4 results on '"Buckle G.C."'
Search Results
2. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.
- Author
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Rabiee R.H.S., Kan H., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Kaul A., Keiyoro P.N., Lyons R.A., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khera S., Tavakkoli M., Khoja T.A.M., Khubchandani J., Kim C., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Skogen J.C., Savic M., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., McGarvey S.T., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Varakin Y.Y., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kudom A.A., Polinder S., Kuipers E.J., Lallukka T., Shiri R., Meretoja T.J., Lam H., Lam J.O., Nachega J.B., Tran B.X., Langan S.M., McKee M., Lavados P.M., Leasher J.L., Leung R., Levi M., Li Y., Liang J., Liu Y., Phillips M.R., Lloyd B.K., Logroscino G., Looker K.J., Lunevicius R., Mackay M.T., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahdavi M., Marcenes W., Meaney P.A., Margolis D.J., Martinez-Raga J., McMahon B.J., Mehari A., Tedla B.A., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mhimbira F.A., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mohammadi A., Monasta L., Montico M., Ronfani L., Morawska L., Norman R.E., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Westerman R., Paternina Caicedo A.J., Murdoch M.E., Seedat S., Wiysonge C.S., Nagel G., Rothenbacher D., Naheed A., Naldi L., Nangia V., Ngalesoni F.N., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie Pete P.M., Nolla J.M., Nunes B.P., Ogbo F.A., Oh I., Ohkubo T., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ortiz A., Ota E., Park E., Passos V.M.D.A., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Pereira D.M., Perez-Padilla R., Pesudovs K., Pillay J.D., Plass D., Platts-Mills J.A., Pond C.D., Prasad N.M., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Refaat A.H., Ribeiro A.L., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy A., Sagar R., Satpathy M., Tandon N., Sahathevan R., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sartorius B., Sawhney M., Schaub M.P., Schneider I.J.C., Silva D.A.S., Schottker B., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Shaheen A., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Sharma U., Shin M., Yoon S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silveira D.G.A., Singh O.P., Singh P.K., Soreide K., Sliwa K., Stein D.J., Soriano J.B., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Stovner L.J., Steinke S., Stroumpoulis K., Sunguya B.F., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Takala J.S., Tanne D., Terkawi A.S., Tuzcu E.M., Thomson A.J., Thurston G.D., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Truelsen T., Tsala Dimbuene Z., Tsilimbaris M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Uneke C.J., Uthman O.A., van Gool C.H., Vasankari T., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V.V., Waller S.G., Weichenthal S., White R.A., Williams H.C., Wubshet M., Xavier D., Xu G., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E., Zeeb H., Zuhlke L.J., Vos T., Allen C., Arora M., Barber R.M., Brown A., Carter A., Casey D.C., Charlson F.J., Chen A.Z., Coggeshall M., Cornaby L., Dandona L., Dicker D.J., Dilegge T., Erskine H.E., Ferrari A.J., Fitzmaurice C., Fleming T., Forouzanfar M.H., Fullman N., Goldberg E.M., Graetz N., Haagsma J.A., Hay S.I., Johnson C.O., Kassebaum N.J., Kawashima T., Kemmer L., Khalil I.A., Kyu H.H., Leung J., Lim S.S., Lopez A.D., Marczak L., Mokdad A.H., Naghavi M., Nguyen G., Nsoesie E., Olsen H., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Rankin Z., Reinig N., Sandar L., Smith A., Stanaway J., Steiner C., Teeple S., Thomas B.A., Troeger C., Wagner J.A., Wang H., Wanga V., Whiteford H.A., Zoeckler L., Alexander L.T., Anderson G.M., Bell B., Bienhoff K., Biryukov S., Blore J., Brown J., Coates M.M., Daoud F., Estep K., Foreman K., Fox J., Friedman J., Frostad J., Godwin W.W., Hancock J., Huynh C., Iannarone M., Kim P., Kutz M., Masiye F., Millear A., Mirarefin M., Mooney M.D., Moradi-Lakeh M., Mullany E., Mumford J.E., Ng M., Rao P., Reitsma M.B., Reynolds A., Roth G.A., Shackelford K.A., Sivonda A., Sligar A., Sorensen R.J.D., Sur P., Vollset S.E., Woodbrook R., Zhou M., Murray C.J.L., Ellenbogen R.G., Kotsakis G.A., Mock C.N., Anderson B.O., Futran N.D., Jensen P.N., Watkins D.A., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., Abajobir A.A., Knibbs L.D., Lalloo R., Scott J.G., Alam N.K.M., Gouda H.N., Guo Y., McGrath J.J., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Bisanzio D., Deribew A., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Rahimi K., Kinfu Y., Duan L., Liu S., Jin Y., Wang L., Ye P., Liang X., Azzopardi P., Gibney K.B., Meretoja A., Alam K., Borschmann R., Colquhoun S.M., Patton G.C., Weintraub R.G., Szoeke C.E.I., Ademi Z., Taylor H.R., Lozano R., Campos-Nonato I.R., Campuzano J.C., Gomez-Dantes H., Heredia-Pi I.B., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Rios Blancas M.J., Servan-Mori E.E., Mensah G.A., Salomon J.A., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Ajala O.N., Barnighausen T., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Wagner G.R., Osman M., Shrime M.G., Fitchett J.R.A., Abate K.H., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abraham B., Abubakar I., Banerjee A., Benzian H., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Ackerman I.N., Buchbinder R., Gabbe B., Thrift A.G., Adebiyi A.O., Akinyemi R.O., Adou A.K., Afanvi K.A., Agardh E.E., Badawi A., Popova S., Agarwal A., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Norrving B., Ahmadieh H., Yaseri M., Jahanmehr N., Al-Aly Z., Driscoll T.R., Kemp A.H., Leigh J., Mekonnen A.B., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Alegretti M.A., Alemu Z.A., Alhabib S., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Guillemin F., Allebeck P., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S.M., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Melaku Y.A., Ciobanu L.G., Amberbir A., Amini H., Karema C.K., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., Aregay A.F., Betsu B.D., Hailu G.B., Yebyo H.G., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Assadi R., Atique S., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barac A., Barker-Collo S.L., Mohammed S., Barregard L., Petzold M., Barrero L.H., Basu A., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beghi E., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Huang J.J., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D., Bernabe E., Hay R.J., Roba H.S., Beyene A.S., Bhala N., Piel F.B., Steiner T.J., Bhatt S., Greaves F., Majeed A., Soljak M., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Bjertness E., Htet A.S., Boufous S., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Calabria B., Mitchell P.B., Brainin M., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Lo W.D., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Buckle G.C., Butt Z.A., Lal A., Carabin H., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Catala-Lopez F., Chang J., Chiang P.P., Chibueze C.E., Chisumpa V.H., Choi J.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cirillo M., Cooper C., Cortinovis Biotech M.D., Giussani Biol G., Perico D.N., Remuzzi G., Crump J.A., Derrett S., Poulton R.G., Damtew S.A., Deribe K., Hailu A.D., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Jibat T., Taye B., Dargan P.I., das Neves J., Massano J., Santos J.V., Davey G., Davis A.C., Newton J.N., Steel N., De Leo D., Del Gobbo L.C., Dellavalle R.P., Des Jarlais D.C., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Ganguly P., Zodpey S., Diaz-Torne C., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Ram U., Singh A., Verma R.K., Yadav A.K., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Ebrahimi H., Pishgar F., Farzadfar F., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Heydarpour P., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Elyazar I., Endres M., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Te Ao B.J., Kwan G.F., Felson D.T., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Fischer F., Shiue I., Fowkes F.G.R., Franklin R.C., Furst T., Iyer V.J., Gankpe F.G., Gebre T., Geleijnse J.M., Gessner B.D., Ginawi I.A., Giroud M., Gishu M.D., Tura A.K., Glaser E., Halasa Y.A., Shepard D.S., Undurraga E.A., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Kopec J.A., Pourmalek F., Goto A., Inoue M., Grainger R., Gupta R., Gupta V., Gutierrez R.A., Knudsen A.K., Norheim O.F., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hoek H.W., Skirbekk V., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Huang H., Iburg K.M., Innos K., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Jacobsen K.H., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jayatilleke A.U., Jee S.H., Prabhakaran D., Jiang Y., Jimenez-Corona A., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., Kesavachandran C.N., Rabiee R.H.S., Kan H., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Kaul A., Keiyoro P.N., Lyons R.A., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khera S., Tavakkoli M., Khoja T.A.M., Khubchandani J., Kim C., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Skogen J.C., Savic M., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., McGarvey S.T., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Varakin Y.Y., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kudom A.A., Polinder S., Kuipers E.J., Lallukka T., Shiri R., Meretoja T.J., Lam H., Lam J.O., Nachega J.B., Tran B.X., Langan S.M., McKee M., Lavados P.M., Leasher J.L., Leung R., Levi M., Li Y., Liang J., Liu Y., Phillips M.R., Lloyd B.K., Logroscino G., Looker K.J., Lunevicius R., Mackay M.T., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahdavi M., Marcenes W., Meaney P.A., Margolis D.J., Martinez-Raga J., McMahon B.J., Mehari A., Tedla B.A., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mhimbira F.A., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mohammadi A., Monasta L., Montico M., Ronfani L., Morawska L., Norman R.E., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Westerman R., Paternina Caicedo A.J., Murdoch M.E., Seedat S., Wiysonge C.S., Nagel G., Rothenbacher D., Naheed A., Naldi L., Nangia V., Ngalesoni F.N., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie Pete P.M., Nolla J.M., Nunes B.P., Ogbo F.A., Oh I., Ohkubo T., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ortiz A., Ota E., Park E., Passos V.M.D.A., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Pereira D.M., Perez-Padilla R., Pesudovs K., Pillay J.D., Plass D., Platts-Mills J.A., Pond C.D., Prasad N.M., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Refaat A.H., Ribeiro A.L., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy A., Sagar R., Satpathy M., Tandon N., Sahathevan R., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sartorius B., Sawhney M., Schaub M.P., Schneider I.J.C., Silva D.A.S., Schottker B., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Shaheen A., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Sharma U., Shin M., Yoon S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silveira D.G.A., Singh O.P., Singh P.K., Soreide K., Sliwa K., Stein D.J., Soriano J.B., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Stovner L.J., Steinke S., Stroumpoulis K., Sunguya B.F., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Takala J.S., Tanne D., Terkawi A.S., Tuzcu E.M., Thomson A.J., Thurston G.D., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Truelsen T., Tsala Dimbuene Z., Tsilimbaris M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Uneke C.J., Uthman O.A., van Gool C.H., Vasankari T., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V.V., Waller S.G., Weichenthal S., White R.A., Williams H.C., Wubshet M., Xavier D., Xu G., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E., Zeeb H., Zuhlke L.J., Vos T., Allen C., Arora M., Barber R.M., Brown A., Carter A., Casey D.C., Charlson F.J., Chen A.Z., Coggeshall M., Cornaby L., Dandona L., Dicker D.J., Dilegge T., Erskine H.E., Ferrari A.J., Fitzmaurice C., Fleming T., Forouzanfar M.H., Fullman N., Goldberg E.M., Graetz N., Haagsma J.A., Hay S.I., Johnson C.O., Kassebaum N.J., Kawashima T., Kemmer L., Khalil I.A., Kyu H.H., Leung J., Lim S.S., Lopez A.D., Marczak L., Mokdad A.H., Naghavi M., Nguyen G., Nsoesie E., Olsen H., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Rankin Z., Reinig N., Sandar L., Smith A., Stanaway J., Steiner C., Teeple S., Thomas B.A., Troeger C., Wagner J.A., Wang H., Wanga V., Whiteford H.A., Zoeckler L., Alexander L.T., Anderson G.M., Bell B., Bienhoff K., Biryukov S., Blore J., Brown J., Coates M.M., Daoud F., Estep K., Foreman K., Fox J., Friedman J., Frostad J., Godwin W.W., Hancock J., Huynh C., Iannarone M., Kim P., Kutz M., Masiye F., Millear A., Mirarefin M., Mooney M.D., Moradi-Lakeh M., Mullany E., Mumford J.E., Ng M., Rao P., Reitsma M.B., Reynolds A., Roth G.A., Shackelford K.A., Sivonda A., Sligar A., Sorensen R.J.D., Sur P., Vollset S.E., Woodbrook R., Zhou M., Murray C.J.L., Ellenbogen R.G., Kotsakis G.A., Mock C.N., Anderson B.O., Futran N.D., Jensen P.N., Watkins D.A., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., Abajobir A.A., Knibbs L.D., Lalloo R., Scott J.G., Alam N.K.M., Gouda H.N., Guo Y., McGrath J.J., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Bisanzio D., Deribew A., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Rahimi K., Kinfu Y., Duan L., Liu S., Jin Y., Wang L., Ye P., Liang X., Azzopardi P., Gibney K.B., Meretoja A., Alam K., Borschmann R., Colquhoun S.M., Patton G.C., Weintraub R.G., Szoeke C.E.I., Ademi Z., Taylor H.R., Lozano R., Campos-Nonato I.R., Campuzano J.C., Gomez-Dantes H., Heredia-Pi I.B., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Rios Blancas M.J., Servan-Mori E.E., Mensah G.A., Salomon J.A., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Ajala O.N., Barnighausen T., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Wagner G.R., Osman M., Shrime M.G., Fitchett J.R.A., Abate K.H., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abraham B., Abubakar I., Banerjee A., Benzian H., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Ackerman I.N., Buchbinder R., Gabbe B., Thrift A.G., Adebiyi A.O., Akinyemi R.O., Adou A.K., Afanvi K.A., Agardh E.E., Badawi A., Popova S., Agarwal A., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Norrving B., Ahmadieh H., Yaseri M., Jahanmehr N., Al-Aly Z., Driscoll T.R., Kemp A.H., Leigh J., Mekonnen A.B., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Alegretti M.A., Alemu Z.A., Alhabib S., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Guillemin F., Allebeck P., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S.M., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Melaku Y.A., Ciobanu L.G., Amberbir A., Amini H., Karema C.K., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., Aregay A.F., Betsu B.D., Hailu G.B., Yebyo H.G., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Assadi R., Atique S., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barac A., Barker-Collo S.L., Mohammed S., Barregard L., Petzold M., Barrero L.H., Basu A., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beghi E., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Huang J.J., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D., Bernabe E., Hay R.J., Roba H.S., Beyene A.S., Bhala N., Piel F.B., Steiner T.J., Bhatt S., Greaves F., Majeed A., Soljak M., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Bjertness E., Htet A.S., Boufous S., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Calabria B., Mitchell P.B., Brainin M., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Lo W.D., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Buckle G.C., Butt Z.A., Lal A., Carabin H., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Catala-Lopez F., Chang J., Chiang P.P., Chibueze C.E., Chisumpa V.H., Choi J.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cirillo M., Cooper C., Cortinovis Biotech M.D., Giussani Biol G., Perico D.N., Remuzzi G., Crump J.A., Derrett S., Poulton R.G., Damtew S.A., Deribe K., Hailu A.D., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Jibat T., Taye B., Dargan P.I., das Neves J., Massano J., Santos J.V., Davey G., Davis A.C., Newton J.N., Steel N., De Leo D., Del Gobbo L.C., Dellavalle R.P., Des Jarlais D.C., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Ganguly P., Zodpey S., Diaz-Torne C., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Ram U., Singh A., Verma R.K., Yadav A.K., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Ebrahimi H., Pishgar F., Farzadfar F., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Heydarpour P., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Elyazar I., Endres M., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Te Ao B.J., Kwan G.F., Felson D.T., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Fischer F., Shiue I., Fowkes F.G.R., Franklin R.C., Furst T., Iyer V.J., Gankpe F.G., Gebre T., Geleijnse J.M., Gessner B.D., Ginawi I.A., Giroud M., Gishu M.D., Tura A.K., Glaser E., Halasa Y.A., Shepard D.S., Undurraga E.A., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Kopec J.A., Pourmalek F., Goto A., Inoue M., Grainger R., Gupta R., Gupta V., Gutierrez R.A., Knudsen A.K., Norheim O.F., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hoek H.W., Skirbekk V., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Huang H., Iburg K.M., Innos K., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Jacobsen K.H., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jayatilleke A.U., Jee S.H., Prabhakaran D., Jiang Y., Jimenez-Corona A., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., and Kesavachandran C.N.
- Abstract
Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9.3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17.2 bi
- Published
- 2016
3. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.
- Author
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Karema C.K., Kajungu D.K., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., Kesavachandran C.N., She J., Kan H., Kandel A., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Kaul A., Kazi D.S., Keiyoro P.N., Lyons R.A., Kengne A.P., Matzopoulos R., Wiysonge C.S., Stein D.J., Mayosi B.M., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khoja T.A.M., Khubchandani J., Kim C., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Skogen J.C., Savic M., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kuate B., Kuchenbecker R.S., Kucuk B., Kuipers E.J., Lallukka T., Shiri R., Meretoja T.J., Latif A.A., Lavados P.M., Lawrynowicz A.E.B., Leasher J.L., Leung R., Li Y., Lipshultz S.E., Wilkinson J.D., Simard E.P., Liu Y., Phillips M.R., Logroscino G., Looker K.J., Rai D., Lunevicius R., Magdy H., Mahdavi M., Malta D.C., Marcenes W., Martinez-Raga J., Mason-Jones A.J., McKee M., Murthy G.V.S., Meaney P.A., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mhimbira F.A., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Monasta L., Montico M., Ronfani L., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Westerman R., Murdoch M.E., Nachega J.B., Tran B.X., Naheed A., Naldi L., Nangia V., Ngalesoni F.N., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie P.M., Nolla J.M., Norman R.E., Obermeyer C.M., Ogbo F.A., Oh I., Oladimeji O., Sartorius B., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Schutte A.E., Oyekale A.S., Pa M., Park E., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Pereira D.M., Pesudovs K., Pillay J.D., Plass D., Polinder S., Prasad N.M., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Raju M., Ranganathan K., Refaat A.H., Ribeiro A.L., Ricci S., Rojas-Rueda D., Sackey B.B., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schneider I.J.C., Silva D.A.S., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Shahraz S., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Shigematsu M., Shin M., Yoon S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silverberg J.I., Yano Y., Singh P.K., Soreide K., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Stein M.B., Stovner L.J., Stranges S., Stroumpoulis K., Sunguya B.F., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tanne D., Tavakkoli M., Taye B., Tuzcu E.M., Thakur J., Thomson A.J., Thurston G.D., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Truelsen T., Tsala Z., Tsilimbaris M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Uneke C.J., Uthman O.A., van Gool C.H., van Os J., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Wallin M.T., Weichenthal S., Williams H.C., Woldeyohannes S.M., Xu G., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E., Zeeb H., Zuhlke L.J., Brown J., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang L., Kassebaum N.J., Arora M., Barber R.M., Carter A., Casey D.C., Charlson F.J., Coates M.M., Coggeshall M., Cornaby L., Dandona L., Dicker D.J., Erskine H.E., Ferrari A.J., Fitzmaurice C., Foreman K., Forouzanfar M.H., Fullman N., Goldberg E.M., Graetz N., Haagsma J.A., Hay S.I., Johnson C.O., Kemmer L., Khalil I.A., Kinfu Y., Kutz M.J., Kyu H.H., Leung J., Lim S.S., Lozano R., Mikesell J., Mokdad A.H., Mooney M.D., Naghavi M., Nguyen G., Nsoesie E., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Rankin Z., Reinig N., Sandar L., Smith A., Sorensen R.J.D., Stanaway J., Steiner C., Teeple S., Thomas B.A., Troeger C., VanderZanden A., Wagner J.A., Wanga V., Whiteford H.A., Zhou M., Zoeckler L., Achoki T., Afshin A., Alexander L.T., Allen C., Anderson G.M., Bell B., Bienhoff K., Biryukov S., Blore J.D., Estep K., Friedman J., Frostad J., Godwin W.W., Liu P.Y., Masiye F., Millear A., Mirarefin M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Mumford J.E., Ng M., Reitsma M.B., Reynolds A., Roth G.A., Sur P.J., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., Ellenbogen R.G., Mock C.N., Anderson B.O., Futran N.D., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., deVeber G.A., Abajobir A.A., Knibbs L.D., Lalloo R., Alam N.K.M., Gouda H.N., Guo Y., McGrath J.J., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Bisanzio D., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Jha V., Rahimi K., Duan L., Jin Y., Ye P., Liang X., Mensah G.A., Salomon J.A., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Barnighausen T., Campos-Nonato I.R., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Wagner G.R., Fitchett J.R.A., Abate K.H., Ahmed M.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abraham B., Abubakar I., Banerjee A., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Ackerman I.N., Buchbinder R., Gabbe B., Lloyd B.K., Adebiyi A.O., Adedeji I.A., Adsuar J.C., Afanvi K.A., Agardh E.E., Badawi A., Popova S., Agarwal A., Agarwal S.K., Roy A., Sagar R., Satpathy M., Tandon N., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Norrving B., Ahmadieh H., Yaseri M., Katibeh M., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Azzopardi P., Borschmann R., Colquhoun S.M., Patton G.C., Weintraub R.G., Meretoja A., Szoeke C.E.I., Taylor H.R., Wijeratne T., Driscoll T.R., Leigh J., Kemp A.H., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Terkawi A.S., Alegretti M.A., Aleman A.V., Cavalleri F., Colistro V., Alemu Z.A., Tegegne T.K., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Rabiee R.H.S., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S.M., Kivipelto M., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Sindi S., Alsharif U., Alvarez E., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Melaku Y.A., Ciobanu L.G., Tessema G.A., Amberbir A., Amegah A.K., Ameh E.A., Amini H., Furst T., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Zonies D., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Arsic V.S., Barac A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Gankpe F.G., Awasthi A., Ayala B.P., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barker-Collo S.L., Mohammed S., Barregard L., Petzold M., Barrero L.H., Basu S., Del L.C., Bayou T.A., Betsu B.D., Hailu G.B., Tekle D.Y., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Huang J.J., Benjet C., Gutierrez R.A., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D., Bernabe E., Hay R.J., Roba H.S., Beyene A.S., Hassen T.A., Mesfi Y.M., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Piel F.B., Steiner T.J., Bhatt S., Majeed A., Soljak M., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Bin A.A., Bjertness E., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Brugha T.S., Buckle G.C., Butt Z.A., Calabria B., Lucas R.M., Boufous S., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Mitchell P.B., Campuzano J.C., Gomez-Dantes H., Heredia-Pi I.B., Jauregui A., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Servan-Mori E.E., Carabin H., Carapetis J.R., Cardenas R., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Catala-Lopez F., Chang J., Chiang P.P., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Mori R., Chisumpa V.H., Choi J.J., Choudhury L., Christensen H., Colomar M., Crump J.A., Derrett S., Poulton R.G., Giussani G., Cortinovis M., Perico N., Remuzzi G., Dargan P.I., das Neves J., Pedro J.M., Santos J.V., Davey G., Davis A.C., Newton J.N., Steel N., De Leo D., Des Jarlais D.C., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Zodpey S., Doyle K.E., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Ram U., Yadav A.K., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Ebrahimi H., Esteghamati A., Farzadfar F., Hafezi-Nejad N., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Pishgar F., Sheikhbahaei S., Fahimi S., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Hassanvand M.S., Heydarpour P., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Elyazar I., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Te B.J., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Fischer F., Foigt N., Fowkes F.G.R., Franklin R.C., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Geleijnse J.M., Jibat T., Gibney K.B., Gillum R.F., Mehari A., Ginawi I.A., Hailu A.D., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Giroud M., Gishu M.D., Tura A.K., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Kopec J.A., Pourmalek F., Goto A., Inoue M., Gugnani H., Gupta R., Gupta V., Knudsen A.K., Norheim O.F., Halasa Y.A., Undurraga E.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hedayati M.T., Hoek H.W., Skirbekk V., Hoff D.J., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Huang H., Iburg K.M., Idrisov B.T., Kwan G.F., Innos K., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Jacobsen K.H., Jayatilleke A.U., Jiang G., Jiang Y., Jimenez-Corona A., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Karema C.K., Kajungu D.K., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., Kesavachandran C.N., She J., Kan H., Kandel A., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Kaul A., Kazi D.S., Keiyoro P.N., Lyons R.A., Kengne A.P., Matzopoulos R., Wiysonge C.S., Stein D.J., Mayosi B.M., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khoja T.A.M., Khubchandani J., Kim C., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Skogen J.C., Savic M., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kuate B., Kuchenbecker R.S., Kucuk B., Kuipers E.J., Lallukka T., Shiri R., Meretoja T.J., Latif A.A., Lavados P.M., Lawrynowicz A.E.B., Leasher J.L., Leung R., Li Y., Lipshultz S.E., Wilkinson J.D., Simard E.P., Liu Y., Phillips M.R., Logroscino G., Looker K.J., Rai D., Lunevicius R., Magdy H., Mahdavi M., Malta D.C., Marcenes W., Martinez-Raga J., Mason-Jones A.J., McKee M., Murthy G.V.S., Meaney P.A., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mhimbira F.A., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Monasta L., Montico M., Ronfani L., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Westerman R., Murdoch M.E., Nachega J.B., Tran B.X., Naheed A., Naldi L., Nangia V., Ngalesoni F.N., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie P.M., Nolla J.M., Norman R.E., Obermeyer C.M., Ogbo F.A., Oh I., Oladimeji O., Sartorius B., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Schutte A.E., Oyekale A.S., Pa M., Park E., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Pereira D.M., Pesudovs K., Pillay J.D., Plass D., Polinder S., Prasad N.M., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Raju M., Ranganathan K., Refaat A.H., Ribeiro A.L., Ricci S., Rojas-Rueda D., Sackey B.B., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schneider I.J.C., Silva D.A.S., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Shahraz S., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Shigematsu M., Shin M., Yoon S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silverberg J.I., Yano Y., Singh P.K., Soreide K., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Stein M.B., Stovner L.J., Stranges S., Stroumpoulis K., Sunguya B.F., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tanne D., Tavakkoli M., Taye B., Tuzcu E.M., Thakur J., Thomson A.J., Thurston G.D., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Truelsen T., Tsala Z., Tsilimbaris M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Uneke C.J., Uthman O.A., van Gool C.H., van Os J., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Wallin M.T., Weichenthal S., Williams H.C., Woldeyohannes S.M., Xu G., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E., Zeeb H., Zuhlke L.J., Brown J., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang L., Kassebaum N.J., Arora M., Barber R.M., Carter A., Casey D.C., Charlson F.J., Coates M.M., Coggeshall M., Cornaby L., Dandona L., Dicker D.J., Erskine H.E., Ferrari A.J., Fitzmaurice C., Foreman K., Forouzanfar M.H., Fullman N., Goldberg E.M., Graetz N., Haagsma J.A., Hay S.I., Johnson C.O., Kemmer L., Khalil I.A., Kinfu Y., Kutz M.J., Kyu H.H., Leung J., Lim S.S., Lozano R., Mikesell J., Mokdad A.H., Mooney M.D., Naghavi M., Nguyen G., Nsoesie E., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Rankin Z., Reinig N., Sandar L., Smith A., Sorensen R.J.D., Stanaway J., Steiner C., Teeple S., Thomas B.A., Troeger C., VanderZanden A., Wagner J.A., Wanga V., Whiteford H.A., Zhou M., Zoeckler L., Achoki T., Afshin A., Alexander L.T., Allen C., Anderson G.M., Bell B., Bienhoff K., Biryukov S., Blore J.D., Estep K., Friedman J., Frostad J., Godwin W.W., Liu P.Y., Masiye F., Millear A., Mirarefin M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Mumford J.E., Ng M., Reitsma M.B., Reynolds A., Roth G.A., Sur P.J., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., Ellenbogen R.G., Mock C.N., Anderson B.O., Futran N.D., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., deVeber G.A., Abajobir A.A., Knibbs L.D., Lalloo R., Alam N.K.M., Gouda H.N., Guo Y., McGrath J.J., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Bisanzio D., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Jha V., Rahimi K., Duan L., Jin Y., Ye P., Liang X., Mensah G.A., Salomon J.A., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Barnighausen T., Campos-Nonato I.R., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Wagner G.R., Fitchett J.R.A., Abate K.H., Ahmed M.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abraham B., Abubakar I., Banerjee A., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Ackerman I.N., Buchbinder R., Gabbe B., Lloyd B.K., Adebiyi A.O., Adedeji I.A., Adsuar J.C., Afanvi K.A., Agardh E.E., Badawi A., Popova S., Agarwal A., Agarwal S.K., Roy A., Sagar R., Satpathy M., Tandon N., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Norrving B., Ahmadieh H., Yaseri M., Katibeh M., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Azzopardi P., Borschmann R., Colquhoun S.M., Patton G.C., Weintraub R.G., Meretoja A., Szoeke C.E.I., Taylor H.R., Wijeratne T., Driscoll T.R., Leigh J., Kemp A.H., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Terkawi A.S., Alegretti M.A., Aleman A.V., Cavalleri F., Colistro V., Alemu Z.A., Tegegne T.K., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Rabiee R.H.S., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S.M., Kivipelto M., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Sindi S., Alsharif U., Alvarez E., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Melaku Y.A., Ciobanu L.G., Tessema G.A., Amberbir A., Amegah A.K., Ameh E.A., Amini H., Furst T., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Zonies D., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Arsic V.S., Barac A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Gankpe F.G., Awasthi A., Ayala B.P., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barker-Collo S.L., Mohammed S., Barregard L., Petzold M., Barrero L.H., Basu S., Del L.C., Bayou T.A., Betsu B.D., Hailu G.B., Tekle D.Y., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Huang J.J., Benjet C., Gutierrez R.A., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D., Bernabe E., Hay R.J., Roba H.S., Beyene A.S., Hassen T.A., Mesfi Y.M., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Piel F.B., Steiner T.J., Bhatt S., Majeed A., Soljak M., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Bin A.A., Bjertness E., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Brugha T.S., Buckle G.C., Butt Z.A., Calabria B., Lucas R.M., Boufous S., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Mitchell P.B., Campuzano J.C., Gomez-Dantes H., Heredia-Pi I.B., Jauregui A., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Servan-Mori E.E., Carabin H., Carapetis J.R., Cardenas R., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Catala-Lopez F., Chang J., Chiang P.P., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Mori R., Chisumpa V.H., Choi J.J., Choudhury L., Christensen H., Colomar M., Crump J.A., Derrett S., Poulton R.G., Giussani G., Cortinovis M., Perico N., Remuzzi G., Dargan P.I., das Neves J., Pedro J.M., Santos J.V., Davey G., Davis A.C., Newton J.N., Steel N., De Leo D., Des Jarlais D.C., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Zodpey S., Doyle K.E., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Ram U., Yadav A.K., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Ebrahimi H., Esteghamati A., Farzadfar F., Hafezi-Nejad N., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Pishgar F., Sheikhbahaei S., Fahimi S., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Hassanvand M.S., Heydarpour P., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Elyazar I., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Te B.J., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Fischer F., Foigt N., Fowkes F.G.R., Franklin R.C., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Geleijnse J.M., Jibat T., Gibney K.B., Gillum R.F., Mehari A., Ginawi I.A., Hailu A.D., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Giroud M., Gishu M.D., Tura A.K., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Kopec J.A., Pourmalek F., Goto A., Inoue M., Gugnani H., Gupta R., Gupta V., Knudsen A.K., Norheim O.F., Halasa Y.A., Undurraga E.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hedayati M.T., Hoek H.W., Skirbekk V., Hoff D.J., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Huang H., Iburg K.M., Idrisov B.T., Kwan G.F., Innos K., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Jacobsen K.H., Jayatilleke A.U., Jiang G., Jiang Y., Jimenez-Corona A., Jonas J.B., and Kabir Z.
- Abstract
Background Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Findings Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates d
- Published
- 2016
4. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.
- Author
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Alhabib S., Lipshultz S.E., Wilkinson J.D., Simard E.P., Liu Y., Phillips M.R., Xiao Q., Lo L., Logroscino G., Lunevicius R., Ma S., Machado V.M., Mackay M.T., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mandisarisa J., Mangalam S., Marcenes W., Meaney P.A., Margolis D.J., Silberberg D.H., Martin G.R., Martinez-Raga J., Marzan M.B., Mason-Jones A.J., McMahon B.J., Mehndiratta M.M., Woldeyohannes S.M., Tedla B.A., Zeleke B.M., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Meretoja T.J., Lallukka T., Mhimbira F.A., Micha R., Mozaff D., Shi P., Singh G.M., Miller T.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohan V., Mola G.L.D., Monasta L., Montico M., Ronfani L., Morawska L., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Westerman R., Musa K.I., Paternina Caicedo A.J., Seedat S., Nagel G., Rothenbacher D., Naidoo K.S., Sartorius B., Naldi L., Remuzzi G., Nangia V., Nash D., Nejjari C., Neupane S., Newton C.R., Ngalesoni F.N., Ngirabega J.D., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie Pete P.M., Nomura M., Nyakarahuka L., Ogbo F.A., Ohkubo T., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Ozdemir R., Mahesh P.A., Pandian J.D., Pant P.R., Papachristou C., Park E., Park J., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Stokic Pejin L., Pereira D.M., Cortinovis M., Giussani G., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Pillay J.D., Plass D., Platts-Mills J.A., Polinder S., Pope C.A., Qorbani M., Rafay A., Rana S.M., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Raju M., Rakovac I., Ranabhat C.L., Rangaswamy T., Ribeiro A.L., Ricci S., Roca A., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy N.K., Ruhago G.M., Sunguya B.F., Saha S., Sahathevan R., Saleh M.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Sanchez-Riera L., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schaub M.P., Schneider I.J.C., Silva D.A.S., Schutte A.E., Shaddick G., Shaheen A., Shahraz S., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Shetty B.P., Shin M., Shiri R., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silveira D.G.A., Silverberg J.I., Yano Y., Singh O.P., Singh P.K., Singh V., Soneji S., Soreide K., Soriano J.B., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Stein M.B., Stranges S., Stroumpoulis K., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Takala J.S., Talongwa R.T., Taye B., Ten Have M., Tuzcu E.M., Thomson A.J., Thurston G.D., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Towbin J.A., Traebert J., Truelsen T., Trujillo U., Uchendu U.S., Ukwaja K.N., Uthman O.A., Van Dingenen R., van Donkelaar A., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Wallin M.T., Weichenthal S., White R.A., Williams H.C., Wong J.Q., Woolf A.D., Xavier D., Xu G., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yonga G., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E., Zannad F., Zavala D.E., Zeeb H., Zonies D., Zuhlke L.J., Brown A., Brown J., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang L., Wang H., Naghavi M., Allen C., Barber R.M., Carter A., Casey D.C., Charlson F.J., Chen A.Z., Coates M.M., Coggeshall M., Dandona L., Dicker D.J., Erskine H.E., Fitzmaurice C., Foreman K., Forouzanfar M.H., Fraser M.S., Fullman N., Goldberg E.M., Graetz N., Haagsma J.A., Hay S.I., Huynh C., Johnson C.O., Kassebaum N.J., Kulikoff X.R., Kutz M., Kyu H.H., Larson H.J., Leung J., Lim S.S., Lind M., Lozano R., Marquez N., Mikesell J., Mokdad A.H., Mooney M.D., Nguyen G., Nsoesie E., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Roth G.A., Sandar L., Silpakit N., Sligar A., Sorensen R.J.D., Stanaway J., Steiner C., Teeple S., Thomas B.A., Troeger C., VanderZanden A., Vollset S.E., Wanga V., Whiteford H.A., Wolock T., Zoeckler L., Achoki T., Afshin A., Alexander L.T., Anderson G.M., Bell B., Biryukov S., Blore J.D., Cercy K., Chew A., Cohen A.J., Daoud F., Dossou E., Estep K., Flaxman A., Friedman J., Frostad J., Godwin W.W., Hancock J., Kemmer L., Khalil I.A., Liu P.Y., Masiye F., Millear A., Mirarefin M., Misganaw A., Moradi-Lakeh M., Morgan K., Ng M., Pain A., Quame-Amaglo J., Rao P., Reitsma M.B., Shackelford K.A., Sur P., Wagner J.A., Vos T., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., Ellenbogen R.G., Mock C.N., Quistberg D.A., Anderson B.O., Blosser C.D., Futran N.D., Heckbert S.R., Jensen P.N., Montine T.J., Tirschwell D.L., Watkins D.A., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., Alam N.K.M., Knibbs L.D., Lalloo R., Gouda H.N., McGrath J.J., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Cooper C., Darby S.C., Deribew A., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Jha V., Rahimi K., Kinfu Y., Faghmous I.D.A., Langan S.M., McKee M., Murthy G.V.S., Pearce N., Roberts B., Campos-Nonato I.R., Campuzano J.C., Gomez-Dantes H., Heredia-Pi I.B., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montero P., Rios Blancas M.J., Servan-Mori E.E., Villalpando S., Duan L., Liu S., Ye P., Liang X., Yu S., Mensah G.A., Salomon J.A., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Ajala O.N., Barnighausen T., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Wagner G.R., James P., Osman M., Shrime M.G., Fitchett J.R.A., Knudsen A.K., Ellingsen C.L., Krog N.H., Savic M., Hailu A.D., Norheim O.F., Abate K.H., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Alasfoor D., Melaku Y.A., Tesfay F.H., Abyu G.Y., Aregay A.F., Betsu B.D., Gebru A.A., Hailu G.B., Yalew A.Z., Yebyo H.G., Abreu D.M.X., Franca E.B., Abu-Raddad L.J., Adelekan A.L., Akinyemi R.O., Ojelabi F.A., Ademi Z., Furst T., Azzopardi P., Cowie B.C., Gibney K.B., MacLachlan J.H., Meretoja A., Alam K., Colquhoun S.M., Patton G.C., Weintraub R.G., Szoeke C.E.I., Vijayakumar L., Bohensky M.A., Taylor H.R., Wijeratne T., Adou A.K., Adsuar J.C., Afanvi K.A., Agardh E.E., Rehm J., Badawi A., Lindsay M.P., Popova S., Agarwal A., Agrawal A., Hotez P.J., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Norrving B., Akanda A.S., Akinyemiju T.F., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Al Lami F.H., Alabed S., Al-Aly Z., Driscoll T.R., Leigh J., Kemp A.H., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Terkawi A.S., Aldridge R.W., Banerjee A., Tillmann T., Alegretti M.A., Aleman A.V., Cavalleri F., Colistro V., Alemu Z.A., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Alvarez Martin E., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ciobanu L.G., Tessema G.A., Amegah A.K., Kudom A.A., Ameh E.A., Amini H., Karema C.K., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., Faraon E.J.A., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Arsic Arsenijevic V.S., Barac A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Atique S., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Gankpe F.G., Awasthi A., Bacha U., Bahit M.C., Balakrishnan K., Barker-Collo S.L., Mohammed S., Barregard L., Petzold M., Barrero L.H., Basu A., Basu S., Bayou Y.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Deribe K., Belay H.A., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Jibat T., Manamo W.A.A., Tefera W.M., Yirsaw B.D., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Biroscak B.J., Bello A.K., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D.A., Bernabe E., Beyene A.S., Gishu M.D., Bhala N., Bhalla A., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Bin Abdulhak A.A., Bjertness E., Htet A.S., Bose D., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Brayne C.E.G., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Schottker B., Brewer J.D., Brugha T.S., Buckle G.C., Gosselin R.A., Butt Z.A., Calabria B., Lal A., Lucas R.M., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Carapetis J.R., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Catala-Lopez F., Cerda J., Chen W., Chiang P.P., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Mori R., Chimed-Ochir O., Jiang Y., Takahashi K., Chisumpa V.H., Mapoma C.C., Choi J.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cirillo M., Colomar M., Cooper L.T., Crump J.A., Poulton R.G., Damsere-Derry J., Danawi H., Refaat A.H., Dargan P.I., das Neves J., Massano J., Pedro J.M., Davey G., Davis A.C., Greaves F., Newton J.N., Davitoiu D.V., de Castro E.F., de Jager P., De D., Dellavalle R.P., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Ganguly P., Lal D.K., Zodpey S., Diaz-Torne C., dos Santos K.P.B., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Elyazar I., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Esteghamati A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Fahimi S., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Farzadfar F., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Heydarpour P., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Sheikhbahaei S., Yaseri M., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Te Ao B.J., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Fischer F., Foigt N., Shiue I., Fowkes F.G.R., Franklin R.C., Piel F.B., Majeed A., Gall S.L., Gambashidze K., Gamkrelidze A., Kereselidze M., Shakh-Nazarova M., Iyer V.J., Gebre T., Geleijnse J.M., Gessner B.D., Ghoshal A.G., Gillum R.F., Mehari A., Gilmour S., Inoue M., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Giroud M., Glaser E., Halasa Y.A., Shepard D.S., Undurraga E.A., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Kopec J.A., Murthy S., Pourmalek F., Goto A., Gugnani H.C., Gupta R., Gupta V., Gutierrez R.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Norman P.E., Hao Y., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hilderink H.B., Hoek H.W., Tura A.K., Hogg R.S., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htike M.M.T., Hu G., Huang C., Huang H., Huiart L., Husseini A., Huybrechts I., Huynh G., Iburg K.M., Innos K., Jacobs T.A., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Katibeh M., Rajavi Z., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jayatilleke A.U., Prabhakaran D., Jiang G., Jimenez-Corona A., Jonas J.B., Joshi T.K., Kabir Z., Kamal R., Kesavachandran C.N., She J., Shen Z., Zhang H., Kan H., Kant S., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Karletsos D., Karthikeyan G., Naik N., Paul V.K., Roy A., Sagar R., Satpathy M., Tandon N., Kaul A., Kayibanda J.F., Keiyoro P.N., Lyons R.A., Parry C.D., Kengne A.P., Matzopoulos R., Wiysonge C.S., Stein D.J., Mayosi B.M., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khera S., Tavakkoli M., Khoja T.A.M., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kissela B.M., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., McGarvey S.T., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kuipers E.J., Kulkarni V.S., Kwan G.F., Rao S.R., Lam H., Lam J.O., Nachega J.B., Tran B.X., Lansingh V.C., Laryea D.O., Latif A.A., Lawrynowicz A.E.B., Levi M., Li Y., Alhabib S., Lipshultz S.E., Wilkinson J.D., Simard E.P., Liu Y., Phillips M.R., Xiao Q., Lo L., Logroscino G., Lunevicius R., Ma S., Machado V.M., Mackay M.T., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mandisarisa J., Mangalam S., Marcenes W., Meaney P.A., Margolis D.J., Silberberg D.H., Martin G.R., Martinez-Raga J., Marzan M.B., Mason-Jones A.J., McMahon B.J., Mehndiratta M.M., Woldeyohannes S.M., Tedla B.A., Zeleke B.M., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Meretoja T.J., Lallukka T., Mhimbira F.A., Micha R., Mozaff D., Shi P., Singh G.M., Miller T.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohan V., Mola G.L.D., Monasta L., Montico M., Ronfani L., Morawska L., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Westerman R., Musa K.I., Paternina Caicedo A.J., Seedat S., Nagel G., Rothenbacher D., Naidoo K.S., Sartorius B., Naldi L., Remuzzi G., Nangia V., Nash D., Nejjari C., Neupane S., Newton C.R., Ngalesoni F.N., Ngirabega J.D., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie Pete P.M., Nomura M., Nyakarahuka L., Ogbo F.A., Ohkubo T., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Ozdemir R., Mahesh P.A., Pandian J.D., Pant P.R., Papachristou C., Park E., Park J., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Stokic Pejin L., Pereira D.M., Cortinovis M., Giussani G., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Pillay J.D., Plass D., Platts-Mills J.A., Polinder S., Pope C.A., Qorbani M., Rafay A., Rana S.M., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Raju M., Rakovac I., Ranabhat C.L., Rangaswamy T., Ribeiro A.L., Ricci S., Roca A., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy N.K., Ruhago G.M., Sunguya B.F., Saha S., Sahathevan R., Saleh M.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Sanchez-Riera L., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schaub M.P., Schneider I.J.C., Silva D.A.S., Schutte A.E., Shaddick G., Shaheen A., Shahraz S., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Shetty B.P., Shin M., Shiri R., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silveira D.G.A., Silverberg J.I., Yano Y., Singh O.P., Singh P.K., Singh V., Soneji S., Soreide K., Soriano J.B., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Stein M.B., Stranges S., Stroumpoulis K., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Takala J.S., Talongwa R.T., Taye B., Ten Have M., Tuzcu E.M., Thomson A.J., Thurston G.D., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Towbin J.A., Traebert J., Truelsen T., Trujillo U., Uchendu U.S., Ukwaja K.N., Uthman O.A., Van Dingenen R., van Donkelaar A., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Wallin M.T., Weichenthal S., White R.A., Williams H.C., Wong J.Q., Woolf A.D., Xavier D., Xu G., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yonga G., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E., Zannad F., Zavala D.E., Zeeb H., Zonies D., Zuhlke L.J., Brown A., Brown J., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang L., Wang H., Naghavi M., Allen C., Barber R.M., Carter A., Casey D.C., Charlson F.J., Chen A.Z., Coates M.M., Coggeshall M., Dandona L., Dicker D.J., Erskine H.E., Fitzmaurice C., Foreman K., Forouzanfar M.H., Fraser M.S., Fullman N., Goldberg E.M., Graetz N., Haagsma J.A., Hay S.I., Huynh C., Johnson C.O., Kassebaum N.J., Kulikoff X.R., Kutz M., Kyu H.H., Larson H.J., Leung J., Lim S.S., Lind M., Lozano R., Marquez N., Mikesell J., Mokdad A.H., Mooney M.D., Nguyen G., Nsoesie E., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Roth G.A., Sandar L., Silpakit N., Sligar A., Sorensen R.J.D., Stanaway J., Steiner C., Teeple S., Thomas B.A., Troeger C., VanderZanden A., Vollset S.E., Wanga V., Whiteford H.A., Wolock T., Zoeckler L., Achoki T., Afshin A., Alexander L.T., Anderson G.M., Bell B., Biryukov S., Blore J.D., Cercy K., Chew A., Cohen A.J., Daoud F., Dossou E., Estep K., Flaxman A., Friedman J., Frostad J., Godwin W.W., Hancock J., Kemmer L., Khalil I.A., Liu P.Y., Masiye F., Millear A., Mirarefin M., Misganaw A., Moradi-Lakeh M., Morgan K., Ng M., Pain A., Quame-Amaglo J., Rao P., Reitsma M.B., Shackelford K.A., Sur P., Wagner J.A., Vos T., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., Ellenbogen R.G., Mock C.N., Quistberg D.A., Anderson B.O., Blosser C.D., Futran N.D., Heckbert S.R., Jensen P.N., Montine T.J., Tirschwell D.L., Watkins D.A., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., Alam N.K.M., Knibbs L.D., Lalloo R., Gouda H.N., McGrath J.J., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Cooper C., Darby S.C., Deribew A., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Jha V., Rahimi K., Kinfu Y., Faghmous I.D.A., Langan S.M., McKee M., Murthy G.V.S., Pearce N., Roberts B., Campos-Nonato I.R., Campuzano J.C., Gomez-Dantes H., Heredia-Pi I.B., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montero P., Rios Blancas M.J., Servan-Mori E.E., Villalpando S., Duan L., Liu S., Ye P., Liang X., Yu S., Mensah G.A., Salomon J.A., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Ajala O.N., Barnighausen T., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Wagner G.R., James P., Osman M., Shrime M.G., Fitchett J.R.A., Knudsen A.K., Ellingsen C.L., Krog N.H., Savic M., Hailu A.D., Norheim O.F., Abate K.H., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Alasfoor D., Melaku Y.A., Tesfay F.H., Abyu G.Y., Aregay A.F., Betsu B.D., Gebru A.A., Hailu G.B., Yalew A.Z., Yebyo H.G., Abreu D.M.X., Franca E.B., Abu-Raddad L.J., Adelekan A.L., Akinyemi R.O., Ojelabi F.A., Ademi Z., Furst T., Azzopardi P., Cowie B.C., Gibney K.B., MacLachlan J.H., Meretoja A., Alam K., Colquhoun S.M., Patton G.C., Weintraub R.G., Szoeke C.E.I., Vijayakumar L., Bohensky M.A., Taylor H.R., Wijeratne T., Adou A.K., Adsuar J.C., Afanvi K.A., Agardh E.E., Rehm J., Badawi A., Lindsay M.P., Popova S., Agarwal A., Agrawal A., Hotez P.J., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Norrving B., Akanda A.S., Akinyemiju T.F., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Al Lami F.H., Alabed S., Al-Aly Z., Driscoll T.R., Leigh J., Kemp A.H., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Terkawi A.S., Aldridge R.W., Banerjee A., Tillmann T., Alegretti M.A., Aleman A.V., Cavalleri F., Colistro V., Alemu Z.A., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Alvarez Martin E., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ciobanu L.G., Tessema G.A., Amegah A.K., Kudom A.A., Ameh E.A., Amini H., Karema C.K., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., Faraon E.J.A., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Arsic Arsenijevic V.S., Barac A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Atique S., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Gankpe F.G., Awasthi A., Bacha U., Bahit M.C., Balakrishnan K., Barker-Collo S.L., Mohammed S., Barregard L., Petzold M., Barrero L.H., Basu A., Basu S., Bayou Y.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Deribe K., Belay H.A., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Jibat T., Manamo W.A.A., Tefera W.M., Yirsaw B.D., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Biroscak B.J., Bello A.K., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D.A., Bernabe E., Beyene A.S., Gishu M.D., Bhala N., Bhalla A., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Bin Abdulhak A.A., Bjertness E., Htet A.S., Bose D., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Brayne C.E.G., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Schottker B., Brewer J.D., Brugha T.S., Buckle G.C., Gosselin R.A., Butt Z.A., Calabria B., Lal A., Lucas R.M., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Carapetis J.R., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Catala-Lopez F., Cerda J., Chen W., Chiang P.P., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Mori R., Chimed-Ochir O., Jiang Y., Takahashi K., Chisumpa V.H., Mapoma C.C., Choi J.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cirillo M., Colomar M., Cooper L.T., Crump J.A., Poulton R.G., Damsere-Derry J., Danawi H., Refaat A.H., Dargan P.I., das Neves J., Massano J., Pedro J.M., Davey G., Davis A.C., Greaves F., Newton J.N., Davitoiu D.V., de Castro E.F., de Jager P., De D., Dellavalle R.P., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Ganguly P., Lal D.K., Zodpey S., Diaz-Torne C., dos Santos K.P.B., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Elyazar I., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Esteghamati A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Fahimi S., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Farzadfar F., 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- Abstract
Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2
- Published
- 2016
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