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We report on a detailed study of longitudinal strength in the nucleon resonance region, presenting new results from inclusive electron-proton cross sections measured at Jefferson Lab Hall C in the four-momentum transfer range 0.2

The PHENIX collaboration presents first measurements of low-momentum (0.41  GeV/c) direct-photon yield dN_{γ}^{dir}/dη is a smooth function of dN_{ch}/dη and can be well described as proportional to (dN_{ch}/dη)^{α} with α≈1.25. This scaling behavior holds for a wide range of beam energies at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider, for centrality selected samples, as well as for different A+A collision systems. At a given beam energy, the scaling also holds for high p_{T} (>5  GeV/c), but when results from different collision energies are compared, an additional sqrt[s_{NN}]-dependent multiplicative factor is needed to describe the integrated-direct-photon yield.

This article is designed to examine the role non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play in politics. Previous evidence suggests that NGOs mobilize communities to challenge existing patterns of authority or that they serve hand in glove with existing elites. We reconcile these two contradictory findings by identifying an important contextual feature that helps determine the extent NGOs mobilize or anesthetize. We argue that a community’s level of education influences not only whether people vote but how they vote. We employ a cross-sectional data set from Brazilian municipalities that allows us to estimate the relationship between NGOs, voting turnout, and electoral results. We find that although there is a significant statistical interaction between literacy and NGOs when explaining voting turnout, the effect is not substantively important. The interaction between literacy and NGOs is, however, an important consideration in determining how people vote: in communities with relatively low literacy rates, a robust NGO presence significantly increases the left’s electoral fortunes. Our findings imply the influence NGOs have on society is more political than social.

The efficacy of ALOSCA®, coated and peat seed inoculant treatments on the nodulation of lucerne sown in two soils in Canterbury, New Zealand was investigated. The commercial inoculant wasSinorhizobium melilotistrain RRI128. It was recovered from the nodules of lucerne plants grown from ALOSCA®, peat and coated seed at both sites. Coated seed had the highest nodule occupancy with 45% and 47% of nodules containingS. melilotistrain RRI128 at the Ashley Dene and Lincoln University field sites, respectively. ALOSCA®had only 9% and 16% of nodules from the Ashley Dene and Lincoln University field sites, respectively, containingS. melilotistrain RRI128. NaturalisedRhizobiumstrains were also recovered from the nodules of lucerne plants grown from ALOSCA®, coated and peat seed inoculant treatments. A single genotype (genotype A) of aRhizobiumsp. was recovered more frequently than the inoculatedS. melilotistrain in the nodules of plants grown from peat treated seed at Lincoln University (30% vs 22%) and in the nodules of ALOSCA®treated seed at Ashley Dene (54% vs 9%). Bare seed was also nodulated by theRhizobiumsp. genotype A with 57% and 28% of nodules from plants grown from uninoculated seed at Ashley Dene and Lincoln University, respectively, containing this strain. This research shows delivery by an appropriate inoculation treatment is required to maximise occupancy by the commercial strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Children in the child welfare system are the most expensive child population to insure for their mental health needs. The objective of this article is to estimate the amount of Medicaid expenditures incurred from the purchase of psychotropic drugs - the primary drivers of mental health expenditures - for these children.Methods: We linked a subsample of children interviewed in the first nationally representative survey of children coming into contact with U.S. child welfare agencies, the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW), to their Medicaid claims files obtained from the Medicaid Analytic Extract. Our data consist of children living in 14 states, and Medicaid claims for 4 years, adjusted to 2010 dollars. We compared expenditures on psychotropic medications in the NSCAW sample to a propensity score-matched comparison sample obtained from Medicaid files.Results: Children surveyed in NSCAW had over thrice the odds of any psychotropic drug use than the comparison sample. Each maltreated child increased Medicaid expenditures by between $237 and $840 per year, relative to comparison children also receiving medications. Increased expenditures on antidepressants and amphetamine-like stimulants were the primary drivers of these increased expenditures. On average, an African American child in NSCAW received $399 less expenditure than a white child, controlling for behavioral problems and other child and regional characteristics. Children scoring in the clinical range of the Child Behavior Checklist received, on average, $853 increased expenditure on psychotropic drugs.Conclusion: Each child with child welfare involvement is likely to incur upwards of $1482 in psychotropic medication expenditures throughout his or her enrollment in Medicaid. Medicaid agencies should focus their cost-containment strategies on antidepressants and amphetamine-type stimulants, and expand use of instruments such as the Child Behavior Checklist to identify high-cost children. Both of these strategies can assist Medicaid agencies to better predict and plan for these expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To test whether overweight and obese individuals believe they are at greater risk of obesity-related diseases and premature mortality. Methods: Telephone survey of 1139 US adults analyzed using linear and ordered logistic regressions. Results: Obese (overweight) adults forecast life expectancies 3.9 (2.4) years shorter than those of normal weight adults. Excess weight was associated with greater self-perceived risk of developing diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and stroke. All results were statistically significant. Conclusions: Overweight and obese adults recognize several personal health risks associated with obesity. Interventions focusing only on health risks of obesity may provide minimal new information and induce little new weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To examine changes in public attitudes about childhood obesity and support for prevention. METHODS: RTI surveyed US households (N = 1047 and N = 1139) about perceived severity, causes, and support for specific obesity interventions. Logistic regressions examined differences in obesity attitudes and support for prevention. RESULTS: Perceived health threat of childhood obesity increased between the 2 surveys. Support increased for interventions such as regulation of restaurant portions and fast food advertising. Logistic regressions revealed differences among sociodemographic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Public support for childhood obesity prevention is increasing. Policy makers can use these findings to develop appropriate prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes nurse staffing in 330 critical care, medical-surgical, and step-down units in 52 acute care California hospitals that was reported over nine quarters between April 1998 and June 2000. These data, representing more than 3 million patient days of care, comprise the largest prospective descriptive sample of nurse staffing, using standardized indicators, reported to date. These data are especially timely as the profession, policy makers, and regulators in California and the nation respond to the legislative mandate to establish nurse-to-patient staffing ratios that ensure patient safety and develop methods to monitor the impact of ratios on the quality and outcomes of patient care. Findings reveal relative stability over the nine calendar quarters, no significant differences between groups of hospitals stratified by using average daily census to cluster by hospital size, and wide variation in staffing across hospitals within the same unit type categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to present findings from a review of published systematic/integrative reviews and meta-analyses on nursing interventions and patient outcomes in acute care settings. A literature search was conducted for the period 1999-2005, producing 4,000 systematic/integrative reviews and 500 meta-analyses covering seven topics selected by the authors: elder care, caregivers, developmental care of neonates and infants, symptom management, pressure ulcer prevention/treatment, incontinence, and staffing. The association between nursing care interventions/processes and patient outcomes in acute care settings was found to be limited in the articles reviewed. The strongest evidence was for the use of patient risk-assessment tools and interventions implemented by nurses to prevent patient harm. We observed significant variation in methods to measure the effect of independent variables (nursing interventions) on patient outcomes. Results indicate the need for more research measuring the effect of specific nursing interventions that may impact acute care patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The lexicon and language surrounding diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) are evolving with new and nuanced meanings arising, depending on historical and current contexts. Notably, the DEI initialism has evolved to incorporate justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion to create the acronym JEDI, excluding key terms such as accessibility, belonging, or antiracism. Adding a plus sign (+) to the DEI initialism embraces a more comprehensive and intersectional approach, creating space for transformative and evolving language. DEI+ aims to include and invite everyone into ongoing conversations where all are respected, supported, and feel a sense of belonging. Using Bloom's Taxonomy for cognitive learning as a framework, the authors advocate incorporating the DEI+ initialism within physical therapy education, research, and practice., (Copyright © 2024 Academy of Physical Therapy Education, APTA.)

Abstract: Cultivating a sense of belonging among faculty of color decreases feelings of isolation and marginalization, translating to increased job satisfaction and retention. This roadmap for cultivating a sense of belonging for faculty of color highlights the following critical strategies: (1) adopting inclusive leadership practices, (2) understanding professional and personal identities, (3) mitigating cultural taxation, (4) minimizing microaggressions and racism, (5) providing mentorship, and (6) prioritizing acculturation over assimilation. By following this roadmap, physical therapy programs can work toward cultivating a greater sense of belonging for faculty of color, enabling them to thrive in their roles and feel valued and respected as integral members of the academic community., (Copyright © 2024 Academy of Physical Therapy Education, APTA.)

Introduction: Sexual violence is a significant public health concern with severe physical, social and psychological consequences, which can be mitigated by health service utilisation. However, in Uganda and much of sub-Saharan Africa, these services are significantly underused, with 9 out of 10 survivors not seeking care due to a range of psychological, cultural, economic and logistical factors. Thus, there is a strong need for research to improve health service utilisation for survivors of sexual violence., Methods and Analysis: The proposed study seeks to address the underutilization of health services for female survivors of sexual violence using a discrete choice experiment (DCE). The study will be conducted in the greater Masaka region of southwestern Uganda and target adult female survivors of sexual violence. We will first undertake qualitative interviews with 56 survivors of sexual violence to identify the key attributes and levels of the DCE. In order to ensure a sufficiently powered sample, 312 women who meet inclusion criteria will be interviewed. Our primary analysis will employ a mixed (random parameters) logit model. We will also model the role of individual-specific characteristics through latent class models., Ethics and Dissemination: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the following ethics review boards in Uganda and the USA: the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (HS2364ES), Washington University in St Louis and the University of Michigan. Our methods conform to established guidelines for the protection of human subjects involved in research. Our dissemination plan targets a broad audience, ranging from policymakers and government agencies to healthcare providers, academic communities and survivors themselves., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Little is known regarding economic impacts of intimate partner violence (IPV) in humanitarian settings, especially the labor market burden. Examining costs of IPV beyond the health burden may provide new information to help with resource allocation for addressing IPV, including within conflict zones. This paper measures the incidence and prevalence of different types of IPV, the potential relationship between IPV and labor market activity, and estimating the cost of these IPV-associated labor market differentials., Methods: The association between labor market outcomes, IPV experience, and conflict exposure among women ages 15-49 in Nigeria were studied using the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey and 2013-17 Uppsala Conflict Data Program data. Descriptive analysis was used to identify patterns of IPV and labor outcomes by region. Based on this, multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between labor market participation and lifetime IPV exposure. These models were combined with earnings data from the United Nations Human Development Report 2021/2022 and a top-down costing approach to quantify the impacts in terms of lost productivity to the Nigerian economy., Results: Substantial differences in IPV exposure and labor market outcomes were found between conflict and non-conflict-affected areas. Women with past year or lifetime exposure to physical, emotional, or "any" IPV were more likely to withdraw from the labor market in the past year, although no differences were found for sexual IPV or conflict-affected regions. We estimate an average reduction of 4.14% in the likelihood of working, resulting in nearly $3.0 billion USD of lost productivity, about 1% of Nigeria's total economic output., Conclusions: Increased odds of labor market withdraw were associated with several measures of IPV. Withdrawal from the formal labor market sector has a substantial associated economic cost for all of Nigerian society. If stronger prevention measures reduce the incidence of IPV against women in Nigeria, a substantial portion of lost economic costs likely could be reclaimed. These costs underscore the economic case, alongside the moral imperative, for stronger protections against IPV for girls and women in Nigeria., (© 2024. The Author(s).)