diagnosed with polyps initially (11) and patients admitted as an emergency (7). Specialist nurses were seen as the main source of written information and support, which was most needed at the time of diagnosis and discharge. The public needs more accessible information about the symptoms and signs of bowel cancer. Referral to multiprofessional bowel cancer teams is essential to provide appropriate support and clear information from the time of diagnosis throughout the care pathway. Recommended strategies for improving clinical care are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inherent symmetry of a quantum system may protect its otherwise fragile states. Leveraging such protection requires testing its robustness against uncontrolled environmental interactions. Using 47 superconducting qubits, we implement the one-dimensional kicked Ising model, which exhibits nonlocal Majorana edge modes (MEMs) with ℤ2 parity symmetry. We find that any multiqubit Pauli operator overlapping with the MEMs exhibits a uniform late-time decay rate comparable to single-qubit relaxation rates, irrespective of its size or composition. This characteristic allows us to accurately reconstruct the exponentially localized spatial profiles of the MEMs. Furthermore, the MEMs are found to be resilient against certain symmetry-breaking noise owing to a prethermalization mechanism. Our work elucidates the complex interplay between noise and symmetry-protected edge modes in a solid-state environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many phenomena in the high‐frequency pumped ionosphere exhibit dependence on the pump beam incident angle α. This motivates a systematic study of the α dependence of the stimulated electromagnetic emission (SEE), particularly near electron gyroharmonics. We report the first observations of stationary SEE spectra for α ranging from −28° (north) to 28° (south) at three receiving sites, for the pump frequency (f0) sweeping near the fourth gyroharmonic (4fc). The following is established: (i) For pumping near the magnetic zenith (α = 7°, 14°, 21°), when existent dynamic broad upshifted maximum in the SEE spectrum indicates that artificial ionization layers are excited, suppression of the downshifted maximum at f0 ≈ 4fс is weakest, and 4fс increases. (ii) Weaker similar effects occur for α = −14° (a condition called "mirror magnetic zenith"). (iii) For northern pump beam inclinations, the SEE intensity decreases (in comparison with southern inclinations and vertical), most strongly at the southernmost receiving site. Plain Language Summary: Many phenomena in the high‐frequency (HF)‐pumped upper ionosphere, such as artificial airglow, descending artificial ionization layers, pump‐induced plasma irregularities, and HF plasma modes, exhibit dependence on the pump beam incident angle with respect to the ionosphere. This motivates the systematic study of angle dependence of the stimulated electromagnetic emission (secondary radiation from the ionosphere) appearing due to plasma mode conversion into electromagnetic ones, particularly near electron gyroharmonics. We report the first observations of secondary radiation spectra as dependent on mismatch between the pump frequency and fourth gyroharmonic, for incident angle varying from −28° (north) to 28° (south) at different receiving sites. The results obtained indicate that the interaction between high‐power high‐frequency pump wave and plasma modes in the ionospheric plasma takes place in a wide range of pump beam inclination angles; the interaction is stronger for southern inclinations. Newly discovered emission peculiarities, such as the emission suppression decrease at the fourth gyroresonance and energy redistribution between different emission spectral components (both for pumping to the magnetic zenith, 14°, when artificial ionization occurs) and similar but weaker effects for "mirror magnetic zenith" (−14°), allow deeper understanding of the physical processes occurring in the HF‐pumped upper ionosphere. Key Points: Properties of the stimulated electromagnetic emission are studied for different pump wave beam inclinations near the fourth gyroharmonicFor pumping at magnetic zenith, a correlation between emission spectral lines and artificial ionization layers is obtainedFor northern pump beam inclinations, the emission intensity decreases, most strongly at the southernmost receiving site [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strength of health science students’ identification with their chosen profession is associated with their attitudes towards interprofessional education (IPE). However, little is known about the factors that might mediate this relationship. In this article, we examine the relationships between professional identification, communication and teamwork skills, perceived relevance of IPE, and positive and negative attitudes towards IPE. A sample of 444 first-year university students from 25 health science professions enrolled in a first-year interprofessional program participated in this research by completing a questionnaire. Data were analysed using path analysis. Positive IPE attitudes were more strongly endorsed than negative IPE attitudes. Perceived relevance of IPE to future careers was the strongest predictor of both positive and negative attitudes to IPE, and fully mediated the effect of professional identity. Self-reported communication and teamwork skills were a significant negative predictor of negative attitudes to IPE only, and the effect was not mediated by perceived relevance. These findings indicate that IPE may be particularly challenging for students who do not have confidence in their abilities to communicate and work effectively in teams. Building these skills through alternative communication technologies may decrease negative attitudes. In order to maintain or increase positive attitudes towards IPE in introductory programs that span professions, the curriculum needs to be designed to demonstrate relevance to the future careers of participating students. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We report on artificial descending plasma layers created in the ionosphere F region by high-power high-frequency (HF) radio waves from High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program at frequencies f0 near the fourth electron gyroharmonic 4fce. The data come from concurrent measurements of the secondary escaping radiation from the HF-pumped ionosphere, also known as stimulated electromagnetic emission, reflected probing signals at f0, and plasma line radar echoes. The artificial layers appeared only for injections along the magnetic field and f0 > 4fce at the nominal HF interaction altitude in the background ionosphere. Their average downward speed ~0.5 km/s holds until the terminal altitude where the local fourth gyroharmonic matches f0. The total descent increases with the nominal offset f0 - 4fce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the physical condition of the patients undergoing surgery of colorectal cancer in Great Britain. Analysis on the size of the tumor mass; Assessment on the response of the immune system from the treatment; Improvement on the quality of life.

Objective Local recurrence after abdomino-perineal excision of the rectum for tumours has been reported to occur in up to a third of patients in contrast to 4% after restorative anterior resection. Method Low rectal tumours were defined as tumours within 8 cm of the anal verge and were treated by either stapled low anterior resection (SLAR) or abdomino-perineal excision of the rectum (APER). One hundred and seventy-eight patients with tumours in the lower third of the rectum (30% of 591 rectal cancers) underwent surgical resection between 1980 and 2001. Data were collected prospectively; 68 (38%) had SLAR and 110 (62%) had APER with median follow up of approximately 12 years; 54 SLAR (79%) and 76 APER (69%) had curative procedures on clinical and pathological criteria. Results Local and distant recurrence occurred in seven (13%) and eight (15%) patients in the SLAR group and six (8%) and 14 (18%) patients in the APER group, respectively. Overall 5-year survival was 63% and 60% in the SLAR and APER groups, respectively Conclusion For rectal cancers within 8 cm of the anal verge, both procedures achieved equivalent results measured by low local recurrence rates and overall survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinosyns A and D are the active ingredients in an insect control agent produced by fermentation of Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Spinosyns are macrolides with a 21-carbon, tetracyclic lactone backbone to which the deoxysugars forosamine and tri-O-methylrhamnose are attached. The spinosyn biosynthesis genes, except for the rhamnose genes, are located in a cluster that spans 74 kb of the S. spinosa genome. DNA sequence analysis, targeted gene disruptions and bioconversion studies identified five large genes encoding type I polyketide synthase subunits, and 14 genes involved in sugar biosynthesis, sugar attachment to the polyketide or cross-bridging of the polyketide. Four rhamnose biosynthetic genes, two of which are also necessary for forosamine biosynthesis, are located outside the spinosyn gene cluster. Duplication of the spinosyn genes linked to the polyketide synthase genes stimulated the final step in the biosynthesis — the conversion of the forosamine-less pseudoaglycones to endproducts. Duplication of genes involved in the early steps of deoxysugar biosynthesis increased spinosyn yield significantly. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 27, 399–402. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two examples of fabric based frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are presented. The FSSs are produced by using screen printing and weaving. Both measured and simulated data are presented showing excellent agreement and performance for the FSSs when compared with the simulated data. The performance of these samples points towards a useful screening technique using fabric hangings and wall coverings in a range of applications where temporary electromagnetic wave ingress or egress needs to be controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two examples of fabric based frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are presented. The FSSs are produced by using screen printing and weaving. Both measured and simulated data are presented showing excellent agreement and performance for the FSSs when compared with the simulated data. The performance of these samples points towards a useful screening technique using fabric hangings and wall coverings in a range of applications where temporary electromagnetic wave ingress or egress needs to be controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]