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1. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

Author

McCrae, Robert R., Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Löckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Hřebíčková, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Jüri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Michelle, Ficková, Emília, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reátigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martínez, Veronica, Rossier, Jérôme, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Purić, Danka, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio

Published
2013
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2. The Emergence of Sex Differences in Personality Traits in Early Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional, Cross-Cultural Study

Author

De Bolle, Marleen, De Fruyt, Filip, McCrae, Robert R., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jüri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chan, Wayne, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Ficková, Emília, Gelfand, Michele J., Graf, Sylvie, Gülgöz, Sami, Hřebíčková, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lima, Margarida P., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reátegui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, and Terracciano, Antonio

Published
2015
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3. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

Author

Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Löckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jüri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hřebíčková, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martínez, Veronica, Rossier, Jérôme, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V. S., and Terracciano, Antonio

Published
2012
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4. Asesoría psicológica ¿cuándo y cómo?

Author

Brunner Sciarra, Marina

Abstract

Psychological counseling is important for families with a history of abortions, malformations and perinatal deaths. Comprehending bad happenings in terms of myths and beliefs is accompanied by personal or family guilt, anxiety, grief and depression. The ability to communicate, inherent to health workers, has a positive impact on both the recipient and the giver of bad news. Psychological counseling should be centered on the discussion of the thoughts that generate emotions related to important situations of life for informed future decisions. El asesoramiento psicológico es importante en los casos de malformaciones, aborto y muerte perinatal. Decodificar las malas noticias a partir de los mitos y las creencias se acompaña de culpa personal o familiar, ansiedad, duelo y depresión. Las habilidades comunicativas, práctica inherente al personal de salud, tienen un impacto positivo tanto en quien da la mala noticia como en quien la recibe. Se recomienda el asesoramiento psicológico, centrado en la discusión de los pensamientos generadores de las emociones que responden a las situaciones significativas en la vida de las personas, para la toma de decisiones informadas para el futuro.

Published
2015

5. Gender stereotypes of personality : universal and accurate?

Author

Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jérôme, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane E., Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V. S., Terracciano, Antonio, Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Bolle, Marleen de, Costa, Paul, Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jüri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hřebíčková, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Ficková, Emília, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Centre de Recherche sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CeRSM), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Department of psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), and HAL Nanterre, Administrateur

Subjects
[SCCO.PSYC] Cognitive science/Psychology, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, Emotion Cognition et Comportement, [SDV.NEU.SC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.

Published
2014

6. The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data from Ratings of Young Adolescents

Author

McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele J., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., de Lima, Margarida P., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Department of psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Centre de Recherche sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CeRSM), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Siuta, Jerzy, and Szmigielska-Siuta, Barbara

Subjects
cechy charakteru, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, psychology of adolescents, personality traits, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, psychologia nastolatków, Emotion Cognition et Comportement
Abstract

We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N=5,109) ages 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, 8 of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted. This is the peer-reviewed version of the article: McCrae, R. R.; Terracciano, A.; De Fruyt, F.; De Bolle, M.; Gelfand, M. J.; Costa, P. T.; Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E.; Ahn, C.-K.; Ahn, H.; Alcalay, L.; Allik, J.; Avdeyeva, T. V.; Blatny, M.; Bratko, D.; Brunner-Sciarra, M.; Cain, T. R.; Chittcharat, N.; Crawford, J. T.; de Lima, M. P.; Fehr, R.; Fickova, E.; Gulgoz, S.; Hrebickova, M.; Jussim, L.; Klinkosz, W.; Knežević, G.; de Figueroa, N. L.; Loeckenhoff, C. E.; Martin, T. A.; Marušić, I.; Mastor, K. A.; Nakazato, K.; Nansubuga, F.; Porrata, J.; Purić, D.; Realo, A.; Reategui, N.; Rolland, J.-P.; Schmidt, V.; Sekowski, A.; Shakespeare-Finch, J.; Shimonaka, Y.; Simonetti, F.; Siuta, J.; Szmigielska, B.; Vanno, V.; Wang, L.; Yik, M. The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents. Journal of Personality 2010, 78 (3), 815–838. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00634.x]

Published
2010
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7. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

Author

Löckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana. V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatný, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Ficková, Emília, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hřebíčková, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas. A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reátegui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, Yik, Michelle, Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Department of psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Centre de Recherche sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CeRSM), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), University of Sussex, Laboratory of Liver Diseases, and National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

Subjects
Cross-Cultural Comparison, Aging, stereotypes, Social Psychology, genetic structures, media_common.quotation_subject, Culture, 050109 social psychology, Stereotype, Article, 050105 experimental psychology, Developmental psychology, cross-cultural, Cognition, values, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, media_common, Stereotyping, Socioemotional selectivity theory, Social perception, 4. Education, 05 social sciences, Physical attractiveness, aging, Age Factors, Life satisfaction, Social environment, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, Emotion Cognition et Comportement, Cross-cultural studies, Attitude, Social Perception, Physical Fitness, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, national character stereotypes, sense organs, Geriatrics and Gerontology, Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract

International audience; College students (N=3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.

Published
2009
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8. Gender Stereotypes of Personality Universal and Accurate?

Author

Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio

Abstract

Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.

Published
2014

9. Gender stereotypes of personality: Universal and accurate?

Author

Lockenhoff, Corinna, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert, De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Sutin, Angelina, Realo, Anu, Allik, Juri, Nakazato, Katsharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Martin, Thomas, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Pramila, V., Terracciano, Antonio, Lockenhoff, Corinna, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert, De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Sutin, Angelina, Realo, Anu, Allik, Juri, Nakazato, Katsharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Martin, Thomas, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Pramila, V., and Terracciano, Antonio

Abstract

Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.

Published
2014

10. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

Author

McCrae, Robert, Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Lockenhoff, Corinna, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Juri, Nakazato, Katsharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reatigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-kie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Anwar Mastor, Khairul, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jasmin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Puric, Danka, Martin, Thomas, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Pramila, V, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert, Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Lockenhoff, Corinna, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Juri, Nakazato, Katsharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reatigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-kie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Anwar Mastor, Khairul, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jasmin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Puric, Danka, Martin, Thomas, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Pramila, V, and Terracciano, Antonio

Abstract

Consensual stereotypes of some groups are relatively accurate, whereas others are not. Previous work suggesting that national character stereotypes are inaccurate has been criticized on several grounds. In this article we (a) provide arguments for the validity of assessed national mean trait levels as criteria for evaluating stereotype accuracy and (b) report new data on national character in 26 cultures from descriptions (N= 3323) of the typical male or female adolescent, adult, or old person in each. The average ratings were internally consistent and converged with independent stereotypes of the typical culture member, but were weakly related to objective assessments of personality. We argue that this conclusion is consistent with the broader literature on the inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

Published
2013

11. The validity and structure of culture-level personality scores: Data from ratings of young adolescents

Author

McCrae, Robert, Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele, Costa, Paul, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret, de Lima, Margarida, Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lockenhoff, Corinna, Martin, Thomas, Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, McCrae, Robert, Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele, Costa, Paul, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret, de Lima, Margarida, Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lockenhoff, Corinna, Martin, Thomas, Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, and Yik, Michelle

Abstract

We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N=5,109) ages 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, 8 of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted.

Published
2010

12. Assessing the universal structure of personality in early adolescence: The NEO-PI-R and NEO-PI-3 in 24 cultures

Author

de Fruyt, Filip, de Bolle, Marleen, McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, Costa, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang Kyu, Ahn, Hyun Nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jüri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatný, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Ficková, Emília, Gelfand, Michele J., Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebuícková, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Kneževic, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Lima, Margarida P., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reátegui, Norma, Rolland, Jean Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, de Fruyt, Filip, de Bolle, Marleen, McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, Costa, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang Kyu, Ahn, Hyun Nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jüri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatný, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Ficková, Emília, Gelfand, Michele J., Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebuícková, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Kneževic, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Lima, Margarida P., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reátegui, Norma, Rolland, Jean Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, and Yik, Michelle

Abstract

The structure and psychometric characteristics of the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3), a more readable version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), are examined and compared with NEO-PI-R characteristics using data from college student observer ratings of 5,109 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years from 24 cultures. Replacement items in the PI-3 showed on average stronger item-total correlations and slightly improved facet reliabilities compared with the NEO-PI-R in both English- and non-English-speaking samples. NEO-PI-3 replacement items did not substantially affect scale means compared with the original scales. Analyses across and within cultures confirmed the intended factor structure of both versions when used to describe young adolescents. The authors discuss implications of these cross-cultural findings for the advancement of studies in adolescence and personality development across the lifespan.

Published
2009

13. Gender Stereotypes of Personality

Author

Löckenhoff, Corinna E., primary, Chan, Wayne, additional, McCrae, Robert R., additional, De Fruyt, Filip, additional, Jussim, Lee, additional, De Bolle, Marleen, additional, Costa, Paul T., additional, Sutin, Angelina R., additional, Realo, Anu, additional, Allik, Jüri, additional, Nakazato, Katsuharu, additional, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, additional, Hřebíčková, Martina, additional, Graf, Sylvie, additional, Yik, Michelle, additional, Ficková, Emília, additional, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, additional, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, additional, Schmidt, Vanina, additional, Ahn, Chang-kyu, additional, Ahn, Hyun-nie, additional, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., additional, Siuta, Jerzy, additional, Szmigielska, Barbara, additional, Cain, Thomas R., additional, Crawford, Jarret T., additional, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, additional, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, additional, Nansubuga, Florence, additional, Miramontez, Daniel R., additional, Benet-Martínez, Veronica, additional, Rossier, Jérôme, additional, Bratko, Denis, additional, Marušić, Iris, additional, Halberstadt, Jamin, additional, Yamaguchi, Mami, additional, Knežević, Goran, additional, Martin, Thomas A., additional, Gheorghiu, Mirona, additional, Smith, Peter B., additional, Barbaranelli, Claudio, additional, Wang, Lei, additional, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, additional, Lima, Margarida P., additional, Klinkosz, Waldemar, additional, Sekowski, Andrzej, additional, Alcalay, Lidia, additional, Simonetti, Franco, additional, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., additional, Pramila, V. S., additional, and Terracciano, Antonio, additional

Published
2014
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14. Asesoría psicológica ¿cuándo y cómo?

Author

Brunner Sciarra, Marina and Brunner Sciarra, Marina

Abstract

Psychological counseling is important for families with a history of abortions, malformations and perinatal deaths. Comprehending bad happenings in terms of myths and beliefs is accompanied by personal or family guilt, anxiety, grief and depression. The ability to communicate, inherent to health workers, has a positive impact on both the recipient and the giver of bad news. Psychological counseling should be centered on the discussion of the thoughts that generate emotions related to important situations of life for informed future decisions., El asesoramiento psicológico es importante en los casos de malformaciones, aborto y muerte perinatal. Decodificar las malas noticias a partir de los mitos y las creencias se acompaña de culpa personal o familiar, ansiedad, duelo y depresión. Las habilidades comunicativas, práctica inherente al personal de salud, tienen un impacto positivo tanto en quien da la mala noticia como en quien la recibe. Se recomienda el asesoramiento psicológico, centrado en la discusión de los pensamientos generadores de las emociones que responden a las situaciones significativas en la vida de las personas, para la toma de decisiones informadas para el futuro.

Published
2008

15. National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures

Author

Terracciano, Antonio, Abdel Khalek, A.M., Adam, N, Adamovova, L, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Angleitner, A, Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Beer, A, Borg Cunen, M.A., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, Filip, de Lima, Margarida P., del Pilar, GEH, Diener, E, Falzon, R., Fernando, K, Fickova, Emilia, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, MA, Gulgoz, Sami, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, Jamin, Halim, M.S., Hrebickova, Martina, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, HH, Jocić, DD, Jonsson, FH, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Lauri, MA, Leibovich, N, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, EL, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, AO, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, DL, Pelevin, S, Petot, JM, Podobnik, N, Porrata, Jose, Pramila, V.S., Prentice, G, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Ruch, W, Rus, VS, Sánchez-Bernardos, M.L., Schmidt, Vanina, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Trapnell, PD, Trobst, K.K., Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Zupančić, A, McCrae, RR, Terracciano, Antonio, Abdel Khalek, A.M., Adam, N, Adamovova, L, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Angleitner, A, Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Beer, A, Borg Cunen, M.A., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, Filip, de Lima, Margarida P., del Pilar, GEH, Diener, E, Falzon, R., Fernando, K, Fickova, Emilia, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, MA, Gulgoz, Sami, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, Jamin, Halim, M.S., Hrebickova, Martina, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, HH, Jocić, DD, Jonsson, FH, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Lauri, MA, Leibovich, N, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, EL, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, AO, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, DL, Pelevin, S, Petot, JM, Podobnik, N, Porrata, Jose, Pramila, V.S., Prentice, G, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Ruch, W, Rus, VS, Sánchez-Bernardos, M.L., Schmidt, Vanina, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Trapnell, PD, Trobst, K.K., Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Zupančić, A, and McCrae, RR

Abstract

Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.

Published
2005

16. Breaking ground in cross-cultural research on the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia): A multi-national study involving 73 countries

Author

Proyer, René T., primary, Ruch, Willibald, additional, Ali, Numan S., additional, Al-Olimat, Hmoud S., additional, Amemiya, Toshihiko, additional, Adal, Tamirie Andualem, additional, Ansari, Sadia Aziz, additional, Arhar, Špela, additional, Asem, Gigi, additional, Baudin, Nicolas, additional, Bawab, Souha, additional, Bergen, Doris, additional, Brdar, Ingrid, additional, Brites, Rute, additional, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, additional, Carrell, Amy, additional, Dios, Hugo Carretero, additional, Celik, Mehmet, additional, Ceschi, Grazia, additional, Chang, Kay, additional, Guo-Hai, Chen, additional, Cheryomukhin, Alexander, additional, Chik, Maria P. Y., additional, Chlopicki, Wladyslaw, additional, Cranney, Jacquelyn, additional, Dahourou, Donatien, additional, Doosje, Sibe, additional, Dore, Margherita, additional, El-Arousy, Nahwat, additional, Fickova, Emilia, additional, Führ, Martin, additional, Gallivan, Joanne, additional, Geling, Han, additional, Germikova, Lydia, additional, Giedraityte, Marija, additional, Goh, Abe, additional, González, Rebeca Díaz, additional, Ho, Sai Kin, additional, Hrebícková, Martina, additional, Jaime, Belen, additional, Kaare, Birgit Hertzberg, additional, Kamble, Shanmukh, additional, Kazarian, Shahe, additional, Kerkkänen, Paavo, additional, Klementová, Mirka, additional, Kobozeva, Irina M., additional, Kovjanic, Snjezana, additional, Kumaraswamy, Narasappa, additional, Lampert, Martin, additional, Liao, Chao-Chih, additional, Levesque, Manon, additional, Loizou, Eleni, additional, Díaz Loving, Rolando, additional, Lyttle, Jim, additional, Machline, Vera C., additional, McGoldrick, Sean, additional, Mcrorie, Margaret, additional, Min, Liu, additional, Mõttus, René, additional, Munyae, Margret M., additional, Navia, Carmen Elvira, additional, Nkhalamba, Mathero, additional, Pedrini, Pier Paolo, additional, Petkova, Mirsolava, additional, Platt, Tracey, additional, Popa, Diana-Elena, additional, Radomska, Anna, additional, Rashid, Tabassum, additional, Rawlings, David, additional, Rubio, Victor J., additional, Samson, Andrea C., additional, Sarid, Orly, additional, Shams, Soraya, additional, Sisokohm, Sek, additional, Smári, Jakob, additional, Sneddon, Ian, additional, Snikhovska, Irena, additional, Stephanenko, Ekaterina A., additional, Stokenberga, Ieva, additional, Stuer, Hugo, additional, Tanoto, Yohana Sherly Rosalina, additional, Tapia, Luis, additional, Taylor, Julia, additional, Thibault, Pascal, additional, Thompson, Ava, additional, Thörn, Hanna, additional, Toyota, Hiroshi, additional, Ujlaky, Judit, additional, Vanno, Vitanya, additional, Wang, Jun, additional, Van Der Westhuizen, Betsie, additional, Wijayathilake, Deepani, additional, Wong, Peter S. O., additional, Wycoff, Edgar B., additional, and Yeun, Eun Ja, additional

Published
2009
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