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We report an extensive assessment of OSNR penalties stemming from end-of-life optical filtering of WDM channels when they go through numerous wavelength-routing optical cross- connects in telecommunication fiber networks. more...

We investigate the tolerance of the 400ZR+ elastic transponders to optical filtering in WDM metropolitan network equipped with 100 GHz-spaced fixed optical add/drop multiplexers initially designed for channels slower than 35 GBaud. more...

Different IP-Optical architectures, technologies and performance metrics are presented for metro, regional and long-haul networks, comparing single-hop and optimized bypass router topologies, using 400G pluggable transceivers and higher-baud rate transponder coherent optics. more...

We experimentally investigate and model how optical in-band crosstalk impairs 200 Gb/s QPSK, 300 Gb/s PCS-16QAM as well as 400 Gb/s 16QAM 68 GBaud WDM carriers, and eventually 90 GBaud 800 Gb/s 64QAM channels. more...

By using a 400 Gb/s 64Gbaud CFP2-DCO interface, we show error free transmission on fifty-two 75 GHz-spaced spectral positions of a fully loaded 4800 GHz-wide WDM comb over 1200km of G654E fiber with hybrid amplification. more...

We report fast and accurate prediction of filtering-induced OSNR penalty using artificial neural network trained on millions of samples, for optical channels featuring various symbol rates and modulation formats, crossing up to 30 WSS filters. more...

While transponders as fast as 90 GBaud emerge in meshed WDM networks, we examine how the related most performant inter-carrier spectral spacing depends on the filtering sharpness of WSS's in OXCs that channels cross transparently more...

While channel symbol rates approach carrier spectral spacing in the modern WDM networks, we examine whether the related filtering-induced OSNR penalty still notably degrades beyond 80 GBaud, as it does from 32 to 64 GBaud. more...

We quantify the benefit of 90 GBaud transponders versus the more mature 67 GBaud ones to possibly improve the maximum total throughput in WDM networks and the associated amount of deployed equipment per transmitted Gb/s. more...

Whereas carriers faster than 60 GBaud will soon be deployed in the elastic WDM networks, we examine how 75 GHz-wide channel spacing and filtering impact their performance.

We report the results of a field trial carrying 400-Gb/s real-time dual-carrier PDM-16QAM signals over a 550-km-long commercial system. After the examination of the propagation nonlinear noise statistics nature, we analyze the accuracy of a performance prediction model based on Gaussian nonlinear distortions on the lab replica of on-the-field conditions. Further on, we demonstrate the compatibility of 400-Gb/s real-time dual-carrier PDM-16QAM signals with legacy systems based on a 50-GHz channel grid, yielding 4 b/s/Hz of spectral efficiency over 550-km transmission. In the last part of the paper, we review recently published field trials employing real time 400 Gb/s dual-carrier PDM-16 QAM channels and discuss the potential of such transponders to further increase spectral efficiency beyond 4 b/s/Hz forming superchannels and to be configured by software according to traffic demand. more...

Plants can be highly segmented organisms with an independently redundant design of organs. In the context of plant hydraulics, leaves may be less embolism resistant than stems, allowing hydraulic failure to be restricted to distal organs that can be readily replaced. We quantified drought-induced embolism in needles and stems of Pinus pinaster using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). HRCT observations of needles were compared with the rehydration kinetics method to estimate the contribution of extra-xylary pathways to declining hydraulic conductance. High-resolution computed tomography images indicated that the pressure inducing 50% of embolized tracheids was similar between needle and stem xylem (P50 needle xylem = -3.62 MPa, P50 stem xylem = -3.88 MPa). Tracheids in both organs showed no difference in torus overlap of bordered pits. However, estimations of the pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductance at the whole needle level by the rehydration kinetics method were significantly higher (P50 needle = -1.71 MPa) than P50 needle xylem derived from HRCT. The vulnerability segmentation hypothesis appears to be valid only when considering hydraulic failure at the entire needle level, including extra-xylary pathways. Our findings suggest that native embolism in needles is limited and highlight the importance of imaging techniques for vulnerability curves. more...