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Seed Research Program 2023. A Quad, describing CRUSER Seed Research Program funded research. CRUSER Funded Research FY23 Funded Research Proposal Consortium for Robotics and Unmanned Systems Education and Research (CRUSER)

Blockchain is highly adaptable and enables distributed transaction logging through its cryptographic underpinnings, making it an attractive technology for diverse suppliers and acquisition integrators. Supply chain tracking using blockchain must, however, support updates to item records throughout the life cycle—including repair and carcass tracking within Depot Level Repairable (DLR) and back into operation. Unmanned systems, additive manufacturing of parts, and version-control of software updates are all exemplars related to the supply chain requiring addition, deletion, updating, and mergence of a wide array of records. This raises the question of how to build and integrate an integrity-protected item history record that is updateable regardless of when or where changes may occur. We call this approach to updateable record management blockchain mergence and investigate how item tracking can be achieved throughout the full item life cycle, even under intermittent connectivity of deployed assets in combat environments. We demonstrate blockchain mergence through an interweaving of dual chains—an authenticated local history signature chain and a global blockchain—and apply it to an unmanned aerial system repair case. Blockchain mergence offers significant opportunities for distributed decentralized trust among diverse producers and consumers of both materiel and information, ashore and afloat. Prepared for the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943. Naval Postgraduate School Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

A Quad, describing CRUSER Seed Research Program funded research. Consortium for Robotics and Unmanned Systems Education and Research (CRUSER)

Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. Distributed ledger technology such as blockchain could ideally be used to solve challenges in global supply chain assurance. In blockchain, consensus is achieved among active concurrent participants. The chain is, by design, required to be a single forward-building path of events; if branches appear, the chain consensus ensures that all but one branch is discarded. A supply chain in comparison, particularly on the production side, is a reversed architecture. In this case, small parts are used to build larger parts, hence requiring blockchain mergence (e.g., a final ready-for-use vehicle is comprised of multiple smaller parts sourced from various vendors, manufacturers, and even countries). Thus, the current capabilities of blockchain do not meet the fundamental demands of supply chains. Assuring supply chain integrity and visibility requires an adaptation of the technology to allow a form of blockchain mergence that the original concept was not designed to handle. This research looks at a possible solution among hash chains, blockchain, and ledger options for supply chain strategy. DCNO (Fleet Readiness & Logistics) (N4) Office of the Chief of Naval Operations 2000 Navy Pentagon Washington, DC 20350-2000 Naval Research Program Management Office Naval Postgraduate School Naval Research Program (NRP)

CRUSER Funded Research FY20 Funded Research Proposal CRUSER has funding to support NPS Faculty research focused on any aspect of unmanned systems/robotics related research. Researchers are selected based upon presentations at our spring Technical Continuum (TechCon) or our annual Call for Proposals. Proposals that support concepts from our current innovation thread are encouraged, but all research related to unmanned systems or robotics will be considered. Consortium for Robotics and Unmanned Systems Education and Research (CRUSER)

Event: Maritime Risk Symposium (MRS) 2019. MRS 2019 will bring together academics, government, and commercial entities to discuss the threats, challenges, and risks associated with the Marine Transportation System, both internationally, and domestically. With a focus on the articulation of current and future marine transportation challenges and threats, the symposium will outline the implementation and operationalization of a sound marine transportation strategy. The symposium will assess threats, vulnerabilities, and recent advancements in research to inspire ideas for innovative research that will help define the next evolution within marine transportation. Event information is found at 10th ANNUAL MARITIME RISK SYMPOSIUM Maritime College, State University of New York (SUNY), Bronx NY, 13-15 NOV 2019. https://www.sunymaritime.edu/MRS2019 Evergreen Program, USCG Strategic Foresight Initiative. The Evergreen Program is the Coast Guard’s Strategic Foresight Initiative, tasked with looking over-the-horizon to inform current planning and better prepare the Coast Guard for an uncertain and unpredictable future. Through the use of scenario-based exercises and workshops involving a diverse group of stakeholders, common strategic needs or key success factors can be identified across multiple plausible scenarios to better inform long-term strategic planning efforts. Event information is found at USCG Evergreen Program Vision Statement: a strategically agile Coast Guard prepared to meet the demands of a highly dynamic and constantly evolving operating environment. https://www.uscg.mil/Strategy/Evergreen Related follow-on work: Collaborative 3D Visualization for Ashore, Afloat and Expeditionary Readiness Workshop https://www.web3d.org/event/collaborative-3d-visualization-ashore-afloat-and-expeditionary-readiness-workshop SPIDERS3D is a Web-based virtual environment (VE) for global Naval collaboration that has the potential to work well for U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and maritime operational planning as well. It is an open‐source open-standards system with no licensing restrictions or fees. Three-dimensional (3D) models can be adapted from any source and then annotated with metadata, archivally saved, and composed together within shared VEs using the Extensible 3D (X3D) International Standard. X3D is similar to (and compatible with) regular Web pages published in HTML. We are using SPIDERS3D to examine notional scenarios where a developmental Extra Large Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (XLUUV) might get underway from a mixed-use port, thus requiring operational coordination with USCG. Collaboration insights and questions for SPIDERS3D visualization are many. What port preparations are necessary? How can such vehicles be safely launched, recovered, driven or towed? How can diver safety and support be properly planned? How can a harbor pilot provide guidance to operators during port transit? What bathymetry, tide and ocean-current constraints influence and affect deployment? How do USCG assets coordinate operational support with Navy vessels? What are the governing nautical Rules of the Road for each stage of the transit, from pierside through constrained harbor all the way to open ocean? How can we connect further to civilian maritime resources for harbor operations? Looking even further ahead, how might SPIDERS3D vignettes illustrate future-design explorations for USCG EVERGREEN? Many opportunities for Web-based visualization and collaboration at all levels are now becoming possible. Feedback and insights are welcome.

NPS NRP Executive Summary Enhance Warfighter Performance by Fostering Organizational Agility & Innovation in the Naval Research and Development Enterprise ASN (RDA) - Research, Development, and Acquisition This research is supported by funding from the Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098). https://nps.edu/nrp Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

NPS NRP Executive Summary Implementing the DoN 30-Year R&D Plan: Creating and Sustaining a Culture That Values Learning, Strategic Agility, Collaboration and Innovation ASN (RDA) - Research, Development, and Acquisition This research is supported by funding from the Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098). https://nps.edu/nrp Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

The MOVES Institute Open House, 24-26 August 2004 M-I-P-C

CRUSER TechCon 2018 Research at NPS. Wednesday 2: Teaming. Includes supplementary material Leveraging Machine Learning for Optical MIMO laser QR signaling – Movidius Fathom / Intel Neural Compute Stick

NPS NRP Executive Summary Project Summary: Navy leaders are concerned about the impact of accelerating rates of change on the Navy's effectiveness. They want to foster a culture of learning, collaboration, and innovation to increase lethality. The Department of Navy's (DoN) Thirty Year R&D Plan proposes a strategy to increase our technological advantage & maritime superiority in an increasingly dynamic security environment. The Naval Research and Development (R&D) Enterprise (NRDE) is integral to expanding the Navy's technical capability and assuring military advantages now and in the future. We hypothesize that optimally positioned communities of interest (COIs) can act as a driving force in accelerating organizational culture change. We explored enabling factors to produce collaboration-based culture change and provided recommendations to improve the implementation of the R&D Plan. We developed practices to catalyze COI efforts to implement the R&D Plan as we explored ways leaders can implement a long-term strategy by fomenting and sustaining organizational culture change. We focused on discovery, discussion, fostering collaboration, and building connections across naval institutions. We concluded that changing culture requires aligning aspects of an organization to create an internal environment conducive to the desired changes. Leaders need to communicate the desired change and model the behaviors they want to instill. Creating a cross-organizational community requires cultivating opportunities that build interest, participation, and reward engagement in order to attract and retain participants. Communication platforms, forums, and educational opportunities need to be available to the COI. Informal systems require compatible rewards, often intrinsic, that enable people to be active participants who can promote and take pride in the desired changes. DASN RDTE NPS-18-N190-A Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Naval Research Program Poster OPNAV N415, Additive Manufacturing (AM) USMC Systems Command, Advanced Manufacturing NPS-18-N380-A Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Gallup, Shelly: Principal Investigator Navy - N2/N6 - Information Dominance NPS-17-N342-B

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2017.2782959 Experts and practitioners have worked long and hard toward achieving functionally capable robots. While numerous areas of progress have been achieved, ethical control of unmanned systems meeting legal requirements has been elusive and problematic. Common conclusions that treat ethical robots as an always-amoral philosophical conundrum requiring undemonstrated morality-based artificial intelligence are simply not sensible or repeatable. Patterning after successful practice by human teams shows that precise mission definition and task execution using well-defined, syntactically valid vocabularies is a necessary first step. Addition of operational constraints enables humans to place limits on robot activities, even when operating at a distance under gapped communications. Semantic validation can then be provided by a Mission Execution Ontology to confirm that no logical or legal contradictions are present in mission orders. Thorough simulation, testing, and certification of qualified robot responses are necessary to build human authority and trust when directing ethical robot operations at a distance. Together these capabilities can provide safeguards for autonomous robots possessing the potential for lethal force. This approach appears to have broad usefulness for both civil and military application of unmanned systems at sea. Naval Postgraduate School Consortium for Robotics and Unmanned System Education and Research

Project Support for NPS Field Experimentation (FX) Robodata.nps.edu