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1. Formation of robust bound states of interacting microwave photons

Author

Morvan, A, Andersen, TI, Mi, X, Neill, C, Petukhov, A, Kechedzhi, K, Abanin, DA, Michailidis, A, Acharya, R, Arute, F, Arya, K, Asfaw, A, Atalaya, J, Bardin, JC, Basso, J, Bengtsson, A, Bortoli, G, Bourassa, A, Bovaird, J, Brill, L, Broughton, M, Buckley, BB, Buell, DA, Burger, T, Burkett, B, Bushnell, N, Chen, Z, Chiaro, B, Collins, R, Conner, P, Courtney, W, Crook, AL, Curtin, B, Debroy, DM, Del Toro Barba, A, Demura, S, Dunsworth, A, Eppens, D, Erickson, C, Faoro, L, Farhi, E, Fatemi, R, Flores Burgos, L, Forati, E, Fowler, AG, Foxen, B, Giang, W, Gidney, C, Gilboa, D, Giustina, M, Grajales Dau, A, Gross, JA, Habegger, S, Hamilton, MC, Harrigan, MP, Harrington, SD, Hoffmann, M, Hong, S, Huang, T, Huff, A, Huggins, WJ, Isakov, SV, Iveland, J, Jeffrey, E, Jiang, Z, Jones, C, Juhas, P, Kafri, D, Khattar, T, Khezri, M, Kieferová, M, Kim, S, Kitaev, AY, Klimov, PV, Klots, AR, Korotkov, AN, Kostritsa, F, Kreikebaum, JM, Landhuis, D, Laptev, P, Lau, K-M, Laws, L, Lee, J, Lee, KW, Lester, BJ, Lill, AT, Liu, W, Locharla, A, Malone, F, Martin, O, McClean, JR, McEwen, M, Meurer Costa, B, Miao, KC, Mohseni, M, Montazeri, S, Mount, E, Mruczkiewicz, W, Naaman, O, and Neeley, M

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Physical Sciences, Photons, Microwaves, Electrons, Fees and Charges, Reproduction, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Systems of correlated particles appear in many fields of modern science and represent some of the most intractable computational problems in nature. The computational challenge in these systems arises when interactions become comparable to other energy scales, which makes the state of each particle depend on all other particles1. The lack of general solutions for the three-body problem and acceptable theory for strongly correlated electrons shows that our understanding of correlated systems fades when the particle number or the interaction strength increases. One of the hallmarks of interacting systems is the formation of multiparticle bound states2-9. Here we develop a high-fidelity parameterizable fSim gate and implement the periodic quantum circuit of the spin-½ XXZ model in a ring of 24 superconducting qubits. We study the propagation of these excitations and observe their bound nature for up to five photons. We devise a phase-sensitive method for constructing the few-body spectrum of the bound states and extract their pseudo-charge by introducing a synthetic flux. By introducing interactions between the ring and additional qubits, we observe an unexpected resilience of the bound states to integrability breaking. This finding goes against the idea that bound states in non-integrable systems are unstable when their energies overlap with the continuum spectrum. Our work provides experimental evidence for bound states of interacting photons and discovers their stability beyond the integrability limit.

Published
2022

2. Readout of a quantum processor with high dynamic range Josephson parametric amplifiers

Author

White, T, Opremcak, A, Sterling, G, Korotkov, A, Sank, D, Acharya, R, Ansmann, M, Arute, F, Arya, K, Bardin, JC, Bengtsson, A, Bourassa, A, Bovaird, J, Brill, L, Buckley, BB, Buell, DA, Burger, T, Burkett, B, Bushnell, N, Chen, Z, Chiaro, B, Cogan, J, Collins, R, Crook, AL, Curtin, B, Demura, S, Dunsworth, A, Erickson, C, Fatemi, R, Burgos, LF, Forati, E, Foxen, B, Giang, W, Giustina, M, Grajales Dau, A, Hamilton, MC, Harrington, SD, Hilton, J, Hoffmann, M, Hong, S, Huang, T, Huff, A, Iveland, J, Jeffrey, E, Kieferová, M, Kim, S, Klimov, PV, Kostritsa, F, Kreikebaum, JM, Landhuis, D, Laptev, P, Laws, L, Lee, K, Lester, BJ, Lill, A, Liu, W, Locharla, A, Lucero, E, McCourt, T, McEwen, M, Mi, X, Miao, KC, Montazeri, S, Morvan, A, Neeley, M, Neill, C, Nersisyan, A, Ng, JH, Nguyen, A, Nguyen, M, Potter, R, Quintana, C, Roushan, P, Sankaragomathi, K, Satzinger, KJ, Schuster, C, Shearn, MJ, Shorter, A, Shvarts, V, Skruzny, J, Smith, WC, Szalay, M, Torres, A, Woo, BWK, Yao, ZJ, Yeh, P, Yoo, J, Young, G, Zhu, N, Zobrist, N, Chen, Y, Megrant, A, Kelly, J, Naaman, O, White, T, Opremcak, A, Sterling, G, Korotkov, A, Sank, D, Acharya, R, Ansmann, M, Arute, F, Arya, K, Bardin, JC, Bengtsson, A, Bourassa, A, Bovaird, J, Brill, L, Buckley, BB, Buell, DA, Burger, T, Burkett, B, Bushnell, N, Chen, Z, Chiaro, B, Cogan, J, Collins, R, Crook, AL, Curtin, B, Demura, S, Dunsworth, A, Erickson, C, Fatemi, R, Burgos, LF, Forati, E, Foxen, B, Giang, W, Giustina, M, Grajales Dau, A, Hamilton, MC, Harrington, SD, Hilton, J, Hoffmann, M, Hong, S, Huang, T, Huff, A, Iveland, J, Jeffrey, E, Kieferová, M, Kim, S, Klimov, PV, Kostritsa, F, Kreikebaum, JM, Landhuis, D, Laptev, P, Laws, L, Lee, K, Lester, BJ, Lill, A, Liu, W, Locharla, A, Lucero, E, McCourt, T, McEwen, M, Mi, X, Miao, KC, Montazeri, S, Morvan, A, Neeley, M, Neill, C, Nersisyan, A, Ng, JH, Nguyen, A, Nguyen, M, Potter, R, Quintana, C, Roushan, P, Sankaragomathi, K, Satzinger, KJ, Schuster, C, Shearn, MJ, Shorter, A, Shvarts, V, Skruzny, J, Smith, WC, Szalay, M, Torres, A, Woo, BWK, Yao, ZJ, Yeh, P, Yoo, J, Young, G, Zhu, N, Zobrist, N, Chen, Y, Megrant, A, Kelly, J, and Naaman, O

Published
2023

3. Purification-based quantum error mitigation of pair-correlated electron simulations

Author

O’Brien, TE, Anselmetti, G, Gkritsis, F, Elfving, VE, Polla, S, Huggins, WJ, Oumarou, O, Kechedzhi, K, Abanin, D, Acharya, R, Aleiner, I, Allen, R, Andersen, TI, Anderson, K, Ansmann, M, Arute, F, Arya, K, Asfaw, A, Atalaya, J, Bardin, JC, Bengtsson, A, Bortoli, G, Bourassa, A, Bovaird, J, Brill, L, Broughton, M, Buckley, B, Buell, DA, Burger, T, Burkett, B, Bushnell, N, Campero, J, Chen, Z, Chiaro, B, Chik, D, Cogan, J, Collins, R, Conner, P, Courtney, W, Crook, AL, Curtin, B, Debroy, DM, Demura, S, Drozdov, I, Dunsworth, A, Erickson, C, Faoro, L, Farhi, E, Fatemi, R, Ferreira, VS, Flores Burgos, L, Forati, E, Fowler, AG, Foxen, B, Giang, W, Gidney, C, Gilboa, D, Giustina, M, Gosula, R, Grajales Dau, A, Gross, JA, Habegger, S, Hamilton, MC, Hansen, M, Harrigan, MP, Harrington, SD, Heu, P, Hoffmann, MR, Hong, S, Huang, T, Huff, A, Ioffe, LB, Isakov, SV, Iveland, J, Jeffrey, E, Jiang, Z, Jones, C, Juhas, P, Kafri, D, Khattar, T, Khezri, M, Kieferová, M, Kim, S, Klimov, PV, Klots, AR, Korotkov, AN, Kostritsa, F, Kreikebaum, JM, Landhuis, D, Laptev, P, Lau, KM, Laws, L, Lee, J, Lee, K, Lester, BJ, Lill, AT, Liu, W, Livingston, WP, Locharla, A, Malone, FD, O’Brien, TE, Anselmetti, G, Gkritsis, F, Elfving, VE, Polla, S, Huggins, WJ, Oumarou, O, Kechedzhi, K, Abanin, D, Acharya, R, Aleiner, I, Allen, R, Andersen, TI, Anderson, K, Ansmann, M, Arute, F, Arya, K, Asfaw, A, Atalaya, J, Bardin, JC, Bengtsson, A, Bortoli, G, Bourassa, A, Bovaird, J, Brill, L, Broughton, M, Buckley, B, Buell, DA, Burger, T, Burkett, B, Bushnell, N, Campero, J, Chen, Z, Chiaro, B, Chik, D, Cogan, J, Collins, R, Conner, P, Courtney, W, Crook, AL, Curtin, B, Debroy, DM, Demura, S, Drozdov, I, Dunsworth, A, Erickson, C, Faoro, L, Farhi, E, Fatemi, R, Ferreira, VS, Flores Burgos, L, Forati, E, Fowler, AG, Foxen, B, Giang, W, Gidney, C, Gilboa, D, Giustina, M, Gosula, R, Grajales Dau, A, Gross, JA, Habegger, S, Hamilton, MC, Hansen, M, Harrigan, MP, Harrington, SD, Heu, P, Hoffmann, MR, Hong, S, Huang, T, Huff, A, Ioffe, LB, Isakov, SV, Iveland, J, Jeffrey, E, Jiang, Z, Jones, C, Juhas, P, Kafri, D, Khattar, T, Khezri, M, Kieferová, M, Kim, S, Klimov, PV, Klots, AR, Korotkov, AN, Kostritsa, F, Kreikebaum, JM, Landhuis, D, Laptev, P, Lau, KM, Laws, L, Lee, J, Lee, K, Lester, BJ, Lill, AT, Liu, W, Livingston, WP, Locharla, A, and Malone, FD

Abstract

An important measure of the development of quantum computing platforms has been the simulation of increasingly complex physical systems. Before fault-tolerant quantum computing, robust error-mitigation strategies were necessary to continue this growth. Here, we validate recently introduced error-mitigation strategies that exploit the expectation that the ideal output of a quantum algorithm would be a pure state. We consider the task of simulating electron systems in the seniority-zero subspace where all electrons are paired with their opposite spin. This affords a computational stepping stone to a fully correlated model. We compare the performance of error mitigations on the basis of doubling quantum resources in time or in space on up to 20 qubits of a superconducting qubit quantum processor. We observe a reduction of error by one to two orders of magnitude below less sophisticated techniques such as postselection. We study how the gain from error mitigation scales with the system size and observe a polynomial suppression of error with increased resources. Extrapolation of our results indicates that substantial hardware improvements will be required for classically intractable variational chemistry simulations.

Published
2023

4. Rational Divisors in Rational Divisor Classes

Author

Bruin, N, Flynn, EV, Buell, DA, and Buell, D

Subjects
Combinatorics, Discrete mathematics, Primefree sequence, Mathematics::Algebraic Geometry, Degree (graph theory), Divisor summatory function, Divisor, Mathematics::Number Theory, Divisor function, Znám's problem, Algebraic number field, Zero divisor, Mathematics
Abstract

We discuss the situation where a curve \(\mathcal{C}\), defined over a number field K, has a known K-rational divisor class of degree 1, and consider whether this class contains an actual K-rational divisor. When \(\mathcal{C}\) has points everywhere locally, the local to global principle of the Brauer group gives the existence of such a divisor. In this situation, we give an alternative, more down to earth, approach, which indicates how to compute this divisor in certain situations. We also discuss examples where \(\mathcal{C}\) does not have points everywhere locally, and where no such K-rational divisor is contained in the K-rational divisor class.

Published
2016

5. Thermalization and criticality on an analogue-digital quantum simulator.

Author

Andersen TI, Astrakhantsev N, Karamlou AH, Berndtsson J, Motruk J, Szasz A, Gross JA, Schuckert A, Westerhout T, Zhang Y, Forati E, Rossi D, Kobrin B, Paolo AD, Klots AR, Drozdov I, Kurilovich V, Petukhov A, Ioffe LB, Elben A, Rath A, Vitale V, Vermersch B, Acharya R, Beni LA, Anderson K, Ansmann M, Arute F, Arya K, Asfaw A, Atalaya J, Ballard B, Bardin JC, Bengtsson A, Bilmes A, Bortoli G, Bourassa A, Bovaird J, Brill L, Broughton M, Browne DA, Buchea B, Buckley BB, Buell DA, Burger T, Burkett B, Bushnell N, Cabrera A, Campero J, Chang HS, Chen Z, Chiaro B, Claes J, Cleland AY, Cogan J, Collins R, Conner P, Courtney W, Crook AL, Das S, Debroy DM, Lorenzo L, Barba ADT, Demura S, Donohoe P, Dunsworth A, Earle C, Eickbusch A, Elbag AM, Elzouka M, Erickson C, Faoro L, Fatemi R, Ferreira VS, Burgos LF, Fowler AG, Foxen B, Ganjam S, Gasca R, Giang W, Gidney C, Gilboa D, Giustina M, Gosula R, Dau AG, Graumann D, Greene A, Habegger S, Hamilton MC, Hansen M, Harrigan MP, Harrington SD, Heslin S, Heu P, Hill G, Hoffmann MR, Huang HY, Huang T, Huff A, Huggins WJ, Isakov SV, Jeffrey E, Jiang Z, Jones C, Jordan S, Joshi C, Juhas P, Kafri D, Kang H, Kechedzhi K, Khaire T, Khattar T, Khezri M, Kieferová M, Kim S, Kitaev A, Klimov P, Korotkov AN, Kostritsa F, Kreikebaum JM, Landhuis D, Langley BW, Laptev P, Lau KM, Guevel LL, Ledford J, Lee J, Lee KW, Lensky YD, Lester BJ, Li WY, Lill AT, Liu W, Livingston WP, Locharla A, Lundahl D, Lunt A, Madhuk S, Maloney A, Mandrà S, Martin LS, Martin O, Martin S, Maxfield C, McClean JR, McEwen M, Meeks S, Miao KC, Mieszala A, Molina S, Montazeri S, Morvan A, Movassagh R, Neill C, Nersisyan A, Newman M, Nguyen A, Nguyen M, Ni CH, Niu MY, Oliver WD, Ottosson K, Pizzuto A, Potter R, Pritchard O, Pryadko LP, Quintana C, Reagor MJ, Rhodes DM, Roberts G, Rocque C, Rosenberg E, Rubin NC, Saei N, Sankaragomathi K, Satzinger KJ, Schurkus HF, Schuster C, Shearn MJ, Shorter A, Shutty N, Shvarts V, Sivak V, Skruzny J, Small S, Smith WC, Springer S, Sterling G, Suchard J, Szalay M, Sztein A, Thor D, Torres A, Torunbalci MM, Vaishnav A, Vdovichev S, Villalonga B, Heidweiller CV, Waltman S, Wang SX, White T, Wong K, Woo BWK, Xing C, Yao ZJ, Yeh P, Ying B, Yoo J, Yosri N, Young G, Zalcman A, Zhu N, Zobrist N, Neven H, Babbush R, Boixo S, Hilton J, Lucero E, Megrant A, Kelly J, Chen Y, Smelyanskiy V, Vidal G, Roushan P, Läuchli AM, Abanin DA, and Mi X

Abstract

Understanding how interacting particles approach thermal equilibrium is a major challenge of quantum simulators 1,2 . Unlocking the full potential of such systems towards this goal requires flexible initial state preparation, precise time evolution and extensive probes for final state characterization. Here we present a quantum simulator comprising 69 superconducting qubits that supports both universal quantum gates and high-fidelity analogue evolution, with performance beyond the reach of classical simulation in cross-entropy benchmarking experiments. This hybrid platform features more versatile measurement capabilities compared with analogue-only simulators, which we leverage here to reveal a coarsening-induced breakdown of Kibble-Zurek scaling predictions 3 in the XY model, as well as signatures of the classical Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition 4 . Moreover, the digital gates enable precise energy control, allowing us to study the effects of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis 5-7 in targeted parts of the eigenspectrum. We also demonstrate digital preparation of pairwise-entangled dimer states, and image the transport of energy and vorticity during subsequent thermalization in analogue evolution. These results establish the efficacy of superconducting analogue-digital quantum processors for preparing states across many-body spectra and unveiling their thermalization dynamics., Competing Interests: Competing interests: A provisional patent application has been submitted for the analogue calibration scheme, titled ‘High-accuracy calibration of an analog quantum simulator’ (application number 63/639,509). The listed inventors are T.I.A., J.A.G., D.A.A. and X.M. The other authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Published
2025
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6. Phase transitions in random circuit sampling.

Author

Morvan A, Villalonga B, Mi X, Mandrà S, Bengtsson A, Klimov PV, Chen Z, Hong S, Erickson C, Drozdov IK, Chau J, Laun G, Movassagh R, Asfaw A, Brandão LTAN, Peralta R, Abanin D, Acharya R, Allen R, Andersen TI, Anderson K, Ansmann M, Arute F, Arya K, Atalaya J, Bardin JC, Bilmes A, Bortoli G, Bourassa A, Bovaird J, Brill L, Broughton M, Buckley BB, Buell DA, Burger T, Burkett B, Bushnell N, Campero J, Chang HS, Chiaro B, Chik D, Chou C, Cogan J, Collins R, Conner P, Courtney W, Crook AL, Curtin B, Debroy DM, Barba ADT, Demura S, Paolo AD, Dunsworth A, Faoro L, Farhi E, Fatemi R, Ferreira VS, Burgos LF, Forati E, Fowler AG, Foxen B, Garcia G, Genois É, Giang W, Gidney C, Gilboa D, Giustina M, Gosula R, Dau AG, Gross JA, Habegger S, Hamilton MC, Hansen M, Harrigan MP, Harrington SD, Heu P, Hoffmann MR, Huang T, Huff A, Huggins WJ, Ioffe LB, Isakov SV, Iveland J, Jeffrey E, Jiang Z, Jones C, Juhas P, Kafri D, Khattar T, Khezri M, Kieferová M, Kim S, Kitaev A, Klots AR, Korotkov AN, Kostritsa F, Kreikebaum JM, Landhuis D, Laptev P, Lau KM, Laws L, Lee J, Lee KW, Lensky YD, Lester BJ, Lill AT, Liu W, Livingston WP, Locharla A, Malone FD, Martin O, Martin S, McClean JR, McEwen M, Miao KC, Mieszala A, Montazeri S, Mruczkiewicz W, Naaman O, Neeley M, Neill C, Nersisyan A, Newman M, Ng JH, Nguyen A, Nguyen M, Niu MY, O'Brien TE, Omonije S, Opremcak A, Petukhov A, Potter R, Pryadko LP, Quintana C, Rhodes DM, Rocque C, Rosenberg E, Rubin NC, Saei N, Sank D, Sankaragomathi K, Satzinger KJ, Schurkus HF, Schuster C, Shearn MJ, Shorter A, Shutty N, Shvarts V, Sivak V, Skruzny J, Smith WC, Somma RD, Sterling G, Strain D, Szalay M, Thor D, Torres A, Vidal G, Heidweiller CV, White T, Woo BWK, Xing C, Yao ZJ, Yeh P, Yoo J, Young G, Zalcman A, Zhang Y, Zhu N, Zobrist N, Rieffel EG, Biswas R, Babbush R, Bacon D, Hilton J, Lucero E, Neven H, Megrant A, Kelly J, Roushan P, Aleiner I, Smelyanskiy V, Kechedzhi K, Chen Y, and Boixo S

Abstract

Undesired coupling to the surrounding environment destroys long-range correlations in quantum processors and hinders coherent evolution in the nominally available computational space. This noise is an outstanding challenge when leveraging the computation power of near-term quantum processors 1 . It has been shown that benchmarking random circuit sampling with cross-entropy benchmarking can provide an estimate of the effective size of the Hilbert space coherently available 2-8 . Nevertheless, quantum algorithms' outputs can be trivialized by noise, making them susceptible to classical computation spoofing. Here, by implementing an algorithm for random circuit sampling, we demonstrate experimentally that two phase transitions are observable with cross-entropy benchmarking, which we explain theoretically with a statistical model. The first is a dynamical transition as a function of the number of cycles and is the continuation of the anti-concentration point in the noiseless case. The second is a quantum phase transition controlled by the error per cycle; to identify it analytically and experimentally, we create a weak-link model, which allows us to vary the strength of the noise versus coherent evolution. Furthermore, by presenting a random circuit sampling experiment in the weak-noise phase with 67 qubits at 32 cycles, we demonstrate that the computational cost of our experiment is beyond the capabilities of existing classical supercomputers. Our experimental and theoretical work establishes the existence of transitions to a stable, computationally complex phase that is reachable with current quantum processors., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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7. Dynamics of magnetization at infinite temperature in a Heisenberg spin chain.

Author

Rosenberg E, Andersen TI, Samajdar R, Petukhov A, Hoke JC, Abanin D, Bengtsson A, Drozdov IK, Erickson C, Klimov PV, Mi X, Morvan A, Neeley M, Neill C, Acharya R, Allen R, Anderson K, Ansmann M, Arute F, Arya K, Asfaw A, Atalaya J, Bardin JC, Bilmes A, Bortoli G, Bourassa A, Bovaird J, Brill L, Broughton M, Buckley BB, Buell DA, Burger T, Burkett B, Bushnell N, Campero J, Chang HS, Chen Z, Chiaro B, Chik D, Cogan J, Collins R, Conner P, Courtney W, Crook AL, Curtin B, Debroy DM, Barba ADT, Demura S, Di Paolo A, Dunsworth A, Earle C, Faoro L, Farhi E, Fatemi R, Ferreira VS, Burgos LF, Forati E, Fowler AG, Foxen B, Garcia G, Genois É, Giang W, Gidney C, Gilboa D, Giustina M, Gosula R, Dau AG, Gross JA, Habegger S, Hamilton MC, Hansen M, Harrigan MP, Harrington SD, Heu P, Hill G, Hoffmann MR, Hong S, Huang T, Huff A, Huggins WJ, Ioffe LB, Isakov SV, Iveland J, Jeffrey E, Jiang Z, Jones C, Juhas P, Kafri D, Khattar T, Khezri M, Kieferová M, Kim S, Kitaev A, Klots AR, Korotkov AN, Kostritsa F, Kreikebaum JM, Landhuis D, Laptev P, Lau KM, Laws L, Lee J, Lee KW, Lensky YD, Lester BJ, Lill AT, Liu W, Locharla A, Mandrà S, Martin O, Martin S, McClean JR, McEwen M, Meeks S, Miao KC, Mieszala A, Montazeri S, Movassagh R, Mruczkiewicz W, Nersisyan A, Newman M, Ng JH, Nguyen A, Nguyen M, Niu MY, O'Brien TE, Omonije S, Opremcak A, Potter R, Pryadko LP, Quintana C, Rhodes DM, Rocque C, Rubin NC, Saei N, Sank D, Sankaragomathi K, Satzinger KJ, Schurkus HF, Schuster C, Shearn MJ, Shorter A, Shutty N, Shvarts V, Sivak V, Skruzny J, Smith WC, Somma RD, Sterling G, Strain D, Szalay M, Thor D, Torres A, Vidal G, Villalonga B, Heidweiller CV, White T, Woo BWK, Xing C, Yao ZJ, Yeh P, Yoo J, Young G, Zalcman A, Zhang Y, Zhu N, Zobrist N, Neven H, Babbush R, Bacon D, Boixo S, Hilton J, Lucero E, Megrant A, Kelly J, Chen Y, Smelyanskiy V, Khemani V, Gopalakrishnan S, Prosen T, and Roushan P

Abstract

Understanding universal aspects of quantum dynamics is an unresolved problem in statistical mechanics. In particular, the spin dynamics of the one-dimensional Heisenberg model were conjectured as to belong to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) universality class based on the scaling of the infinite-temperature spin-spin correlation function. In a chain of 46 superconducting qubits, we studied the probability distribution of the magnetization transferred across the chain's center, [Formula: see text]. The first two moments of [Formula: see text] show superdiffusive behavior, a hallmark of KPZ universality. However, the third and fourth moments ruled out the KPZ conjecture and allow for evaluating other theories. Our results highlight the importance of studying higher moments in determining dynamic universality classes and provide insights into universal behavior in quantum systems.

Published
2024
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8. Stable quantum-correlated many-body states through engineered dissipation.

Author

Mi X, Michailidis AA, Shabani S, Miao KC, Klimov PV, Lloyd J, Rosenberg E, Acharya R, Aleiner I, Andersen TI, Ansmann M, Arute F, Arya K, Asfaw A, Atalaya J, Bardin JC, Bengtsson A, Bortoli G, Bourassa A, Bovaird J, Brill L, Broughton M, Buckley BB, Buell DA, Burger T, Burkett B, Bushnell N, Chen Z, Chiaro B, Chik D, Chou C, Cogan J, Collins R, Conner P, Courtney W, Crook AL, Curtin B, Dau AG, Debroy DM, Del Toro Barba A, Demura S, Di Paolo A, Drozdov IK, Dunsworth A, Erickson C, Faoro L, Farhi E, Fatemi R, Ferreira VS, Burgos LF, Forati E, Fowler AG, Foxen B, Genois É, Giang W, Gidney C, Gilboa D, Giustina M, Gosula R, Gross JA, Habegger S, Hamilton MC, Hansen M, Harrigan MP, Harrington SD, Heu P, Hoffmann MR, Hong S, Huang T, Huff A, Huggins WJ, Ioffe LB, Isakov SV, Iveland J, Jeffrey E, Jiang Z, Jones C, Juhas P, Kafri D, Kechedzhi K, Khattar T, Khezri M, Kieferová M, Kim S, Kitaev A, Klots AR, Korotkov AN, Kostritsa F, Kreikebaum JM, Landhuis D, Laptev P, Lau KM, Laws L, Lee J, Lee KW, Lensky YD, Lester BJ, Lill AT, Liu W, Locharla A, Malone FD, Martin O, McClean JR, McEwen M, Mieszala A, Montazeri S, Morvan A, Movassagh R, Mruczkiewicz W, Neeley M, Neill C, Nersisyan A, Newman M, Ng JH, Nguyen A, Nguyen M, Niu MY, O'Brien TE, Opremcak A, Petukhov A, Potter R, Pryadko LP, Quintana C, Rocque C, Rubin NC, Saei N, Sank D, Sankaragomathi K, Satzinger KJ, Schurkus HF, Schuster C, Shearn MJ, Shorter A, Shutty N, Shvarts V, Skruzny J, Smith WC, Somma R, Sterling G, Strain D, Szalay M, Torres A, Vidal G, Villalonga B, Heidweiller CV, White T, Woo BWK, Xing C, Yao ZJ, Yeh P, Yoo J, Young G, Zalcman A, Zhang Y, Zhu N, Zobrist N, Neven H, Babbush R, Bacon D, Boixo S, Hilton J, Lucero E, Megrant A, Kelly J, Chen Y, Roushan P, Smelyanskiy V, and Abanin DA

Abstract

Engineered dissipative reservoirs have the potential to steer many-body quantum systems toward correlated steady states useful for quantum simulation of high-temperature superconductivity or quantum magnetism. Using up to 49 superconducting qubits, we prepared low-energy states of the transverse-field Ising model through coupling to dissipative auxiliary qubits. In one dimension, we observed long-range quantum correlations and a ground-state fidelity of 0.86 for 18 qubits at the critical point. In two dimensions, we found mutual information that extends beyond nearest neighbors. Lastly, by coupling the system to auxiliaries emulating reservoirs with different chemical potentials, we explored transport in the quantum Heisenberg model. Our results establish engineered dissipation as a scalable alternative to unitary evolution for preparing entangled many-body states on noisy quantum processors.

Published
2024
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9. Noise-resilient edge modes on a chain of superconducting qubits.

Author

Mi X, Sonner M, Niu MY, Lee KW, Foxen B, Acharya R, Aleiner I, Andersen TI, Arute F, Arya K, Asfaw A, Atalaya J, Bardin JC, Basso J, Bengtsson A, Bortoli G, Bourassa A, Brill L, Broughton M, Buckley BB, Buell DA, Burkett B, Bushnell N, Chen Z, Chiaro B, Collins R, Conner P, Courtney W, Crook AL, Debroy DM, Demura S, Dunsworth A, Eppens D, Erickson C, Faoro L, Farhi E, Fatemi R, Flores L, Forati E, Fowler AG, Giang W, Gidney C, Gilboa D, Giustina M, Dau AG, Gross JA, Habegger S, Harrigan MP, Hoffmann M, Hong S, Huang T, Huff A, Huggins WJ, Ioffe LB, Isakov SV, Iveland J, Jeffrey E, Jiang Z, Jones C, Kafri D, Kechedzhi K, Khattar T, Kim S, Kitaev AY, Klimov PV, Klots AR, Korotkov AN, Kostritsa F, Kreikebaum JM, Landhuis D, Laptev P, Lau KM, Lee J, Laws L, Liu W, Locharla A, Martin O, McClean JR, McEwen M, Meurer Costa B, Miao KC, Mohseni M, Montazeri S, Morvan A, Mount E, Mruczkiewicz W, Naaman O, Neeley M, Neill C, Newman M, O'Brien TE, Opremcak A, Petukhov A, Potter R, Quintana C, Rubin NC, Saei N, Sank D, Sankaragomathi K, Satzinger KJ, Schuster C, Shearn MJ, Shvarts V, Strain D, Su Y, Szalay M, Vidal G, Villalonga B, Vollgraff-Heidweiller C, White T, Yao Z, Yeh P, Yoo J, Zalcman A, Zhang Y, Zhu N, Neven H, Bacon D, Hilton J, Lucero E, Babbush R, Boixo S, Megrant A, Chen Y, Kelly J, Smelyanskiy V, Abanin DA, and Roushan P

Abstract

Inherent symmetry of a quantum system may protect its otherwise fragile states. Leveraging such protection requires testing its robustness against uncontrolled environmental interactions. Using 47 superconducting qubits, we implement the one-dimensional kicked Ising model, which exhibits nonlocal Majorana edge modes (MEMs) with [Formula: see text] parity symmetry. We find that any multiqubit Pauli operator overlapping with the MEMs exhibits a uniform late-time decay rate comparable to single-qubit relaxation rates, irrespective of its size or composition. This characteristic allows us to accurately reconstruct the exponentially localized spatial profiles of the MEMs. Furthermore, the MEMs are found to be resilient against certain symmetry-breaking noise owing to a prethermalization mechanism. Our work elucidates the complex interplay between noise and symmetry-protected edge modes in a solid-state environment.

Published
2022
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10. Time-crystalline eigenstate order on a quantum processor.

Author

Mi X, Ippoliti M, Quintana C, Greene A, Chen Z, Gross J, Arute F, Arya K, Atalaya J, Babbush R, Bardin JC, Basso J, Bengtsson A, Bilmes A, Bourassa A, Brill L, Broughton M, Buckley BB, Buell DA, Burkett B, Bushnell N, Chiaro B, Collins R, Courtney W, Debroy D, Demura S, Derk AR, Dunsworth A, Eppens D, Erickson C, Farhi E, Fowler AG, Foxen B, Gidney C, Giustina M, Harrigan MP, Harrington SD, Hilton J, Ho A, Hong S, Huang T, Huff A, Huggins WJ, Ioffe LB, Isakov SV, Iveland J, Jeffrey E, Jiang Z, Jones C, Kafri D, Khattar T, Kim S, Kitaev A, Klimov PV, Korotkov AN, Kostritsa F, Landhuis D, Laptev P, Lee J, Lee K, Locharla A, Lucero E, Martin O, McClean JR, McCourt T, McEwen M, Miao KC, Mohseni M, Montazeri S, Mruczkiewicz W, Naaman O, Neeley M, Neill C, Newman M, Niu MY, O'Brien TE, Opremcak A, Ostby E, Pato B, Petukhov A, Rubin NC, Sank D, Satzinger KJ, Shvarts V, Su Y, Strain D, Szalay M, Trevithick MD, Villalonga B, White T, Yao ZJ, Yeh P, Yoo J, Zalcman A, Neven H, Boixo S, Smelyanskiy V, Megrant A, Kelly J, Chen Y, Sondhi SL, Moessner R, Kechedzhi K, Khemani V, and Roushan P

Subjects
Phase Transition, Thermodynamics, Cold Temperature
Abstract

Quantum many-body systems display rich phase structure in their low-temperature equilibrium states 1 . However, much of nature is not in thermal equilibrium. Remarkably, it was recently predicted that out-of-equilibrium systems can exhibit novel dynamical phases 2-8 that may otherwise be forbidden by equilibrium thermodynamics, a paradigmatic example being the discrete time crystal (DTC) 7,9-15 . Concretely, dynamical phases can be defined in periodically driven many-body-localized (MBL) systems via the concept of eigenstate order 7,16,17 . In eigenstate-ordered MBL phases, the entire many-body spectrum exhibits quantum correlations and long-range order, with characteristic signatures in late-time dynamics from all initial states. It is, however, challenging to experimentally distinguish such stable phases from transient phenomena, or from regimes in which the dynamics of a few select states can mask typical behaviour. Here we implement tunable controlled-phase (CPHASE) gates on an array of superconducting qubits to experimentally observe an MBL-DTC and demonstrate its characteristic spatiotemporal response for generic initial states 7,9,10 . Our work employs a time-reversal protocol to quantify the impact of external decoherence, and leverages quantum typicality to circumvent the exponential cost of densely sampling the eigenspectrum. Furthermore, we locate the phase transition out of the DTC with an experimental finite-size analysis. These results establish a scalable approach to studying non-equilibrium phases of matter on quantum processors., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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11. Information scrambling in quantum circuits.

Author

Mi X, Roushan P, Quintana C, Mandrà S, Marshall J, Neill C, Arute F, Arya K, Atalaya J, Babbush R, Bardin JC, Barends R, Basso J, Bengtsson A, Boixo S, Bourassa A, Broughton M, Buckley BB, Buell DA, Burkett B, Bushnell N, Chen Z, Chiaro B, Collins R, Courtney W, Demura S, Derk AR, Dunsworth A, Eppens D, Erickson C, Farhi E, Fowler AG, Foxen B, Gidney C, Giustina M, Gross JA, Harrigan MP, Harrington SD, Hilton J, Ho A, Hong S, Huang T, Huggins WJ, Ioffe LB, Isakov SV, Jeffrey E, Jiang Z, Jones C, Kafri D, Kelly J, Kim S, Kitaev A, Klimov PV, Korotkov AN, Kostritsa F, Landhuis D, Laptev P, Lucero E, Martin O, McClean JR, McCourt T, McEwen M, Megrant A, Miao KC, Mohseni M, Montazeri S, Mruczkiewicz W, Mutus J, Naaman O, Neeley M, Newman M, Niu MY, O'Brien TE, Opremcak A, Ostby E, Pato B, Petukhov A, Redd N, Rubin NC, Sank D, Satzinger KJ, Shvarts V, Strain D, Szalay M, Trevithick MD, Villalonga B, White T, Yao ZJ, Yeh P, Zalcman A, Neven H, Aleiner I, Kechedzhi K, Smelyanskiy V, and Chen Y

Abstract

Interactions in quantum systems can spread initially localized quantum information into the exponentially many degrees of freedom of the entire system. Understanding this process, known as quantum scrambling, is key to resolving several open questions in physics. Here, by measuring the time-dependent evolution and fluctuation of out-of-time-order correlators, we experimentally investigate the dynamics of quantum scrambling on a 53-qubit quantum processor. We engineer quantum circuits that distinguish operator spreading and operator entanglement and experimentally observe their respective signatures. We show that whereas operator spreading is captured by an efficient classical model, operator entanglement in idealized circuits requires exponentially scaled computational resources to simulate. These results open the path to studying complex and practically relevant physical observables with near-term quantum processors.

Published
2021
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12. Realizing topologically ordered states on a quantum processor.

Author

Satzinger KJ, Liu YJ, Smith A, Knapp C, Newman M, Jones C, Chen Z, Quintana C, Mi X, Dunsworth A, Gidney C, Aleiner I, Arute F, Arya K, Atalaya J, Babbush R, Bardin JC, Barends R, Basso J, Bengtsson A, Bilmes A, Broughton M, Buckley BB, Buell DA, Burkett B, Bushnell N, Chiaro B, Collins R, Courtney W, Demura S, Derk AR, Eppens D, Erickson C, Faoro L, Farhi E, Fowler AG, Foxen B, Giustina M, Greene A, Gross JA, Harrigan MP, Harrington SD, Hilton J, Hong S, Huang T, Huggins WJ, Ioffe LB, Isakov SV, Jeffrey E, Jiang Z, Kafri D, Kechedzhi K, Khattar T, Kim S, Klimov PV, Korotkov AN, Kostritsa F, Landhuis D, Laptev P, Locharla A, Lucero E, Martin O, McClean JR, McEwen M, Miao KC, Mohseni M, Montazeri S, Mruczkiewicz W, Mutus J, Naaman O, Neeley M, Neill C, Niu MY, O'Brien TE, Opremcak A, Pató B, Petukhov A, Rubin NC, Sank D, Shvarts V, Strain D, Szalay M, Villalonga B, White TC, Yao Z, Yeh P, Yoo J, Zalcman A, Neven H, Boixo S, Megrant A, Chen Y, Kelly J, Smelyanskiy V, Kitaev A, Knap M, Pollmann F, and Roushan P

Abstract

The discovery of topological order has revised the understanding of quantum matter and provided the theoretical foundation for many quantum error–correcting codes. Realizing topologically ordered states has proven to be challenging in both condensed matter and synthetic quantum systems. We prepared the ground state of the toric code Hamiltonian using an efficient quantum circuit on a superconducting quantum processor. We measured a topological entanglement entropy near the expected value of –ln2 and simulated anyon interferometry to extract the braiding statistics of the emergent excitations. Furthermore, we investigated key aspects of the surface code, including logical state injection and the decay of the nonlocal order parameter. Our results demonstrate the potential for quantum processors to provide insights into topological quantum matter and quantum error correction.

Published
2021
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13. Accurately computing the electronic properties of a quantum ring.

Author

Neill C, McCourt T, Mi X, Jiang Z, Niu MY, Mruczkiewicz W, Aleiner I, Arute F, Arya K, Atalaya J, Babbush R, Bardin JC, Barends R, Bengtsson A, Bourassa A, Broughton M, Buckley BB, Buell DA, Burkett B, Bushnell N, Campero J, Chen Z, Chiaro B, Collins R, Courtney W, Demura S, Derk AR, Dunsworth A, Eppens D, Erickson C, Farhi E, Fowler AG, Foxen B, Gidney C, Giustina M, Gross JA, Harrigan MP, Harrington SD, Hilton J, Ho A, Hong S, Huang T, Huggins WJ, Isakov SV, Jacob-Mitos M, Jeffrey E, Jones C, Kafri D, Kechedzhi K, Kelly J, Kim S, Klimov PV, Korotkov AN, Kostritsa F, Landhuis D, Laptev P, Lucero E, Martin O, McClean JR, McEwen M, Megrant A, Miao KC, Mohseni M, Mutus J, Naaman O, Neeley M, Newman M, O'Brien TE, Opremcak A, Ostby E, Pató B, Petukhov A, Quintana C, Redd N, Rubin NC, Sank D, Satzinger KJ, Shvarts V, Strain D, Szalay M, Trevithick MD, Villalonga B, White TC, Yao Z, Yeh P, Zalcman A, Neven H, Boixo S, Ioffe LB, Roushan P, Chen Y, and Smelyanskiy V

Abstract

A promising approach to study condensed-matter systems is to simulate them on an engineered quantum platform 1-4 . However, the accuracy needed to outperform classical methods has not been achieved so far. Here, using 18 superconducting qubits, we provide an experimental blueprint for an accurate condensed-matter simulator and demonstrate how to investigate fundamental electronic properties. We benchmark the underlying method by reconstructing the single-particle band structure of a one-dimensional wire. We demonstrate nearly complete mitigation of decoherence and readout errors, and measure the energy eigenvalues of this wire with an error of approximately 0.01 rad, whereas typical energy scales are of the order of 1 rad. Insight into the fidelity of this algorithm is gained by highlighting the robust properties of a Fourier transform, including the ability to resolve eigenenergies with a statistical uncertainty of 10 -4 rad. We also synthesize magnetic flux and disordered local potentials, which are two key tenets of a condensed-matter system. When sweeping the magnetic flux we observe avoided level crossings in the spectrum, providing a detailed fingerprint of the spatial distribution of local disorder. By combining these methods we reconstruct electronic properties of the eigenstates, observing persistent currents and a strong suppression of conductance with added disorder. Our work describes an accurate method for quantum simulation 5,6 and paves the way to study new quantum materials with superconducting qubits.

Published
2021
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14. Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor.

Author

Arute F, Arya K, Babbush R, Bacon D, Bardin JC, Barends R, Biswas R, Boixo S, Brandao FGSL, Buell DA, Burkett B, Chen Y, Chen Z, Chiaro B, Collins R, Courtney W, Dunsworth A, Farhi E, Foxen B, Fowler A, Gidney C, Giustina M, Graff R, Guerin K, Habegger S, Harrigan MP, Hartmann MJ, Ho A, Hoffmann M, Huang T, Humble TS, Isakov SV, Jeffrey E, Jiang Z, Kafri D, Kechedzhi K, Kelly J, Klimov PV, Knysh S, Korotkov A, Kostritsa F, Landhuis D, Lindmark M, Lucero E, Lyakh D, Mandrà S, McClean JR, McEwen M, Megrant A, Mi X, Michielsen K, Mohseni M, Mutus J, Naaman O, Neeley M, Neill C, Niu MY, Ostby E, Petukhov A, Platt JC, Quintana C, Rieffel EG, Roushan P, Rubin NC, Sank D, Satzinger KJ, Smelyanskiy V, Sung KJ, Trevithick MD, Vainsencher A, Villalonga B, White T, Yao ZJ, Yeh P, Zalcman A, Neven H, and Martinis JM

Abstract

The promise of quantum computers is that certain computational tasks might be executed exponentially faster on a quantum processor than on a classical processor 1 . A fundamental challenge is to build a high-fidelity processor capable of running quantum algorithms in an exponentially large computational space. Here we report the use of a processor with programmable superconducting qubits 2-7 to create quantum states on 53 qubits, corresponding to a computational state-space of dimension 2 53 (about 10 16 ). Measurements from repeated experiments sample the resulting probability distribution, which we verify using classical simulations. Our Sycamore processor takes about 200 seconds to sample one instance of a quantum circuit a million times-our benchmarks currently indicate that the equivalent task for a state-of-the-art classical supercomputer would take approximately 10,000 years. This dramatic increase in speed compared to all known classical algorithms is an experimental realization of quantum supremacy 8-14 for this specific computational task, heralding a much-anticipated computing paradigm.

Published
2019
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