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© 2015 The Authors. HIV-1 encodes the accessory protein Vif, which hijacks a host Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complex as well as the non-canonical cofactor CBFβ, to antagonize APOBEC3 antiviral proteins. Non-canonical cofactor recruitment to CRL complexes by viral factors, to date, has only been attributed to HIV-1 Vif. To further study this phenomenon, we employed a comparative approach combining proteomic, biochemical, structural, and virological techniques to investigate Vif complexes across the lentivirus genus, including primate (HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus macaque [SIVmac]) and non-primate (FIV, BIV, and MVV) viruses. We find that CBFβ is completely dispensable for the activity of non-primate lentiviral Vif proteins. Furthermore, we find that BIV Vif requires no cofactor and that MVV Vif requires a novel cofactor, cyclophilin A (CYPA), for stable CRL complex formation and anti-APOBEC3 activity. We propose modular conservation of Vif complexes allows for potential exaptation of functions through the acquisition of non-CRL-associated host cofactors while preserving anti-APOBEC3 activity. How viral proteins evolve functions without compromising ancestral ones is not well understood. Kane etal. now report that the lentiviral protein Vif has evolved to hijack host factors in a lineage-specific manner while conserving an ancestral viral-host complex promoting viral infection.

Electronic excitations produced by MeV protons and helium ions lead to ejection of molecules from solid N{sub 2} and O{sub 2}. The yield is shown to be determined by the near-surface excitation density, rather than the primary ionization cross section. It is linear in the excitation density at low excitation densities and quadratic at high excitation densities. The linear yield can be described by discrete, nonradiative transfers of electronic energy into kinetic energy ( spikes'') that utilize {approx lt}12% of the total electronic energy deposited for N{sub 2} and {approx lt}37% for O{sub 2}. A statistical model is used to calculate the transition from low to high excitation density due to the overlap of either Maxwellian or non-Maxwellian spikes. It is found that the separate N{sub 2} and O{sub 2} data sets are consistent in this model, that excitations do not diffuse very far from where they are created, that the linear-to-quadratic transition is described better by the non-Maxwellian spikes, and that the energy derived in the linear regime is adequate to account for the nonlinear yields.

Six normal, 10 low-dose irradiated (77-154 rep), 9 intermediate-dose irradiated (308 rep), and 4 high-dose irradiated rhesus monkeys (616 rep) were tested to a criterion of 21 correct responses (24 trials a day) for two successive days on each of eight visual acuity problems presented in order of increasing difficulty. Each problem required the subject to choose between circles and circles with breaks in order to procure a food reward. Previous visual acuity testing had shown a deficit only in the high-dose irradiated group during the first year following the radiation exposure to which the experimental animals had been subjected three years prior to the initiation of the present study. The results of the present study demonstrated that: (1) The visual acuity deficit noted during the first year after exposure in the high-dose irradiated monkeys (616 rep) was still manifested three years after exposure. (2) Monkeys in the intermediate-dose group (308 rep), that had shown no visual acuity deficit during the first year after exposure, manifested such a deficit three years after exposure. (3) An interpretation of the results in terms of a basic deficit in learning ability for the monkeys of these two groups is contraindicated by their superiority over normal and low-dose irradiated monkeys on the initial and easiest problem. (Author)

A study was made of the effects of distraction upon freecage behavior to determine the relation between amount of previous whole-body radiation exposure of adult male rhesus monkeys and behavioral stability under conditions of social distraction. The irradiated monkeys had been exposed to atomic weapons detonations 31/2 years earlier at various doses of radiation, from 10-rep neutron plus 70-r neutron radiation to 54-rep + 554-r doses. Other monkeys were chronically exposed 6 years earlier in the lab to doses up to 670 rem. Exposed monkeys were each systematically observed once, over a 3-day period, under each of three conditions of social distraction. One condition had no social stimuli present, a second had an adult female monkey at menses present, and the third had an adult female monkey at estimated time of ovulation present. Order of condition presentation was counterbalanced over days within each radiation-dosage group. The female monkey was, in each instance, visually, but not physically accessible, being placed in a cage three feet from the cage housing the experimental male monkey. The study was repeated one month later with the same experimental subjects. Statistical treatment of each set of data yielded a significant radiation groups-by-conditions interaction. Each interaction reflectedmore » a positive relation between amount of previous whole-body radiation exposure and behavioral stability under conditions of social distraction. These results are interpreted as reflecting decreased social distractibility accruing to whole-body radiation exposure and are in accord with findings of previous studies concerned with the effects of nonsocial distractions upon performance of specific laboratory tasks. Whether these results reflect direct effects of radiation exposure upon the endocrine system of the monkey remains to be determined. (BBB)« less

A. pangens is another species described from a single male [BMNH-London] from ��Ceylon��, and assigned later by Donisthorpe to Euponera (Brachyponera), I believe in error. TL 3.9, HL 0.63, HW (across compound eyes) 0.80, WL 1.40, W middle ocellus 0.01 mm. Eyes very large, taking up most of sides of head, but each separated from the nearest lateral ocellus by a space of 0.12 mm. Mandibles minute (L 0.06 mm), triangular, pointed at apex, basidorsal pocket or basin present. Frontal sulcus conspicuous. Head minutely shagreened but shining. Ocelli spaced 0.09 mm between median and laterals. Trunk moderately bulky, with high-domed scutellum; scutum with only the stem of the notaular Y discernible; parapsidal lines moderately distinct. Dorsum of trunk minutely rugulose, opaque to subopaque; sides of pronotum and mesopleura smooth and shining, as are also node and gaster. Petiolar node as seen from the side low, triangular, with slightly convex anterior and posterior slopes, and narrowly rounded apex; seen from front, the node is sub-rectangular, wider than high, with wide, straight apical margin and blunt dorsolateral angles. Gaster not noticeably constricted behind first segment in either side view or dorsal view. Legs slender; apical spurs of middle and hind tibiae 2,2, the median spurs both pectinate, but the one on the middle tibia much smaller than that on the hind tibia; lateral spurs minute on both legs. Femora and coxae shining, with fine appressed pubescence; tibiae and tarsi finely and densely punctulate, opaque or nearly so. Forewings about 3.2 mm long, with all "ponerine veins" present. Terminalia partly retracted; pygidium broadly rounded, but arched in the middle over the proctiger; hypopygium transverse, short, broadly emarginate; parameres narrowly triangular, entire, tapering each to an acute apex, and as seen in end-on view, weakly curved mesad. Aedeagus with a strongly rounded dorsal crest and narrow lateral flanges, each flange ending in a short, sharp point apicad. Volsellae long, surpassing apices of aedeagal valves, the digiti directed ventrad and conspicuous in side view beneath parameres; each cuspis oblique, directed more or less caudo-dorsad and resting in the inside curve of its respective paramere. The most unusual feature is the reduced and emarginate hypopygium. Color of body dull yellow, head and anterior half of gaster more brownish. Of the species known from Sri Lanka in the worker caste, the pangens male might best correspond to longifossatus., Published as part of Brown, WL Jr.,, 1978, Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. Part VI. Ponerinae, tribe Ponerini, subtribe Odontomachiti. Section B. Genus Anochetus and bibliography., pp. 549-638 in Studia Entomologica 20 on page 589

[20] A. rufus, originally placed by Jerdon in Odontomachus, was accepted by Emery as an Anochetus. Though there is little in the description of diagnostic value, the size (" 1 -4th of an inch") and color, "head, thorax and legs rufous; abdomen dark brown", fit fairly well the type series of A. mordax, of which the type locality is Dohnavur, 300 feet, ��Tinnevelly�� (Tirunelveli) District, now in Madras State, India. The type locality for rufus as here restricted is Salem District, Madras State, about 300 km N of Tirunelveli. Jerdon also says of rufus that the petiole is "raised, pointed and conic", which applies better to a side view of A. mordax than to such other large Anochetus species from peninsular India as kanariensis or sedilloti. Jerdon also refers to a larger (11/24 inch) ant from Wynaad District (Kerala State) with finely striated thorax and "teeth of the jaw blunt" as a possible ��warrior�� caste of rufus, but this description evidently refers to Odontomachus simillimus, which I found to be abundant in Wynaad in 1969. While it seems impossible to be certain that rufus and mordax refer to the same biological species, acceptance of this synonymy does no violence to the known facts, and it settles a nomenclatorial problem that has persisted in the literature for many years., Published as part of Brown, WL Jr.,, 1978, Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. Part VI. Ponerinae, tribe Ponerini, subtribe Odontomachiti. Section B. Genus Anochetus and bibliography., pp. 549-638 in Studia Entomologica 20 on pages 593-594

Anochetus > Anochetus Mayr, 1861, Die Europ��ischen Formiciden, Wien, p. 53-54. Type species: Anochetus ghilianii = Odontomachus ghilianii Spinola, 1853, monobasic. Myrmecia Fabricius, 1805, Systema Piezatorum, p. 423. > Odontomachus, Illiger, 1807, Mag. Insectenk., 6: 194.>Odontomachus, F. Smith, 1858: 79. > Odontomachus, Brown, 1973: 178, 183. > Stenomyrmex Mayr, 1862: 711-712. Type species: Stenomyrmex emarginatus = Myrmecia emarginata Fabricius, by designation of Emery, 1911: 110; also Wheeler, 1911: 173. New synonymy. > Anochetus subgenus Stenomyrmex, Emery 1890: 63-65. - Emery, 1911: 110. - Wheeler, 1925: 8-10, key. - Kempf, 1964: 237-246, Brasil, key. Kempf, 1972, 20-22, catalog of species. > Myrmapatetes Wheeler, 1929b: 6. Type species Myrmapatetes filicornis Wheeler, by original designation, monobasic. Synonymized by Brown, 1953: 2. [13] > Anochetus, reviews and catalogs, etc., mostly regional: Emery, 1894: 185- 188, New World, key. - Forel, 1900: 58-63, India, Burma, Ceylon, key. - Bingham, 1903: 38-45, India, Burma, Ceylon, key. - Emery, 1911: 107-111, world catalog of species. - Arnold, 1915: 103-108, southern Africa, key; 1926: 214-218, southern Africa, supplement. - Wheeler, 1922a: 96-99, Congo; 1922c: 790-792, Africa, catalog of species; 1922: 1012-1013, Malagasy catalog of species. - Wilson, 1959: 502-510, Melanesia, key. - Kempf, 1972: 20-22, New World tropics, catalog of species. Worker: Similar to Odontomachus and with the characters of subtribe Odontomachiti (see Part VI, Section A, p. 72-74); size small (TL 2,9 mm in A. pupulatus) to moderately large (TL nearly 12 mm in A. inca). Color usually dull; brown, blackish, red, or yellow, sometimes bicolored. Cranium basically as in Odontomachus, but often shorter; always without the complex relief of the vertex in that genus, so that antennal fossa, ocular ridge, extraocular furrow and temporal prominence are all lacking, or at least poorly developed; median furrow replaced by a shallow and fairly broad posteromedian impression, more or less well developed in most species; nuchal carina rounded and continuous, or forming an obtuse, round-pointed V across the posterodorsal margin of the vertex, not forming an acute V on the midline; apophyseal lines not present on occipital face (see fig. 4, p. 94 of Section A). Eyes varying from large and with many fine facets to dot-like, with as few as 5 indistinct facets, each eye situated in a shallow, elliptical orbital fossa in the usual position for the subtribe, most apparent when the eye is small (fig. 11). Mandibles linear, but varying from long and slender, with slender teeth in a series along the inner margins, as in A. horridus (fig. 9), to rather stumpy, thickened apicad, and armed only with the apical triad of stout teeth, in some small forms (fig. 13) such as A. subcoecus. Intercalary tooth of apical triad reduced to a small tubercle on the inside of the ventral apical tooth in a few species, or even obsolete. Under mouthparts much as in Odontomachus; maxillary palpi apparently always 4-merous, rather short in most species; labial palpi short, 3- or 4-merous. Trunk with well-marked promesonotal and mesometanotal sutures; metanotal spiracles present in many species, indistinct or absent in the smallest ones. Propodeum rounded into declivity, or biangulate, or bidentate according to the species. Petiolar node varying in the extreme among species, ranging from conical, with an acutely tapered apical spine (A. gladiator) to merely conical (A. risii) to erect barrel-shaped (A. sedilloti), thick bidentate (A. faurei), thin squamiform (axially compressed, A. katonae), and so on, in all gradations. The squamiform nodes may be narrowly rounded at the apex in side view, or sharply cultrate, and in front view may have convexly rounded apical margins, or be truncate, emarginate or sharply bidentate. Gaster ranging from compact to slender; first segment (postpetiole) large, and usually separated from second by a distinct constriction, which, however, is not developed in some species (e.g., emarginatus, gladiator, altisquamis). Legs with simple tarsal claws; apical spurs of tibiae 1, 2, 2 or 1, 1, 2 or 1, 1, 1 or 1, 0, 1; at least one spur on the hind tibiae always pectinate. Sculpture varying from almost completely striate or rugose with gastric dorsum densely reticulate and opaque, to almost completely smooth and shining. The fanwise striation of the frons is present, at least in abbreviated form, in all known species. Mandibles, antennae and legs usually smooth or finely and densely punctulate. Pilosity varies widely; erect hairs simple, usually fine, abundant on body and appendages, to very sparse and limited; the small cryptobiotic forms often have reclinate pubescence developed at the expense of longer standing pilosity. Ergatoid: Fairly common, and may possibly be the only functional queen in some groups (e.g., emarginatus). Like the corresponding worker, but often with 1 or 3 ocelli present; compound eyes usually larger; scutellum usually differentiated as a small, transversely elliptical sclerite. Queen: With wings, or dealate, and the usual other differences from the worker; size only slightly larger in most species. Petiolar node often more strongly axially compressed. Eyes usually much larger than in the worker. Anal lobe of hind wing present in larger species, lost in some of the smaller ones. Male: Habitus typical of small to medium-sized male Ponerini. Anochetus males are usually distinguished by their habitus, by large to very large compound eyes, and especially by the form of the petiolar node, which is usually a low, muted version of that of the female castes of the particular species. Most male nodes are either subconical or triangular in side view, the triangular ones being biangular above, often with the upper border weakly emarginate in front view; extreme forms are squamiform and apically emarginate. The most remarkable thing about Anochetus males is the extreme variation of their terminaba from one species to the next. This is in contrast to Odontomachus, in which the known males have very similar terminal structures, at least as seen in the undissected state. In Anochetus, all of the basic ponerine structures are usually present: pygidium (tergum VIII), hypopygium (sternum IX), cerci (on membranous segment X, the proctiger), and the parts of the genital capsule proper: parameres (gonocoxites), volsellae (with digitus and cuspis), and aedeagus (penis valves). All of these parts may vary strikingly among species, even species that seem closely related judging form worker-queen traits. Unfortunately, males found associated in the nest with the female castes are known only for a minority of the species. Additional kinds of males are known from collections at light or by Malaise trap, but it has not yet been possible to link any of these securely to worker-based species. As it stands, 3 described species are based on single male holotypes: pangens and consultons from Sri Lanka, and filicornis from Larat Island off West Irian. Probably some or all of these belong to species described under different names from the worker caste, so that synonymy will eventually result from the correct association of the sexes. The most primitive terminalia known appear to be those of A. isolatus (figs. 60, 61) from New Guinea; this has the pygidium drawn out into a stout, downcurved spine, and the hypopygium is a broad linguiform piece; the parameres are simple, with narrowly rounded apices. These conditions are as in Odontomachus, which can be regarded as either the sister-genus of Anochetus, or a line descended from such primitive Anochetus as A. isolatus or A. gladiator. These same traits are also found in the presumptive ancestral Ponerini (of subtribe Ponenti). The most primitive Anochetus species on worker-queen characters is A. gladiator, but the gladiator male remains unknown. From the condition of A. isolatus, one finds transitions to forms in which each paramere is constricted apicad into a ventrally-directed digitiform process (A graeffei, fig. 77; A. consultons; A. sedilloti) that becomes separated from the main body of the paramere by a more or less complete and flexible suture, or in which the body divides into two lobes in a complex way (chirichinii, figs. 56-59). The linguiform hypopygium tends to be narrowed, probably convergently, into a median, narrow, rodlike piece in some species of both Old World and New World groups, or, unexpectedly, into slender, bilaterally arranged, twin rods (madaraszi, figs. 64, 65), or a deeply cleft plate (chirichinii, fig. 58). In some New World species, the parameres develop fancy lobes, sometimes with grotesquely sculptured extremites (figs. 72, 73), but it is not completely certain that these are Anochetus. Volsellae and aedeagus vary considerably also, although these variations do not show so well in undissected material, and they are not dealt with in detail here (figs, 75 and 76; 72 and 78). Unassociated males representing about 10 different species have been reviewed for this work, but I believe that nothing is gained by assigning new names to undescribed forms, all of which will eventually be tied to their respective female castes. The rearing of live colonies or colony fragments of Anochetus is to be encouraged, for in this way we are most likely to make the necessary male-female associations. Probably a knowledge of the male terminalia is needed to resolve completely the difficulties of species distinction existing in such complexes as those of A. inermis,A. mayri,A. traegaordhi and A. graeffei. Distribution and Bionomics There topics have been touched upon for Anochetus in the respective summaries for subtribe Odontomachiti (A 77-88; the A. inermis of p. 80 is assigned to A. simoni in the present section). Anochetus colonies of all groups appear to contain fewer (usually, Published as part of Brown, WL Jr.,, 1978, Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. Part VI. Ponerinae, tribe Ponerini, subtribe Odontomachiti. Section B. Genus Anochetus and bibliography., pp. 549-638 in Studia Entomologica 20 on pages 550-555

[36] Anochetus emarginatus So far, A. emarginatus is known only from the Amazon Basin and northward in South America to the Caribbean Coast of Colombia (Parque Tayrona, Magdalena, C. Kugler, and Serrania de Macuira, Guajira Peninsula, W. L. Brown and C. Kugler) and to Trinidad in the east (numerous collections, mainly by N. A. Weber). Although I have taken it several times N and NE of Manaus, I have never found it in the far west of Brasil, in the Tingo Maria area of Amazonian Peru, or the Villavicencio region of cisandean Colombia, and I think it m,ust be rare or local there, if it occurs at all in the western Amazon. Kempf (1972: 21) does record it from as far west as the state of. Rondonia in Brasil: Porto Velho (W. M. Mann). It is very variable in color and sculpture, but the head is always lighter than the trunk and gaster, contrasting with them. The pronotum may be coarsely or finely striate, usually in a transverse direction, or arched around the front of the disc, but often a greater or lesser part of the disc is smooth and shining (virtually the entire pronotum in a specimen from the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia). I agree with Kempf (1964: 238) that Emery���s subsp. rugosus does not represent a separate population in this welter of variation. Outside of continental South America, in the Caribbean area, the emarginatus complex is represented by a few variants that seem to be distributed allopatrically or parapatrically to one another; i.e., they may behave as unit species of a superspecies. The trouble is that we have very poor samples of most of these forms, and their status remains vague and uncertain in some cases. I am treating them more or less arbitrarily as species here. A. testaceus: That this is a species apart from emarginatus is indicated by the sharp distinction between their male aedeagi (figs. 74 and 76), at least as shown in worker-associated samples from Grenada Island, which are assumed to be conspecific with the types from nearby St. Vincent. The real problem with testaceus concerns how many of the circum-Caribbean samples that are more or less similar to it in worker characters really belong to it. The Culebra I. sample assigned by Wheeler (1908) to testaceus is really a distinct species, described [37] as A. kempfi. The variety nicans, described by Forel from the mountains, of Costa Rica, is similar to A. testaceus in its light ferruginous color, but has more complete striation; its male is unknown. Similar forms from Belize (former British Honduras) in MCZ may belong with very small males, only about half the size of the Grenadan males, but with somewhat similar terminalia. However, these males (from light traps at Hummingbird Gap) are not securely associated with workers, and I do not see what we can safely conclude from them until we know their workers. Two large workers from the Bonacca Islands, Honduras (M. Bates) have smooth centers to their pronotal discs and smooth upper front faces to the petiolar nodes, and much like typical testaceus from Grenada, but we do not have their males. Likewise, a short series of workers from Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas, are rather extensively striate and have slightly smaller eyes than the Grenada series, but we do not have their males. Thus, the relationship of testaceus to its Central American and Bahamian vicariants is unknown. My provisional ��solution�� to this problem is to treat the St. Vincent-Grenada testaceus as one relatively secure species with known male characters. The rest of the Costa Rican, Belizean, Hondurian and Bahamian samples are arbitrarily assigned to A. micans, which is considered as a ��form-species�� of temporary convenience. The name A. striatulus is also provisionally applied to the dark brown, very finely striolate form described by Emery under that name as a subspecies of A. emarginatus from Jimenez, in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica. This form, with posterior pronotal disc smooth and shining, has been recaptured in the forest at Rio Toro Amarillo, near Guapiles (W. L. Brown), which is also in the Atlantic lowlands of Limon Province. It may be a separate species; further collections, especially of nests with males, are needed to assess its status. Possibly some or all of the Central American forms here discusseci (at least the workers) are actually geographical variants of A. emarginatus or A. testaceus, but it is clear that we cannot settle this problem without more evidence., Published as part of Brown, WL Jr.,, 1978, Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. Part VI. Ponerinae, tribe Ponerini, subtribe Odontomachiti. Section B. Genus Anochetus and bibliography., pp. 549-638 in Studia Entomologica 20 on pages 609-611

Group of sedilioti. Medium-sized species with large eyes and thick, often barrel-shaped petiolar nodes, siubtruncate or broadly rounded above. Antennal scapes short to moderate in length, sometimes not surpassing ��occipital�� lobes in repose. Strong tendency to develop abundant pubescence (appressed or decumbent) and widespread sculpture. Of the 2 widespread African species, sedilioti is circum-Saharan and extends through the western length of the Indian Peninsula, and levaillanti is in arid southern and northeastern Africa. The other tropical Asian species are madaraszi, kanariensis, orientalis and obscurior from India, Viet Nam and Sri Lanka., Published as part of Brown, WL Jr.,, 1978, Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. Part VI. Ponerinae, tribe Ponerini, subtribe Odontomachiti. Section B. Genus Anochetus and bibliography., pp. 549-638 in Studia Entomologica 20 on page 565

[40] A. inermis is found in its ��typical�� form in Trinidad and the Lesser Antilles (Martinique, Grenada, St. Vincent), and is known from widely separated localities in the Venezuelan llanos. Samples from the Guajira Peninsula, Cartagena and near Santa Marta, Colombia, indicate a range extending much farther west into the northern lowlands of Colombia. This form is a nearly uniform tawny to yellowish-red in color, with the forebody prevailingly opaque, especially the trunk, which is densely punctulate. The eyes are large (greatest diameter 0.20-0.24 mm), the propodeal teeth or angles are low and obtuse, and the upper edge of the petiolar node is only weakly emarginate, with bluntly angulate or even rounded corners (fig. 43) as seen from in front. The mandibles are gradually enlarged from the base toward the apex until the inside preapical angle; the ventral of the two inner margins is furnished with 1-7 low, irregular teeth, denticles or serrations, increasingly coarse apicad. In some specimens, the denticulation is not developed, and the preapical masticatory border may appear edentate, particularly when the mandibles are completely closed. This mandibular variation is due partly to wear and partly to congenital differences among individual adults and populations (fig- 6).. The gastric dorsum is minutely roughened and subopaque basad, and its erect hairs are sparse and often coarse; gastric pubescence sparse, appressed and inconspicuous. The pronotal disc has a single anterior pair of long, posteriorly inclined standing hairs, but one or both hairs are missing in some specimens, and may have been rubbed off. A. simo ni combines features of inermis and diegensis, but has 3 or more coarse, irregular teeth along the inner border of each mandible in addition to the preapical tooth or angle (fig. 5). These teeth are broad-based and involve the whole medial border, not just the ventral medial margin, and they are larger, sharper, and more regular than in any other form in the inermis group. Color, size and pilosity-pubescence are as in inermis. Sculpture is intermediate between that of inermis and diegensis: head very finely longitudinally striolate, dull-sericeous nearly back to nuchai carina; pronotum opaque to feebly shining, finely and densely punctate-striate or rugulosestriate, arched anteriorly and becoming longitudinal or oval-concentric behind, interspersed are numerous fairly coarse punctures and sometimes the sculpture is a bit weaker and feebly shining in the middle of the disc. Mesopleura either smooth and shining or dull in the middle; propodeum finely and densely punctate, with superimposed transverse costulation crossing the dorsum. Gastric dorsum usually smooth and shining (rarely roughened and dull). Propodeal teeth small, but acute; upper corners of, petiolar node produced as definitely acute teeth, though these are usually rather short. Compound eyes 0.17-0.20 mm greatest diameter. Samples fitting this description are found along the rim of northern South America, mostly in or near mountainous regions, from Venezuela to Ecuador. In the last country, the available records are all from the Pacific side of the Andes. The type locality is Caracas, Venezuela. Other records from: Venezuela: Aragua State, Rancho Grande, 110 m, wet forest litter (W. L. & D. E. Brown). Rancho Grande to Ocumare, 700 m, wet forest litter (Browns). Colombia: Valle Dept., Municipio Buenaventura, Plantation of Palmeras del Pacifico, wet lowland forest litter (W. L. Brown). Ecuador: Pichincha Prov.: 4 km E Santo Domingo, rain forest litter (S. & J. Peck, B-304); 3 km E of Tandapi, 1300 m, wet ravine (Pecks, 1975). Manabi Prov.: 75 km NE of Chone, 300 m (Pecks, B-346). Guayas Prov.: 3 km S of Bucay, lowland rain forest in rotten stick in litter (Brown, E-21). Two samples from Colombia: 7 km N of Leticia, forest litter, (S. & J. Peck, B-230), 2 workers; and Ecuador, Pastaza Prov.: 22 km SW of Puyo, forest litter (Pecks, B-362), one worker, are deep brownish-orange in color and have the sculpture and pilosity of inermis, but the propodeal and petiolar teeth are well-developed and acute. In the specimen from SW of Puyo, the punctulae of the anterior pronotum tend to form arched striation, and the inner mandibular borders are irregularly, coarsely, serially toothed (much as in fig. 5), the teeth involving the dorsal inner margin, which is not distinguishable from the ventral inner margin in this case. This specimen probably should be assigned to simoni; its eyes are about 0.17 mm in greatest diameter. The two workers from near Leticia, on the other hand, are essentially like inermis in all traits except the acute propodeal and petiolar teeth, and in slightly smaller eye diameter (0.17-0.18 mm). In any case, these two cisandean samples make plausible intergrades between inermis and simoni, and lead to the hypothesis that simoni is just a peripheral forest ecotype of the essentially savanna species inermis. Another hypothesis is that inermis and simoni are hybridizing at points of parapatry. More samples from the western edge of the Hylea and from the Hylea-savannah boundary would probably be helpful in deciding among various possible relationships. A. diegensis (fig. 44) has been collected at or near the type locality, Rio Don Diego (and Quebrada Guacoche), Guajira Dept., Colombia, in lowland rain forest leaf litter at the seaward base of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (W. L. Brown & C. Kugler), and also near Santa Marta, Magdalena Dept., at the hamlet of Digrera in a shady creek bed at the base of the same sierra (Brown & Kugler). These ��typical�� members of the species have the sculpture more ��normal�� for Anochetus than does A. inermis; that is, the sculpture is more rugged and rugose where it occurs, and smooth or nearly smooth, shining areas are more extensive. Pronotum smooth and shining to indistinctly striate and subopaque discad, but even in the smoothest specimens, some fine rugosity or striation usually exists along the front and sides of the pronotum. Mesopleura usually smooth and shining, except for striate or rugulose ends of the sclerite. Vertex finely longitudinally striate in the middle for varying distances, but the posterior fifth, more or less, is smooth, or nearly smooth, and shining, including much of ��occipital�� lobes. Propodeum punctulate-rugulose or punctulate-costulate, the individual rugules or costules usually distinct, at least on the upper sides and transversely across the dorsum. Petiolar node often finely reticulate-rugulose basad, shining above; gaster smooth and shining, but with numerous fine punctures from which arise the fine appressed and decumbent hairs of the abundant and conspicuous pubescence. Standing longer pilosity more abundant than in inermis, and usually finer; at least 6, and usually more than 10, standing hairs on pronotal disc, but usually none on mesonotum or propodeum (rarely 1 on propodeum). Propodeal angles each with a small, acute tooth; free angles of petiolar node produced as acute teeth, varying in length and angle of divergence (fig. 44). Mandibles with edentate inner dorsal margins basad of preapical angle, but ventral margins often have low teeth or denticles, and the most distal of these may protrude beyond the dorsal margins even in perfect full-face view of head (as in figs. 6, 7 or 8). Compound eyes of worker 0.15-0.20 mm greatest diameter. The northern Colombian samples tend to be dark in color, with deep reddish-brown trunk and gaster, and head and petiole usually somewhat lighter and more reddish. Samples from Panama (Barro Colorado Island, Zetek, Brown and other collectors; Quipo, J. Zetek) are much lighter in color, light yellowish-brown with yellow legs, but otherwise resemble diegensis; thus the species bierigi was synonymized by Brown (1964: 215) with the former species. Samples of the same color as the Panamanian ones occur, interestingly, in Trinidad at the localities listed below, where they must be nearly sympatric with inermis in the Northern Range, yet no intergradient specimens are known among the extensive collections from this island. Trinidad: Morne Bleu, Northern Range (N. A. Weber, No. 209.2). Northern Range, Tucuragua R., 100 m (Weber, No. 155). Northern Range (Weber, No. 252.2). Mile 10 to 12, Arima-Blanchisseuse Road (Weber, No. 207.5). Caparo (P. B. Whelpley). Specimens from other scattered localities in northern South America are further light-colored examples of typical diegensis: Venezuela, Carabobo State: San Esteban, disturbed lowland forest (W. L. and D. E. Brown). Ecuador, Napo Prov.: 20 km S of Tena, forest litter (S. and J. Peck). Surinam: Dirkshoop and La Poulie, soil and litter samples (I. van der Drift). Another form, very similar to the yellowish-brown variant of diegensis, is represented by a few samples (6 workers) from the eastern Hylea. This form differs from diegensis in having smaller eyes (greatest diameter 0.12-0.13 mm) and the inner mandibular borders each effectively single, with 2-4 broad, vague preapical teeth forming a variable, crooked margin (fig. 7). Brazil, Par�� State, near Bel��m: Utinga Tract, 3 stray workers from forest litter berlesates (W. L. Brown and P. F. Darlington). Icoaraci, forest litter berlesate, 1 worker (Brown). Guyana: Dunoon 2 workers (F. M. Gaige). Still another entity, corresponding to the type of A. targionii, comes from widely separated parts of the Amazon drainage; the lone type is labeled simply ��Bolivia��. Other localities: Brazil, Amazonas State: Reserva Ducke, Mun. Manaus, rain forest, 1 worker from rotten log (W. L. and D. E. Brown). Par�� State: Bel��m vicinity, 1 worker (K. Lenko). Icoaraci, near Bel��m, 1 worker (W. L. Brown). Pirelli Rubber Plantation, Iriboca, near Bel��m, 1 worker (P. F. Darlington); the Par�� samples are all strays from leaf litter during August 1962. M��to Qrosso State: Sinop, in N part of the state, several dealate queens (M. Alvarenga). Bolivia, Beni Prov.: Tumupasa, 1 dealate queen (W. M. Mann). Huachi, 1 worker (Mann). Ecuador, Napo Prov.: Limoncocha, 2 workers from forest litter berlesate (S. and J. Peck). A. targionii is essentially like diegensis, and has two corresponding color forms; the eyes are similar in size (greatest diameter 0.14- 0.17 mm). The mandibles (fig. 8) are edentate along both upper and lower margins of the inner borders, and even the preapical angle is usually reduced to a rounded corner, and the preapical excision is therefore sometimes, poorly marked. The mandible is thus less strongly broadened apicad than in related species; this is especially true of the type and the other Bolivian samples. A notable trait correlated with the edentate mandibles, at least in the meager material available, is the extreme hairiness of the body. There are more standing hairs on the pronotum than can easily be counted, and numerous posteriorly-inclined fine hairs grace the mesonotum and propodeal dorsum, as well as the gastric dorsum. The appressed-to- decumbent pubescence is also well-developed on the head, and fairly well on the gaster, except in 2 exceptionally hairy individuals (yellowish in body color) with rugulose-punctulate pronotum; the sculpture concentric around a small median strip that is smooth or nearly so, and shining. In these hairy specimens, not only are the longer standing hairs more numerous, but the pubescence apparently is increased and slightly lengthened and assumes an obliquely erect posture, even on the head and anterior surface of the petiolar node; the type itself appears to belong to this phenon, although it is somewhat rubbed (Tumupasa, Bolivia, and Bel��m, Par��). Thus it is not impossible that even nominal targionii itself consists of two closely related Amazonian forms, but the available material is much too scanty to decide this question, and I am including all the samples with edentate inner mandibular borders and pilose mesonotum and propodeum provisionally in targionii. The diegensis-like form from Par�� and Guyana, previously discussed above, is sympatric with targionii, at least in the vicinity of Bel��m. It could represent a form of diegensis suffering character displacement in the presence of targionii, or it could be a completely separate species. We need more material, including nest series, to help decide these questions. Unfortunately, Anochetus of the inermis group do not seem to be very common in the Amazonian forests, so it may take a long time to gather the evidence. The entire set of problems involving inermis and its relatives is complex and tantalizing. We are dealing with possibly as many as 6 different species, yet almost every conceivable combination and degree of intermediacy among them occurs somewhere in South America. It is not even beyond all possibility that all of the forms belong to one extremely plastic species that readily engenders ecotypes (or ecophenotypes) to fit different environments, as many plants and animals are known to do. That at least some real species gaps exist in this complex, however, is indicated by two circumstances. The first of these circumstances is the known sympatry, or parapatry, apparently without hybridization, of several forms, particularly of ��typical�� inermis and diegensis in Trinidad and northern Colombia. The second circumstance is the presence in collections of a number of males, mostly taken at light or in Malaise traps, that are about the right size to belong to the inermis group; at least some of them - perhaps as many as 4 or 5 different species - may correspond to the workers and queens, known or unknown, of this group. These males differ markedly among themselves in genitalic structure; only one of them (inermis) is reasonably securely associated with the worker-queen castes (figs. 66, 67). Several of these males are known from a restricted area of Pichincha Province in western Ecuador; terminalia of one of these are shown in figures 72 and 73. The characters of the terminalia suggest that capture of colonies with males, or the rearing of males in artificial nests, will likely lead to a clearer understanding of species limits and variation in worker-queen characters in these and other species-groups of Anochetus. The species of this group live in the litter and upper soil layers, where they hunt small soft-bodied arthropods. In the llanos of central Venezuela, I found inermis in grass roots and litter in the shade of trees and shrubs; in wet forest, the nests of simoni are often found in rotten twigs in the litter. Nests seem usually to contain 30-50 workers. Although normal dealate queens occur in some nests, ergatoid queens also may serve as apparent reproductives. The ergatoid queen is like the worker, with slightly larger compound eyes and a single median ocellus, and the tr,unk is more convex in side-view outline, especially the propodeum. When disturbed, O. inermis can press its body against the substrate and remain motionless for long periods, but it is also a fast and agile runner when danger presses., Published as part of Brown, WL Jr.,, 1978, Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. Part VI. Ponerinae, tribe Ponerini, subtribe Odontomachiti. Section B. Genus Anochetus and bibliography., pp. 549-638 in Studia Entomologica 20 on pages 613-617

[29] Anochetus africanus The group of A. africanus includes fairly large-sized (worker HL + ML 2.15-2.60 mm) species with frontal striation fine, straight, regular, and reaching to or very nearly to the nuchal carina; eyes fairly large (EL 0.18-0.28 mm), but usually not as big relatively as in bequaerti, pellucidus, or sedilloti (for examples); gastric dorsum completely smooth and shining, with only scattered piligerous punctures, thus excluding the closely related bequaerti complex. Second funicular segment shorter than third, not very much longer than broad (L, Published as part of Brown, WL Jr.,, 1978, Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. Part VI. Ponerinae, tribe Ponerini, subtribe Odontomachiti. Section B. Genus Anochetus and bibliography., pp. 549-638 in Studia Entomologica 20 on pages 602-603

[12] Anochetus modicus new species Worker, holotype: TL 5.9, HL 1.45, HW 1.25, ML 0.84, WL 1.90, scape L 1.17, eye L 0.21 mm; Cl 86, MI 58. Color rich, bright, brownish-red; corners of head, mandibles, antennae, legs, petiole and gastric apex lighter, more yellowish. A member of the A. risii group in habitus, mandibular form and armament, and body sculpture, but differing from risii, apart from smaller size and darker color, in the relatively shorter mandibles, scapes and eyes, as well as the following: 1. Scapes surpass posterior margins of ��occipital�� lobes by an amount less than the length of the first funicular segment. 2. Mesonotal disc reduced to a mere smooth, transversely straplike, raised strip, 4 times or more wider than long, limiting the strong longitudinal costulae of the metanotal saddle anteriorly. 3. Petiolar node smooth, moderately stout, almost perfectly erect, narrowly rounded at apex, but more broadly so than in risii, and not nippled; as seen in side view outline, both anterior and posterior slopes gently convex; base of petiole horizontally costulate, and with a brief anterior peduncle. Body shining. Frontal striation weak, extending only a short way beyond frontal carinae caudad, not fanning out widely, leaving most of central vertex smooth and shining. Pronotum smooth and shining, the only distinct sculpture, aside from occasional faint traces of lateral striae, and some piligerous punctures, is the usual transverse striation of cervix, becoming coarser, more costulate, on base of anterior slope of pronotal disc. Meso- and metapleura smooth and shining, the former with distinct transverse suture. Propodeal dorsum transversely costulate, the costulae irregular and about 30 in number, with 4-5 more on declivity. Gaster smooth and shining, narrowed behind basal segment, but not noticeably constricted. Long, fine, erect and inclined hairs fairly numerous and generally distributed over dorsal surfaces, undersides of head and gaster, anterior side of front coxae, and scapes and legs; up to 0.25 mm long on pronotum and gastric dorsum, but mostly not much over 0.1 mm elsewhere. Pubescence fine, mostly restricted to appendages. Worker variation, paratypes: Of the 9 workers available, 5, including the holotype, are from Moaratoa 1., Borneo; 3 are from Tjibodas, Java; and 1 is from the Cuernos Mts., Negros I., Philippines. The combined measurements and indices for these are: TL 4.8-5.9, HL 1.21-1.45, HW 1.06-1.29, ML 0.71- 0.87, WL 1.50-1.80, scape L 1.01-1.21, eye L 0.16-0.21 mm; Cl 84-90, MI 58-62. The Moaratoa workers average larger (TL 5.7-5.9, HL 1.40-1.45, HW 1.22-1.24 mm; Cl 86-90, MI 58), but have slightly shorter trunks (WL 1.73- 1.74) than do the Javanese workers (WL 1.77-1.80), even though in other dimensions the latter are smaller: TL 5.5-5.7, HL 1.37-1.40, HW 1.15-1.18 mm; Cl 84-86, MI 58-62. The single Philippine worker is small (TL 4.8, HL 1.21, HW 1.06, WL 1.50 mm; Cl 88, MI 59) and pale brownish-red in color, with the head slightly darker. Its petiolar node is a little more slender in side view than in the other 2 series. While the Moaratoa series has fairly regular transverse costulation of the propodeal dorsum, the Tjibodas sample has the propodeal dorsum covered with mainly disoriented rugulation, showing only weak and partial organization into transverse costulae. Queen, paratypes: Two specimens, one a callow alate taken with the Moaratoa series, the other a dealate taken alone in the Cuernos Mts. of Negros I. at "4000 ft." (about 1220 m). Moaratoa I.: TL 6.9, HL 1.54, HW 1.40, ML 0.84, WL 2.00, scape L 1.17, eye L 0.32 mm; Cl 91, Ml 55. Cuernos Mts., Philippines: TL 5.9, HL 1.31, HW 1.22, ML 0.78, WL 1.88, scape L 1.10, eye L 0.29 mm; Cl 93, MI 60. The Moaratoa queen is winged (forewing L about 4 mm) and dull, light reddish-brown in color (callow); the Philippine specimen is dealate and light brownish-yellow. Pronotum and mesonotum smooth and shining (faint traces of diagonal striation on side of pronotum in Moaratoa queen). Male: single specimen mounted on same pin with worker from Cuernos Mts., Philippines: TL 4.4, HL 0.71, HW (including eyes) 0.92, ML (closed mandibles) 0.11, WL 1.62, forewing L 3.3 mm. Color dark brown, gaster slightly paler, especially toward apex; antennae tan; legs, mouthparts and genital capsule sordid yellowish. Eyes taking up about 2/3 of sides of head. Lateral ocelli separated from eye by about 0.2 mm, and distant from anterior ocellus by about the diameter of the latter. Mandibles small, cuneiform as seen from above, acute, with conspicuous circular white basin at base. Trunk robust, with convex dorsum and pleura; notauli obsolete, except for shallow longitudinal sulcus at rear of scutum; scutellum prominent, hemispherical; metanotum short, convex; propodeum convex, dorsum rounded into declivity; its spiracle very small, elliptical. Petiolar node subsquamiform; bluntly cuneiform as seen from side, with both anterior and posterior slopes slightly convex; sides convex, and apex rather broadly rounded as seen from in front. Gaster almost imperceptibly constricted after postpetiolar segment. Terminalia unremarkable; pygidium folded, lightly sclerotized, and thus forming a barely acute beak; hypopygium narrow-linguiform, tapered to a truncate apex, its ventral surface convex. Parameres broadly subcuneiform in side view, with rounded apices; outer surfaces convex; bent slightly mesad just beyond their midlength as seen from dorsal view. Aedeagus thick; volsellae each with digitus and cuspis. Tibial apices each with two spurs on middle and hind legs, of which the mesial spur of the hind leg is large and broadly pectinate. Hind wing with a well-developed anal lobe. Entire body weakly to moderately shining, mostly smooth, with numerous fine piligerous punctures; additional fine shagreening around the periphery of the scutum, on anterolateral faces of propodeum, etc. Virtually the entire, normally-exposed body surface and appendages covered with a short, dense, pubescence-like investiture, decumbent on extremities of appendages, but becoming erect or suberect on mesonotum and elsewhere. A few longer (but still short and fine) hairs on ocellar triangle (otherwise nearly bare, and very smooth), on anterior cheeks, on metanotum, on apex of petiolar node, and toward gastric apex. Holotype worker (MCZ) and 4 paratype workers with one callow alate queen from "Moaratoa Isl[and], Borneo, [E.] Mj��berg��. I have not been able to find a locality with this exact name on maps, charts, or gazetteers of the Borneo area. ��Moara�� in Malay means "mouth of river". The most similar island name I located is Maratua Island, for an atoll including a hill in the Celebes Sea southeast of Tarakan, off the east coast of Kalimantan Timur (Indonesian Borneo), but I am not at all certain whether this is the same as Mj��berg���s locality. Other paratypes (MCZ) are 3 workers from Tjibodas, Java, 1400 m (without collector���s name, but one specimen carrying the label "jumping ant"; also the single worker with one male from Chapman���s Camp, at about 1100 m in the Cuernos Mts., near Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, Philippines (J. W. Chapman). A single dealate queen also comes from "4000 ft." (about 1220 m) in the Cuernos Mts, (Chapman). This species is similar to several species of the risii group; in fact, it is as nearly ��average�� a form for the group as one could hope to find. The very short, straplike, mesonotal disc is one distinctive feature; the mandibles are longer than in A. brevis, and its much more restricted frontal striation will distinguish modicus from A. strigatellus; the smooth, shining pronotum separates it from the similar-sized A. incuttus. Probably A. modicus will be found eventually to be a widespread species in wet upland forests of the Sunda islands. [13] Wilson (1959: 504-505, 508-509, fig. 2) outlined the largely complementary distributions of A. cato (New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, and all but the most easterly Solomons Islands) and the A. isolatus superspecies (peripheral to cato in the eastern Solomons - Santa Cruz Group, Waigeo I., Aru Is., and Yap I. in the Carolines). He also mentioned my interpretation of this central-peripheral pattern as one more case of a derived animal species replacing an older, related one from the middle of the range outward, a sequence that I feel is readily inferred from a number of distributional patterns seen in insects, birds and mammals of the Melanesian region. As so often happens, the accumulation of additional material in the cato-isolatus group complicates the picture as we saw it in 1959. (See figs. 38 and 55). In the first place, we now know that isolatus occurs in the Philippines (several collections from the Cuernos Mts., near Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, by J. W. Chapman, and an alate queen from Mt. Banahao, S Luzon, collector unknown), on Guadalcanal I. in the Solomons (Honiara, Kukum, by P. J. M. Greenslade; Ilvbush, by Greenslade, workers and a dealate queen); and on the mainland of New Guinea. Donisthorpe���s A. rossi of 1947 was synonymized by Wilson under A. cato, but Wilson neglected to determine the identity of Donisthorpe���s A. rossi of 1949 from Finschafen, except to say that the 1947 and 1949 forms represent different species. In fact, the 1949 A. rossi types are isolatus. Members of the "isolatus superspecies" vary in color; the head, or head and trunk, usually are darker than, or concolorous with, the petiole and gaster. Wilson (1959: 503, couplet 7), described A. isotatus thus: "Head and alitrunk dark reddish brown, petiole and gaster dark yellowish brown...", while in the same couplet (p. 504), he characterized A. splendens as: "Head and alitrunk light yellowish brown, petiole and gaster light reddish brown". Since he did not see the type of splendens, the color had to be divined from Karawajew���s original description, which, however, reads: "Kopf und Thorax kastanien-braun... Beine, Petiolus, und Abdomen gelblich rostfarben". From this I judge that splertderts really differs little if at all from average specimens of isolatus from the Solomons, or from the types of Anochetus rossi Donisthorpe 1949 (not 1947) (Finschafen, New Guinea, E. S. Ross; worker specimen, CAS-San Francisco, No. 6977, is hereby designated as lectotype, while the queen with the same data and number is considered as paralectotype). This second A. rossi matches well with A. isolatus, ond I have accordingly placed it in synonymy. Donisthorpe���s description of the color of the worker as "reddish yellow" is misleading; I would call the lectotype brownish-red, with the gaster slightly lighter, more yellowish-red. Karawajew���s figures and description of splendens are reasonably good, but reveal no characters that will separate this species from A. isolatus, so I consider these two to be synonyms as well. Integrating these new facts and interpretations into our old pattern, we can see that the main trends are still the same. A. cato is the predominant, and in most localities, apparently, the only species of the pair occupying most of ��central�� Melanesia, while isolatus prevails in extralimital lands to the east and west. The two known surviving ��species�� of the isolatus superspecies are essentially color forms: seminiger, from Waigeo I., and splendidulus, from Yap. From our present information, we cannot tell objectively whether these two forms are separate from isolatus as species, or as mere geographical races. This is the circumstance that haunts all attempts to distinguish superspecies from ��polytypic�� species. No harm will be done if we continue to treat them arbitrarily as species. It remains to point to the male of A. isolatus (figs. 60, 61) as having the most primitive terminalia thus far known in Anochetus. The pygidial spine is a particularly archaic character linking the genus to both Odontomachus and the sub tribe Poneriti of Ponerinae. Perhaps other Anochetus species (gladiator?) of the Indo-Australian area have males with even more primitive terminalia. A. filicornis, still unassociated with the female castes, is also pretty close to the archetypal pattern., Published as part of Brown, WL Jr.,, 1978, Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. Part VI. Ponerinae, tribe Ponerini, subtribe Odontomachiti. Section B. Genus Anochetus and bibliography., pp. 549-638 in Studia Entomologica 20 on pages 582-586

[22] Anochetus kanariensis It seems to me that of the 2 peninsular Indian forms, subsp. kanariensis (fig. 30) and var. obscurior, that Forel assigned to A. orientalis, at least the first one has a good chance of being a species apart, and I have raised it to species rank provisionally. A. kanariensis has a bright to dark red trunk and node, contrasting with the piceous or black gaster; the head may be red or infuscated. In kanariensis, the front part of the petiolar nodal summit is more or less produced cephalad, and overhangs the anterior slope of the node, so that the slope is usually more or less distinctly concave, unfortunately a character not very well developed in the particular specimen drawn for fig. 30. The types of A. obscurior and A. orientalis are black or nearly so, with partly ferruginous appendages, and the head may be lighter brownish around the corners; the nodes of these forms are broadly rounded above, not noticeably produced anteriorly, and the anterior slope is straight or convex as seen from the side. In kanariensis, the first gastric tergum is coarsely and distinctly striate almost to the posterior margin, with coarse superimposed punctures, whereas in obscurior, at least, the punctures predominate, and the striae are indefinite or obsolete on the anterior first gastric tergum, while the posterior half of this tergum becomes more or less smooth and shining (satiny blue reflections on the gastric dorsum may often be seen in all 3 taxa). The A. orientalis type (MNHN-Paris), from Cochin China, has never been compared directly with the Indian forms. My brief notes made on it in 1963 indicate that orientalis is much like the obscurior types before me in color and form, but that the sculpture in orientalis may be more opaque over a wider area of the gastric dorsum than in obscurior. The wide geographic separation of the two forms (as presently known) dictates that they both be kept as provisional separate species, at least until we can compare them directly. More samples of these forms from SE Asia would of course also help in determining their status., Published as part of Brown, WL Jr.,, 1978, Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. Part VI. Ponerinae, tribe Ponerini, subtribe Odontomachiti. Section B. Genus Anochetus and bibliography., pp. 549-638 in Studia Entomologica 20 on pages 594-595

[19] Anochetus nietneri The type worker of A. nietneri in MNK-Berlin is strongly distinct from all congeners I have seen. HL 1.54, HW across ocular prominences 1.37, ML 1.03, greatest diameter of eye 0.23, WL 2.09 mm; Cl 89, MI 67. Body bright ferruginous, head smooth and shining except for striation between frontal carinae. Propodeum, taking up about half of truncal dorsum, transversely striate. Sides and discs of pro- and mesonotum almost completely smooth and shining; pronotal cervix transversely striate. Petiolar node narrowly dome-shaped, surmounted by a stumpy, curved, apical tooth that points backward. Mandibles curved; inner margin of each armed with just 2 prominent teeth near midlength; a distal long, slender tooth that is more than half as long as the dorsal apical tooth, and a smaller proximal one., Published as part of Brown, WL Jr.,, 1978, Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. Part VI. Ponerinae, tribe Ponerini, subtribe Odontomachiti. Section B. Genus Anochetus and bibliography., pp. 549-638 in Studia Entomologica 20 on page 593