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1. BenthicNet: A global compilation of seafloor images for deep learning applications

Author

Lowe, Scott C., Misiuk, Benjamin, Xu, Isaac, Abdulazizov, Shakhboz, Baroi, Amit R., Bastos, Alex C., Best, Merlin, Ferrini, Vicki, Friedman, Ariell, Hart, Deborah, Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove, Ierodiaconou, Daniel, Mackin-McLaughlin, Julia, Markey, Kathryn, Menandro, Pedro S., Monk, Jacquomo, Nemani, Shreya, O'Brien, John, Oh, Elizabeth, Reshitnyk, Luba Y., Robert, Katleen, Roelfsema, Chris M., Sameoto, Jessica A., Schimel, Alexandre C. G., Thomson, Jordan A., Wilson, Brittany R., Wong, Melisa C., Brown, Craig J., and Trappenberg, Thomas

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Advances in underwater imaging enable the collection of extensive seafloor image datasets that are necessary for monitoring important benthic ecosystems. The ability to collect seafloor imagery has outpaced our capacity to analyze it, hindering expedient mobilization of this crucial environmental information. Recent machine learning approaches provide opportunities to increase the efficiency with which seafloor image datasets are analyzed, yet large and consistent datasets necessary to support development of such approaches are scarce. Here we present BenthicNet: a global compilation of seafloor imagery designed to support the training and evaluation of large-scale image recognition models. An initial set of over 11.4 million images was collected and curated to represent a diversity of seafloor environments using a representative subset of 1.3 million images. These are accompanied by 2.6 million annotations translated to the CATAMI scheme, which span 190,000 of the images. A large deep learning model was trained on this compilation and preliminary results suggest it has utility for automating large and small-scale image analysis tasks. The compilation and model are made openly available for use by the scientific community at https://doi.org/10.20383/103.0614.

Published
2024

6. What global biogeochemical consequences will marine animal-sediment interactions have during climate change? COMMENT

Author

Bianchi, Thomas S, Aller, Robert C, Atwood, Trisha B, Brown, Craig J, Buatois, Luis A, Levin, Lisa A, Levinton, Jeffrey S, Middelburg, Jack J, Morrison, Elise S, Regnier, Pierre, Shields, Michael R, Snelgrove, Paul VR, Sotka, Erik E, and Stanley, Ryan RE

Subjects
Marine benthos, Carbon cycling, Climate change
Abstract

Benthic animals profoundly influence the cycling and storage of carbon and other elements in marine systems, particularly in coastal sediments. Recent climate change has altered the distribution and abundance of many seafloor taxa and modified the vertical exchange of materials between ocean and sediment layers. Here, we examine how climate change could alter animal-mediated biogeochemical cycling in ocean sediments. The fossil record shows repeated major responses from the benthos during mass extinctions and global carbon perturbations, including reduced diversity, dominance of simple trace fossils, decreased burrow size and bioturbation intensity, and nonrandom extinction of trophic groups. The broad dispersal capacity of many extant benthic species facilitates poleward shifts corresponding to their environmental niche as overlying water warms. Evidence suggests that locally persistent populations will likely respond to environmental shifts through either failure to respond or genetic adaptation rather than via phenotypic plasticity. Regional and global ocean models insufficiently integrate changes in benthic biological activity and their feedbacks on sedimentary biogeochemical processes. The emergence of bioturbation, ventilation, and seafloor-habitat maps and progress in our mechanistic understanding of organism–sediment interactions enable incorporation of potential effects of climate change on benthic macrofaunal mediation of elemental cycles into regional and global ocean biogeochemical models.

Published
2021

7. What global biogeochemical consequences will marine animal–sediment interactions have during climate change?

Author

Bianchi, Thomas S, Aller, Robert C, Atwood, Trisha B, Brown, Craig J, Buatois, Luis A, Levin, Lisa A, Levinton, Jeffrey S, Middelburg, Jack J, Morrison, Elise S, Regnier, Pierre, Shields, Michael R, Snelgrove, Paul VR, Sotka, Erik E, and Stanley, Ryan RE

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation, Environmental Sciences, Geology, Life Below Water, Climate Action, Marine benthos, Carbon cycling, Climate change
Abstract

Benthic animals profoundly influence the cycling and storage of carbon and other elements in marine systems, particularly in coastal sediments. Recent climate change has altered the distribution and abundance of many seafloor taxa and modified the vertical exchange of materials between ocean and sediment layers. Here, we examine how climate change could alter animal-mediated biogeochemical cycling in ocean sediments. The fossil record shows repeated major responses from the benthos during mass extinctions and global carbon perturbations, including reduced diversity, dominance of simple trace fossils, decreased burrow size and bioturbation intensity, and nonrandom extinction of trophic groups. The broad dispersal capacity of many extant benthic species facilitates poleward shifts corresponding to their environmental niche as overlying water warms. Evidence suggests that locally persistent populations will likely respond to environmental shifts through either failure to respond or genetic adaptation rather than via phenotypic plasticity. Regional and global ocean models insufficiently integrate changes in benthic biological activity and their feedbacks on sedimentary biogeochemical processes. The emergence of bioturbation, ventilation, and seafloor-habitat maps and progress in our mechanistic understanding of organism–sediment interactions enable incorporation of potential effects of climate change on benthic macrofaunal mediation of elemental cycles into regional and global ocean biogeochemical models.

Published
2021

22. Seafloor sediment characterization to improve estimate of organic carbon standing stocks in continental shelves.

Author

Brenan, Catherine, Kienast, Markus, Maselli, Vittorio, Algar, Christopher, Misiuk, Benjamin, and Brown, Craig J.

Subjects
CONTINENTAL shelf, CARBON cycle, STOCK price indexes, CLIMATE change mitigation, SEDIMENTS, CARBON, OCEAN bottom
Abstract

Continental shelf sediments contain some of the largest stocks of organic carbon (OC) on Earth and play a vital role in influencing the global carbon cycle. Quantifying how much OC is stored in shelf sediments and determining its residence time is key to assessing how human activities can accelerate the process of OC remineralization into carbon dioxide. Spatial variations in terrestrial carbon stocks are well studied and mapped at high resolution, but our knowledge of the distribution of marine OC in different seafloor settings is still very limited, particularly in the highly dynamic and spatially variable shelf environments. The lack of knowledge reduces our ability to understand and predict how much and for how long oceans sequester CO2. In this study, we use high-resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) data from the Eastern Shore Islands offshore Nova Scotia (Canada), combined with OC measurements from discrete samples, to assess the distribution of OC content in seafloor sediments. We derive three different spatial estimates of organic carbon: i) assuming a homogenous seafloor the carbon stock estimates were scaled to the entire study region; ii) using a high-resolution substrate map, the estimates were scaled to the areas of soft substrate only, and, finally, iii) using Empirical Bayesian Regression Kriging (EBRK) regression prediction within the area of soft substrate, carbon stock estimates in areas of soft substrate were refined to account for spatial variability in the concentration of OC. These three distinct spatial models yielded dramatically different estimates of average standing stock of OC in our study area, 1275, 259 and 203 Mt of OC respectively. Our study demonstrates that high-resolution mapping is critically important for improved estimates of OC stocks on continental shelves, and to the identification of carbon hotspots that need to be considered in seabed management and climate mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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26. List of contributors

Author

Abernethy, C., primary, Acoba, T., additional, Alvarez, Belinda, additional, Amado Filho, Gilberto M., additional, Amblas, D., additional, Angeletti, Lorenzo, additional, Archer, S.K., additional, Aschoff, John, additional, Auster, Peter J., additional, Avena, Paloma P., additional, Babb, Ivar, additional, Bahia, Ricardo, additional, Baker, Elaine K., additional, Baker, Matthew, additional, Bakkeplass, Kjell, additional, Båmstedt, Ulf, additional, Barrie, J. Vaughn, additional, Barymova, A.A., additional, Bastos, Alex C., additional, Bell, Trevor, additional, Ben, Radford, additional, Boni, Geandré C., additional, Boswarva, K.L., additional, Brandão, Simone Nunes, additional, Brizzolara, Jennifer L., additional, Brown, Craig J., additional, Brown, Tanya M, additional, Budanov, Leonid, additional, Buhl-Mortensen, Lene, additional, Buhl-Mortensen, Pål, additional, Burgos, Julian M., additional, Burke, L.A., additional, Calvert, Jay, additional, Canals, M., additional, Carpenter, Mallory, additional, Carroll, Andrew, additional, Chadi, Deena, additional, Church, Ian, additional, Clark, Malcolm R., additional, Coffin, Millard F., additional, Collin, Antoine, additional, Conlon, Suzanne, additional, Conroy, Christian W., additional, Conway, Kim W., additional, Curtis, Brittany, additional, da Silva, André Giskard Aquino, additional, da Silva, Carla Maria Menegola, additional, da Silva, João Paulo Ferreira, additional, Davies, P., additional, De Lauro, M., additional, de Oliveira, Renato Guimarães, additional, de Oliveira Batista, Diêgo, additional, Desnos, Yves-Louis, additional, Devillers, Rodolphe, additional, Di Stefano, Floriana, additional, Di Stefano, Massimo, additional, Dijkstra, J.A., additional, Dohner, Stephanie M., additional, Domack, Eugene W., additional, Dominguez, José M.L., additional, Dominguez, José Maria Landim, additional, Dove, D., additional, Dunham, A., additional, d’Acremont, Elia, additional, D’Angelo, Silvana, additional, Edinger, Evan, additional, Eichler, P.B., additional, Eichler, Patrícia Pinheiro Beck, additional, Esposito, E., additional, Farias, Carlos, additional, Farrell, Eugene, additional, Fernandez, Rodrigo, additional, Fernández-Salas, Luis M., additional, Ferreira, Beatrice P., additional, Ferreira, Lucas C., additional, Fiorentino, Andrea, additional, Foglini, Federica, additional, Fontes, Vanessa C., additional, Foulsham, E., additional, Fox, C., additional, Fox, Jodi M., additional, Fraile-Nuez, Eugenio, additional, Gábor, Lukáš, additional, Gallardo-Núñez, Marina, additional, Galparsoro, Ibon, additional, Galvez, Daphnie, additional, Gardner, Jonathan, additional, Garmendia, Joxe Mikel, additional, Geange, Shane, additional, Glasby, Chris, additional, Glenner, Henrik, additional, Gomes, M.P., additional, Gomes, Moab Praxedes, additional, Gontz, Allen M., additional, González-Dávila, Melchor, additional, González-Porto, Marcos, additional, Gràcia, Eulàlia, additional, Grande, Valentina, additional, Grasty, Sarah E., additional, Gray, John W., additional, Greene, H. Gary, additional, Grinyó, Jordi, additional, Grüss, A., additional, Guinan, J., additional, Günther, Carmen-Pia, additional, Hanslow, D., additional, Harris, Peter T., additional, Hass, H. Christian, additional, Häussermann, V., additional, Hill, Nicole, additional, Howe, J.A., additional, Howell, Kerry, additional, Ilich, Alex R., additional, Ingleton, T., additional, Isachenko, A.I., additional, Jamieson, Alan J., additional, Jordan, A., additional, Joshi, Siddhi, additional, Kaskela, Anu, additional, Kirchhoff, Stephane, additional, Koetz, Benjamin, additional, Kokorin, A.I., additional, Kotilainen, Aarno, additional, Kozlovskiy, V.V., additional, Kruss, Aleksandra, additional, Kuhn, Thomas, additional, Kung, R., additional, Lacharité, Myriam, additional, Laferriere, Alix, additional, Lafosse, Manfred, additional, Lamarche, Geoffroy, additional, Lapointe, Abby, additional, Laporte, Jean, additional, Lavoie, Caroline, additional, Leahy, Y., additional, Lecours, Vincent, additional, Leite, Marcos Daniel A., additional, Leite, Tatiana Silva, additional, Lemos, Ivan Cardoso, additional, Lettieri, Maria Teresa, additional, Leventer, Amy, additional, Linklater, M., additional, Lo Iacono, Claudio, additional, Longo, G.O., additional, López-González, Nieves, additional, Lozano, Pablo, additional, Lucieer, Vanessa, additional, Lyons, David, additional, Madricardo, Fantina, additional, Maida, Mauro, additional, Malik, M., additional, Martel, André, additional, Martinez Arbizu, Pedro, additional, Martin-Lauzer, François-Régis, additional, Masetti, G., additional, Mata, Dulce, additional, Mayer, Larry Alan, additional, McGonigle, Chris, additional, Mello, K., additional, Melo, Lizandra C., additional, Mikhaylyukova, P.G., additional, Miller, Douglas C., additional, Mokievsky, V.O., additional, Montereale-Gavazzi, Giacomo, additional, Moraes, Fernando C., additional, Moura, Rodrigo L., additional, Muaves, Lara Cristina, additional, Muñoz, Araceli, additional, Murawski, Steven A., additional, Muxika, Iñigo, additional, Naar, David F., additional, Narayanaswamy, B.E., additional, Nascimento Silva, L.L., additional, Neevin, Igor, additional, Neilson, J., additional, Nichol, Scott, additional, Nilsson, Martin, additional, Normandeau, Alexandre, additional, Nunes, Alina S., additional, Obando, R., additional, Óðinsson, Davíð Þór, additional, Ólafsdóttir, Steinunn H., additional, Oliveira, Natacha, additional, Orlova, Marina, additional, O’Brien, P.E., additional, O’Dowd, Leonie, additional, O’Sullivan, D., additional, Pallentin, Arne, additional, Palomino, Desirée, additional, Papenmeier, Svenja, additional, Penna, Shannon, additional, Perea, Hector, additional, Pesch, Roland, additional, Picard, Kim, additional, Pierdomenico, Martina, additional, Post, Alexandra L., additional, Prampolini, Mariacristina, additional, Propp, Claudia, additional, Przeslawski, Rachel, additional, Quaresma, Valéria S., additional, Rabaute, Alain, additional, Rayo, X., additional, Rebouças, Renata C., additional, Repkina, T.Yu., additional, Riddle, M.J., additional, Rodríguez, José Germán, additional, Romero, J., additional, Ross, R., additional, Rovira, D., additional, Rowden, Ashley A., additional, Rueda, José L., additional, Rühlemann, Carsten, additional, Russo, Giovanni Fulvio, additional, Ryabchuk, Daria, additional, Rybalko, A.E., additional, Sacchetti, F., additional, Sameoto, Jessica A., additional, Sánchez-Guillamón, Olga, additional, Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena, additional, Schuchardt, Bastian, additional, Secchin, Nélio, additional, Sergeev, Alexander, additional, Shabalyn, N.V., additional, Shapiro, Aurélie, additional, Shaw, J., additional, Sigovini, Marco, additional, Smith, J., additional, Smith, J.R., additional, Smith, Stephen J., additional, Sotomayor-Garcia, Ana, additional, Sowers, D., additional, Stefaniak, Lauren M., additional, Stewart, Heather A., additional, Stockwell, Caitlin L., additional, Sukhacheva, Leontina, additional, Tappin, David R., additional, Taviani, Marco, additional, Teixeira, Luisa, additional, Terekhina, Ya.E., additional, Todd, Brian J., additional, Tokarev, M.Yu., additional, Toso, Carlotta, additional, Trembanis, Arthur C., additional, Uhlenkott, Katja, additional, Urra, Javier, additional, Varas, Diego, additional, Vázquez, Juan T., additional, Viana, Marina Gomes, additional, Vieira, Laura S., additional, Vila, Yolanda, additional, Vink, Annemiek, additional, Violante, C., additional, Violante, Crescenzo, additional, Viscasillas, Lourdes, additional, Vital, H., additional, Vital, Helenice, additional, Watling, Les, additional, Watson, Sally J., additional, Weijerman, M., additional, Whittaker, Joanne, additional, Ylla, J., additional, Zajac, Roman N., additional, Zeiler, Manfred, additional, and Zhamoida, Vladimir, additional

Published
2020
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30. Exploring the Effects of Acoustic Frequency on Terrain Attributes and Classifications Derived from Digital Bathymetric Models at Multiple Scales

Author

Lecours, Vincent, Misiuk, Benjamin, and Brown, Craig J.

Abstract

In recent years, new multibeam echosounders that can simultaneously collect data at multiple frequencies have become available. However, the effects of acoustic frequency on bathymetric data have yet to be characterized, as early research on these new systems has instead focused on backscatter data. Here we explore such effects by deriving terrain attributes and classifications from bathymetric data from Head Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada, that were collected at five different operating frequencies. The geomorphometric analyses were conducted on bathymetric surfaces generated from data collected at each operating frequency using four scales of analysis. Results show that bathymetry, its derived terrain attributes, and terrain classifications produced with them are all dependent on the acoustic frequency used to collect bathymetric data. While the observed effects on the regional bathymetry were relatively minor, local bathymetry, terrain attributes and terrain classifications were highly impacted by the frequency used when collecting data. The impacts were less important when the terrain attributes and classifications were generated using broader scales of analysis. These results raise questions about how bathymetry is measured and defined and how we should interpret the outcomes of marine geomorphometric analyses. This is particularly relevant as such analyses have become a key component of marine habitat mapping and submarine geomorphology mapping.

Published
2023
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42. Harmonizing multi-source backscatter data using bulk shift approaches to generate regional seabed maps: Bay of Fundy, Canada.

Author

Haar, Claire, Misiuk, Benjamin, Gazzola, Vicki, Wells, Molly, and Brown, Craig J.

Subjects
OCEANOGRAPHIC maps, BACKSCATTERING, OCEAN bottom, SONAR
Abstract

Advances in sonar technology have revolutionized our ability to map the seafloor, however, differences between legacy and modern data pose challenges when analysing multi-source datasets. Acoustic backscatter recorded via multibeam echosounder is commonly used to characterize the seafloor, but a lack of standardized calibration often yields relative rather than absolute backscatter measurements, hindering comparison between surveys. ‘Bulk shift’ methods have been developed for harmonizing legacy backscatter datasets using overlapping survey areas for relative statistical calibration. This becomes increasingly difficult, though, given many datasets collected over extensive time periods. Backscatter data were collected in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, using multiple sonar systems and vessels over an 18-year period. Here, we propose a reproduceable strategy for harmonizing this large volume of disparate backscatter data using the bulk shift method. A final, harmonized map is presented for the entire Bay of Fundy and is validated using in situ observations from seafloor imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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