Search

Andrey S Bryukhovetskiy Center for Biomedical Technologies, Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Assistance and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, NeuroVita Clinic of Interventional and Restorative Neurology and Therapy, Moscow, Russia Abstract: Based on the methodology of the informational approach and research of the genome, proteome, and complete transcriptome profiles of different cells in the nervous tissue of the human brain, the author proposes a new theory of information-commutation organization and architecture of the human brain which is an alternative to the conventional systemic connective morphofunctional paradigm of the brain framework. Informational principles of brain operation are defined: the modular principle, holographic principle, principle of systematicity of vertical commutative connection and complexity of horizontal commutative connection, regulatory principle, relay principle, modulation principle, “illumination” principle, principle of personalized memory and intellect, and principle of low energy consumption. The author demonstrates that the cortex functions only as a switchboard and router of information, while information is processed outside the nervous tissue of the brain in the intermeningeal space. The main structural element of information-commutation in the brain is not the neuron, but information-commutation modules that are subdivided into receiver modules, transmitter modules, and subscriber modules, forming a vertical architecture of nervous tissue in the brain as information lines and information channels, and a horizontal architecture as central, intermediate, and peripheral information-commutation platforms. Information in information-commutation modules is transferred by means of the carriers that are characteristic to the specific information level from inductome to genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, secretome, and magnetome. In the brain, the pia mater is an information carrier and the arachnoid is a system administrator and a software carrier. Horizontal commutation between different parts of the brain proceeds extraneurally in holograms formed by the interference and diffraction of reference and object electromagnetic waves of the information-commutation modules of the brain cortex in cerebrospinal fluid. Vertical commutation of the information-commutation modules of various information-commutation platforms is achieved by package impulse transfer of current along axons, and horizontal commutation is performed biochemically by secretomes of cells and synapses in the nervous tissue of the brain. Practical application of this novel theory is demonstrated in an explanation of the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of several nervous system and psychiatric diseases. Keywords: brain theory, information-commutation theory, alternative brain theory, understanding the brain, brain structure

Introduction. There is currently no effective therapy for the treatment of glioblastoma. This is partly explained by the high degree of intra- and intertumor heterogeneity of GB, the source of which is believed to be glioblastoma stem cells (GSC). The question of the origin of GSC, which is important for improving clinical outcomes, still remains open. It is believed that GSCs can be formed as a result of oncogenic transformation of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPcs), which have morphological and functional properties similar to them. Despite significant progress in elucidating the nature of GSCs, little is yet known about the specifically expressed genes and transcripts in these cells in comparison with NSPcs. In this regard, it becomes relevant to study the molecular mechanisms of gliomagenesis using model cell systems based on various clones of GSC.Aim. To conduct a comparative transcriptomic analysis of CD133+-NSPCs and CD133+-GSCs to study the molecular genetic differences between the phenotypes of these cells and identify potential targets for therapeutic effects on GSCs.Materials and methods. Used: highly sensitive transcriptomic analysis on high-density microarrays, cellular technologies, modern bioinformatics analysis.Results. Transcriptomic analysis of CD133+-GSCs and CD133+-NSPCs identified 1825 differentially expressed genes. The biological processes and signaling cascades activated in CD133+-GSCs have been established. It was shown that significant transcriptomic aberrations in CD133+-GSC compared to CD133+-NSPC are primarily due to a group of transcripts regulated by the Shh (Sonic hedgehog), mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) signaling cascades, transcription factors E2F1, PRC2, HOXA9, MYC, as well as oncogenes ERBB2 and KRAS. Six transcripts (AQP9, TOX15, HOXB2, STEAP3, TREM1, RFC2) highly expressed in CD133+-GSC and closely associated with the survival of patients with glioblastoma, which may be potential targets for therapeutic effects on CD133+-GSC associated with gliomagenesis, which may be potential targets for therapeutic effects on CD133+-GSC, have been identified and annotated.Conclusion. The data obtained indicate a number of significant molecular genetic differences between the two cell phenotypes, which can be used in the development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of glioblastoma.

Immature hematopoietic progenitors are a constant source for renewal of hemocyte populations and the basic component of the tissue and cell repair apparatus. A unique property of these cells of internalizing extracellular double-stranded DNA has been previously shown. The leukostimulatory effect demonstrated in our pioneering studies was considered to be due to the feature of this cell. In the present research, we have analyzed the effects of DNA genome reconstructor preparation (DNAgr), DNAmix, and human recombinant angiogenin on both hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent progenitors. Treatment with bone marrow cells of experimental mice with these preparations stimulates colony formation by hematopoietic stem cells and proliferation of multipotent descendants. The main lineage responsible for this is the granulocyte-macrophage hematopoietic lineage. Using fluorescent microscopy as well as FACS assay, co-localization of primitive c-Kit- and Sca-1-positive progenitors and the TAMRA-labeled double-stranded DNA has been shown. Human recombinant angiogenin was used as a reference agent. Cells with specific markers were quantified in intact bone marrow and colonies grown in the presence of inducers. Quantitative analysis revealed that a total of 14,000 fragment copies of 500 bp, which is 0.2% of the haploid genome, can be delivered into early progenitors. Extracellular double-stranded DNA fragments stimulated the colony formation in early hematopoietic progenitors from the bone marrow, which assumed their effect on cells in G0. The observed number of Sca1+/c-Kit+ cells in colonies testifies to the possibility of both symmetrical and asymmetrical division of the initial hematopoietic stem cell and its progeny.

Background. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy of plasma cells. The microenvironment plays a key role in MM cell survival and drug resistance through release of soluble factors, expression of adhesion molecules and release of exosomes (EXs). The role that EXs, released by MM cells have in cell-to-cell communication and signaling in the bone marrow is currently unknown. EXs as a source of markers for MM diagnostics are also not studied.Objective: to use proteomic profiling of EXs as a tool to identify circulating tumor associated markers in MM patients.Results. The proteome composition of EXs obtained from plasma of patients with MM and multiple sclerosis was studied for the first time. nano-HPLC–MS/MS analysis identified a total of 332 proteins in the EXs of both groups of patients and determined the proximity of their qualitative composition. For the first time, 12 differentially expressed proteins were detected, the levels of which were significantly increased in EXs from patients with MM. This allowed us to consider them as potential markers of the disease.Conclusion. Proteomic analysis of EXs obtained from plasma of patients with MM is an important method for finding disease markers.

Background. Treatment of glioblastoma multiforme remains little effective due to the rapidly developing recurrence of the tumor, due to its high tumorigenic potential, resistance to chemoradiation therapy and increased dissemination of glioma stem cells (GSC). Molecular mechanisms of these cell interaction with extracellular matrix (ECM) are practically not studied. At present, it is also not clear the signaling of the ECM-receptor interaction (ECM-RI) differs for GSC and differentiated glioma cells (GDC).Objective: using high-resolution proteomic mass spectrometry to study the determinant expression of the ECM-receptor interaction signaling cascade in CD133+ GSC and CD133– GDC.Results. 1990 proteins are identified, 18 of which are associated with the ECM-RI process. Positive regulation of 14 ECM-RI proteins was found in CD133+ GSC compared with CD133– GDC, ten had more than 2 times increased expression. Increase in the CD133+ GSC level of 4 proteins activating the ECM-RI signaling cascade was noted.Conclusion. Important regularities are determined that could be used for the development of new approaches for detection of potential therapy targets of glioblastoma multiforme.

Background. The transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is one of the most important tissue factors secreted by the development of epithelial tumors. Increased expression of TGF-β1 in lung tumors promotes cancer cells survival enhancing their growth, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, immune system suppression.Objective: to study molecular mechanisms of TGF-β1 action on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells by means of proteomic high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results. Intracellular signaling pathways responsible for the involvement of TGF-β1 in the oncogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer have been found, which include the differential expressed proteins of the families of cullin, ETS oncogenes, histone diacelases, cyclin-dependent kinases, and the signaling pathway phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K).Conclusions. Important patterns are determined that could be used for the development of new approaches for detection of lung cancer metastasis candidate markers and potential therapy targets of this decease.

The search for new chemical compounds with antitumor pharmacological activity is a necessary process for creating more effective drugs for each specific malignancy type. This review presents the outcomes of screening studies of natural compounds with high anti-glioma activity. Despite significant advances in cancer therapy, there are still some tumors currently considered completely incurable including brain gliomas. This review covers the main problems of the glioma chemotherapy including drug resistance, side effects of common anti-glioma drugs, and genetic diversity of brain tumors. The main emphasis is made on the characterization of natural compounds isolated from marine organisms because taxonomic diversity of organisms in seawaters significantly exceeds that of terrestrial species. Thus, we should expect greater chemical diversity of marine compounds and greater likelihood of finding effective molecules with antiglioma activity. The review covers at least 15 classes of organic compounds with their chemical formulas provided as well as semi-inhibitory concentrations, mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetic profiles. In conclusion, the analysis of the taxonomic diversity of marine species containing bioactives with antiglioma activity is performed noting cytotoxicity indicators and to the tumor cells in comparison with similar indicators of antitumor agents approved for clinical use as antiglioblastoma chemotherapeutics.

Background. Increased expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) in malignant brain tumors promotes cancer cells survival enhancing their growth, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, immune system suppression.Objective is to study molecular mechanisms of TGF-β1 action on U87 human glioblastoma cells by means of proteomic high-resolution massspectrometry.Results. We have identified intracell signal pathways responsible for TGF-β1 involvement in malignant gliomas oncogenesis including differential expressed proteins of tight cell junctions, focal adhesion, histone deacetylases, heat shock, S100 family.Conclusions. Important patterns are determined that could be used for the development of new approaches for detection of glioblastoma metastasis candidate markers and potential therapy targets of this decease.

Glioblastoma multiforme, a World Health Organization grade IV malignant glioma, is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor with the median survival of approximately 15–25 months after treatment. Glioblastoma multiforme has been shown to be resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy and invariably recurs following surgical resection and chemoradiation. The characteristics of this tumor are exemplified by heterogeneous cell population with diverse biologic properties and genetic changes, the ability to form cancer stem cells (CSC) and divided into four molecular subtypes – proneural, neural, classical and mesenchymal. Despite some success, the mechanisms leading to the formation of the most malignant tumor subtype are unclear. The aim of this review was a synthesis of modern information about the role and biological characteristics of tumor stem cells in tumor progression and the pathogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme. CSCs reside in niches, which are anatomically distinct regions within the tumor microenvironment. These niches maintain the principle properties of CSCs, preserve their phenotypic plasticity, adhesion, survival, resistance to standard cancer treatment and metastatic potential. The presence of aberrant signaling pathways (Notch, Hedgehog-Gli, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β/SMAD, PI3K/Akt/mTOR), both in the tumor and in the population of CSC, the dysregulation of microRNAs (miR-21, miR-128, miR-326, miR-34a), influence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition explains the availability of typical biological characteristics of the CSC. One needs to consider the influence of the therapy on normal stem cells in the development of drugs directed against the CSC. Regulatory mechanisms and markers found over the last decade can be used as the basis for creation of the new drugs with targeted action in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme.