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Tor douronensis and Tor soro were two of the four species of the Tor genus that live in Indonesian waters. However, studies related to the skeleton of these two fish are still rarely disclosed. The aim of this study compared the morphology of the caudal-fin (pinna caudalis) T. douronensis and T. soro. The research stages include sample preparation, making skeleton preparations, image analysis, and identification of skeleton terminology. T. douronensis fish were collected from the waters of the Pagar Alam area, Lahat Regency, South Sumatra, while T. soro was collected from the waters of Bukit Lawang, Bohorok District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra Province. The caudal-fin (pinna caudalis) is part of the ossa urostylus which produces optimal hydrodynamic propulsion. The caudal-fin (pinna caudalis) Genus Tor is part of the ossa urostylus which is composed of 31 caudal-fin rays (pinnae), six hypural bones, parhypural, pleurostylus, epural, and uroneuralis. The ventral part of T. douronensis and T. soro is composed of the parhypural, and the 1st and 2nd hypural bones. T. douronensis had a parhypural bone that was more prominent and separates from the spina hemalis compared to T. soro. The dorsal part was composed of the 3rd hypural bones to 6th hypural, in T. soro the hypural bone was fused with cartilage. Os pleurostylus T. douronensis had a more prominent shape than T. soro and there was enlargement in the posterior part. The 3rd and 4th hypural bones on T. soro had the largest size. The T. soro had three spina neuralis and three spina hemalis to support the rays of the tail. The bones that composed the caudal-fin of T. douronensis and T. soro were relatively similar to those of some fish from the family Cyprinidae. The results of this study could be used as an alternative to identify T. douronensis and T. soro from the skeleton.

Salah satu daerah penghasil kepiting bakau terbesar di Kabupaten Bone adalah Kecamatan Cenrana. Peningkatan jumlah produksi kepiting bakau pada tahun 2016 adalah sumbangsi terbesar dari Kecamatan Cenrana. Akan tetapi, seiring permintaan kepiting bakau di Kabupaten Bone terus meningkat, jumlah produksinya belum mampu memenuhi permintaan pasar kepiting bakau meskipun produksinya pernah mengalami peningkatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh input produksi (lahan tambak, benih, pakan dan tenaga kerja) terhadap produksi kepiting bakau. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Cenrana, Kabupaten Bone, Penentuan lokasi dilakukan secara sengaja (purvosive). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Bulan Februari sampai dengan Maret 2018. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah petani kepiting bakau yang dipilih menggunakan metode sampling sebanyak 92 orang. Adapun analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis regresi berganda dengan metode Ordinary Least Square (OLS), model yang digunakan adalah persamaan fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan produksi kepiting bakau dipengaruhi oleh faktor lahan tambak (0,231), benih (0,459), pakan (0,155) dan tenaga kerja (0,238) dan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap produksi kepiting bakau. Produksi kepiting bakau akan semakin meningkat karena ada potensi peningkatan produksi kepiting bakau dengan adanya kepastian ketersediaan benih melalui perbaikan habitat mangrove yang lebih baik, peraturan penangkapan induk kepiting bakau yang bertelur dan perbaikan lingkungan akibat pencemaran disekitar hulu Sungai Cenrana Kabupaten Bone.

Ports as marine transportation infrastructure have a very important role for the national and regional economies as well as relations between regions and between countries. Ports can play a role in stimulating the growth of economic, trade, and industrial activities from their areas of influence. To increase this role, of course, it must be supported by good performance. This study aims to (1) analyze the influence of Makassar Port in supporting the development of Makassar City and analyze the operational performance of Makassar port; and (2) Formulating a strategy to increase the role of ports in supporting the development of Makassar City. This research uses quantitative descriptive analysis method for GRDP data and port performance, simple linear correlation, and regression analysis are used to show the relationship and influence of goods traffic flow with GRDP of Makassar City, and field force analysis is used to determine strategies for increasing the role of ports. The results show that the Makassar Port has a significant effect in supporting the development of Makassar City and the performance of the Makassar Port during the last five (5) years has performed well. The strategic priorities for increasing the role of Makassar Port in supporting the development of Makassar City are the development of the Makassar New Port (MNP) terminal and dredging the port pool.

Among the mangroves area on the north coast of Makassar are in Lantebung and Untia. The mangrove area is denominated as an ecotourism protected area based on community empowerment and sustainable tourism. As a coastal area that has potential resource, it needs to be managed so that the resource remains sustainable even though they are used optimally. The purpose of this study as to analyse the status of the sustainability of mangrove management in Lantebung and Untia. Analysis of mangrove management sustainability in Lantebung and Untia using Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) method with Rap-Mforest approach modified from Rapfish. The result of the analysis show that the mangrove area management sustainability index in Lantebung and Untia is in the moderate sustainable category for the ecological dimension. Meanwhile, in the socio-economic and institutional dimensions, Lantebung was included in the moderate sustainable category and Untia was included in the less sustainable category. The Monte Carlo analysis method shows that the sustainability index is classified as good and acceptable because the stress value is less than 25%.

The exploitation of the Malili Lake Complex in South Sulawesi as a natural resource that is not accompanied by wisdom has caused various major problems, such as damage to natural resources, loss of resources and the emergence of various wastes, which result in a decrease in the quality of the environment.The objectives of this research are: to examine in depth the dynamics of the quality of the aquatic environment and the influencing factors. Testing of environmental parameters measured in the field using a tool, namely the Water Quality Checker. Parameter measurements carried out in the field during June-August 2021 by taking six observation stations, namely: Salonsa Beach, Dream Beach, Malili River, Karebbe River, Sorowako Pier and Timampu Pier. The condition of the waters in has been polluted by the presence of domestic and industrial waste and the activities of the people who live in the vicinity.

The objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between coral reef cover and abundance of reef fish in Marine Tourism Park of the Kapoposang Islands, South Sulawesi. This research was conducted on April 2019. Collecting coral cover data using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method and coral fish data collection using Underwater Visual Census (UVC) with belt transects. The research results of coral fish found in the study site were 15 families and 54 species. The highest abundance of reef fish was found at site I, which was 6280 ind/ha with a percentage of live coral cover of 34% (Moderate), while the lowest abundance was found at site III of 2100 ind/ha with a percentage of live coral cover of 5% (Poor). The relationship between the abundance of reef fish and the percentage of live coral cover can be seen in the results of the regression analysis of the value of r2 = 0.942, this value indicates that there is a close relationship between abundance of reef fish with the percentage of live coral cover, that is if the coral cover percentage is getting better then the number of fish more abundant coral.

The fishing port as the basis for the capture fisheries sector has a very important role in the national economy. Since the inauguration in 2016 until now, Untia Makassar Fishing Port has not shown an increase in activity as expected. This research objective is to make an inventory of the regulations related to the Untia Fishery Port Management Policies and how is the implementation of the Untia Fishery Port Management Policies. This research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The method of data collection is done by interview, participatory observation, documentation, and questionnaire. The results show that the Decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia Number 74 / KEPMEN-KP / 2016 concerning the Management of Untia Fishery Ports has not succeeded in becoming a tool in increasing fisheries activities. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate immediately with the Ministry of Administrative Reform - Bureaucratic Reform (Kemenpan-RB) so that the nomenclature of Untia fishery port managers can be immediately determined so that additional human resources and budgeting resources can be added. The efforts must be made so that policy implementation can be maximized in the community, namely (1) local government support for the initiation of the 30 GT ship to facilitate it to the fishery port for use and (2) local government support in the form of regulations for industrial entrepreneurs both in the ship supply industry as well as the marketing and distribution of fishery products to grow the fishery industry at the port of Untia.

Many sea urchins, including the collector urchin Tripneustes gratilla, are well known for their role as herbivores, contributing to the control of fast growing macroalgae that can potentially overgrow and dominate seagrass beds and reef flats. Tripneustes gratilla is a short-spined sea urchin that can be easily found and collected by hand from the seagrass meadows which are their main habitat, especially during low tide. The exploitation of this species in Indonesia began to expand several years ago when the demand for T. gratilla gonads started to rise, for both commercial purposes and household consumption. This study aimed to determine the population and distribution of T. gratilla in seagrass ecosystems with different conditions across the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results indicate that T. gratilla population abundance and size distribution are affected by several factors: seagrass condition, water quality, and the intensity of sea urchin collection. The results also emphasize the urgent need for developing and implementing effective management to ensure the sustainability of this important sea urchin species.

The milkfish business has the potential to be developed; therefore, it is not only be sold in fresh condition but also processed into other products with additional value. This study aims to analyze the prospect of developed milkfish processing in Pangkep district. The research was conducted in August 2018 until August 2019 in Bungoro, Labakkang, Pangkajene, Segeri, Mandalle dan Marang districts. The sampling method was taken by purposive sampling. The analysis of economic value was used to estimate the total economic value of the milkfish processing business. The feasibility analysis was used to determine whether the type of milkfish processing business was feasible or not to run. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the priority strategy for the development of the milkfish processing business. The results show that there are five types of milkfish products developing in Pangkep district, including shredded milkfish, thornless milkfish, presto milkfish, bale kambu, and amplang milkfish. The analytical feasibility is conducted to show that the milkfish processing business in Pangkep district is feasible to be developed; however, the five types of processed products, milkfish shredded are more profitable to run. It shows the NPV, Net B/C, and IRR values, which are higher than other milkfish processed products. The development strategy of the milkfish processing business becomes the priority on the modality and marketing criteria. Improving the quality of human resources and developing distribution channels become a priority strategy in the development of milkfish processing businesses in Pangkep district.

This study aimed to: assess the social culture of Bajo community and examine Bajo community factors moving from sea to land and describe the pattern of settlement space between Bajo Tribe at the sea level and Bajo Tribe on land. This research was a descriptive study with a qualitative inductive approach. This research was conducted in February 2020 with the type of data collected were primary and secondary data. This study shows that changes in the pattern of Bajo community settlements in Kelurahan Bajoe are influenced by several aspects including the social changes in Bajo community (social interaction, orientation to livelihoods, the use of Bajo local language, and there has been a change in settlement patterns because they are driven by the desire to live on land, activities such as trade and education, and the affordability of raw materials on land, changes in settlement patterns (settlement patterns, building orientation, building shape and building use).

Residents of Majene Regency especially young people today like to access information sites on the internet so digital media literacy skills were needed among young people. The research aims (1) to review and describe the digital media literacy level in the Majene Regency and (2) to review and describe the relationship of digital media literacy level and regional hierarchy development of Majene Regency. The research was classified as explanatory research with a quantitative approach. Determination of samples by probability sampling. Data were collected with a questionnaire and document study method. The data were then analyzed using the scoring method with Likert’s scale and scalogram analysis with Gutmann’s scale. The research results indicated that in general digital media literacy’s young level in the Majene Regency was classified as moderate, the capacity of their technical skills was categorized as high, their critical understanding capacity, as well as their communicative abilities, were categorized as moderate. The correlation between the development of the Majene Regency area the literacy level of the youth has a significant correlation. The regions which have a higher hierarchy in digital media literacy of the youth would be categorized as high, while the regions which had a lower hierarchy in digital media literacy would be categorized as low.

The major threats of coral reefs are anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic factors. The research aims to determine the threat level and formulate a strategy to manage coral reefs. The methods used are lozenge, the analysis of threat status, the analysis of hierarchy processes and the interpretation of strategic management. Threat assessment was based on an expert view obtained through a questionnaire. The results of the research indicate that the low threat level of coral reefs is 225.84 ha (66.3%) and the moderate threat level is 114.58 ha (33.7%). The result of modeling for the next 20 years indicates that the low threat is 84.03 ha (24.69%), the moderate threat is 238.49 ha (70.06%,) and the high threat 17.88 ha ( 5.25%). The management strategies used are watershed conservation, harbor management, the prevention of destructive fishing practices, integrated and sustainable marine tourism management, revitalization of coastal settlements and the control of population growth, and adaptive management for coral reefs related to global warming.

Tempe Lake is a lake in South Sulawesi potential as a producer of fish for local and regional consumption . In the dry season, Administratively , Tempe Lake lies in two areas , namely Wajo and Soppeng . Location of the three lakes adjacent and connected by rivers during the rainy season the water level rises, causing three lakes together. Therefore the aim of this study are: 1 ) Determine the composition of the type and size of fish in Lake Tempe , 2 ) Analyze the status of sustainability and management strategies based on the social, economic, institutional, fish resources, habitat, and technology , and 3 ) to formulate policy alternatives in the management of fisheries of Lake Tempe especially endangered fish. The experiment was conducted in October 2012 - March 2013 ( pre - study ) in three districts namely Wajo, Soppeng, and Sidrap to identify the composition of fish species in Lake Tempe . Data on the composition of thecatch can be obtained in conjunction with the catch - effort data is catching. Data were collected at regular intervals to describe the general composition of catches from each gear from various times and regions in the fishing season . Data should be analyzed carefully in conjunction with environmental fluctuations and changes in environmental conditions that systematically. Research continued in May- August 2014 to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of endemic fish in Lake Tempe and to determine the factors that threaten the extinction of fish endemic to retrieve data directly through six stations. Assessment of the status of conservation of Fisheries in Lake Tempe determined using RAPFISH (Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries Sustainability) developed by Fisheries Center University of British Columbia (Kavanagh, 2001. In RAPFISH analysis conducted several stages, namely: 1) Determination of attributes , 2) Sensitivity analysis, 3) Dimensions of sustainability status management , and 4) . Multidimensional sustainability status. This study uses 30 attributes of 6 dimensions (social, economic, habitat, fish resources, technology , and institutional ) in RAPFISH analysis. Each attribute and criteria in each dimension refers to the manual modification EAFM module (Ecosystem Approach for Fisheries Management). Therefore, it is necessary fisheries research in the field of complex and multidisciplinary. Thus, an assessment of the sustainability or sustainability of fishery resources can not be reviewed in one dimension but involves various dimensions and needed a solution to overcome this. As well as basic data for the determination of policy management and utilization of aquatic resources in order to preservation of endangered fish populations can be sustained.

Coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus) was one of the export commodity especially alive coral grouper. Coral grouper fishing in Spermonde Island had been carried out by fishermen continuously that could interfere sustainable potential and led to excess fishing. The research aimed to find out population parameters and exploitation rate of coral grouper. The result of the research would provide information in sustainable resource managementin Spermonde Island. The research method was total length and weight measurement of coral grouper from fishermen and trader???s fish catches in each fishing area. Population parameters analysis was conducted by using ELEFAN program in Pizat II. Analysis result of size structure in Sarappo and LumuLumu Island was dominated by 22,5 cm, while in Langkai Island was 37,5 cm. Age group in Sarappo Island consisted of 3 and LumuLumu and Langkai Island was 4 age groups. Growth rate coefficient (K) of coral grouper was 0,34 per year (Sarappo Island), 0,30 per year (LumuLumu Island) and 0,28 per year (Langkai Island). Total mortality rate, natural and large fishing in Sarappo Island, then LumuLumu and Langkai Island. Exploitation rate in the third island > 50%, showed that utilization of coral grouper in the condition over exploitation.

Fish diversity monitoring could be utilized as a basis for formulating management regulation of the fisheries resources. A study has been carried out to describe the Siganid fishes of the family Siganidae from the coast of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study was conducted from September 2010 to August 2013. Two hundred and thirty five specimen of Siganid belonging 17 species were examined and identified: Siganus argenteus, S. canaliculatus, S. corralinus, S. doliatus, S. fuscescens, S. guttatus, S. javus, S. lineatus, S. puellus, S. puelloides, S. punctatissimus, S. punctatus, S. spinus, S. vermiculatus, S. virgatus, S. sutor, and S. vulpinus. Description and local name available of each species was given.

The top shell (Trochus niloticus L.) is one of the endangered species as it is near to extinction in nature, due to fishery activities, without concerning its conservation. One of the alternatives to prevent the extinction of top shell is through seedling and spawning. This research was aimed to know successful rate of top shell spawning using different induce methods. Four methods were used to stimulate spawning: shock temperature, strong aeration, running sea water and a combination method (shock temperature and running sea water). The results showed that running sea water was more effective method to induce spawning of the top shell. While shock temperature with temperatures of 37 - 38oC or 4 -5oC above ambient temperature result in death of breeders. Accordingly, strong aeration is also alternative method in inducing spawning of the top shell. Keywords: spawning, top shell, induce methods

Portunid crabs are potential candidate for softshell commodity, e.g generaThalamitaand Scylla. Based on this fact, the present research was aimed to analyse the Portunid crabs (Thalamita and Scylla) diversity and their distribution as well as the growth of its population structure, sex ratio and gonad maturity index. Sampling was done at two district area, namely North Luwu and Sinjai Districts. The crabs were captured using rakkang with mesh size of 20mm. Diversity analysis and distribution were done using tabulation, while population structure was obtained using software FISAT-II. The result showed that both area were inhabited by Scylla serrata and Thalamita crenata. Thalamita crenata prefered area with high density of mangrove tree and the habitat never dry during low tide. In contrary, Scylla serrata tend to be found in ???drier??? area. Male and female Thalamita crenata has one cohort with size 56.35 and 51,00 mm respectively. Von Bartalanffy growth parameter (L??? and K) was 95.75mm and 0.25 per year for male, and 112.0 and 0.35 per year for female. Ratio male/female for T. Crenata was 11/20 for North Luwu District and 95/79 for Sinjai District. Gonad maturation index ofThalamita crenatafor 0, I, and II were 10, 6 and 9 individu, respectively.

Anguilla marmorata glass eels or elvers were collected separately during anadromous migration from four Pacific estuaries: Hamuta, Poso, Shuang Hsi and Tanshui. The total length at arrival in these estuaries was (mean ± standard error) (51.50 ± 0.90) (51.80 ± 0.90) (46.95 ± 0.84) and (47.33 ± 0.80) mm, respectively. The sagittal otolith microstructure, increment patterns and daily age were examined by scanning electron microscope. Based on the number of increments of presumed daily deposition, the overall mean age at arrival in the estuaries was estimated to be about 3–4 months, with an estimated period of 73–86 days for the leptocephalus stage. Two zones, i.e. the leptocephalus growth zone (L) and the metamorphosis growth zone (M) were recognizable in the otolith cross section. The increment width of L and M varied from the otolith's centre to its margin, reflecting different growth rates. The spawning grounds of these eels are presumably not far from the estuary. Their locations are discussed.

Struktur populasi ikan merupakan salah satu strategi dalam memprediksi kondisi populasi dalam suatu kawasan perairan. Ikan Katamba merupakan salah satu spesies ekonomis penting yang terus mengalami eksploitasi di perairan Spermonde Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Peneltian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur populasi ikan Katamba yang ditangkap di perairan Spermode Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Lokasi pengambilan sampel dilakukan di tempat pendaratan ikan yang berada di Kabupaten Takalar, Barru dan Kota Makassar. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara acak. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 100 ekor per lokasi sampel. Frekuensi pengambilan sampel sebanyak 2 kali pada bulan April ??? Mei. Pengukuran parameter berupa kelompok umur, laju pertumbuhan, laju mortalitas, laju eksploitasi ikan Katamba. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan struktur populasi pada tiga lokasi sampel menunjukkan nilai yang berbeda dan tingkat eksploitasi sudah melewati batas optimum (overfishing)..