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In mangrove forests, soil salinity is one of the most significant environmental factors determining mangrove forest distribution and productivity as it limits plant water uptake and carbon gain. However, salinity control on mangrove productivity through plant hydraulics has not been investigated by existing mangrove models. Thus, we present a new individual-based model linked with plant hydraulics to incorporate physiological characterization of mangrove growth under salt stress. Plant hydraulics was associated with mangroves nutrient uptake and biomass allocation apart from water flux and carbon gain. The developed model was performed for two-coexisting species of Rhizophora stylosa and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza in a subtropical mangrove forest in Japan. The model predicted that the productivity of both species was affected by soil salinity through downregulation of stomatal conductance, while B. gymnorrhiza trees grow faster and suppress the growth of R. stylosa trees by shading that resulted in a B. gymnorrhiza-dominated forest under low soil salinity conditions (B. gymnorrhiza compared to R. stylosa, leading to an increase in biomass of R. stylosa despite the enhanced salt stress (> 30 ‰). These predicted patterns in forest structures across soil salinity gradient remarkably agreed with field data, highlighting the control of salinity on productivity and tree competition as factors that shape the mangrove forest structures. The model reproducibility of forest structures was also supported by the predicted self-thinning processes, which likewise agreed with field data. In addition, the mangroves morphological adjustment to increasing soil salinity – by decreasing transpiration and increasing hydraulic conductance – was reasonably predicted. Aside from the soil salinity, seasonal dynamics in atmospheric variables (solar radiation and temperature) was highlighted as factors influencing mangrove productivity in a subtropical region. The physiological principle-based improved model has the potential to be extended to other mangrove forests in various environmental settings, thus contributing to a better understanding of mangrove dynamics under future global climate change.

Background and Aims Mangrove plants are mostly found in tropical and sub-tropical tidal flats, and their limited distribution may be related to their responses to growth temperatures. However, the mechanisms underlying these responses have not been clarified. Here, we measured the dependencies of the growth parameters and respiration rates of leaves and roots on growth temperatures in typical mangrove species. Methods We grew two typical species of Indo-Pacific mangroves, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Rhizophora stylosa, at four different temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) by irrigating with fresh water containing nutrients, and we measured growth parameters, chemical composition, and leaf and root O2 respiration rates. We then estimated the construction costs of leaves and roots and the respiration rates required for maintenance and growth. Key Results The relative growth rates of both species increased with growth temperature due to changes in physiological parameters such as net assimilation rate and respiration rate rather than to changes in structural parameters such as leaf area ratio. Both species required a threshold temperature for growth (12.2 °C in B. gymnorrhiza and 18.1 °C in R. stylosa). At the low growth temperature, root nitrogen uptake rate was lower in R. stylosa than in B. gymnorrhiza, leading to a slower growth rate in R. stylosa. This indicates that R. stylosa is more sensitive than B. gymnorrhiza to low temperature. Conclusions Our results suggest that the mangrove species require a certain warm temperature to ensure respiration rates sufficient for maintenance and growth, particularly in roots. The underground temperature probably limits their growth under the low-temperature condition. The lower sensitivity of B. gymnorrhiza to low temperature shows its potential to adapt to a wider habitat temperature range than R. stylosa. These growth and respiratory features may explain the distribution patterns of the two mangrove species.

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza is one of the mangrove species that a source of antioxidants. Antioxidant substances are able to protect cells from oxidative stress and other related diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profiles, predicted biological activity, and antioxidant activity of the B. gymnoriza fruit extracts. The research methods included sampling, extraction (maceration with MeOH:DCM), identification of chemical profiles (GCMS spectra analysis), assaying for computational analysis (PASS server and ADMET), antioxidants (DPPH radical scavenging), and total phenolic content (FolinCiocalteu). Bruguiera gymnorrhiza fruits was collected from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The chemical profiles detected in the B. gymnorrhiza fruit extracts, namely isopimaradiene (64.20%); 4-(2-Aminopropyl) phenol (19.06%); dimethylaminodimethylphosphene oxide (9.40%); 3-amino-2-benzylbutanoic acid (5.46%); and 1,4- dideuteriooctane (1.89%). PASS server analysis showed that the five compounds detected from B. gymnorrhiza fruit have the potential as an NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) stimulant and oxygen scavenger. The ADMET analysis results indicated that B. gymnorrhiza fruits could be developed as folk medicine and nutraceutical products.

This study evaluated anti-bacterial, anti-diarrheal, and cytotoxic activities of ten edible fruits (Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia officinalis, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops decandra, Heritiera fomes, Nypa fruticans, Phoenix paludosa, Sarcolobus globosus, Sonneratia caseolaris, and Xylocarpus mekongensis) in the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh. Highest antibacterial activity was shown for ethanol:methanol (1:1) extracts of S. caseolaris (2 mg/disc), which demonstrated inhibition zones of 16.7, 17.0, 14.7, 15.7, and 15.7 mm against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei, and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. In mice with castor oil-induced diarrhea, S. caseolaris extract (250 mg/kg body weight) showed the highest inhibition (87.7%) and delayed the onset time (273 min) of diarrheal episodes, followed by A. corniculatum extract (inhibition, 83.6%; delayed onset time, 187.4 min). S. caseolaris and A. corniculatum fruit powders were successively fractionated into n-hexane, diethyl ether, chloroform, ethanol, and methanol. Antidiarrheal activity significantly increased with increasing polarity of these fractions. In brine shrimp lethality assay, S. globosus extract demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity (59.2 μg/mL), followed by H. fomes (74.1 μg/mL) and C. decandra (116.7 μg/mL); however, lowest cytotoxicity was shown for A. corniculatum, A. officinalis, and S. caseolaris extracts. Mice treated with A. corniculatum extract did not experience any acute toxicity. These results demonstrate that S. caseolaris and A. corniculatum fruits have potential to treat diarrhea and may act as useful nutraceuticals.

This study aims to determine the use of lindur fruit flour (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) in making tuna (Thunnus sp) meatballs. and knowing the characteristics of the organoleptic quality and chemical quality of tuna (Thunnus sp) meatballs with the addition of lindur fruit flour (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza). The treatment in this study was the addition of 20 gr, 30 gr and 40 gr lindur fruit flour to the tuna fish balls. The parameters tested were the organoleptic characteristics of hedonic quality which included appearance, aroma, taste and texture which were analyzed using Kruskall Walis. If the results obtained have a significant effect, then proceed with the Duncan test to see the differences in the formulation treatments tested. Chemical characteristics (protein, fat, moisture content, ash and carbohydrates) used a completely randomized design (CRD) and were analyzed by (ANOVA). The results of Duncan's continued test showed that the treatment of tuna meatball formulations with the addition of different lindur fruit flour produced organoleptic characteristics of hedonic quality, appearance, aroma, taste and texture were significantly different. ANOVA test results show that the chemical characteristics of tuna fish balls are protein content ranging from 12.13-15.18%, fat content from 3.73-4.52%, moisture content 15.04-16.55%, ash content 0.50. -0.55% and carbohydrates from 64.72 to 67.21%.

The mangrove ecosystem is one of the ecosystems in the estuary area that is unique and very sensitive to environmental changes. The large number of aquaculture businesses around Cemare Hamlet, West Lombok Regency have resulted in many mangrove areas being converted into pond cultivation locations. This will have an impact on the life of mangrove ecosystems such as plankton. This study aims to determine the abundance of plankton species around the mangrove area of ??Dusun Cemare, Sheet Selatan Village, West Lombok Regency. The research was conducted in May-October 2019 using a purposive sampling method by determining 7 stations to represent water conditions. Plankton analysis using the Lackey drop microtranscting method. The results showed that the mangrove ecosystem in Dusun Cemare was composed of 4 types, namely: Rhizophora sp., Avicenia sp., Bruguiera sp., And Soneratia sp. The plankton community in mangrove waters is composed of 13 types, while the abundance of plankton species (periphyton) attached to the mangrove roots consists of 6 types. The composition of plankton species which tends to be high indicates that the mangrove waters of Dusun Cemare are still feasible to sustain the survival of the associated biota in it.

The Kutai National Park (KNP) which is located in East Kutai Regency on East Kalimantan Province is endowed with numerous pristine of mangrove forest. However, related information to the species composition and diversity of KNP mangrove is still scanty. Twenty-one of mangrove species were recorded using the quadratic transects survey method (total plot area of 1.7 ha). Main species of mangrove communities were Avicennia lanata, A. marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhysa, B sexangular, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata and Sonneratia Alba. Mangrove density was recorded reached as 1,699 trees ha-1, saplings of 4,395 ha-1 and seedlings 25,348 ha-1. Significant tree density was found in Pandan Bay Estuary. While in the Lombok Bay and the Kaba Bay significant for sapling and seedling categories. Importance value index of mangrove species in the three study locations for three growth categories (tree, sapling and seedling) showed significant differences (p-value> α0.05). Mangrove stand at three study locations has almost the same characteristics. The species diversity and evenness index has shown the same distribution pattern. The findings of this study suggest that KNP mangrove forest stand is not heavily damaged even though there is a lot of human activity. This mangrove could be managed and conserved for multi-sectoral purposes such as ecotourism, research, biodiversity and education rather than solely as a Nature Conservation Area.

Mangrove forest is a natural resource typical of tropical coasts, which has multiple benefits with a very broad impact when viewed from social, economic and ecological aspects. Management of natural resources must be very prudent because it takes a long time to be able to recover when damage / extinction has occurred. The purpose of this study was to determine the composition of mangrove species, the structure of mangrove forest vegetation (species density, relative density of species, frequency of species, relative frequency of species, species cover, relative cover of species and important values) and to determine the level of damage. Extraction of mangrove vegetation using the "spot check" method. The transects are drawn perpendicular to the coastline along the mangrove vegetation. The composition of mangrove species were 7 species, namely Rhizophora apiculata, R. stylosa, Bruguirea gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum and Aegiceras floridum . In the vegetation structure, the highest density and relative density were found in Rhizophora stylosa and the lowest was Xylocarpus granatum . The highest species and relative frequencies were Rhizophora stylosa, R. apiculata and the lowest were Bruguiera gymnorrhiza . The highest type and closure were Sonneratia alba and the lowest was Ceriops tagal . Meanwhile, the highest importance was in Sonneratia alba and the lowest was Xylocarpus granatum . Overall, the density value of mangrove species on Manomadehe Island is 2796 trees / ha so that the condition of the mangrove forests on Manomadehe Island is still in the good category (very dense).

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza is a mangrove species that can be used to rehabilitate mangrove forest. The information about the response of mangrove seedlings to the factors that affect its growth is needed to ensure its survival rate. This study aimed to examine the response of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza seedlings to the factors that affect its growth such as media and shade level. This research used a Completely Randomized Factorial Design (CRFD) with the treatments of growing media (A) and shade level (N) of 3 levels on each factors, that are mud (A0); mud and compost (A1); and mud, compost, sand (A2); also 0% shade (N0); 50% shade (N1); and 70% shade (N2) on the 3 months old seedlings. The results showed that the treatment of shade level significantly affected the growth response of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza seedlings, while the treatment of growing media and interaction of both treatments did not show a significant response. The 0% shade level gave the best growth response of B. gymnorrhiza seedlings. Keywords: growth rate, light level, mangrove, rehabilitation, seedbed

In order to yield influential information on the most recommended use of BGF, which so far still questioned, this preliminary study was aimed to investigate the physicochemical and functional properties of mixed flour of BGF and wheat flour (WF). A total of nine mixtures of WF: BGF of (90%:10%; 80%:20%; 70%:30%; 40%:60%; 50%:50%; 40%:60%; 30%:70%; 20%:80%; 10%:90%) were produced, where single WF and BGF were used as controls. This research revealed the different amount of BGF and wheat flour in the mixed flour showed the significantly different value of functional and rheological properties attributes, such as bulk density, CI, HR, WAI, WSI, SP, OAC, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, setback viscosity and peak time. We have inferred to some previous studies and speculated that the difference in functional and rheological properties could be caused by the different amylose and amylopectin amount in the mixed flour. As far as we know that this present study was the first study on the mixed flour of BGF and wheat flour, therefore we suggested a more comprehensive study such as investigation of baking performance and bread qualities.

This study was conducted in December 2019, which was located in Dompak Village, Bukit Bestari District, Tanjungpinang City, Riau Islands Province. The purpose of this study was to determine the species composition and condition of mangrove forests based on the value of density, canopy cover and the importance value index of mangroves. The survey method was used in this study, where the data collected was primary data. There are 10 types of mangroves including Avicennia lanata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. cylindrica, Rhizophora apiculata, R. stylosa, Nypa fruticans, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea and Hibiscus tiliaceus. Mangrove density was in good condition with moderate to dense ​​ranging from 1344.44-1555.56 ind/ha. Canopy cover was in good condition ​​ranging from 61.49-68.47%. The highest importance value index was R. apiculata with a value of 140.32% and the lowest was B. cylindrica with a value of 4.29%.

Kendari Bay is directly adjacent to the Kendari City area, so that it receives a lot of pressure mainly from community activities. This pressure causes the declining of mangrove forest area every year. Reproductive phenology of mangroves can be used in planning, collecting seeds, and seeding propagules for rehabilitation of degraded mangrove forest area. The aims of this research were to know the morphological characteristics of mangrove reprodutive organs and mangrove reproductive phenology of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza , Ceriops tagal , Rhizophora apiculata , and Rhizophora mucronata in Kendari Bay. The method using in this research was observation method that conducted directly in the field. Morphology and phenology of mangrove reproduction divided into 6 phases, i.e. flower bud, blooming flower, ovary, fruit, young propagule and mature propagule. The data was analysed descriptively. According to the result, the morphological characteristics of 4 mangrove species were different. Flower of B. gymnorrhiza was single, whereas flowers of C. tagal , R. apiculata and R. mucronata were inflorescences. Ovary of B. gymnorrhiza was hemi inferous, whereas ovaries of C. tagal , R. apiculata and R. mucronata were superous. R. mucronata had the largest propagule compared to other mangroves observed. The timing of mangrove reproductive phenology also showed different result. B. gymnorrhiza required 299 days to develop from flower bud to mature propagule and R. apiculata required 262 days, whereas C. tagal and R. mucronata had not been able known its phenological period because the timing data from ovary to fruit had not been obtained. Further research is needed to resolve this issue.

Microorganisms in marine ecosystems are exposed to harsh conditions, thus such systems are of interest in bioprospecting for useful secondary metabolites. The aim of the study was to isolate and identify the fungal endophytes that colonize mangroves. The fungal endophytes were isolated from the leaves, roots, and branches of different mangrove plants (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Heritiera littoralis, Xylocarpus granatum, Rhizophora mucronata, and Avicennia marina) from Mida creek, Tudor creek and Gazi bay using Point-Centered Quarter Sampling method and then, morphologically characterized. A total of 76 fungal isolates were obtained and identified using macro- and micro-morphological features. The isolates were affiliated with eight different genera (Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Nigrospora, Fusarium, Alternaria, Lasiodiplodia, Chaetomium and Penicillum). Aspergillus spp. were the most prominent with a colonization frequency of 38.9 and 55.6% in root and branch tissues, respectively while Chaetomium species were the least frequent appearing only in one branch tissue. Mida creek had the highest total number of endophytic isolates (52.6%) followed by Gazi bay (27.6%). Majority (30.3%) of the endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from Avicennia marina. The results indicate that mangrove species are a source of diverse endophytic fungi that may have useful biotechnological applications. Key words: Mangrove species, endophytic fungi, fungi diversity, colonization frequency.

Cowabenzophenone A was isolated from an endophytic fungus Aspergillus terreus isolated from a mangrove plant Bruguiera gymnorrhyza. The structure was determined by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra and mass spectrometric data as a tetracyclo[7.3.3.33,11.03,7]tetradecane-2,12,14-trione skeleton. When the compound was tested in vitro for its ability to inhibit inflammations, α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and its antimicrobial properties, it showed an anti-inflammatory activity amounting to an IC50 of 12.1 µg/mL, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 7.8 ± 0.5 μM, and antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis TISTR 088, and Bacillus cereus TISTR 688 with MIC values of 1 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL respectively. The compound showed cytotoxicity against HCT 116 colon cancer cell line with an IC50 value of 10.1 ?M, and also showed a considerably high potential towards anti-filarial activities by resulting MIC, IC50 and LC50 values of 0.358 ± 0.02 mg/mL, 0.708 ± 0.021 mg/mL and 3.89 ± 0.18 mg/mL, respectively, in comparison to the standard drug Ivermectin (IVM).

The present work isolated a CBF/DREB1 gene from mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (BgCBF1) and compared its expression levels in various tissues under normal condition and cold stress, and in leaves exposed to various environmental stimuli. Results showed that the BgCBF1 deduced protein showed almost 100% similarities to that of AcCBF1 from Aegiceras corniculatum and AmCBF1 from Avicennia marina. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that BgCBF1 gene displayed constitute expression in leaf, stem and root samples of plantlets under normal condition, but with different expression levels and tissue preference. When exposed to cold, BgCBF1 could be rapidly, slightly and transiently induced in all tissues. Furthermore, the BgCBF1 gene in leaves displayed a transient and small induction after salt and drought (PEG) exposure, while exhibited relatively high up-regulated expression after the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. These results suggest that the BgCBF1 gene may participate in the ABA mediated development and protection of plant against cold and drought. Further studies on its promoters and downstream genes will be needed to better understand its functions.

Ethanolic extracts of leaves and hypocotyls of a mangrove plant, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Family Rhizophoraceae), were investigated to identify the presence of different phytochemicals and to assess the antihyperglycemic, antidiarrheal, analgesic and antioxidative activity in the current study. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to investigate the in vivo antihyperglycemic activity and leaves extract (LE) was found to possess significant antihyperglycemic property compared to hypocotyl extract (HE). Therefore, the leaves extract was considered for α-Glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity test and substantial α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory property was observed with an IC50 (concentration required to inhibit 50% enzyme) value of 2.670. Antioxidative activity of plant extracts was tested in vitro by evaluating their ability to scavenge DPPH, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical as well as superoxide anions. In all cases, LE showed greater activity than HE. In addition, LE demonstrated higher amount of total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins indicating higher antioxidant effect compared to HE. For the evaluation of antidiarrheal effect in castor oil induced diarrheal mice, both extracts showed significant inhibition of defecation at doses 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. Finally, for acetic acid-induced writhing method to evaluate the analgesic activity, significant percentage inhibition of writhing (P

Mangrove forests are biological resources found in coastal areas that have ecological and economic functions. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza is a type of mangrove that grows in the middle and back zones with a muddy sand substrate. The fruit can be used as a local food source, especially in coastal areas that have the potential of mangrove forests, but of course must pay attention to the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem. This PKM aims to apply the technology of processing the Bruguiera gymnorrhiza mangrove fruit for gulmerda cake and syrup which has a high selling value. The methods used in the Community Partnership Program (PKM) activities are lectures, practice, hedonic testing and mentoring. The results of PKM have increased public knowledge in utilizing raw materials that are around their environment to be processed into products that have a selling value, motivating people to be more independent and confident in developing businesses to improve community welfare, organoleptic testing, Cake gulmerda products are products that have higher score. The formation of the entrepreneurial group "Let's Feel Creative" in the context of the sustainability of training activities.Keywords: Diversification, processed mangrove fruit, gulmerda cake, Dau syrup, North Maitara

Bruguiera is a genus of true mangroves that are mostly distributed in the Indo-West Pacific region. However, the number of published whole chloroplast genome sequences of Bruguiera species are limited. Here, the complete chloroplast sequences of five Bruguiera species were sequenced and assembled using Illumina data. The chloroplast genomes of B. gymnorhiza, B. hainesii, B. cylindrica, B. parviflora and B. sexangula were assembled into 161,195, 164,295, 164,297, 163,228 and 164,170 bp, respectively. All chloroplast genomes contain 37 tRNA and eight rRNA genes, with either 84 or 85 protein-coding genes. A comparative analysis of these genomes revealed high similarity in gene structure, gene order and boundary position of the LSC, SSC and two IR regions. Interestingly, B. gymnorhiza lost a rpl32 gene in the SSC region. In addition, a ndhF gene in B. parviflora straddles both the SSC and IRB boundary regions. These genes reveal differences in chloroplast evolution among Bruguiera species. Repeats and SSRs in the chloroplast genome sequences were found to be highly conserved between B. cylindrica and B. hainesii as well as B. gymnorhiza and B. sexangula indicating close genetic relationships based on maternal inheritance. Notably, B. hainesii, which is considered a hybrid between B. gymnorhiza and B. cylindrica, appears to have inherited the chloroplast from B. cylindrica. Investigating the effects of selection events on shared protein-coding genes showed a positive selection in rps7 and rpl36 genes in all species compared to land-plant species. A phylogenetic analysis, based on 59 conserved chloroplast protein-coding genes, showed strong support that all Bruguiera species are in the clade Rhizophoraceae. This study provides valuable genetic information for the study of evolutionary relationships and population genetics in Bruguiera and other mangrove species.

Setyadi G, Rahayu DL, Pribadi R, Hartati R, Wijayanti DP, Sugianto DN, Darmawan A. 2021. Crustacean and mollusk species diversity and abundance in the mangrove communities of Mimika District, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4146-4157. A mangrove crustacean and mollusk species diversity study was carried out in four mangrove estuaries in Mimika District, Papua, Indonesia. Two locations were selected on each estuary; for each location, samples of crustaceans and mollusks were collected from 5 m × 5 m plots, and mangrove trees were recorded on 10 m × 10 m plots at a distance of 10 m, 250 m and 500 m perpendicular to the riverbank. This study recorded a total of 41 species of crustaceans and 32 species of mollusks the latter comprising three species of bivalves and 29 gastropod species. The number of crab species found was among the highest compared to similar studies in the world. The average number of species collected from each 25 m2 plot was 7.6 ± 4.2 species for crustaceans, with an average abundance of 87 ± 3.5 individuals; for mollusks, it was 3.3 ± 3 species with an average abundance of 28 ± 48.4. Crustacean abundance and species composition were influenced by inundation frequency. There was a strong correlation between the crab Parasesarma cricotum and the association of Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza mangroves, and Clistocoeloma amamaparense and the association of B. gymnorrhiza, R. apiculata, and Bruguiera parviflora mangroves. For mollusks, correlations were found between Terebralia palustris and Ellobium aurisjudae and the association of R. apiculata and B. parviflora mangroves. The highest crustacean Shannon-Wiener diversity index was associated with Sonneratia alba and Avicennia marina mangroves, and the highest mollusk Shannon-Wiener diversity index was associated with R. apiculata and B. gymnorrhiza mangroves.

Objective: The study was focused on obtaining the therapeutic advantages of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, a large leafed mangrove through in silico studies. Methods: The collected leaf sample was extracted using ethanol, and the extract was subjected to GCMS analysis to find out the compounds present in them. The obtained compounds underwent absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination toxicity test and the chemical structures were obtained from PUBCHEM and the disease which had more susceptibility was taken on the basis of antimicrobial studies and its protein structure was also obtained from Protein Data Bank. Maestro is a freely available, full future molecular visualization tool. It is a powerful tool for interpreting, managing, and sharing the results of computational experiments when coupled with Schrodinger software such as Glide, Prime, or Phase. The compatibility of ligand-protein interaction was visualized through the visualization software that is Pymol. Results: The retrieved compounds were subjected to analyze the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties and the results were tabulated. It was found that the compound 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol; 7786-61-0; 4-Vinylguaiaco from the plant sample B. gymnorrhiza shows a glide score (G. score) −7.2 Kcal/mol. The interactions were observed using Pymol. Conclusion: It was found that the compound 4-Vinylguaiaco from the plant sample B. gymnorrhiza can be used as potent drug for the treatment of pharyngitis, which is the inflammation of pharynx. This work can be taken as a base for the works that need to be done in future for the development of an effective drug and also addressing the importance of mangroves in the field of ethnobotany.

Mangroves store large amounts of organic carbon (C) in their soils and are important in the global C cycle. These C stocks have been attributed to the below-ground productivity of mangroves, yet there is limited knowledge about the environmental factors that influence mangrove root growth. Thus, this study aimed to assess the role of variation in soil bulk density (BD) on the early development of mangroves. Seedlings of four mangrove species were grown in a pot-experiment in soils with a BD ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 g cm−3. Nine functional above- and below-ground plant traits were measured. Above- and below-ground traits of mangrove seedlings were influenced by variation in soil BD, but the effect was species specific. The reaction norms for most plant traits of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Rhizophora stylosa suggested a growth optimum at a specific soil BD (0.6 and 0.4 g cm−3, respectively), whilst the reaction norm of Avicennia marina was highly variable among traits, and Ceriops australis showed a very limited response. Moreover, A. marina was the most plastic species above-ground, while R. stylosa was the most plastic species below-ground. Ceriops australis was the least plastic species. Hence, soil BD is an environmental factor that influences mangrove root traits and seedling establishment, and may therefore affect mangrove species distributions and ecosystem C stocks.

A new compound, nigronapthaphenyl, was extracted from the endophytic fungus Nigrospora sphaerica isolated from a mangrove plant Bruguiera gymnorrhyza. The structure of the compound was elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra and mass spectrometric data. It was tested in vitro for its antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory activity and for its ability to inhibit α-glucosidase. Nigronapthaphenyl showed antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis TISTR 088 and Bacillus cereus TISTR 688 with MIC values of 4 and 2 μg/mL respectively. Cytotoxicity against colon cancer cell line HCT 116 was found to be an IC50 value of 9.62 ± 0.5 μM . This further showed potential anti-inflammatory activity amounting to an IC50 of 6.2 ± 0.5 μM and also α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 6.9 ± 0.5 μM.

Archaea communities widely exist in mangrove forest sediments, but their spatial variations among different distribution areas with salinity gradient in mangrove forest sediments is not well understood. This study used 16S rRNA Miseq sequence to investigate the sediment archaeal community structure and diversity of Bruguiera gymnoihiza mangrove forest in China along three different distribution areas. The results showed rich methanogen and ammonia-oxidizing archaea resources in the study site, with Methanobacterium, Methanothrix, Methanomassiliicoccus, Nitrosopumilus and Nitrososphaera (>1%) as the dominant genera. Mantel test and Redundancy analysis (RDA) results revealed that pH was the determinant for archaeal community structure in our study. The RDA result showed that the available K also contributed to archaeal community structure. There was a significant and positive relationship between pH and available P; in addition, the two values were significantly and negatively related to the observed OTU number. These results suggested that pH is the main determinant of the archaeal community structure and diversity in distribution areas of Bruguiera gymnoihiza in Dongzhaigang.

Four new 12-membered macrolides, thiocladospolides A-D (1-4), each possessing a sulfur substitution at C-2, along with the known congener pandangolide 3 (5) and the possible hydrolysis product seco-patulolide C (6), were isolated and identified from the culture extract of Cladosporium cladosporioides MA-299, an endophytic fungus obtained from the leaves of the mangrove plant Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Their structures were established by interpretation of the NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. X-ray crystallographic analysis of compound 1, which represents the first crystal structure described for a sulfur-containing 12-membered macrolide, confirmed its structure and absolute configuration. The proposed sulfur side chain at C-3 in pandangolide 3 (5) was revised to be at C-2 by detailed analysis of the NMR data and by a comparison with data for thiocladospolide A (1). The structures for pandangolides 2 and 4 should also be considered for revisions. The isolated compounds were evaluated for the antimicrobial activities against aquatic bacteria and plant pathogens.

Ecotourism development program at Bama beaches area require baseline data of mangrove structure at Bama Resort and in the past two decades has been lost about 35% area of mangrove forest in Indonesia and in the worldThe aims of this study was to find structure, composition, distribution and zonation patterns of mangroves at Bama Resort Baluran Nasional Park. Ten belt-transects were laid perpendicular to the shoreline, using standard methods. Vegetation structure was determined using data collected on plant species diversity, density, basal area, and the number of each species of mangroves. Shannon Wiener index to calculated diversity, evennes and Simpson to calculated dominance index. The results show there are 2 families and 6 mangrove species occurring in the study areas that is Rhizophoraceae ( Rhizophora stylosa , Rhizophora mucronata , Rhizophora apiculata , Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Ceriops tagal ) and Araceae ( Nypa fruticans ). The highest importance value was R. apiculata (229.90%) for trees, R. apiculata (148.69%) for the sapling, and R. apiculata (244.83%) for the seedling. The diversity (H) and dominance index (C) values were moderate (1.79) and 0.521. The most dominant species was R. apiculata (C=0.487). The mangrove zonation pattern from coastline to the mainland was R. stylosa , R. mucronata , and R. apiculata , in the outer zone, respectively (zone directly adjacent to the sea); B. gymnorrhiza and C. tagal in the middle zone; and N. fruticans in the zone that adjacent to the mainland. The present study will aid in the conduct and preservation planning of mangrove forest especially at Bama coast and generally in the coastal areas of Indonesia.

Yuliana E, Hewindati YT, Winata A, Djatmiko WA, Rahadiati A. 2019. Diversity and characteristics of mangrove vegetation in Pulau Rimau Protection Forest, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1215-1221. The purpose of the study was to analyze the flora diversity and characteristics of mangrove vegetation in Pulau Rimau Protection Forest, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra. Data collected were the number and girth diameter of mangrove tree species, and aquatic ecology parameters using transect method. The sample plots size were 2m×2 m; 5m×5 m; 10m×10 m; for seedling, sapling, and tree, respectively. The observation plots were arranged in a row of 120 m length on two sides of the forest edge, namely Calik Riverbank and Banyuasin Riverbank. Data were analyzed using importance value index (IVI), Simpson’s diversity index and Sørensen’s community similarity. The study revealed that there were differences in mangrove characteristics in two study sites. There were 57 plant species identified inside and outside sample plots, but only 15 species (26.32%) among them were categorized as true mangrove species. Inside the sample plots, there were 11 and 10 mangrove tree species recorded on the Calik Riverbank and Banyuasin Riverbank, respectively, but only 7 species among them were found in both sites. The mangroves on Calik Riverbank were dominated by Nypa (IVI 53.59%) and Bruguiera (51.12%), while those on Banyuasin Riverbank were dominated by Sonneratia (66.91%) and Avicennia (51.73%). The Simpson’s diversity index for Calik Riverbank and Banyuasin Riverbank was 0.82 and 0.78, respectively, whereas the Sørensen’s coefficient of community between the two sites was 0.67.

Mangrove plant has played important role in Papua, both to support the health of ecosystem and the livelihood of its community. As of now, there is only limited knowledge on the utilization of mangroves in Papua. Several varieties in Papua are known to contain carbohydrate and cellulose that can be used to produce food or bioethanol. This study aimed to examine the production of bioethanol using dry grinding and wet grinding methods. The varieties of mangroves used in this research were Rhizophora mucronata Lmk ., Rhizophora stylosa Griff., and Bruguiera gymnorrizha. The content of bioethanol as well as the shape and dimension of these varieties were measured in this study. The shape of the mangroves fruit was cylindrical. The mass averages of these mangroves were 180.80 g, 40.39 g and 37.62 g, respectively. The length of the mangrove fruits were 72.33 cm, 41.00 cm and 23.33 cm respectively. The result of the research showed that the best method to produce bioethanol from mangrove fruit was the dry grinding method which resulting in average bioethanol content 6% v/m. Rhizophora stylosa Griff produced the highest bioethanol content, 9.26% v/m, using the dry grinding method and 7.14% with the wet grinding method. Keywords:mangrove fruits, bioethanol, dry grinding,wet grinding [A1] Tanda titik [A2] Tanda titik

The present study aimed to identify the nutritional and antioxidant potential of mangrove fruits of Xylocarpus granatum, Sonneratia alba, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza growing in Rawa Aopa Watumohai Na...

Excessive nitrogen (N) input and warming affect litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics, especially in coastal areas. Understanding how mangrove litter decomposition responds to both excessive N input and warming is essential for estimating coastal carbon (C) and N cycling in the context of global change. In this study, we measured litter quality before and during the decomposition process of two mangrove species—Avicennia marina, a pioneer species, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, a late successional species—in a controlled experiment under treatments of N addition and warming. These two species dominate mangroves in southern China. Mass loss, C and N contents, and isotope values were measured over time as litter decomposed. N addition significantly increased the dry mass loss rates of B. gymnorrhiza litter by 52%, and warming significantly enhanced the dry mass loss of both A. marina and B. gymnorrhiza litter by 43% and 112%, respectively. N loss rate was not affected by the treatments but differed between the two mangrove species. There were no discernible changes in litter δ13C or δ15N throughout the decomposition process under N addition or warming, but the litter δ15N content was higher for A. marina than for B. gymnorrhiza, which indicated feedback between decomposers and litter chemistry. These results highlight that the litter decomposition rates of both mangrove species respond positively to regional N loading or global warming. The litter decomposition rate differed significantly between mangrove species because of differences in litter N content, C/N ratio and associated microorganisms.

Pin TG, Supriatna J, Takarina ND, Tambunan RP. 2021. Mangrove diversity and suitability assessments for ecotourism in Cimalaya Wetan Coast, Karawang District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 803-810. Mangrove forest has been a popular ecotourism destination recently. One of the methods to assess the mangrove potential for ecotourism is by using Tourism Suitability Index (TSI). This study was aimed to assess the ecotourism potentials of mangrove forest sizing of 56.43 hectares in Cilamaya Wetan Sub-district, Karawang District, West Java Province, Indonesia using the TSI method. To assess the mangrove variables, 10 sampling stations have been selected across the coast. In each station, 10 sample plots sizing of 10 m x 10 m have been established. The TSI was measured based on mangrove variables including species diversity, density, and thickness. We recorded six mangrove plant species belonging to three plant families. Avicennia alba, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Rhizophora stylosa, were common species found along the coast. Shannon-Wiener index (H’) showed that the west and east parts of Cimalaya Wetan had high mangrove diversity compared to the central part. The TSI analysis showed that the most suitable areas of mangrove forests for ecotourism were 32.18 hectares (57.11% of the total area), mainly located in the east part of the coast. Moreover, the moderate and least suitable areas were 19.12 hectares (33.94%) and 5.03 hectares (8.93%), respectively, and located in the central part of the coast.

The effects of salinity (10 and 50% seawater) and oil in combination on three mangroves, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Rhizophora mucronata were determined. In all species, plant height, number of leaves and CO2 exchange were generally higher in 10% than in 50% seawater. Salinity and oil decreased plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content and CO2 exchange, with reductions being greater at the higher salinity. In a second experiment, the effects of salinity (0, 10 and 50% seawater) and oil on concentrations of ions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), leaf ultrastructure and salt secretion in A. marina were investigated. Salinity and oil in combination increased concentrations of Na+ but decreased those of K+, Ca²+ and Mg²+. PAHs damaged cell membranes, disrupted ion concentrations and reduced salt secretion. This study demonstrated that increase in salinity reduces growth of mangroves and that salinity and oiling in combination exacerbate growth reduction. In A. marina, oil was absorbed and translocated to the leaves where it disrupted membranes, ion accumulation and salt secretion.

The species composition and geospatial distribution of coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, mudflats, filtration ponds, backwaters, and so on and their associates in the southwest coast of India are studied through field mapping using high-precision GPS and incorporating information extracted from high-resolution world-view satellite images. Appropriate management strategies to protect and restore the mangrove and mudflat ecosystems under the provisions of Coastal Regulation Zone (2011) (INDIA) are discussed. The Kerala coast, located at the southwest peninsula of India, has one of the longest densely populated rural–urban agglomerated coastal plains in India. Being one of the highly populated states of India, its low-lying coastal areas (2.42% of its total geographical area) includes 8.25% of its total population, with an average coastal density of 2931/ km2. Kerala coastal plains were reported for 10 exclusive mangrove species: Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Acanthus ilicifolius, Excoecaria agallocha, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Lumnitzera racemosa, and Kandelia candel, Barringtonia are reported in the study area. Mangrove coverage in the Alappuzha district of Kerala is 1.43 km2. Spread of mangroves in the two major urban centers, Kochi corporation, Maradu municipality, and adjoining Vembanad, is 0.48 and 0.40 km2, respectively. Coverage of mangroves in Ashtamudi and a few other backwaters is 0.95 km2. Reclamation and destruction of coastal ecosystems have been taking place on a large scale in the urban areas of Kochi corporation and Maradu municipality. Proper intervention through a sustainable management plan like the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification of India will address the issue of conserving the mangroves and associated eco-morphological systems.