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BACKGROUND: Cocoa quality plays a pivotal role in establishing denominations of origin, with genotypes, geography, climate and soil conditions being key variables. However, these factors have not been comprehensively explored in defining cacao denominations of origin. The present study addresses this gap by laying the foundation for cacao denomination of origin, focusing on the Buenaventura region on Colombia's Pacific coast. Our goal is to provide a holistic understanding of the elements underpinning cacao denomination of origin, emphasizing Buenaventura's unique cocoa quality and geographical significance. RESULTS: Through the Buenaventura case, we propose a robust framework applicable to other cacao‐producing regions, elevating the recognition and value of cacao denomination of origin. Our framework encompasses geography, agronomy, genetics, microbial diversity, pests and diseases and cocoa quality. In a pioneering move, we propose a cacao denomination of origin in Colombia, specifically examining Bajo Calima, Sabaletas and Cisneros within Buenaventura region. Buenaventura stands out for its cocoa quality, characterized by fruity flavors attributed to the rich biodiversity of the lowland rainforest. CONCLUSION: Our analysis indicates specific geographical indicators for each of the study zones, with Buenaventura identified as a region with natural characteristics to produce fine flavour cocoa products. Each zone exhibited a high differentiation and diversity of cacao cultivars. Buenaventura has the potential to be designated as a future denomination of origin for cacao from the Pacific region of Colombia, characterized by its unique fruity‐aroma chocolates. Our framework is adaptable to other cacao‐producing regions, facilitating the establishment of denominations of origin within the cocoa industry and agriculture. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Reseña de: SALVADOR GONZÁLEZ, José María (2022). La estética de san Buenaventura y su influencia en la iconografía de los siglos XIV-XV. Madrid: Sindéresis, 262 pp.

In 2017 images of demonstrations, riot police, and tanks filled social media worldwide. Most of the videos and media coverage reported on the first wave of #BlackLivesMatter uprisings were catalyzed by police brutality in Ferguson, New York, and Baltimore. In June of that year, similar footage came from Buenaventura, on the Pacific coast of Colombia. This predominantly Afro-descendant port city is responsible for the transit of about 60 percent of the country's commerce, while unemployment and inequality are rampant, and the infrastructure is on the brink of collapse. The affected local communities responded to these conditions of structural racism with a direct action named Paro Civico: a general strike planned for years by a coalition of grass-roots Afro-Colombian organizations demanding clean drinking water, health care, education, and policies to combat drug trafficking-related violence. Resisting police attacks while negotiating with a high-ranked delegation from the Colombian government, the months-long general strike achieved the majority of its goals and, most importantly, galvanized the momentum into the election of one of the movement's leaders as mayor of Buenaventura. However, the leaders of the Paro Cívico's Executive Committee have been emphatic in naming this a multiethnic movement and rejecting any specific racial discourses as organizing guiding principles for the direct action. In addition to contextualizing Paro Cívico, this article uses Tianna Paschel's concept of "organizing while black," to explain this omission in a racial context determined by the politics of mestizaje in Colombia. It also explains how Paro Cívico strategically exhibited the political power of the communities of the African diaspora without verbalizing it, becoming one of multiple factors that ushered in a new chapter of racial politics in the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Saint Bonaventure, the search for truth has in itself a salvific value, it does not consist on a mere academic or intellectual endevour. For this reason, the principle that unifies his philosophical and theological work is the same one that serves as the foundation for the construction of a life ordered towards excellence, that is, holiness. In this sense, the radical synthesis between the search for truth and the personal itinerary towards the ultimate end of existence arises from common expressive metaphysical roots, it develops in the same Christocentric heart and reaches its full meaning in the Trinitarian love. This “reductio” is the key to understand and to adequately integrate the different philosophical and theological elements of Bonaventurian thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para San Buenaventura la búsqueda de la verdad tiene en sí misma un valor salvífico, no consiste en un mero ejercicio académico o intelectual. Por esto mismo el principio que unifica el quehacer filosófico y teológico es el mismo que sirve como fundamento para la edificación de una vida ordenada hacia la excelencia, es decir, la santidad. En este sentido la síntesis radical ente la búsqueda de la verdad y el itinerario personal hacia el fin último de la existencia surge de unas raíces metafísicas expresivas comunes, se desarrollan en el mismo tronco cristocéntrico y alcanzan su fruto pleno en el amor trinitario. Esta “reductio” es la clave de comprensión necesaria para integrar adecuadamente los distintos elementos filosóficos y teológicos del pensamiento bonaventuriano. Abstract: For Saint Bonaventure, the search for truth has in itself a salvific value, it does not consist on a mere academic or intellectual endevour. For this reason, the principle that unifies his philosophical and theological work is the same one that serves as the foundation for the construction of a life ordered towards excellence, that is, holiness. In this sense, the radical synthesis between the search for truth and the personal itinerary towards the ultimate end of existence arises from common expressive metaphysical roots, it develops in the same Christocentric heart and reaches its full meaning in the Trinitarian love. This "reductio" is the key to understand and to adequately integrate the different philosophical and theological elements of Bonaventurian thought.

Copyright of Trans-Pasando Fronteras is the property of Rafael Silva Vega and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective/Context: We analyze the political scope and methodological challenges involved in territorial social dialogue in Buenaventura (Colombia), where the daily struggles of communities revolve around the defense of their right to live in peace and with dignity in their territory. Methodology: The article is based on a case study on the relationship between social dialogue and reconciliation, that was part of a participatory research project conducted between 2019 and 2020 in Buenaventura. The analysis draws on theoretical contributions from the literature on the "local turn" in peacebuilding, works on conflict transformation, studies of dialogue, and the decolonial turn. Conclusions: Despite being useful in practical terms, social dialogue has been prone to conceptual uncertainty. Based on the Buenaventura case study, we conclude that: i) territorial social dialogue is an ontological, political, and historical resource that can be used by various social actors and local communities to confront the imagination and challenge hegemonic planning on development in their territory; and ii) it is characterized by political and methodological virtues, as well as by some gray areas yet to be explored. Originality: The artilce examines the little-known experience of territorial social dialogue in Buenaventura. In addition, we warn about the challenges and difficulties of social dialogue when both social contracts required to live in peace and dignity in a territory are at stake, and where certain influential actors are antagonistic to (or reluctant to engage in) dialogue.

In May 2017, the community of Buenaventura, Colombia's main port and the city with the largest Afrodescendant population, went on a general strike. By scrutinising this event, this article reveals some shades of the entanglements of race, class, political subjectivity, security, capitalist development and histories of colonialism that structure the racial dynamics of space. Relying upon discourse analysis of policy papers, legal regulations and secondary sources, coupled with informal interviews and direct observation, it is argued that violence and coercion have been central techniques for harnessing the local poor population in accordance with the needs of the port as the emblem of capitalist development. The article pays particular attention to how law is implicated in the violence deployed in the city-port either as a legitimising factor or as discursive formation which portrays the local population as dangerous and thereby as a security threat to the port. This narrative about the insecurity of the poor, created and recreated by the law, reinforces the image of the Black population as undeserving poor, while at the same time legitimising the coercive interventions that have characterised the control of criminality and social mobilisation in the city-port. However, the strike allows us to see that precarity and violence have resulted in a politically active population and sophisticated levels of mobilisation which have managed to stop capitalist development, at least for a while. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se realizó un estudio en la Institución Educativa San Rafael del Distrito Especial de Buenaventura durante los años 2020-2021, cuyo propósito se centró en el diseño de un programa de etnoeducación ambiental que buscó impulsar los saberes locales y el aporte cultural a la construcción de una visión educativa, fundamentada en la protección y cuidado del territorio. La Investigación fue de carácter cualitativo, con enfoque étnico, en esta se realizaron las siguientes etapas: a) la identificación del concepto de etnoeducación ambiental en la comunidad educativa; b) revisar la inclusión curricular del concepto y c) la construcción de una propuesta curricular como resultado del trabajo de campo. En ese orden de ideas, se pudo verificar que, aunque la etnoeducación se trabaja dentro de la institución educativa, esta se remite al mero activismo, y que no está involucrada dentro del marco de un proyecto sistemático. En relación con lo anterior, la investigación construyó la propuesta de inclusión curricular desde la etnoeducación, de tal modo que fuera integrada en forma transversal para toda la institución educativa y sus áreas de enseñanza.

In this paper, I explore the coping mechanisms deployed by shopkeepers in the face of extortion in the port city of Buenaventura, in southwestern Colombia. Relying on six months of fieldwork experience in a hardware shop of Ciudad Blanca, an impoverished neighborhood, I examine the everyday violence and the responses of the population. Due to the deficient infrastructure in the city, people are forced to build small infrastructural arrangements, such as water storage systems, to access public services. Therefore, the circulation and availability of infrastructural devices such as pipes, hoses, and tanks are vital for the reproduction of life in the city. In this article, I argue that extortion (locally calledvacuna(‘vaccine’)) interferes in the circulation of these vital material commodities, making coping mechanisms crucial in the face of vulnerability and uncertainty. Recent scholarly literature has pointed to the influence of illegal economies in urban planning and organization. Going beyond that, I argue that organized crime interferes in the material practices of the urban poor, turning to the term ‘parasite’ posed by French philosopher Michel Serres to conceptualize this form of interference in the circulation of commodities.

In this paper, I explore the coping mechanisms deployed by shopkeepers in the face of extortion in the port city of Buenaventura, in southwestern Colombia. Relying on six months of fieldwork experience in a hardware shop of Ciudad Blanca, an impoverished neighborhood, I examine the everyday violence and the responses of the population. Due to the deficient infrastructure in the city, people are forced to build small infrastructural arrangements, such as water storage systems, to access public services. Therefore, the circulation and availability of infrastructural devices such as pipes, hoses, and tanks are vital for the reproduction of life in the city. In this article, I argue that extortion (locally called vacuna ('vaccine')) interferes in the circulation of these vital material commodities, making coping mechanisms crucial in the face of vulnerability and uncertainty. Recent scholarly literature has pointed to the influence of illegal economies in urban planning and organization. Going beyond that, I argue that organized crime interferes in the material practices of the urban poor, turning to the term 'parasite' posed by French philosopher Michel Serres to conceptualize this form of interference in the circulation of commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we describe the dataset on the conditions for gender-based violence (GBV) for women in four municipalities of Colombia: Cali, Buenaventura, Jamundí, and Yumbo. The database was developed by the Observatory for Women's Equity (OEM), an entity resulting from an alliance between Universidad Icesi and Fundación WWB Colombia. The OEM's purpose is to construct measurements that make it possible to account for GBV suffered by women. The following types of violence were classified: psychological violence, physical violence, sexual violence, workplace violence, and economic violence. In addition to the module on GBV, the survey has other modules with which to establish a socioeconomic characterization of women and households, through which to identify how these conditions can be linked to GBV. The sample size was 1,593 women in the four mentioned municipalities.

En Colombia, las prácticas de memoria son producto de la acción de múltiples actores, mayoritariamente movimientos sociales, plataformas organizativas y colectivos de trabajo. Para el caso de Buenaventura (Colombia) estos agentes sociales han utilizado una gran variedad de repertorios culturales y políticos para defender la vida e imaginar futuros posibles en territorios afectados por violencias estructurales y daños históricos. En este artículo identificamos, acudiendo a una perspectiva histórica, cómo muchos de los repertorios de resistencia a las violencias en Buenaventura acontecen en un período de tiempo que ubicamos entre 1960 y 2018. El artículo deriva de un ejercicio de investigación llevado a cabo en la ciudad entre 2016 y 2019, que implicó el desarrollo de trabajo de campo, la realización de entrevistas con actores claves en el territorio, revisión y análisis de prensa nacional y local, así como sistematización de información proveniente de literatura secundaria, documentos personales y organizativos. La principal conclusión del artículo es que las prácticas de memoria en Buenaventura, más que cumplir una función catártica frente al dolor individual o grupal, contribuyen a la configuración histórica de espacialidades de resistencia y al fortalecimiento de tejidos organizativos en defensa de la vida y el territorio.

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Copyright of Colombia Internacional is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective/context: The article focuses on the relationship between international cooperation and civil society peace initiatives in Cali and Buenaventura. It also looks into the way in which the former affects the strategies and behavior of peace initiatives with respect to the possibility of accessing resources for their financing. Methodology: The research project is a case study driven by a descriptive-exploratory approach. For information gathering, databases containing information about projects funded by donors and peace initiatives were consulted. Fieldwork was undertaken with the participation of a network of regional and national partners. Conclusions: The study found that donors and peace initiatives are clearly interdependent: the initiatives require the donors’ funding, at the same time as the donors need grassroots organizations that can serve as anchors in the receiving communities. Similarly, peace initiatives financially supported by international cooperation are those that appear to have greater experience and organizational trajectory, the capability to adapt their agenda to the needs of the context and the capability to consolidate collaboration networks with institutional, private, and international actors. Originality: The traditional approach to studying international cooperation involves countrywide economic growth and development indicators. However, in this article, the interest has focused on peace studies and the role of donors, receptors, and foreign aid in particular contexts of importance for the Colombian post-conflict

This article analyzes how, in the context of Buenaventura crossed by a variety of violence between 2005 and 2015, some collectives and organizing platforms, mostly composed of young people and women, managed to defend life and imagine the future. It centers on contemporary critical perspectives of social theory and on the construction of two analytical categories: re-existence and geographies of violence. The methodological design included a qualitative work of observation in situ, mapping cases, analyzing context and interviews with leaders and local protagonists. This research proposes a reading of the context of Buenaventura as a paradoxical territory where armed orders and social and economic regimes of violence are interwoven, which are challenged and reinvented by practices of re-existence through political, creative and everyday daily repertoires.

This study provides detailed information on socially disadvantaged women and their households in Buenaventura, Colombia. A representative sample for 400 women aged between 18 and 70 was prepared and their living conditions were accessed based on the sociodemographic data and economic and social dynamics of their households. It gives special attention to access to poverty alleviation programs – conditional cash transfers - and forms of agency propelling women towards social change. The data were collected in July 2019 through in-person interviews. The database can greatly contribute toward further comparative research, informing public policy, and more broadly, widening the universe of statistical data on Colombia and other Latin American countries by providing quantitative data on welfare dependence, intragenerational pathways of social mobility, and changes in reproductive strategies and the political culture of women with respect to urban precarity. Fundación WWB Colombia and Universidad Icesi sponsored data collection as part of the project entitled “Analysis of the relationships between gender constructions and welfare programs in southwest Colombia”.

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Copyright of Historia y Memoria is the property of Universidad Pedagogica y Tecnologica de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El artículo analiza la reconfiguración de órdenes sociales en Buenaventura en el contexto de posacuerdo y transición que vive Colombia, centrándose en la aparición de nuevos grupos armados ilegales que se vinculan al microtráfico y las dinámicas de negociación cotidiana con la violencia por parte de los habitantes locales. A partir de un enfoque metodológico basado en la etnografía, se busca indagar sobre la incidencia del narcotráfico en la región, formas de vinculación de jóvenes negros por bandas criminales y estrategias de negociación cotidiana con la violencia realizadas por mujeres negras. El texto concluye que los escenarios más vulnerables a estas dinámicas de violencia son territorios que presentan mayores desigualdades socioeconómicas, ya que los discursos que asocian clase social, raza y espacio urbano –como factores productores de violencias– crean geografías racializadas que se convierten también en escenarios de resistencias.

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Este artículo describe diferentes escenarios, tipos de prostitución y medios de difusión específicos que las mujeres utilizan para el ejercicio de la prostitución en el Distrito de Buenaventura, actividad que realizan, según afirman, como una manera de generar recursos económicos, ya sea para mantener a sus familias, o para satisfacer necesidades suntuarias entre otras motivaciones. La investigación se realizó desde el enfoque feminista lo cual permite reflexionar, visibilizar la desigualdad que la mujer ha vivido por su condición, ha tenido rechazo por realizar diferentes actividades que a su vez la ubican en una situación subordinada a los hombres, en este caso la prostitución no es la excepción. De la misma manera, esto permite conocer las vivencias de cada una de estas mujeres que además, se caracterizan aún más por estar bajo el dominio de un sistema patriarcal ya que, se dedican a suplir las necesidades sexuales que para las masculinidades hegemónicas son primordiales y que hace parte de su denominada “hombría”. Mediante las entrevistas semi-estructuradas las mujeres relataron las experiencias vividas en torno a diferentes roles, como el de putas, madres, esposas, hijas, etc. Las siete mujeres participantes describieron de manera detallada los sitios que se utilizan para el ejercicio de la prostitución, así como sus tipos de prácticas y las formas de atraer a los clientes.

El presente escrito tiene por objeto analizar desde el enfoque de la justicia espacial los efectos territoriales del neoliberalismo aplicado en la Isla de Cascajal, zona insular del Distrito Especial, Industrial, Portuario, Biodiverso y Ecoturístico de Buenaventura, en donde las comunidades afrodescendientes han intensificado los procesos de resistencia social ante las apuestas de renovación urbana adelantadas por la administración distrital a favor del capital trasnacional sobre los terrenos ganados al mar.

This essay offers a methodological intervention into conceptual debates in urban studies. Despite significant analytical and political differences across an otherwise heterodox field of inquiry, these debates have been overly confined to a theoretical register. In this essay, I propose an alternative, inspired by Stuart Hall, which focuses on the concrete work accomplished by our key concepts in specific historical conjunctures. I make this argument with reference to my own research in Colombia, focusing specifically on racialized violence and displacement in the port‐city of Buenaventura. I argue that Hall's method, particularly his work on 'race', offers a way to engage questions of global urbanism without necessarily treating them as theoretical questions. Like 'race' in Hall's analysis, concepts like the 'urban' and the 'global' are 'articulating principles' of social formations, producing both discursive and material effects, and possessing social, cultural and political lives of their own. Alongside efforts to democratize the privilege of thinking and speaking in the language of 'theory', Hall's method exposes that privilege to more fundamental questioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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En Buenaventura, Colombia, ciudad portuaria asolada por la violencia, la Red Solidaria Contra las Violencias de Género: Mariposas de Alas Nuevas Construyendo Futuro constituye un colectivo de mujeres que ponen en riesgo sus propias vidas para ayudar a las víctimas de la violencia de género. Este ensayo personal escrito desde la perspectiva de una integrante de la red sostiene que construir la paz en medio del conflicto requiere que las mujeres asuman prácticas de autoprotección como parte integral de sus estrategias de montar resistencia pacífica, avanzar en la protección de las víctimas de violencia y desarraigar las causas de la violencia. Esta reflexión sobre los esfuerzos de autoprotección liderados por la comunidad local incluye una discusión sobre el apoyo de la comunidad internacional y la responsabilidad del Estado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El chontaduro Bactris gasipaes es un cultivo tropical importante del cual se cosechan los frutos o los palmitos. En el estudio se evaluaron los niveles de colonización de las raíces, se realizaron conteos de esporas en el suelo y la identificación de morfotipos de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) asociados a cultivos de B. gasipaes en el áreas rural de Citronela y Zabaletas, municipio de Buenaventura, Departmento de Valle del Cauca, Colombia, durante tres periodos de entre 2006 y 2007, para determinar la influencia de la pluviosidad en la colonización de HMA. Los porcentajes de colonización en Citronela variaron entre 58% y 90% mientras que en Zabaletas la colonización de raíces varió entre 63% y 79%. El número promedio de esporas en 50 g de suelo húmedo fue mayor in Citronela (244.6 ± 116.0 SD) que en Zabaletas (50.3 (± 24.1 SD). Se identificaron 22 morfotipos de HMA del suelo asociado a las palmas de de B. gasipaes. Glomus fue el género de hongos micorrízico más abundante en ambas localidades, pero Scutelospora también fue detectado. Este estudio demuestra la existencia de variación geográfica y temporal en parámetros micorrízicos en un cultivo importante para la agricultura del trópico húmedo.

El artículo analiza las relaciones que desde la perspectiva de la gobernanza y la gobernabilidad, se han configurado entre el gobierno central, el gobierno departamental y la Alcaldía Distrital de Buenaventura, para la ejecución de las políticas públicas de promoción del desarrollo regional, la equidad y la inclusión social. El artículo sostiene que los principales retos en materia de política pública por parte de este entramado de actores son los de integrar a los cursos de acción que promueven la competitividad económica, portuaria y logística, acciones y lineamientos de política que atiendan demandas en pro de la equidad, la inclusión social y que enfrenten la creciente marginalidad social que afronta Buenaventura y su entorno. Esto implica además desafíos en relación con la gobernanza del territorio en materia de la seguridad pública y ciudadana, y modificaciones que direccionen la modernización y el fortalecimiento de la gestión del aparato público distrital. La metodología empleada es mixta: se utilizan métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Se revisaron fuentes primarias y secundarias, se realizaron mesas de trabajo y entrevistas semi-estructuradas con diferentes actores del territorio.

El chontaduro o pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K) es el principal cultivo de los agroecosistemas de la selva húmeda tropical de la costa pacífica colombiana. Esta región no aparece referenciada en la literatura científica a pesar de su alta biodiversidad e importancia agroecológica. El objetivo de este estudio fue aislar y caracterizar morfológicamente hasta género, hongos presentes en la rizósfera de B. gasipaes en dos sistemas de producción diferentes, localizados en Citronela y Sabaletas, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Durante seis meses se tomaron muestras de raíces y suelo rizosférico en tres épocas con distinta precipitación pluvial. Se planteó como hipótesis que el tamaño y diversidad de la población de hongos son influenciados negativamente por la precipitación, ya que esta es la variable climática preponderante en la región del estudio. Los resultados mostraron que en la localidad de Citronela las poblaciones de hongos permanecieron estables durante los dos primeros muestreos, independiente de los cambios ocurridos en el régimen de lluvias entre épocas. En Sabaletas, durante estos mismos periodos, los registros de lluvias fueron más altos, lo que pudo generar condiciones anaerobias en la rizósfera y limitar la expresión poblacional fúngica. Para el tercer muestreo, en ambas localidades aumentó la población y diversidad de géneros de hongos, lo que coincide con la época de alta precipitación pluvial y llenado de frutos en las palmas, condiciones que aparentemente favorecen la liberación de exudados en las raíces y consecuentemente el desarrollo de las poblaciones microbianas benéficas de la rizósfera. Los géneros de hongos aislados en este estudio fueron: Trichoderma en ambas localidades, Fusarium y Rhizopus sólo en Citronela, Penicillium y Thielaviopsis sólo en Sabaletas. Estos microorganismos fungosos podrían presentar potencial benéfico para ser utilizados en programas de manejo integrado dentro del sistema de producción del chontaduro en la región Pacífico de Colombia.The peach palm or chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.) is the principal crop of the rainforest agroecosytems of the Colombian Pacific coast. This region is poorly referenced in the scientific literature despite its high biodiversity and agroecological importance. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify up to the level of genus, fungi from the rhizosphere of B. gasipaes in two areas with different crop management, Citronela and Sabanetas, both in Valle del Cauca state. Roots and rhizospherical soil were sampled at three times of varying rainfall from 2006 to 2007. It is hypothesized that the size and diversity of the population of fungi are negatively influenced by rainfall, as this is the dominant climatic variable in the study region. Results showed that in Citronela populations of fungi were stable during the first two sampling, independent of rainfall between the sampling dates. In Sabaletas rainfall was higher than in Citronela, which was associated with anaerobic conditions in the rhizosphere that limited fungal growth. The third sampling had higher fungal populations and diversity of fungal genera at both sites, coinciding with the period of high rainfall and palm fruit production, conditions which favor the liberation of exudates from the roots. These factors could have favored secretion of root exudates which in turn could favor the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere. The genera of fungi isolated were: Trichoderma in both sites, Fusarium and Rhizopus in Citronela only, and Penicillium y Thielaviopsis in Sabaletas only. These fungi could be beneficial and useful in programs of integrated pest management for palm peach production. The results could thus serve as a base for future studies in the Pacific region.

El desplazamiento forzado, de lejos, es la peor tragedia humanitaria que ha sufrido nuestro país. Nuestro conflicto armado ha tenido una dimensión territorial cuyas condiciones históricas configuran especificidades de la guerra y de dicha tragedia humanitaria en la que vivimos. La situación concreta que sufren millones de colombianos es una problemática más que visible social y políticamente. Los poderes públicos en su conjunto han reaccionado a ella con la implementación de múltiples instrumentos de naturaleza política, jurídica y administrativa. Los resultados no han sido los mejores debido a la naturaleza de las intervenciones y a las propias particularidades de nuestro conflicto armado. En este contexto, el presente artículo presentará los resultados de un esfuerzo investigativo que tuvo como objeto rescatar las percepciones de la población en situación de desplazamiento frente a la implementación de la política pública de atención a la población desplazada en el Municipio de Buenaventura. El trabajo de campo fue desarrollado por la Socióloga Nidia Playonero bajo la orientación de Carlos Gómez.

Este artículo analiza el concepto de “luz” en su desarrollo histórico entre dos posibles explicaciones: la lectura física considera a la luz como un accidente, como una cualidad de la sustancia; la otra lectura, la metafísica, la presenta como una fuente de influencia divina. Específicamente, en el caso de Buenaventura la doctrina de la luz aparece como una síntesis de elementos aristotélicos y neoplatónicos. La elección de Buenaventura del hylemorfismo de Aristóteles es la base para un pluralismo universal de formas substanciales, en el que la luz asume, luego, el rol de una condición trascendental para la certeza de nuestro conocimiento. También, esta certitudinalis cognitio se presenta en el pensamiento de Buenaventura como una tendencia hacia el bien. Si la luz de Dios tiene una influencia fundamental en el acceso a la verdad y el conocimiento humano tiende hacia el bien como su causa final, entonces hay una conexión entre el bien y la luz. Al considerar esto, nuestro objetivo es proponer lo trascendental como una parte esencial de la contribución de Buenaventura a una –aunque no sistemática– metafísica.

Objective: to determine obstacles associated with the adherence to the strictly supervised treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in two municipalities of Colombia. Methods: case studies (128) and controls (182). Univariate, bivariate, and logistic regression analyzes were performed. Results: the factors associated with nonadherence to TB treatment were: no cohabitation with relatives (OR = 4.54, 95% CI 1.45-14.22), non-attendance to religious meetings (OR = 28.17, 95% CI 4.37-181.75), no antecedents regarding dealing with an illness lasting over two weeks (OR = 3.37, 95% CI 1.59-7.13), did not recognize that TB treatment lasts for up to six months (OR = 3.51, 95% CI 1.87-6.59), drug use (OR = 3.41 , 95% CI 0.95-12.23), occasional lack of treatment supplies by the health services (OR = 5.53, 95% CI 1.20-5.52). Conclusions: The design and development of strategies to ensure adherence to TB treatment must take into account, in addition to the individual behavioral factors of patients, the social and administrative factors that affect their success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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