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Abstract The temporal resolution of adults’ visual attention has been linked to the frequency of alpha-band oscillations in electroencephalogram (EEG) signal, with higher Peak Alpha Frequency (PAF) being associated with better visual temporal processing skills. However, relatively less is known about neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in the temporal resolution of visual attention in infancy. This study investigated the role of PAF in visual temporal processing in early infancy. In a sample of 6-month-old infants (n = 62) we examined the relationship between PAF extracted from resting-state EEG, and saccadic latencies in a predictive cueing task where the appearance of a reward was predicted by higher or lower frequency of two flickering objects. Results showed that higher PAF was associated with shorter saccadic latencies in a condition with higher differences between the two flickering frequencies, speaking for the involvement of PAF in visual temporal attention in early development. Additionally, we found that infants were generally faster to orient to the reward in trials where both peripheral stimuli were flickering at relatively lower frequencies, roughly corresponding to the theta frequency band. Our findings support theoretical accounts highlighting the role of PAF in visual attention processing and extend this framework to early infancy.

Abstract Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the seventh most common cancer globally, with 20–60% of patients experiencing nutritional deficiencies. Recent studies indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs) may serve as molecular markers for malnutrition. This study evaluated miR-22-3p as a potential predictor of nutritional deficiencies and a prognostic factor in HNC patients undergoing intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). From 2014 to 2017, fifty-six advanced HNC patients at the Medical University of Lublin received IMRT, with miR-22-3p levels measured from peripheral blood before treatment. Statistical analysis using MedCalc 15.8 revealed that underweight patients had significantly lower miR-22-3p expression compared to non-underweight patients (0.89 vs. 2.47; p = 0.0233). Moderately or severely malnourished patients also showed reduced miR-22-3p levels compared to well-nourished individuals (1.42 vs. 11.04; p = 0.026). Additionally, patients with critical weight loss (CWL) had significantly lower miR-22-3p levels than those without CWL (0.96 vs. 4.91; p = 0.0015). Weak correlations were found between miR-22-3p levels, cancer stage, body mass index (BMI), and C-reactive protein (CRP), with lower miR-22-3p levels linked to advanced tumor stages and higher CRP levels. This study suggests miR-22-3p as a biomarker for nutritional deficiency risk in HNC patients, though further research is needed to validate its predictive capacity.

W dzisiejszych organizacjach zarządzanie informacją w warunkach ciągłych zmian otoczenia gospodarczego odgrywa istotną rolę. Rozszerzone możliwości pozyskiwania zasobów finansowych i materialnych sprawiły, że przeprowadzenie procesów gospodarczych nie jest już takim wyzwaniem jak wcześniej. Obecnie kluczowymi kwestiami są umiejętności szybkiego pozyskiwania, efektywnego gromadzenia, odpowiedniego przetwarzania i racjonalnego wykorzystywania informacji gospodarczej, co może przynieść przewagę konkurencyjną. Współczesne przedsiębiorstwa, funkcjonujące w dynamicznie zmieniającym się otoczeniu, mogą skorzystać z teorii fraktali, aby zrozumieć swoje zachowanie. Koncepcja organizacji fraktalnej, która doskonale odpowiada wymaganiom działania w turbulentnym i konkurencyjnym środowisku, może być również przydatna w budowaniu skutecznych systemów zarządzania informacją w organizacji, które są w stanie sprostać rosnącej zmienności otoczenia. Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza roli zarządzania informacją w warunkach ciągłych zmian otoczenia gospodarczego, z uwzględnieniem sposobów, w jakie organizacje mogą wykorzystać teorię fraktali do skutecznego zarządzania informacją i budowania przewagi konkurencyjnej. Artykuł zawiera opisowe i porównawcze metody analityczne oraz metody syntetyczne w celu zbadania i porównania różnych podejść do zarządzania informacjami. W badaniu wykorzystano statystyki mierzonych zmiennych testu W Shapiro Wilka oraz korelacje r Pearsona do opracowania modelu regresji wielokrotnej dla zmiennej zależnej.

IntroductionSurgical resection is gold standard for treatment of liver metastasis, locally ablative techniques including computer tomography (CT)-guided interstitial high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy (CT-BRT) and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) have gained prominence as alternatives, offering comparable outcomes in selected patients. We aim to compare CT-BRT and SBRT - based on dosimetric analysis.Material and methodsPatients who underwent CT-BRT for oligometastatic, ≤4cm liver metastases between 2018 and 2024 were eligible. SBRT plans for Halcyon (SBRTh) and TrueBeam (SBRTtb) were prepared virtually. In the CT-BRT group CTV was equal to PTV, for SBRTh and SBRTtb planning, a 5 mm margin was applied to CTV to create PTV. Dose calculation was carried out with the TG-43 algorithm for CT-BRT and Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm for SBRTh and SBRTtb group. Descriptive statistics were used to compare the data. The Wilcoxon pairwise order test was utilized to compare dependent groups.ResultsCT-BRT resulted in a more favorable dose distribution within PTVs for Dmean, D50, and D90, while SBRT showed better results for D98 and V27.5Gy. No significant differences were observed for V25Gy between CT-BRT and SBRTtb, but SBRTh favored over CT-BRT. For OARs, CT-BRT plans showed better values for V5, V10, and V11.6Gy in the uninvolved liver volume. There were no significant differences in dose distribution for the duodenum, bowel, and heart. SBRT modalities performed better in the kidney. CT-BRT had improved dose distribution in the esophagus, great vessels, ribs, skin, spinal cord, and stomach compared to SBRT.ConclusionsCT-BRT could be a viable alternative to SBRT for certain patients with liver malignancies.

The goal of the article is to explore the potential of explicatory Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and its specifications for measuring the shadow economy (SE). This is done from the perspective of various approaches in selected countries. The article is a review and conceptual paper. The study is divided into three stages: a comprehensive description of the nature of the SE and the difficulties associated with measuring it; a comparative analysis of the approaches applied in selected EU countries (with particular emphasis on Italy and Poland), and finally, the concept of SE estimation based on SEM model is proposed. One of the most important limitations regarding the SE is that it is not possible to measure the extent of this phenomenon directly. This leads to the use of non‑standard estimation techniques based on latent variable models. The innovation of this approach is that it considers three factors that are not directly observable, i.e., tax morality, concealing salaries, and regulation of the economy. The proposed model allows us to capture and explain empirical SE phenomena more precisely and effectively than with classical statistical and econometric methods. However, we are aware that it is highly probable that many SEMs will need to be tested and modified to achieve the final result.

The aim of the current study is to review potential molecular biomarker substances selected so far as useful for assessing the quality of dog semen. Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and ions can serve as molecular biomarkers of reproductive functions (BRFs) for evaluating male reproductive health and identifying potential risk factors for infertility or reproductive disorders. Evaluation of BRF levels in semen samples or reproductive tissues may provide insights into the underlying causes of infertility, such as impaired sperm function, abnormal sperm–egg interaction, or dysfunction of the male reproductive tract. Molecular biomarker proteins may be divided into two groups: proteins that are well-studied, such as A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs), albumins (ALBs), alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), clusterin (CLU), canine prostate-specific esterase (CPSE), cysteine-rich secretory protein 2 (CRISP2), lactotransferrin (LTF), metalloproteinases (MMPs), and osteopontin (OPN) and proteins that are not well-studied. Non-protein markers include lipid-based substances (fatty acids, phosphatidylcholine), carbohydrates (glycosaminoglycans), and ions (zinc, calcium). Assessing the levels of BRFs in semen samples may provide valuable information for breeding management and reproductive assessments in dogs. This review systematizes current knowledge that could serve as a starting point for developing practical tests with the use of biomarkers of canine reproductive functions and their predictive value for assisted reproductive technique outcomes and semen preservation.

Abstract Astronauts travelling in space will be exposed to mixed beams of particle radiation and photons. Exposure limits that correspond to defined cancer risk are calculated by multiplying absorbed doses by a radiation-type specific quality factor that reflects the biological effectiveness of the particle without considering possible interaction with photons. We have shown previously that alpha radiation and X-rays may interact resulting in synergistic DNA damage responses in human peripheral blood lymphocytes but the level of intra-individual variability was high. In order to assess the variability and validate the synergism, blood from two male donors was drawn at 9 time points during 3 seasons of the year and exposed to 0–2 Gy of X-rays, alpha particles or 1:1 mixture of both (half the dose each). DNA damage response was quantified by chromosomal aberrations and by mRNA levels of 3 radiation-responsive genes FDXR, CDKN1A and MDM2 measured 24 h post exposure. The quality of response in terms of differential expression of alternative transcripts was assessed by using two primer pairs per gene. A consistently higher than expected effect of mixed beams was found in both donors for chromosomal aberrations and gene expression with some seasonal variability for the latter. No synergy was detected for alternative transcription.

Abstract Background A new, alternative option for patients with recurrent glioblastoma is targeted alpha therapy (TAT), in the form of a local administration of substance P (neurokinin type 1 receptor ligand, NK-1) labelled with 225Ac. The purpose of the study was to confirm the feasibility of quantitative SPECT imaging of 225Ac, in a model reproducing specific conditions of TAT. In particular, to present the SPECT calibration methodology used, as well as the results of validation measurements and their accuracy. Additionally, to discuss the specific problems related to high noise in the presented case. Materials and methods All SPECT/CT scans were conducted using the Symbia T6 equipped with HE collimators, and acquired with multiple energy windows (three main windows: 440 keV, 218 keV, and 78 keV, with three lower scatter energy windows). A Jaszczak phantom with fillable cylindrical sources of various sizes was used to investigate quantitative SPECT/CT imaging characteristics. The planar sensitivity of the camera, an imaging calibration factor, and recovery coefficients were determined. Additionally, the 3D printed model of the glioblastoma tumour was developed and imaged to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed protocol. Results Using the imaging calibration factor and recovery coefficients obtained with the Jaszczak phantom, we were able to quantify the activity in a 3D-printed model of a glioblastoma tumour with uncertainty of no more than 10% and satisfying accuracy. Conclusions It is feasible to perform quantitative 225Ac SPECT/CT imaging. However, there are still many more challenges that should be considered for further research on this topic (among others: accurate determination of ICF in the case of high background noise, better method of background estimation for recovery coefficient calculations, other methods for scatter correction than the dual-energy window scatter-compensation method used in this study).

The aim of this article is to present some interesting issues related to the category of grammatical gender based on the book of Marta Pawłowska, titled: La categoría de género: naturaleza, percepción, tradición gramatical. We want to draw attention to some unknown aspects related to the formation of genera in different languages, as well as their development over the centuries. This article is critical, which is why there are also polemical comments.

Objective: The aim of the article is to identify and determine the importance of social capital markers relevant to logistics companies in the face of ecosystem challenges, as well as to recommend pro-competitive activities of the industry in the context of building a Society 5.0. The authors hypothesised that the identification of a set of social capital markers collected in the form of a model may become an instrument supporting the management of a logistics enterprise in line with the Society 5.0 trend. Research Design & Methods: In the research process, a nomothetic approach was used based on the mixed research strategy. The qualitative approach included the method of ethnomethodology with the analysis of available publications, reports and netographic sources. The technique of semantic analysis, the coexistence of terms and the publication suitability of sources were used. On the other hand, the quantitative approach was based on the diagnostic survey method with the CAWI online survey technique. Findings: The conducted research shows the need to ensure the well-being of employees and the development of their competences, especially digital ones in the context of work technologisation, implementation of innovative technological solutions in the logistics industry. Employees of logistics companies notice that digital competences are the element that affects the efficiency of their work, and this again translates into the company’s competitiveness. Implications / Recommendations: The authors recommend actions by the logistics industry that will be aimed at increasing the share of expenditure on the development of social capital by caring for the well-being of employees, developing their talents, competences and skills. A simplified model of the identification of social capital markers in logistics enterprises may be a helpful management instrument in this respect. Contribution: Social capital is of significant importance for the competitiveness of logistics companies in the post-pandemic era of Society 5.0. A high level of trust and cooperation among employees, suppliers, and customers can contribute to more efficient functioning of logistics companies. Social capital can be a key factor in enabling logistics companies to quickly adapt to changing market conditions. Building strong relationships with business partners can bring benefits such as better coordination of activities, greater flexibility, and faster responses to market changes. Investing in the development of social capital can contribute to increasing the competitiveness of logistics companies and lead to their success in the post-pandemic era of Society 5.0.

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie początków i rozwoju kultu w Kościele wschodnim – zarówno w jego bizantyńskim, jak i słowiańskim wymiarze – siedmiu świętych męczenników: Bazylego, Efrema, Eugeniusza, Elpidiusza, Agatodora, Eteriusza i Kapitona, którzy przynajmniej od IX–X w. czczeni byli jako biskupi Chersonezu, którzy przyczynili się do upowszechnienia chrześcijaństwa na obszarze Półwyspu Krymskiego. W pierwszej części artykułu staramy się zrekonstruować początki tego kultu w Bizancjum i pokazać, w jakim stopniu wczesna tradycja hagiograficzna biskupów-męczenników z Chersonezu została ukształtowana przez zmieniającą się sytuację polityczną w cesarstwie bizantyńskim. Część druga poświęcona jest słowiańskiemu wymiarowi ich kultu: omawiamy tu najwcześniejsze wzmianki o tych świętych, jakie można znaleźć w źródłach cerkiewnosłowiańskich, analizując wszystkie poświęcone im teksty hagiograficzne, jakie zachowały się na wschodzie Słowiańszczyzny oraz na południowosłowiański (bułgarski i serbski) materiał rękopiśmienny z X–XVI w. Uwagę poświęcono także wizerunkom siedmiu biskupów-męczenników z Chersonezu w średniowiecznej sztuce prawosławnej.

Purpose: The aim of our study was to compare dosimetric aspects of three radioablation modalities – direct high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) and virtually planned stereotactic body radiation therapy performed on CyberKnife (SBRTck) and Elekta Versa HD LINAC (SBRTe) applied in patients with liver metastases. Material and methods: We selected 30 patients with liver metastases, who received liver interstitial HDR-BT and virtually prepared plans for SBRTck and SBRTe. In all the cases, the prescribed dose was a single fraction of 25 Gy. Treatment delivery time, doses delivered to PTV and organs at risk, as well as conformity indices, were calculated and compared. Results: The longest median treatment delivery time was observed in SBRTck in contrast to HDR-BT and SBRTe which were significantly shorter and comparable. HDR-BT plans achieved better coverage of PTV (except for D98%) in contrast to SBRT modalities. Between both SBRT modalities, SBRTck plans resulted in better dose coverage in Dmean, D50%, and D90% values compared to SBRTe without difference in D98%. The SBRTe was the most advantageous considering the PCI and R100%. SBRTck plans achieved the best HI, while R50% value was comparable between SBRTe and SBRTck. The lowest median doses delivered to uninvolved liver volume (V5Gy, V9.1Gy) were achieved with HDR-BT, while the difference between SBRT modalities was insignificant. SBRT plans were better regarding more favourable dose distribution in the duodenum and right kidney, while HDR-BT achieved lower doses in the stomach, heart, great vessels, ribs, skin and spinal cord. There were no significant differences in bowel and biliary tract dose distribution between all selected modalities. Conclusions: HDR-BT resulted in more favourable dose distribution within PTVs and lower doses in organs at risk, which suggests that this treatment modality could be regarded as an alternative to other local ablative therapies in carefully selected patients’ with liver malignancies. Future studies should further address the issue of comparing treatment modalities in different liver locations and clinical scenarios.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) encompasses a spectrum of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, action, or both. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are the most prevalent forms, whereas Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) represents a monogenic subtype, often misdiagnosed due to its phenotypic overlap. This case study highlights a 26-year-old male initially diagnosed with T1DM at age 12, managed with insulin therapy. Upon admission, despite stable glycemic control and preserved C-peptide secretion, genetic testing revealed MODY 2 due to a variant in the GCK gene. Unlike T1DM and T2DM, MODY 2 is characterized by mild, persistent hyperglycemia with a low risk of complications, emphasizing the importance of genetic diagnosis for tailored management and family counseling. This case underscores the critical role of genetic evaluation in accurately diagnosing and managing atypical diabetes presentations.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are autoimmune diseases that frequently coexist, complicating clinical management due to the compounded risks of systemic inflammation and thromboembolism. We present a case of a 52-year-old female with SLE and APS, initially diagnosed after a pulmonary embolism in 2015. Her medical history includes recurrent anemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and two myocardial infarctions treated with angioplasty and stenting. Despite treatment with hydroxychloroquine, methylprednisolone, methotrexate and apixaban (later switched to warfarin), the patient experienced severe disease flare-ups and cardiovascular complications, prompting consideration for biologic therapy with anifrolumab. This case study illustrates the difficulties associated with the management of concurrent SLE and APS. It is clear that early diagnosis, vigilant monitoring, and aggressive management of both autoimmune and cardiovascular risks are essential to improve patient outcomes.

Acne vulgaris is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting up to 80% of young adults and adolescents. The pathogenesis of acne is multifactorial and involves the pilosebaceous units of the skin. As a result of the disease process, skin lesions such as open and closed comedones, nodules, pustules, and papules appear on the skin. In recent years, acne has been increasingly observed in younger patients, which is associated with the earlier onset of puberty. Moreover, acne is increasingly diagnosed in individuals over 20 years of age, particularly in women, which is referred to as adult female acne (AFA). Effective and rapid implementation of treatment is crucial to prevent complications such as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and acne scars, as well as to mitigate the negative psychological impact of the disease on patients. The article discusses both topical treatment and aesthetic medicine procedures in the management of acne vulgaris. Topical treatments include the use of retinoids, antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, clascoterone, dapsone, azelaic acid, and combination therapies. Aesthetic procedures such as chemical peels, microdermabrasion, photodynamic therapy, blue light therapy, and laser therapies can be beneficial as adjunctive treatments. The article also addresses the issue of acne as a comorbid condition in patients seeking aesthetic medicine treatments, even if it is not the primary reason for their visit.

Sinusitis is a disease of usually mild course - however, sometimes secondary diseases might develop such as pneumonia which might have moderate to severe course. Pneumonia is usually treated ambulatory, regardless some patients’ state worsens and they are in need of hospital treatment, sometimes even in Intensive Care Unit. In this article is presented a case of a patient with such history - a young adult with no medical history of chronic diseases, whose state worsened and required ICU treatment.

In spite of the variety of antidepressant drugs available for treating depressive disorder, treatment resistant depression (TRD) is still prevalent among the population. Despite being used mainly in anesthesia, and mostly phased out by more modern anesthetics, ketamine shows potential when it comes to depressive disorder treatment. We've set out to investigate the the relevant body of work to determine the efficacy of ketamine usage in patients with TRD. Research shows that usage of ketamine used in patients with TRD leads to mood elevation, better cognitive functions, sleep and appetite. Moreover, ketamine is shown to decrease suicidal thoughts and shows potential in acute actions in emergency situations, especially with its faster effects when compared to traditional antidepressants. Some research show significant reduction in suicidal thoughts after just one infusion of ketamine. Clinicians have developed intranasal, subcutaneous, intramuscular and oral ways of administering ketamine, which, though less bioavailable, when compered to intravenous use, are much more convenient and less expensive for the patients. All those ways of administering the drug have their upsides and downsides, and theres still debate on which is best. Ketamine shows promise in patients with TRD. Some studies show that up to 70% of people with TRD response to ketamine, which might show efficacy of ketamine usage in those patients State of knowledge: Despite extensive research in the field of depression treatment, there's considerable lack of comprehensive reviews of efficacy of ketamine usage in cases where traditional ways of treating depression have failed. In the face of increasing number cases of treatment resistant depression worldwide, this paper aims to gather research papers regarding this topic and synthesize it into comprehensive review.

Introduction. The human body is home to a diverse community of microorganisms known as the microbiota. These microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, play crucial roles in maintaining overall health. They colonize the digestive tract shortly after birth, and the composition of the gut microbiota changes throughout an individual's life, largely influenced by diet and physical activity. Breastfeeding has long-term beneficial effects on the gut microbiota and gene expression in intestinal cells. Regular exercise not only improves cardiovascular and respiratory health but also affects metabolic, immunological, neural, and microbial pathways. This review explores how diet and physical activity impact the composition and diversity of gut microbiota, highlighting important findings and their implications for health. Aim of study. This study aims to review how physical activity influences gut microbiota, investigating the effects of different types and intensities of exercise on microbial composition and diversity, and their implications for overall health. Materials and methods. A non-systematic examination of the scientific literature was conducted using specific keywords such as gut microbiota, physical activity, sport, and microbiome. The examination took place on PubMed, with scrutiny of a total of 31 references published up to 2023. Conclusions. This review highlights the crucial role of gut microbiota in maintaining good health and its complex interaction with diet and physical activity. Regular exercise has a positive impact on the diversity of microbiota, especially when started at a young age. Imbalance in gut bacteria is linked to various diseases, underscoring the significance of a healthy microbiome. Encouraging physical activity and a nutritious diet can improve gut health, and more research is needed to understand the mechanisms and potential health indicators involved.

Obesity - defined by excessive amount of fat tissue - is becoming more and more serious health problem among our population and affecting a growing number of people [1]. It is crucial in treatment to encourage and adjust patients to increased physical activity and decreased food consumption. However, it its much easier said than done, resulting in lowered motivation and many failed attempts at patients which makes it more difficult to engage in weight loss process. Holistic approach from medical team is crucial. More drugs are becoming approved in treatment of obesity - which is a big step for patients having a high body mass index (BMI) for whom diet and exercise might not be enough in order to lose weight. One of these drugs is retatrutide which appears to be a game-changer amongst other medications. It is revolutionary since it is a „triple G” agonist - it affects glucagon-like peptide (GLP) receptors, glucose-dependent insulotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptors and glucagon (GCG) receptors. It is a first substance of already available weight loss drugs that affects all three mentioned receptors - eg. semaglutide is a GLP receptor agonist and recently developed tirzepatide is a GLP and GIP receptors agonist. It could lead to revolutionizing weight loss treatments industry, making it even more successful and efficient. The aim of our study is to describe this new drug, its’ mechanism of action and discuss possible benefits versus adverse effects.

Introduction The botulinum toxin is a widely used therapeutic agent. It is used for aesthetic reasons in treatment of glabellar wrinkles. Therapeutic indications include cervical dystonia, hyperhidrosis or migrenes. Also, it can be used in pain management, especially back pain. Back pain is one of the most common pain syndromes decreasing quality of life. Treatment involves various methods such as conservative and surgical approach. One of the methods is botulinum toxin. Objectives This article aims to evaluate usage, mechanism and treatment effects of back pain using botulinum toxin. Methods A Literature review of articles published in Pubmed between 2000 and 2024 using following words “botulinum toxin”, “botulinum”, “back pain” and “treatment”. Results Botulinum toxin injections are one of the pain management methods used especially in low back pain and myofascial pain syndrome. Treatment relies on its myorelaxant properties and inhibition of neuromodulator secretion such as substance P or acetylocholine. Pain relief effects are noted after three weeks and can last up to six months. In the initial stages a significant amount of patients report relief of pain. Conclusion Botulinum toxin is one of the treatment methods for lower back pain. It is a safe, minimally invasive and effective treatment. Patients can feel the relief even in three weeks and the effects might persist even up to six months.

In the global economy, intellectual capital management is a strategically important resource that affects the market value of organizations. Efficient management of intellectual capital requires the use of new management methods and techniques. One of them is knowledge management, which, in particular, focuses on removing barriers to knowledge sharing. The survey was conducted among employees of the Glogow, Jawor and Trzebnica counties, and the results constitute a pilot study. The conclusions from the collected research results are surprising and imply the need to conduct research on a larger scale in the area of human capital. The collected results provide information to management staff in the field of talent management and knowledge. The results may constitute the basis for developing succession plans, succession plans and employee training. Additionally, the results can help recruiters create profiles of candidates with specific competencies. The main aim of the study was to analyse and evaluate the personnel management process in the Glogow, Jawor and Trzebnica poviats. The use of various research methods made it possible to achieve the intended research goals. The basic research tool used was a survey. Analyses of the literature, research reports, and statistical summaries were treated as a complement to the main research methods. Research and statistical data indicate that among smaller companies in Lower Silesia, there is a need for development programs related to acquiring, collecting, and sharing knowledge. The study identified a number of factors that constitute a significant barrier to the development of employees of the surveyed companies. They allowed us to verify the relationship between the factors that constitute the greatest barrier to the learning process and the impact of the company's size on it. The relationship between the barriers to intellectual development that constitute the greatest threat to the company and the factors that make it difficult for the company to recruit employees with the highest intellectual capital were also verified.

Intracranial hypotension syndrome develops following cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, cerebrospinal fluid) leakage as a result of iatrogenic or spontaneous interruption of the meninges. The main clinical manifestation of intracranial hypotension, whether spontaneous (SIH, spontaneous intracranial hypotension) or iatrogenic, is a chronic headache of the orthostatic type, which may be accompanied by symptoms of neurological deficits. Despite the usually benign course, subdural haematomas developing following SIH or cerebral venous sinus thrombosis can cause deterioration of the patient's condition and may even be life-threatening. An important role in the diagnosis of SIH is played by imaging studies (mainly magnetic resonance imaging) of the brain and spinal canal, sometimes supplemented by CSF pressure testing. If conservative treatment fails, consideration should be given to surgical management and epidural blood patch. SIH is dangerous, so it is important to know how to diagnose and treat it.

CONTENTS ABSTRACT 74 INTRODUCTION 75 I. CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 75 II. CIVIL PROCEEDINGS - A UKRAINIAN PROPERTY OWNER CAN SUE RUSSIA IN AN AMERICAN COURT 78 A. THE PLAINTIFF - A [...], This Article acknowledges that the right to reparations or financial satisfaction for survivors or indirect victims (descendants of the deceased) is well established in international human right and humanitarian law. However, the award of reparations for victims and the enforcement of payments, even when damages have been ordered, often face obstacles. The most clear-cut historical examples of the need for reparations follow the genocides in Rwanda and in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). One alleged perpetrator, Bosco Ntaganda, was accused of eighteen counts of war crimes in connection to events within the Ituri district of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between approximately August 6, 2002, and December 31, 2003. The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda reflects a recently developed progressive movement in international law that awards reparations to individuals. In the case, the Court concluded that the disappearances may have been considered life-threatening and that Turkey had failed to conduct an effective investigation into the whereabouts and fate of the Greek-Cypriot missing persons. The American judiciary is widely reputed for its independence, allows for class-actions, and makes room for punitive damages. Therefore, American courts, with their sense of justice, could be the best last resort in the fight for redress and compensation.