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A 26-year-old woman, with a six-year history of well-controlled systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), complained of urinary frequency and urgency. After failure of commonly-used antibiotic therapy, mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from her urine and renal tuberculosis (TB) was diagnosed. However, she underwent right nephrectomy after the combination therapies of prednisone for SLE and anti-tuberculosis treatment for renal TB failed. To our knowledge, SLE accompanying renal TB is rare, and such a rapid deterioration in renal function has never been reported.

Genus Hysugo Taxonomic notes Over the years the status of Hypsugo Kolenati, 1856 has varied. Some, for exam- ple Horá … ek and Hanák (1985, 1986), Menu (1987) and most recently Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2003) have treated it as a full genus, whilst others including Hill and Har- rison (1987) and Corbet and Hill (1992) have retained it as a subgenus of Pipi- strellus., Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on page 231, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["KOLENATI, F. A. 1856. Europa's Chiroptera. 1. All- gemeine Deutsche Naturhistorische Zeitung, 2: 121 - 133.","HORA \" EK, I., and V. HANAK. 1985. Generic status of Pipistrellus savii (Bonaparte, 1837) and remarks on systematics of the genus Pipistrellus. Bat Re- search News, 26: 62.","HORA \" EK, I., and V. HANAK. 1986. Generic status of Pipistrellus savii (Bonaparte, 1837) and com- ments on classification of the genus Pipistrellus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae). Myotis, 23 - 24: 9 - 16.","MENU, H. 1987. Morphotypes dentaires actuels et fos- sils des Chiropt P res Vespertilionines. II P me par- tie: Implications systematiques et phylogeniques. Palaeovertebrata, 17: 77 - 150.","HOOFER, S. R., and R. A. VAN DEN BUSSCHE. 2003. Molecular phylogenetics of the Chiropteran family Vespertilionidae. Acta Chiropterologica, 5 (supplement): 1 - 63.","CORBET, G. B., and J. E. HILL. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region. Natural History Mu- seum Publications. Oxford University, Oxford, 488 pp."]}

Pipistrellus anthonyi Anthony’s Pipistrelle Pipistrellus anthonyi Tate, 1942: 252; Changyinku, N. Burma, 7,000’ Previous records from Myanmar Kachin State: Changyinku (type locality of anthonyi). There are no new records. Descriptive characters No specimen of P. anthonyi was seen by the authors of this paper. The description re- lies primarily on Tate (1942). With a fore- arm length of 38 mm, P. anthonyi is struc- turally similar to P. joffrei but very dark brown instead of pale brown. The pelage is glossy and velvety. The thumb is short, the basal phalanx is 3.4 mm in length and pro- vided with a small basal pad. Tate (1942) did not specify whether the fifth digit of anthonyi is reduced in length, as it is in P. joffrei . The only known skull of anthonyi has an incomplete braincase. According to Tate (1942), the skull has ‘an exceptionally wide lachrymal region and even wider spaces across well developed supraorbital tuber- cles, but narrower muzzle and canine width’. Each zygoma has a small descending process, 0.5 mm in depth, external to the third upper molar (M3). The canine has a strongly defined posterior cusp; the first up- per premolar (P2) is minute, about one quar- ter of the crown area of the first upper inci- sor (I2). Both the first (P2) and second (P4) premolars are rather small and compressed in the toothrow; P4 is slightly taller than P2. Nothing is known of the baculum of this species. According to Hill (1966), in P. jof- frei, the baculum is thought to be either small or absent. Similar species As noted above, P. anthonyi is apparently structurally similar to P. joffrei but with a darker pelage. However, a specimen (BMNH.16.3.26.2) in the Natural History Museum, London referred to P. joffrei is in- termediate in colour, being a dark reddish- brown. This possibly suggests that anthonyi may prove to be conspecific with joffrei, with P. joffrei being the prior name. Ecology This data deficient species, which is endemic to Myanmar, was collected in March, 1939 from Changyinku, which is a small village situated in a broad, open valley at an altitude of 2,150 m a.s.l. The valley is drained by the headwaters of the Chipwi River. Even by 1939 it had been extensively cleared of its natural deciduous forest for cultivation and grazing. Open, dry and boggy meadows, bracken, tree rhododendron (Rhododendron delavayi), and some pine forest occurred in the region (Anthony, 1941)., Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on pages 229-230, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["TATE, G. H. H. 1942. Review of the vespertilionine bats, with special attention to genera and spe- cies of the Archbold collections. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 80: 221 - 297.","HILL, J. E. 1966. A review of the genus Philetor (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Zoology), 14: 373 - 387.","ANTHONY, H. E. 1941. Mammals collected by the Ver- nay-Cutting Burma expedition. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, 27: 37 - 123."]}

Pipistrellus affinis (Dobson, 1871) Chocolate Pipistrelle Vesperugo (Pipistrellus affinis) Dobson, 1871: 213; Bhamo, north-eastern Burma (Myanmar) New material from Myanmar Mon State: Saddan Sin Cave, 30.10. 2002, 1 ♂ (H3); Indian Single Rock Temple Cave, 19.11.2002, 1 ♂ (H22). Previous records from Myanmar Kachin State: Bhamo (type locality of affinis). Descriptive characters With a forearm length of 36.8, 37.3 mm based on two specimens from Myanmar (Table 4) (FA = 38.4–41.4 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997), this is a medium- large species of pipistrelle. The pelage is soft and long. The hairs on the dorsal surface are dark brown, almost black, with the extreme tips of some the hairs pale grey-brown, giving a grizzled effect. The hairs on the ventral surface are almost white at the base but with dark tips; those nearest the anus are white throughout their length. The baculum, which is 3.3–3.4 mm in length, is broad, proximally widened and ventrally deeply fluted, with no distal expansion (Fig. 1G). In the skull, the rostrum is broad with median and lateral depressions. The brain- case is low and the zygomata, which are also robust have low but distinct postorbital processes. The first upper premolar (P2) is of moderate size, about two-thirds the crown area of the first upper incisor (I2); it is situated in the toothrow or slightly dis- placed internally. The first lower premolar (P2) is situated in the toothrow, its crown area about half to two-thirds that of the sec- ond (P4). Similar species The distinctive shape of the baculum distinguishes P. affinis from all other local pipistrelle species. In comparison to the skull of P. ceylonicus, the zygomata are more robust; the rostrum is broader than that of P. pulveratus; unlike P. joffrei, the fifth digit is not reduced; and un- like A. circumdatus, the second upper incisor (I3) is half or more the height of the first (I2). Taxonomic notes The bacula of the two specimens of P. affinis differ in some morphological aspects from the baculum of a specimen referred to P. affinis from Wynaard in India, which is illustrated in Hill and Harrison (1987: Fig. 8a). The shaft of the Myanmar specimen is narrower, the tip has a much less distinct concavity and the base is deeper when viewed laterally (Fig. 1G). Possibly the specimens belong to different taxa. Unfortunately, the holotype of P. affinis from Kachin State, Myanmar does not have a baculum. Ecology A single male specimen was collected in Saddan Sin Cave, which is situated in a large isolated limestone outcrop set amongst extensive paddy fields and many toddy palms. Two specimens were taken from Indian Single Rock Temple Cave, which is in a well cultivated former floodplain with a number of large, tree-covered limestone outcrops. Evergreen, deciduous and mangrove forests are found in the area. Bhamo, the type locality of the species, is a small city situated adjacent to the Ayeyarwady River and is surrounded by deciduous and evergreen forest., Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on page 230, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["DOBSON, G. E. 1871. Notes on nine species of Indian and Indo-Chinese Vespertilionidae, with remarks on the synonymy and classification of some oth- er species of the same family. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society Bengal, 1871: 210 - 215.","BATES, P. J. J., and D. L. HARRISON. 1997. The bats of the Indian Subcontinent. Harrison Zoological Museum Publications, Sevenoaks, 258 pp.","HILL, J. E., and D. L HARRISON. 1987. The baculum in the Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with a systematic review, a synopsis of Pipistrellus and Eptesicus, and the descriptions of a new genus and subgenus. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Zoology), 52: 225 - 305."]}

Genus Pipistrellus Taxonomic notes Four subgenera of Pipistrellus (Pipi- strellus Schreber, 1774, Hypsugo Kolenati, 1856, Falsistrellus Troughton, 1943, and Arielulus Hill and Harrison, 1987) were recognised by Corbet and Hill (1992). Sub- sequently, Arielulus was promoted to gener- ic status by Csorba and Lee (1999). Follow- ing Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2003), Hypsugo is also considered here to be a dis- tinct genus., Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on page 220, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["zine of Natural History, 16: 101 - 114. SCHREBER, J. C. D. 1774 - 1785. Die Saugethiere, in HUTSON, A. M., S. P. MICKLEBURGH, and P. A. RACEY. Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibun- 2001. Microchiropteran bats: global status sur- gen. Walther, Erlangen, 1112 pp. + 347 pls.","KOLENATI, F. A. 1856. Europa's Chiroptera. 1. All- gemeine Deutsche Naturhistorische Zeitung, 2: 121 - 133.","TROUGHTON, E. LE G. 1943. Furred animals of Aus- Pegu. Journal of the Bombay Natural History tralia. Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 376 pp. Society, 25: 472 - 481.","HILL, J. E., and D. L HARRISON. 1987. The baculum in the Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with a systematic review, a synopsis of Pipistrellus and Eptesicus, and the descriptions of a new genus and subgenus. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Zoology), 52: 225 - 305.","CORBET, G. B., and J. E. HILL. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region. Natural History Mu- seum Publications. Oxford University, Oxford, 488 pp.","CSORBA, G., and L. - L. LEE. 1999. A new species of vespertilionid bat from Taiwan and a revision of the taxonomic status of Arielulus and Thainy- cteris (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Journal Zo- ology (London), 248: 361 - 367.","HOOFER, S. R., and R. A. VAN DEN BUSSCHE. 2003. Molecular phylogenetics of the Chiropteran family Vespertilionidae. Acta Chiropterologica, 5 (supplement): 1 - 63."]}

Myotis montivagus Burmese Whiskered Bat Vespertilio montivagus Dobson, 1874: 237; Hotha, Yunnan, China i — measurements of extralimital specimens from Vietnam (HZM specimens) ii — measurements (external only) of extralimital specimens from Vietnam (Bates et al., 1997) iii — measurements based on Tate (1942) iv — measurements of extralimital specimens from India and Cambodia (BMNH and HZM specimens) Previous records from Myanmar Kachin State: Adung Valley (Hill, 1962). There is no new material. Descriptive characters This is a medium-large Myotis with a forearm length 40.5, 40.6 mm for the two specimens known from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 44.7–46.8 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997; 44.0– 44.6 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001, and 39–47 mm in Borissenko and Kruskop, 2003). The dorsal pelage is dark brown with paler tips that give a slight glossy sheen. On the ventral surface, the hair bases are dark and the tips paler brown to fawn. In the wings, the third metacarpal exceeds the fourth and fifth in length. The wings are attached to the base of the outer phalanx of each foot. The feet are not en- larged, equal to or less than half the length of the tibiae. The skull is robust. The second upper premolar (P3) appears to be variable in size. In extralimital material, it is be- tween one eighth and one third the crown area of the first (P2) and is displaced inter- nally; P2 and the third premolar (P4) are in contact in some individuals. The lower ca- nine (C1) is short, only slightly exceeding the third lower premolar (P4) in height. The second lower premolar (P3) is half the crown area of the first (P2), and is com- pressed tightly in the toothrow; occasional- ly, it is displaced internally. Similar species Myotis montivagus is comparable in forearm length to M. hasselti and M. hors- fieldi but differs in the smaller size of its feet relative to tibia length. Taxonomic notes Corbet and Hill (1992) noted that the specimens from Myanmar and southern China are relatively small when compared to referred material from India and else- where in South-East Asia. The taxonomic significance of this is not known. Ecological notes In Kachin State, it was collected in 1931 at an altitude of 1,850 m (6,000 feet) in the Adung Valley, which is in the foothills of Mount Khakaborazi in the eastern Himalaya (Hill, 1962)., Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on pages 214-216, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["DOBSON, G. E. 1874. Descriptions of new species of HORA \" EK, I., and V. HANAK. 1986. Generic status of Chiroptera from India and Yunan. Journal of the Pipistrellus savii (Bonaparte, 1837) and com- Asiatic Society Bengal, 43: 237 - 238. ments on classification of the genus Pipistrellus DOBSON, G. E. 1877. Notes on a collection of Chiro- (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae). Myotis, 23 - 24: ptera from India and Burma with descriptions of 9 - 16.","BATES, P. J. J., and D. L. HARRISON. 1997. The bats of the Indian Subcontinent. Harrison Zoological Museum Publications, Sevenoaks, 258 pp.","TATE, G. H. H. 1942. Review of the vespertilionine bats, with special attention to genera and spe- cies of the Archbold collections. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 80: 221 - 297.","HILL, J. E. 1962. Notes on some insectivores and bats from Upper Burma. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 139: 119 - 137.","HENDRICHSEN, D. K., P. J. J. BATES, B. D. HAYES, and J. L. WALSTON. 2001. Recent records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Vietnam with six species new to the country. Myotis, 39: 35 - 122.","BORISSENKO, A. V., and S. V. KRUSKOP. 2003. Bats of Vietnam and adjacent territories: an identification manual. Joint Russian - Vietnamese Science and Technological Tropical Centre and Zoological Museum of Moscow. M. V. Lomonosov State University, Moscow, 211 pp.","CORBET, G. B., and J. E. HILL. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region. Natural History Mu- seum Publications. Oxford University, Oxford, 488 pp."]}

Hypsugo savii Savi’s Pipistrelle Vespertilio savii Bonaparte, 1837: fasc. 20; Pisa, Italy Pipistrellus austenianus Dobson, 1871: 213; Cherra- punjee, Khasi Hills, Assam, NE India Taxonomic notes Corbet and Hill (1992) noted that ‘if specimen BMNH 14.7.8.63 from Maymyo (= Pyin Oo Lwin, Shan State) correctly rep- resents austenianus then it is certainly close to H. (= Pipistrellus) savii (Hill, 1962) and may represent a further subspecies’. How- ever, examination of the skull and dentition of this specimen for the current paper shows that it is referable to P. pulveratus and not H. savii. Since the status of austenianus re- mains uncertain, H. savii should be omitted from the Myanmar faunal list until data sup- porting its presence are found., Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on page 231, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["BONAPARTE, C. L. J. L., 1837. Iconographia della Fau- na Italica per le Quattro classi degli Animali Ver- tebrati. Tipografia Salviucci, Roma, Fasc. I, xv.","DOBSON, G. E. 1871. Notes on nine species of Indian and Indo-Chinese Vespertilionidae, with remarks on the synonymy and classification of some oth- er species of the same family. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society Bengal, 1871: 210 - 215.","CORBET, G. B., and J. E. HILL. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region. Natural History Mu- seum Publications. Oxford University, Oxford, 488 pp.","HILL, J. E. 1962. Notes on some insectivores and bats from Upper Burma. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 139: 119 - 137."]}

Myotis hasselti Van Hasselt’s Bat Vespertilio hasseltii Temminck, 1840: 225; Bantam, Java New material from Myanmar Yangon Division: Yangon City, -.8.2003, 1 ♂ (RL1) and -.10.2000, 1 ♂ (Y87). Previous records from Myanmar Yangon Division: Yangon City (BMNH collection); Rakhine State: Ponnagyun Township (Pearch et al., 2003); Tanintharyi Division: Myeik (= Mergui, Lindsay, 1926). Descriptive characters A medium sized species of Myotis with a forearm length of 41.6 mm based on a single specimen from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 37.2–40.3 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997; 38.8–39.1 mm in Bates et al., 1999). The feet are large; they exceed half the length of the tibiae. The wings are attached to the ankles or the tibiae. The dorsal pelage is dark brown with the hair tips slight ly paler than the roots. On the ventral sur- face, the tips are grey and the roots darker. The skull has a bulbous braincase. The sec- ond upper premolar (P3) is minute or sometimes absent; if present, it is usually about one quarter the crown area of the first (P2) and is displaced internally. The lower ca- nine (C1) considerably exceeds the third lower premolar (P4) in height. The second lower premolar (P3) is about one third the crown area and height of the first (P2); it is in the toothrow or displaced internally. Similar species Myotis hasselti is distinguished from M. horsfieldi by its larger size and by the attachment of the wing. In M. hasselti, it is attached to the ankle or tibia whilst in M. horsfieldii it is attached to the outer metatarsal of each foot. Ecological notes Previously collected from the gardens of the British Embassy residency in Yan- gon (BMNH specimen), more recently M. hasselti was seen flying over the Kan- dawmin and Kandawgyi lakes in cen- tral Yangon city. In both these latter sites, they roosted under bridges. At Kandaw- gyi Lake, about 20 individuals were ob- served flying close to the shore of a small island. At the time, it was assumed that they were hawking for insects just above the water surface as this behaviour has been observed elsewhere, including Sri Lanka (Phillips, 1980) and Malaysia (Medway, 1969). A subsequent analysis of the stomach contents of one individual found evidence of piscovory, with fish scales (Dr Khin Mie Mie, pers. comm.). In Ponnagyun township in northern Rakhine, a small colony was found roosting in an electrical metre box in an office. The township is situated on a level plain, with some sandy ridges. It is bounded by the sea, the Kala- dan River and series of low hills. Myotis hasselti is also known from Tanintharyi, for a description of the area see M. muricola above. Myotis horsfieldi Horsfield’s Bat Vespertilio horsfieldii Temminck, 1840: 226; Mount Gede, Java New material from Myanmar Kayin State: Bayint Nyi Cave, 14.11. 2002, 1 ♂ (H15); Mon State: Indian Single Rock Temple Cave, 19.11.2002, 1 ♂ (H23) and -.5.2003, 1 ♂ (KMM1). Previous records from Myanmar Mon State — Kyauk-Ta-Lone (Bates et al., 2001). Diagnostic description A medium-small species of Myotis with a forearm length of 33.8, 34.0 mm based on two specimens from Myanmar (Table 4) (FA = 36.5–41.5 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997; 34.3–36.8 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001 and 34 –37 mm in Borissenko and Kruskop, 2003). The dorsal pelage is dark- grey brown. The ventral pelage is paler, with buff-brown hair tips and dark roots. The feet are enlarged and exceed half the length of the tibiae. The wings are attached to the outer metatarsals of each foot. The upper canine (C1) is nearly twice the height of the third upper premolar (P4). The second upper premolar (P3) is about half the crown area of the first (P2) and usually lies within the toothrow. The lower canine (C1) exceeds the third lower premolar in height (P4). The second lower premolar (P3) is about half the crown area of the first (P2). Similar species The distinction of M. horsfieldi from M. hasselti is discussed above. Taxonomic notes The external, skull and dental measurements of the Myanmar specimens are small when compared to those listed in Hill (1983) for M. h. peshwa (Thomas, 1915 c) from peninsular India and M. h. deignani Shamel, 1942 from Thailand. They compare more favourably to those of the nominate race from Malaysia and Java. Ecological notes In Myanmar, all three specimens were found in or near limestone caves. Initially collected in March, 2001 near Kyauk- Ta-Lone village, it was flying over a small watercourse that runs through an area of agricultural land, disturbed woodland and limestone outcrops (Bates et al., 2001). Subsequently in May, 2003, it was collect- ed again in the same vicinity at Indian Temple Cave, which is situated some 800 m from the original point of capture. The last individual was collected in the tunnel- like limestone cave of Bayint Nyi, which is an area of disturbed woodland and some agriculture. Myotis horsfieldi Horsfield’s Bat Vespertilio horsfieldii Temminck, 1840: 226; Mount Gede, Java New material from Myanmar Kayin State: Bayint Nyi Cave, 14.11. 2002, 1 ♂ (H15); Mon State: Indian Single Rock Temple Cave, 19.11.2002, 1 ♂ (H23) and -.5.2003, 1 ♂ (KMM1). Previous records from Myanmar Mon State — Kyauk-Ta-Lone (Bates et al., 2001). Diagnostic description A medium-small species of Myotis with a forearm length of 33.8, 34.0 mm based on two specimens from Myanmar (Table 4) (FA = 36.5–41.5 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997; 34.3–36.8 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001 and 34 –37 mm in Borissenko and Kruskop, 2003). The dorsal pelage is dark- grey brown. The ventral pelage is paler, with buff-brown hair tips and dark roots. The feet are enlarged and exceed half the length of the tibiae. The wings are attached to the outer metatarsals of each foot. The upper canine (C1) is nearly twice the height of the third upper premolar (P4). The second upper premolar (P3) is about half the crown area of the first (P2) and usually lies within the toothrow. The lower canine (C1) exceeds the third lower premolar in height (P4). The second lower premolar (P3) is about half the crown area of the first (P2). Similar species The distinction of M. horsfieldi from M. hasselti is discussed above. Taxonomic notes The external, skull and dental measurements of the Myanmar specimens are small when compared to those listed in Hill (1983) for M. h. peshwa (Thomas, 1915 c) from peninsular India and M. h. deignani Shamel, 1942 from Thailand. They compare more favourably to those of the nominate race from Malaysia and Java. Ecological notes In Myanmar, all three specimens were found in or near limestone caves. Initially collected in March, 2001 near Kyauk- Ta-Lone village, it was flying over a small watercourse that runs through an area of agricultural land, disturbed woodland and limestone outcrops (Bates et al., 2001). Subsequently in May, 2003, it was collect- ed again in the same vicinity at Indian Temple Cave, which is situated some 800 m from the original point of capture. The last individual was collected in the tunnel- like limestone cave of Bayint Nyi, which is an area of disturbed woodland and some agriculture. Myotis horsfieldi Horsfield’s Bat Vespertilio horsfieldii Temminck, 1840: 226; Mount Gede, Java New material from Myanmar Kayin State: Bayint Nyi Cave, 14.11. 2002, 1 ♂ (H15); Mon State: Indian Single Rock Temple Cave, 19.11.2002, 1 ♂ (H23) and -.5.2003, 1 ♂ (KMM1). Previous records from Myanmar Mon State — Kyauk-Ta-Lone (Bates et al., 2001). Diagnostic description A medium-small species of Myotis with a forearm length of 33.8, 34.0 mm based on two specimens from Myanmar (Table 4) (FA = 36.5–41.5 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997; 34.3–36.8 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001 and 34 –37 mm in Borissenko and Kruskop, 2003). The dorsal pelage is dark- grey brown. The ventral pelage is paler, with buff-brown hair tips and dark roots. The feet are enlarged and exceed half the length of the tibiae. The wings are attached to the outer metatarsals of each foot. The upper canine (C1) is nearly twice the height of the third upper premolar (P4). The second upper premolar (P3) is about half the crown area of the first (P2) and usually lies within the toothrow. The lower canine (C1) exceeds the third lower premolar in height (P4). The second lower premolar (P3) is about half the crown area of the first (P2). Similar species The distinction of M. horsfieldi from M. hasselti is discussed above. Taxonomic notes The external, skull and dental measurements of the Myanmar specimens are small when compared to those listed in Hill (1983) for M. h. peshwa (Thomas, 1915 c) from peninsular India and M. h. deignani Shamel, 1942 from Thailand. They compare more favourably to those of the nominate race from Malaysia and Java. Ecological notes In Myanmar, all three specimens were found in or near limestone caves. Initially collected in March, 2001 near Kyauk- Ta-Lone village, it was flying over a small watercourse that runs through an area of agricultural land, disturbed woodland and limestone outcrops (Bates et al., 2001). Subsequently in May, 2003, it was collect- ed again in the same vicinity at Indian Temple Cave, which is situated some 800 m from the original point of capture. The last individual was collected in the tunnel- like limestone cave of Bayint Nyi, which is an area of disturbed woodland and some agriculture., Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on pages 216-217, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["tie: Implications systematiques et phylogeniques. TEMMINCK, C. J. 1840. Monographies de mammalo- Palaeovertebrata, 17: 77 - 150. gie, ou description de quelques genres de mam- PEARCH, M. J., KHIN MIE MIE, P. J. J. BATES, TIN NWE, mif P res, dont les esp P ces sont observees dans les KHIN MAUNG SWE, and SI SI HLA BU. 2003. First differents musees de l'Europe. Tome 2. G. Dufour record of bats (Chiroptera) from Rakhine State, and E. D'Ocagne Libraires, Paris, 392 pp.","PEARCH, M. J., KHIN MIE MIE, P. J. J. BATES, TIN NWE, KHIN MAUNG SWE, and SI SI HLA BU. 2003. First record of bats (Chiroptera) from Rakhine State, Myanmar (Burma). Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 51: 241 - 259.","LINDSAY, H. M. 1926. Bombay Natural History So- ciety's Mammal Survey of India, Burma and Ceylon. Report No. 39. Mergui Archipelago. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 31: 42 - 48.","BATES, P. J. J., and D. L. HARRISON. 1997. The bats of the Indian Subcontinent. Harrison Zoological Museum Publications, Sevenoaks, 258 pp.","BATES, P. J. J., D. K. HENDRICHSEN, J. L. WALSTON, and B. HAYES. 1999. A review of the mouse-eared bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae: Myotis) from Vietnam with significant new records. Acta Chi- ropterologica, 1: 47 - 74.","PHILLIPS, W. W. A. 1980. Manual of the mammals of Sri Lanka. Part. 1. Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka, Colombo, 116 pp.","MEDWAY, LORD. 1969. The wild mammals of Malaya. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 127 pp.","BATES, P. J. J., TIN NWE, KHIN MAUNG SWE, and SI SI HLA BU. 2001. Further new records of bats from Myanmar (Burma), including Craseonycteris thonglongyai Hill 1974 (Chiroptera: Craseony- cteris). Acta Chiropterologica, 3: 33 - 41.","HENDRICHSEN, D. K., P. J. J. BATES, B. D. HAYES, and J. L. WALSTON. 2001. Recent records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Vietnam with six species new to the country. Myotis, 39: 35 - 122.","BORISSENKO, A. V., and S. V. KRUSKOP. 2003. Bats of Vietnam and adjacent territories: an identification manual. Joint Russian - Vietnamese Science and Technological Tropical Centre and Zoological Museum of Moscow. M. V. Lomonosov State University, Moscow, 211 pp.","HILL, J. E. 1983. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Indo-Australia. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Zoology), 45: 103 - 208.","THOMAS, O. 1915 c. Scientific results from the Mam- VAN PEENAN, P. F. D., P. F. RYAN, and R. H. LIGHT. mal survey No 10: the Indian bats assigned to the 1969. Preliminary identification manual for genus Myotis. Journal of the Bombay Natural mammals of South Vietnam. Smithsonian Insti- History Society, 23: 607 - 612. tution, Washington D. C., 310 pp.","vey and conservation action plan. IUCN, Gland, SHAMEL, H. H. 1942. A collection of bats from Thai- 258 pp. land. Journal of Mammalogy, 23: 317 - 328."]}

Myotis chinensis Large Myotis Vespertilio chinensis Tomes, 1857: 52; southern China New material from Myanmar Shan State: Thuye Oo Min Cave, 27.3. 2003, 1 ♂ (SH21); Kayin State: YathayPyan Cave, 26.11.2001, 1 ♂ (Sc4); Mon State: Hnidon Hill Cave, 4.12.2001, sex? (Sc21). Previous records from Myanmar Mon State: Saddan-Sin Cave (Bates et al., 2001). Descriptive characters A very large Myotis with a forearm length of 65.1–68.0 mm based on 5 speci- mens from Myanmar (Table 4) (FA = 65.0– 68.9 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001 and 65 – 69 mm in Borissenko and Kruskop, 2003). The dorsal pelage is dark grey-brown with the roots almost black. The ventral pelage is paler with grey hair tips and dark roots. The skull and teeth are robust. The second upper premolar (P3) is about half to two-thirds the crown area and height of the first (P2) and is slightly displaced internally. Likewise, the second lower premolar (P3) is half to two- thirds the crown area and height of the first (P2) and compressed in the toothrow. Similar species Myotis chinensis is distinguished from all other local species of Myotis by its large size. Ecological notes In Myanmar, all specimens have been collected in limestone caves. Originally recorded from the large cave complex of Saddan-Sin (Bates et al., 2001), it has sub- sequently been collected from three other caves. Hnidon Hill and Yathay-Pyan Caves in Mon and Kayin States respectively are both large with a number of tunnels and chambers and at an altitude of approximate- ly 50 m, both are surrounded by agricultural land and are the roosts of a rich variety of bat species. Thuye Oo Min Cave in Shan State is also large and is situated at an alti- tude of approximately 1,000 metres. It is surrounded by ponds and paddy fields., Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on pages 217-218, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["TOMES, R. F., 1857. Descriptions of four undescribed Society's Mammal Survey of India, Burma and species of bats. Proceedings of the Zoological Ceylon. Report No. 17. South Tennasserim. Jour- Society, London, 1857: 50 - 54. nal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 23:","BATES, P. J. J., TIN NWE, KHIN MAUNG SWE, and SI SI HLA BU. 2001. Further new records of bats from Myanmar (Burma), including Craseonycteris thonglongyai Hill 1974 (Chiroptera: Craseony- cteris). Acta Chiropterologica, 3: 33 - 41.","HENDRICHSEN, D. K., P. J. J. BATES, B. D. HAYES, and J. L. WALSTON. 2001. Recent records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Vietnam with six species new to the country. Myotis, 39: 35 - 122.","BORISSENKO, A. V., and S. V. KRUSKOP. 2003. Bats of Vietnam and adjacent territories: an identification manual. Joint Russian - Vietnamese Science and Technological Tropical Centre and Zoological Museum of Moscow. M. V. Lomonosov State University, Moscow, 211 pp."]}

Pipistrellus lophurus Myanmar Pipistrelle Pipistrellus lophurus Thomas, 1915a: 413; Maliwun, Victoria Point, Tenasserim, S. Burma Previous records from Myanmar Tanintharyi Division: Maliwun (type lo- cality). There are no new records. Although listed for Myanmar and Thailand in Hutson et al. (2001), according to A. M. Hutson (pers. comm, 2004) the inclusion of Thai- land is an error. Descriptive characters Only known by the holotype, this ap- pears to be a rather large species with a forearm length of 35.0 mm (Table 4). The single male specimen has a tuft of glandular hairs radiating from a point close to the base of the tail on the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane. The tuft is about 12 mm in diameter, with the hairs 5–6 mm in length, uniformly brown and more or less unctuous or sticky. Although Thomas (1915 b) had written that the ‘penis [is] skinned in the type, so that it is doubtful whether it has a bone or not’, the baculum of the holotype was subsequently illustrated in Hill and Harrison (1987). Approximately 2.6 mm in length, it has a flat, spoon-shaped tip, which is deflected downwards; a straight shaft and a simple broad base (Fig. 1E). The skin of the holotype has long, silky fur which is a deep rich brown with the hair bases almost black on the dorsal surface. The hair tips on the ventral surface are a mid-brown with almost black roots. The braincase is fairly high at the occiput, with a slight frontal depression when viewed lat- erally. The zygomata are robust, each has a well developed postorbital process. The rostrum is moderate in length, not broad- ened, and without a median rostral depres- sion. The basioccipital region has a well de- fined central ridge running between the two cochleae and deep basisphenoid pits. The first (I2) and second (I3) upper incisors both have secondary cusps and are well devel- oped teeth. The first upper premolar (P2) is about equal to two-thirds of the crown area of I2. The first lower premolar (P) is 2 between half and two-thirds the crown area of the second (P4). Similar species Distinguished from all other local pip- istrelle species by the presence of the tuft at the base of the tail and by the shape of the baculum. Taxonomic notes According to Francis and Hill (1986), P. lophurus may be conspecific with kitcheneri , in which case lophurus would be the prior name (Corbet and Hill, 1992). However, the bacula of the two taxa are morphologically distinct (Hill and Harrison, 1987) and the two taxa are treated as distinct species by Corbet and Hill (1992). Ecology In Tanintharyi Division, a single specimen was collected from Maliwun, which is a township at the head of a small tributary flowing into the Pakchan River. According to Wroughton (1915 b), the area around Maliwun had been cleared (‘Taungya’ clearings) and was under grass with ‘a more or less open, park like appearance’. The grasslands were surrounded by ‘evergreen jungle’., Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on pages 226-227, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["THOMAS, O. 1915 a. On bats of the genera Nyctalus, Tylonycteris, and Pipistrellus. Annals and Maga- zine of Natural History, 15: 225 - 232.","HUTSON, A. M., S. P. MICKLEBURGH, and P. A. RACEY. 2001. Microchiropteran bats: global status sur- vey and conservation action plan. IUCN, Gland, 258 pp.","THOMAS, O. 1915 b. On pipistrelles of the genera Pipistrellus and Scotozous. Journal of the Bom- bay Natural History Society, 24: 29 - 36.","HILL, J. E., and D. L HARRISON. 1987. The baculum in the Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with a systematic review, a synopsis of Pipistrellus and Eptesicus, and the descriptions of a new genus and subgenus. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Zoology), 52: 225 - 305.","FRANCIS, C. M., and J. E. HILL. 1986. A review of the Bornean Pipistrellus (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Mammalia, 50: 43 - 55.","CORBET, G. B., and J. E. HILL. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region. Natural History Mu- seum Publications. Oxford University, Oxford, 488 pp.","Natural History Society, 29: 88 - 89. WROUGHTON, R. C. 1915 b. Bombay Natural History"]}

Pipistrellus tenuis Least Pipistrelle Vespertilio tenuis Temminck, 1840: 229; Sumatra (Tate, 1942) New material from Myanmar Rakhine State: Tai-Gyo Village; Ngapa- li Beach; Chan-pyin village; Bout-thi-su Quarter; Kya-ma-thaut (Pearch et al, 2003). Previous records from Myanmar Kachin State: Dalu (Carter, 1943); Sagaing Division: Homalin (Wroughton, 1916 a); Kabaw Valley (Wroughton, 1916 b); Nanyaseik, Phawzaw; Maungkan (Carter, 1943); Shan State: Pyaunggaung (Ryley, 1914). A record from Mandalay Division (Wroughton, 1915 a) was subsequently re- ferred to P. paterculus by Thomas (1915 b). Descriptive characters This is a very small pipistrelle with a forearm length of 26.4–27.6 mm based on five specimens from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 25.0– 30.2 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997, and 30.3 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001). The pelage is fine, dense and silky. It is a uniform buff, varying in tone from midto dark brown. The ventral surface is paler, the hair tips are buffy brown and the roots are dark brown. The fifth metacarpal is about equal in length to the third and fourth. The penis is not greatly enlarged. The baculum, with a length of 3.1–3.7 mm, is similar in form to that of P. coromandra (Fig. 1C). The skull is small. The zygomata are thin and without processes. The second incisor (I3) exceeds the height of the secondary cusp of the first incisor (I2) and is about equal in crown area. The upper canine (C1) is bicuspidate. The first upper premolar (P2) is about equal in crown area to that of I2; it is usually situated in the toothrow. The first lower premolar (P2) is about 75% of the crown area and height of the second (P4). Similar species This species is on average the smallest pipistrelle in the region. It can be distin- guished from all other species on the basis of skull size except P. coromandra, with which there is some overlap. The baculum is also indistinguishable from this species. In consequence, it is not possible to dis- criminate with certainty between a larger in- dividual of P. tenuis and a smaller individ- ual of P. coromandra, except where the two occur sympatrically. Ecology In Rakhine State, it was collected in nets set adjacent to a small area of marsh and a shallow brackish lake in heavily disturbed coastal habitats near Nagapali Beach. At Tai-gyo village, it was found roosting in a hut in a small village situated in a palm grove about 100 m from the sea (Pearch et al., 2003). In Kachin State, it was collected at an altitude of 190 m at Dalu, in an area of paddy fields surrounded by rain forest (Carter, 1943). At Homalin, it was found in open ‘deciduous jungle with stretches of kaing grass’ and paddy fields adjacent to the township (Wroughton, 1916 a)., Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on pages 225-226, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["tie: Implications systematiques et phylogeniques. TEMMINCK, C. J. 1840. Monographies de mammalo- Palaeovertebrata, 17: 77 - 150. gie, ou description de quelques genres de mam- PEARCH, M. J., KHIN MIE MIE, P. J. J. BATES, TIN NWE, mif P res, dont les esp P ces sont observees dans les KHIN MAUNG SWE, and SI SI HLA BU. 2003. First differents musees de l'Europe. Tome 2. G. Dufour record of bats (Chiroptera) from Rakhine State, and E. D'Ocagne Libraires, Paris, 392 pp.","TATE, G. H. H. 1942. Review of the vespertilionine bats, with special attention to genera and spe- cies of the Archbold collections. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 80: 221 - 297.","PEARCH, M. J., KHIN MIE MIE, P. J. J. BATES, TIN NWE, KHIN MAUNG SWE, and SI SI HLA BU. 2003. First record of bats (Chiroptera) from Rakhine State, Myanmar (Burma). Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 51: 241 - 259.","CARTER, T. D. 1943. The mammals of the Vernay- Hopwood Chindwin Expedition, Northern Bur- ma. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 82: 95 - 114.","WROUGHTON, R. C. 1916 a. Bombay Natural History Society's mammal survey of India, Burma and Ceylon. Report No. 20. Chindwin River. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 24: 291 - 308.","WROUGHTON, R. C. 1916 b. Bombay Natural History Society's mammal survey of India, Burma and Ceylon. Report No. 25, Chin Hills. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 24: 758 - 773.","RYLEY, K. V. 1914. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India, Burma and Ceylon. Report No. 14. North Shan States. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 22: 710 - 725.","WROUGHTON, R. C. 1915 a. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India, Burma and Ceylon. Report No. 16. Dry Zone, Central Burma and Mount Popa. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 23: 460 - 480","THOMAS, O. 1915 b. On pipistrelles of the genera Pipistrellus and Scotozous. Journal of the Bom- bay Natural History Society, 24: 29 - 36.","BATES, P. J. J., and D. L. HARRISON. 1997. The bats of the Indian Subcontinent. Harrison Zoological Museum Publications, Sevenoaks, 258 pp.","HENDRICHSEN, D. K., P. J. J. BATES, B. D. HAYES, and J. L. WALSTON. 2001. Recent records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Vietnam with six species new to the country. Myotis, 39: 35 - 122.","Pipistrellus annectans Dobson, 1871 and WROUGHTON, R. C. 1916 a. Bombay Natural History Myotis primula Thomas, 1920 (Chiroptera: Society's mammal survey of India, Burma and Vespertilionidae). Annales Historico-Naturales Ceylon. Report No. 20. Chindwin River. Journal Musei Nationalis Hungarici (Budapest), 62: of the Bombay Natural History Society, 24: 373 - 379. 291 - 308."]}

Pipistrellus javanicus Javan Pipistrelle Scotophilus javanicus Gray, 1838: 498; Java Pipistrellus peguensis Sinha, 1969: 83; Pegu, Burma New material from Myanmar Bago Division: Bago township, August, 2002, 10 ♂♂ (B50–51, 55–56, 84, 91, 110, 120–121, W1-2); Yangon Division: Thone Kwa, -.10.2003, 2 ♂♂ (TK1, TK2); Mon State: Kyaik-Kha-Mi, 13.03.2001, 1 ♂ (K24). Previous records from Myanmar Kachin State: Dalu (Carter, 1943); Rakhine State: Bout-thi-su Quarter [Sittway] (Pearch et al., 2003); Bago Division: Bago (= Pegu, type locality of peguensis, Sinha, 1969); Tanintharyi Division: Myeik ([Mer- gui] = P. coromandra in Lindsay, 1926 but subsequently referred to P. peguensis by Sinha, 1994). Descriptive characters A medium-sized pipistrelle with a fore- arm length of 29.3–32.0 mm based on 13 specimens from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 30.0–36.0 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997 and 32.3–36.2 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001). The pelage is unremarkable, rang- ing from chestnut to darker brown, with a frosting of some paler brown hairs on the back. It is buffy brown on the ventral surface but with the hair roots almost black. The fifth metacarpal is about equal in length to the third and fourth. The baculum, which measures 5.1–5.8 mm has a bilobate base, a thin shaft and a bifid tip (Fig. 2B). The skull, with a condylo-canine length of 11.6–12.3 mm is relatively large for Pipistrellus. The zygomata are thin and without processes. The second upper incisor (I3) is about equal to the first (I2) in crown area and attains the height of the secondary cusp. The upper canine (C1) usually has a secondary cusp. The first upper premolar (P2) is about equal in crown area to I2 and is intruded from the toothrow. The second lower premolar (P4) slightly exceeds the first (P2) in crown area and is about two- thirds the height. Similar species The penis, with a length in excess of 6 mm, and the baculum of P. javanicus ex- ceed in length those of all other local pip- istrelles except P. paterculus and P. abra- mus, which are significantly longer. Unlike the skull of P. cadornae, which is similar in size to that of P. javanicus, the first upper premolar (P2) is small but not minute. Taxonomic notes Pipistrellus peguensis, Sinha, 1969 was described from Myanmar with a further population recorded from Darjeeling in north-east India (Sinha, 1990). In the origi- nal description, the holotype and five para- types of P. peguensi s were compared with P. coromandra and P. abramus but not with P. javanicus. Although Koopman (1993) considered it to be specifically distinct, Corbet and Hill (1992) included peguensi s as a synonym of P. javanicus. In this study, the skull, dental and bacular morphology of a series of specimens from Bago, the type locality of P. peguensis, were compared with specimens from elsewhere in the range of P. javanicus, including the Indian Sub- continent (Bates and Harrison, 1997). The two taxa appear to be morphologically in- distinguishable. The Myanmar specimens average slightly smaller in external and cra- nial measurements. However, there is a con- siderable overlap in the ranges. Pipistrellus peguensis is therefore included as a syno- nym of P. javanicus. Ecology In Myanmar, this species is closely as- sociated with man and has been found in the townships of Bago, Yangon and Sittway. The specimen from Kyaik-Kha-Mi in Mon State was collected from a small colony that was located behind the wooden boards of the wall of a monastery. The monastery was on stilts and suspended above the sea on the south-western extremity of the old town. The adjacent habitat is very disturbed with open ground covered in grass, houses, and gardens, including fruit trees and palms. Outside the town, much of the land is given over to rubber plantations. Previous specimens from Dalu in Kachin State were collected at an altitude of 193 m (626 feet) in paddy fields bordered by dense forest (Carter, 1943). Three specimens, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ were collected from Myeik (= Mergui) in September and October, 1921 (= P. coro- mandra in Lindsay, 1926)., Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on pages 222-223, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["GRAY, J. E. 1838. A revision of the genera of bats (Vespertilionidae), and the description of some new genera and species. Magazine of Zoology and Botany, 2: 483 - 505.","SINHA, Y. P. 1969. A new pipistrelle bat (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Burma. Pro- ceedings of the Zoological Society Calcutta, 22: 83 - 86.","CARTER, T. D. 1943. The mammals of the Vernay- Hopwood Chindwin Expedition, Northern Bur- ma. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 82: 95 - 114.","PEARCH, M. J., KHIN MIE MIE, P. J. J. BATES, TIN NWE, KHIN MAUNG SWE, and SI SI HLA BU. 2003. First record of bats (Chiroptera) from Rakhine State, Myanmar (Burma). Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 51: 241 - 259.","LINDSAY, H. M. 1926. Bombay Natural History So- ciety's Mammal Survey of India, Burma and Ceylon. Report No. 39. Mergui Archipelago. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 31: 42 - 48.","SINHA, Y. P. 1994. New locality record of a pipistrelle, Pipistrellus peguensis Sinha, 1969 (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Burma. Geobios New Reports, 13: 68.","BATES, P. J. J., and D. L. HARRISON. 1997. The bats of the Indian Subcontinent. Harrison Zoological Museum Publications, Sevenoaks, 258 pp.","HENDRICHSEN, D. K., P. J. J. BATES, B. D. HAYES, and J. L. WALSTON. 2001. Recent records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Vietnam with six species new to the country. Myotis, 39: 35 - 122.","SINHA, Y. P. 1990. Occurrence of the pipistrelle bat, Pipistrellus peguensis Sinha, 1969 in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. Geobios New Reports, 9: 171.","Journal of Mammalogy, 51: 191. SINHA, Y. P. 1994. New locality record of a pipistrelle, KOOPMAN, K. F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. Pipistrellus peguensis Sinha, 1969 (Chiroptera: 137 - 241, in Mammal species of the world, 2 nd Vespertilionidae) from Burma. Geobios New Reedition (D. E. WILSON and D. M. REEDER, eds.). ports, 13: 68.","CORBET, G. B., and J. E. HILL. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region. Natural History Mu- seum Publications. Oxford University, Oxford, 488 pp."]}

Genus Arielulus Taxonomic notes Arielulus Hill and Harrison (1987) was originally described as subgenus of Pipi- strellus. Subsequently, it was promoted to generic status by Csorba and Lee (1999)., Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on page 231, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["HILL, J. E., and D. L HARRISON. 1987. The baculum in the Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with a systematic review, a synopsis of Pipistrellus and Eptesicus, and the descriptions of a new genus and subgenus. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Zoology), 52: 225 - 305.","CSORBA, G., and L. - L. LEE. 1999. A new species of vespertilionid bat from Taiwan and a revision of the taxonomic status of Arielulus and Thainy- cteris (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Journal Zo- ology (London), 248: 361 - 367."]}

Pipistrellus pulveratus Chinese Pipistrelle Vesperugo pulveratus Peters, 1871: 618; Amoy, Fujian, China New material from Myanmar Mon State: Saddan Sin Cave, 2.11.2002, 2 ♂♂ (H5, H17) and 12.11.2002, 1 ♂ (H17); Kayin State: Yathay Pyan Cave, 5.11.2002, 1 ♂ (H8); Weibyan Cave, 6.10. 2002, 1 ♂ (H11); Shan State: Pyin Oo Lwin (BMNH collection; previously referred to H. (= Pipistrellus) savii by Corbet and Hill (1992); Badalin cave, 23.8.2003, 2 ♂♂ (I- BD3/4). There are no previous records. Descriptive characters This is a medium-sized species with a forearm length of 32.0– 35.2 mm based on nine specimens from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 34.8–37.0 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001). The dorsal pelage is long, thick and silky with dark brown, almost black hairs on the back that are tipped with gold- en-brown. On the belly the hair roots are very dark with paler buff-brown tips. The fifth metacarpal is about equal in length to the third and fourth. The baculum, with a length of 2.6–3.1 mm, has straight shaft, hollowed out below and a simple, not bi- lobate base; the tip is bluntly pointed (Fig. 1D). In the skull, the zygomata are robust with a small dorsal process on each jugal bone. The basioccipital area has a well defined central ridge running between the two cochlea but the basioccipital pits are virtually absent. The second incisor (I3) attains the height of the secondary cusp of the first (I2) and is about equal in crown area. The upper canine (C1) is without a secondary cusp. The crown area of the first upper premolar (P2) varies between about two-thirds to equal that of I2. The first lower premolar (P2) is two-thirds the crown area and between half and two-thirds the height of the second (P4). Similar species The distinctive dorsal pelage and bacu- lar morphology distinguish this species from all other similar sized pipistrelle spe- cies in the region. Ecology All the voucher specimens were collect- ed in mist nets set in large limestone caves, each of which has a series of large complex chambers. In Mon and Kayin States, the caves are primarily surrounded by paddy fields. Vegetation on the limestone outcrops includes climbers, ferns and a limited number of stunted trees. The original lowland evergreen and semi-evergreen rain forests have for the most part been cleared, with only scattered, highly disturbed remnants remaining. At Badalin, which is situated on the eastern margin of the central Dry Zone of Myanmar, the cave is surrounded by seasonally very dry, deciduous forest. Previously, specimen BMNH.14.7.8.6.3 (subsequently incorrectly referred to H. savii austenianus, see below) was collected from Pyin Oo Lwin (= Maymyo), which is situated on the western margin of the undu- lating Shan plateau at an altitude of 1080 m (3500 feet). Once surrounded by hills covered with deciduous forest, many years of intensive deforestation have meant that even by the start of 20th century much of the land had been converted to scrub, agricultural land and pockets of disturbed woodland, Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on page 226, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["Myanmar (Burma). Natural History Bulletin of THOMAS, O. 1891. Diagnoses of three new mammals the Siam Society, 51: 241 - 259. collected by Signor L. Fea in the Carin Hills, PETERS, W. 1871. Catalogue of the mammals of China Burma. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Natu- (south of the River Yangtse) and the island of rale (di Genova) Giacomo Doria, 30: 884.","CORBET, G. B., and J. E. HILL. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region. Natural History Mu- seum Publications. Oxford University, Oxford, 488 pp.","HENDRICHSEN, D. K., P. J. J. BATES, B. D. HAYES, and J. L. WALSTON. 2001. Recent records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Vietnam with six species new to the country. Myotis, 39: 35 - 122."]}

Arielulus circumdatus Black Gilded Pipistrelle Vespertilio circumdatus Temminck, 1840: 214; Tapos, Java Previous records from Myanmar Kachin State: Pyepat (Hill, 1972). Descriptive characters No specimens from Myanmar were seen. The following description is based on extralimital specimens from India, Cam- bodia and Java. Forearm length is 41.8–43.6 mm (Bates and Harrison, 1997). The hair bases on the dorsal surface are black; their tips are a rich, glossy chestnut-brown, which gives an almost orange sheen to the head and back. The ventral surface is a uni- form brown, paler than the back; the hair roots are slightly darker than the tips. The membranes are a uniform dark brown. The fifth metacarpal is about equal in length to the third and fourth. The penis is not greatly enlarged. The baculum is very small, Y- shaped, with paired basal lobes and a short shaft (Fig. 1H). In the skull, the rostrum is very broad and relatively short. The zygo- mata are robust. The basioccipital pits are well developed. The rostrum is sharply angulated inwards posterior to the lachrymal projections. The second upper incisor (I3) is small, scarcely projecting beyond the cingulum of the first (I2). The first upper premo- lar (P2) is minute, one eighth to one quarter the area and height of the first incisor (I2). The first lower premolar (P2) is situated in the toothrow and is one quarter to one third of the crown area of the second (P4). Similar species Arielulus circumdatus is distinguished from all other pipistrelle type species in Myanmar by its size and pelage colour. Ecology In March 1939, a single specimen was shot at twilight on the forest trail leading to the Pyepat rest house, which was situated at an altitude of 1,940 m (6,300 feet) on a small, steep sided, ridge in a forest clear- ing. The forest was temperate and included oaks, laurels and rhodendrons. The ground was damp, and the banks along the trail were covered with dense masses of ferns, mosses and begonias with an occasional Primula, several species of orchid, gentians and many other plants. According to An- thony (1941), the ridge is a long, narrow intrusion of temperate flora and fauna into the tropical ecology found in the two river valleys., Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on pages 231-232, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["tie: Implications systematiques et phylogeniques. TEMMINCK, C. J. 1840. Monographies de mammalo- Palaeovertebrata, 17: 77 - 150. gie, ou description de quelques genres de mam- PEARCH, M. J., KHIN MIE MIE, P. J. J. BATES, TIN NWE, mif P res, dont les esp P ces sont observees dans les KHIN MAUNG SWE, and SI SI HLA BU. 2003. First differents musees de l'Europe. Tome 2. G. Dufour record of bats (Chiroptera) from Rakhine State, and E. D'Ocagne Libraires, Paris, 392 pp.","HILL, J. E. 1972. New records of Malayan bats, with taxonomic notes and the description of a new Pi- pistrellus. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Zoology), 23: 21 - 42.","BATES, P. J. J., and D. L. HARRISON. 1997. The bats of the Indian Subcontinent. Harrison Zoological Museum Publications, Sevenoaks, 258 pp."]}

Pipistrellus cadornae Thomas’s Pipistrelle Pipistrellus cadornae Thomas, 1916: 416; Pashok, 3,500’, Darjeeling, north-east India Previous records from Myanmar Kachin State: Htingnan; Tasa Hku and Ningma (Hill, 1962). There are no new records. Descriptive characters The hairs on the back are chestnut brown with slightly darker roots. On the underside, the tips are pale chestnut brown and the roots dark brown. Forearm length is 33.0– 36.6 mm (Table 4, external meas- urements based on specimens from Viet- nam in Bates et al., 1997; FA = 34.2–37.0 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001). The fifth metacarpal is about equal in length to the third and fourth. The penis is not greatly enlarged. The baculum, based on an ex- tralimital specimen from Vietnam is small, 2.5 mm in length, but robust. The shaft is curved downwards and is deeply grooved ventrally (Fig. 1F). There are two pro- nounced projections on each side of the base. The distal end is distinctively spoon- shaped. In the skull, the braincase is nar- row and rounded. The basioccipital area has a well defined central ridge running between the two cochleae but the basiocci- pital pits are virtually absent. The zygoma- ta are robust with a dorsal projection on each jugal bone. The second incisor (I3) at- tains the height of the secondary cusp of the first (I2) and is about equal in crown area. The first upper premolar (P2) is very small, about half or less the crown area of I2; it is situated in the recess formed by the upper canine (C1) and the second upper premolar (P4). The P2 of specimen BMNH.50.467 is minute, less than one quarter the crown area of I2. The first lower premolar (P2) is about two-thirds the crown area of the second (P4). Similar species Pipistrellus cadornae is distinguished from P. pulveratus and P. javanicus by its smaller first upper premolar (P2). The shape of the baculum is diagnostic. Ecology Pipistrellus cadornae was collected at 708 m a.s.l. at Tasa Hku, where it was ‘caught in a banana tree in a jungle’. It was also found at 920 m at Htinghnan in dry bamboo in ‘medium forest’ (information from the labels of specimens in The Natural History Museum, London)., Published as part of Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar & Mackie, Iain, 2005, A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country, pp. 205-236 in Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2) on pages 227-228, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/3942897, {"references":["THOMAS, O., 1916. Scientific results from the Mam- WROUGHTON, R. C. 1915 a. Bombay Natural History mal Survey, XIII. Journal of the Bombay Natural Society's Mammal Survey of India, Burma and History Society, 24: 404 - 430. Ceylon. Report No. 16. Dry Zone, Central Burma","HILL, J. E. 1962. Notes on some insectivores and bats from Upper Burma. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 139: 119 - 137.","BATES, P. J. J., and D. L. HARRISON. 1997. The bats of the Indian Subcontinent. Harrison Zoological Museum Publications, Sevenoaks, 258 pp.","HENDRICHSEN, D. K., P. J. J. BATES, B. D. HAYES, and J. L. WALSTON. 2001. Recent records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Vietnam with six species new to the country. Myotis, 39: 35 - 122."]}

The Earth is assumed to consist of a rigid core and a rigid mantle coupled by a non-isotropic friction. It is shown that if the core rotates slightly faster than the mantle, then the observed secular change of the obliquity of the ecliptic can be accounted for without giving rise to an unacceptably high rate of spin-down of the Earth.